Subject: Grade:

Chemistry 11

Type of Lesson: CSEC OBJ:

Lecture/ Demonstration Students should recognize patterns of reactions of the various homologous series of carbon compounds. Organic Chemistry Production of Ethanol

Term: Duration:

2 40 minutes

UNIT: Lesson: 11 Week: 4

Objectives As a result of this lesson, students should be able to: 1) define fermentation. 2) describe the fermentation process by which ethanol is produced from carbohydrates. Prerequisite Student Knowledge Students should be familiar with: 1) ethanol as a member of the group of compounds called alcohols. 2) carbohydrates as sugars, cellulose and starch. 3) fractional distillation as a method used to separate liquids with differing boiling points. Important Points Important points in this lesson: 1) Any substance that contains sugar, starch or cellulose can be fermented. 2) Fermentation is the breaking down of carbohydrates in the presence of an enzyme to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. 3) Ethanol is now gaining popularity as an additive to gasoline. 4) During the fermentation process, when the ethanol concentration reaches 14%, it poisons the yeast cells. Key Terms Carbohydrate Fermentation

Glucose Enzyme

anaerobic Exothermic

Challenge Areas Fermentation is a batch process. Explain what this statement means.

Equipment/Material Needed Test tube, few grapes, yeast, cork and oil.

Note to Teacher Explain to students that they can try this activity at home. Teachers Lesson

Introduction 1) Introductory Activity a. Display bottles of beer, rum and/or wine. b. Ask students what they think is common about these three beverages? Expected response: They are all alcoholic drinks. i. Explain that ethanol is the alcohol present in all alcoholic drinks. ii. Ask students if they know how these drinks are made? The teacher will demonstrate how these drinks are made using grapes and some yeast. The grapes are crushed and placed in the test tube. The yeast is added and the mixture covered with oil to lock out the air. The test tube is then Warning stoppered and left for a few days. The teacher will show what the mixture looked like before and what it is now. Ask students to note the differences. The Abuse of alcoholic drinks can result in teacher may visit the website below showing how the apparatus for the damage to the liver. production of ethanol is set up. http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/respiration/respirationexperiments.php

Body of Lesson Ethanol by fermentation a. The process involves several steps and these will be discussed below: i. Carbohydrates like starch are first broken down into sugars like glucose. The glucose is then mixed with yeast in the absence of air (anaerobic reaction). The yeast cells contain an enzyme called zymase. ii. The zymase breaks down the glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide. iii. Energy is also released and so this reaction is said to be exothermic. iv. The equation for the reaction is : C6H12O6 (aq) 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)

Important Point The enzyme is responsible for speeding up the reaction and must be present for the reaction to take place.

zymase v. The fermented liquid contains a mixture of substances, so the ethanol is obtained by fractional distillation. b. Wine is made from grapes. i. The process is similar: Yeast is added to grapes. ii. The zymase from the yeast cells breaks down the glucose in grape juice. iii. The reaction is done in the absence of air (anaerobically) as it would convert the ethanol to vinegar, thus giving the wine a sour taste. c. Rum is made from molasses.

i. The yeast is added to molasses, a by-product of sugar production. ii. The enzyme in yeast cells called invertase converts the sucrose in the molasses into glucose and fructose (sugars). iii. The yeast then breaks down the glucose and fructose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Closure In-Class Assignments In their notebooks, students will answer the following questions: 1) Describe the process used to make ethanol from: a. glucose b. grapes c. molasses Out-of-Class Assignment 1) Describe the process used to make ethanol from corn. 2) Why is ethanol now being used as an additive to gasoline? Supplemental Glossary of Terms Carbohydrate An organic compound which contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and includes substances such as sugars, starches and cellulose. A form of sugar that is found in fruit juice and honey, the formula of which is C6H12O6 A protein formed in living cells which assists chemical processes by speeding up or slowing down the reaction. The breakdown of glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide in the presence of an enzyme and the absence of air. Giving off heat energy In the absence of air

Glucose Enzyme

Fermentation

Exothermic Anaerobic

CSEC Questions 1) Describe how ethanol may be prepared in the laboratory from a carbohydrate. Include an equation for the reaction and a description of the method of purification of the ethanol. Recommended Materials http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/respiration/respiration-experiments.php

Bibliography 1. Bisnott, Karlene, (2002). CXC Lecture Series Chemistry, 2nd Edition,Jamaica Observer Limited 2. Ferguson & Hart, (1994).CXC Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 3. Gallagher & Ingram, (1997). Complete Chemistry, Oxford University Press 4. Holderness & Lambert, (1998). A New Certificate Chemistry, Sixth Edition, Heinemann Educational Books. 5. Tindale Anne, (1998). Chemistry A concise Revision Course for CXC, Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd.