Review Questions: 1. The attenuation of a transmitted signal in a lossy line a.

is due to the dissipation of part of the signal energy by heating of the load. 2. The skin effect causes the d. attenuation per unit length to increase as the signal frequency is increased. 3. A periodic signal usually consists of a superposition of several frequency components that a. include, among others, harmonics whose frequencies are odd and/or even multiples of the fundamental frequency. 4. The signal at the receiving end of a lossy line is distorted b. mainly because the frequency components of the transmitted signal propagate at differing velocities. 5. The eye-pattern method of evaluating signal quality a. provides an eye-pattern display, the width of the eye opening being inversely proportional to the degree of distortion. Unit Test 1. The harmonics of a rectangular signal having a period of 0.5 s are b. odd multiples of 2 MHz. 2. The velocity of propagation of a signal in a transmission line can be determined by using b. a simple formula, if the time required for a voltage step to travel to the receiving end of the line and back to the sending end is known. 3. When a voltage step is launched into a lossy line whose series losses are predominant, a. the high frequency components contained in the voltage steps make the line temporarily appear as a simple RC network. 4. Theoretically speaking, the characteristic impedance, Z0, of a transmission line corresponds to the input impedance, ZIN, of a d. line of infinite length. 5. According to Thevenin's theorem, d. any electrical linear circuit seen at two terminals can be represented by a Thevenin equivalent circuit. 6. The eye-pattern method of evaluating signal quality a. provides an eye-pattern display, the width of the eye opening indicating the degree of distortion. 7. In a transmission line, a signal travels at a velocity that d. is relatively less than 3.0 @ 108 m/s, or 9.8 @ 108 ft/s. 8. The skin effect causes the d. attenuation per unit length to increase as the signal frequency is increased. 9. The step response method can be used to determine the characteristic impedance of a transmission line a. by connecting a purely resistive load to the receiving end of the line and adjusting the load resistance until no reflected voltage appears in the step response signal. 10. When the load impedance is purely resistive and lower than the characteristic impedance of the line, the voltage of the reflected step is a. of negative polarity, so that it subtracts from the voltage of the incident step when it gets back to the sending end of the line. Unit Test 1. The distance from the TDR to a discontinuity varies c. in direct proportion to the transit time to the discontinuity. 2. When a line is terminated by an inductor in series with a load resistor RL < Z0, b. the reflection coefficient at the load, L, is equal to 1 when the incident voltage step reaches the load. 3. When the distributed parameters R'S and R'P of a line are insignificant, and the frequency of the carried signals, f, is relatively high

d. Z0 can be considered as purely resistive. 4. Once C' and L' have been determined by using the step response method, it is possible to calculate a. Z0 by extracting the square root of L' divided by C'. 5. In a voltage reflection diagram, horizontal lines are drawn from the points of intersection that lie on the oblique lines and a vertical line starting from a point, z1, located at mid-point on the line. The instants t1, t2, t3, and so on, where each horizontal line crosses the ordinate (t axis) correspond to the instant when a new reflection arrives at b. mid-point on the line, creating a sudden change (step) in the voltage at that point. 6. To determine the length of a line, using a time-domain reflectometer (TDR), c. the round-trip time must be measured with the TDR, and the velocity of propagation must be known. 7. When 2fL' R'S and 2fC' R'P, the velocity of propagation is approximately equal to b. the reciprocal of the square root of L' times C'. 8. The magnitude of a rising or falling transient in the TDR signal c. reveals how great the impedance mismatch that causes this transient is. 9. A reflected voltage arriving at the generator at time 2T will not be re-reflected toward the load, if c. ZTH of the generator = Z0. 10. In a lossless line where L is -1, at what instant between times T and 2T does a sudden change in voltage (step) occur at mid-point on the line, and what is the voltage of the reflection arriving at that point at that instant? a. Sudden change is at t = 1.5 T; voltage of the reflection equal to -VI. Review Questions 1. The electrical length of a line is determined by the actual (physical) length of the line and on the c. frequency of the sinusoidal voltage it carries. 2. If the electrical length of a lossless line with standing waves is an exact odd multiple of quarter wavelengths ( /4) and is open-ended, its input impedance looks like c. a short circuit. 3. If the electrical length of a lossless line with standing waves is an odd multiple of quarter wavelengths (/4) long and is short-ended, its input impedance looks like d. an open circuit. 4. What voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) would a lossy line have if it were partially short- or open-ended? a. A value that is higher than 1 but lower than 4. 5. A line can have the same VSWR for both ZL < Z0 and ZL > Z0the difference lying in the location of the loops and nodes in the standing wave created. For example, a lossless line will have the same VSWR if d. Both (a) and (c) Review Questions 1. The attenuation constant of a line b. increases as the AWG of the line conductors is increased. 2. How much of the voltage incident at the load of a mismatched line is reflected toward the generator, if the return loss is -6 dB? a. 25% 3. What are the VSWR, return loss, and mismatch loss of a lossless line whose reflection coefficient at the load, L, is 0.333? c. 2, -9.55 dB, and -0.51 dB, respectively. 4. When a line is improperly terminated, standing waves will result and the line can have high losses. If the line is lossless, the VSWR can be calculated, using a simple equation, in terms of the c. reflection coefficient at the load. 5. In a lossy line with standing waves, the

d. VSWR is better at the receiving end of the line. Review Questions 1. What is the normalized value of the impedance 80 + j40 S, given a characteristic impedance of 75 S? b. 1.06 + j0.53 2. The center point of a Smith Chart represents a purely resistive, normalized value of c. 1 3. When looking at a Smith Chart, the circles that are all tangent at the right end of the horizontal centerline each represent a a. constant resistance (R) value. 4. Assuming that the normalized load impedance on a lossless line is 0.85 - j0.3, the VSWR on this line is approximately b. 1.4 5. If the line of review question 4 were a 150-S line /4 long, its input impedance for the load condition and VSWR stated would be Unit Test 1. A wavelength of 192 m (629.8 ft) propagating through the transmission lines of your circuit board corresponds to a frequency of c. 1.02 MHz 2. When a transmission line is short-ended, d. the incident voltage is reflected 180 reversed. 3. How much of the voltage incident at the load of a mismatched line is reflected toward the generator, if the return loss is -6 dB? a. 25% 4. When looking at a Smith Chart, the circles that are all tangent at the right end of the horizontal centerline each represent a a. constant resistance (R) value. 5. In the theoretical example of an infinite line, the transmitted signal would gradually lose all of its power. Consequently, there would be no power reflection toward the generator, as if a. a perfectly matched load were continually absorbing all the received power. 6. In a lossy line with standing waves, the d. VSWR is better at the receiving end of the line. 7. The normalized impedance 1.4 - j1.6 is located on the Smith Chart in the d. lower right quadrant. 8. A line can have the same VSWR for both ZL < Z0 and ZL > Z0the difference lying in the location of the loops and nodes in the standing wave created. For example, a lossless line will have a same VSWR if d. Both (a) and (c) 9. The horizontal centerline and the 0-S R circle of the Smith Chart bear marks that are used to measure values of a. normalized resistance and normalized reactance, respectively. 10. Given a load impedance of 25 S and a characteristic impedance of 50 S, what are the return loss and mismatch loss? b. -9.5 dB and -0.51 dB, respectively.