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wkjvB`n), KvwjMvg ciMYv (m`i cwZmi) Ges Dwolvi cvzqv I evwjqv
ZvjyK| GQvovI b~ibMi ciMYv, Mwji gRv Avqgv nwicyi, (gjNvU) cvebvi
cbx ZvjyK Zid Pvcwo, iscyii ^iccyi, hkvii gn`kvnx BZvw`

kcvV 23

24 kcvV

GjvKvI| MelK AwgZvf Payixi Z_gZ b`xqv (Kzwqv) I VvKzi GUi

Aaxb wQj| Ze cavbZ weivwngcyi, KvjxMvg, kvnRv`cyi I Iwokvi KUKi
Rwg`vwi Qvov Abvb Aji Rwg`vwi VvKzi`i nvZQvov nq wMqwQj| Zvi
KviY Aek Rvbv hvq bv|
wKfve Rwg`vwiUv VvKzi cwievi cjb bxjgwY _K viKvbv_
Rvov mvuKvi VvKzi evwoi cwZvZv bxjgwY VvKzi wQjb eemvqx| Zvi cy
ivgjvPb VvKzi weivwngcyi ciMbv (hvi m`i KvQvwi wQj wkjvB`n) Rwg`vwi
wKbwQjb| wZwb wQjb cLi welqeyw mcb ew| Rwg`vwi wKb cxivjx
VvKzi`i ga wZwb wKQzUv AvwfRvZ ARb KiwQjb|
ivgjvPb VvKzi gZyi AvM Zvi `Kcy viKvbv_ VvKziK 1807 mvj G
mcwi DivwaKvix Ki hvb| ZLb Zvui eqm gv Zi eQi| Zvi eqtcv bv
nIqv ch G mcw ivgjvPb VvKzii x AjKv `ex I viKvbv_i eo fvB
ivavbv_ `Lvbv KiZb| m mgq wkjvB`n GjvKvwUi mybvg wQj bv| cRviv
`ye
ewjqv cwm wQj| G Rb Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbvi AvBb-Kvbyb mycxg KvUi
evwivi dvMymbi KvQ fvj Ki Rb bb|
AvBb wekl nIqvi KviY 1818 mvj wZwb Pwek ciMbvi Kvjii
kiv`vi wbhy nb| 1828 mvj I Avwds evWi `Iqvb nb|
1830 mvj KvjxMvg ciMYv wKbwQjb| G Qvov Dwolvi cvzqv I evwjqv
ZvjyK Zvui wQj| 1833 mvj weivwn`cyii KzgviLvwj gRvq AewZ B
Bwqv Kvcvbxi ikgi KzwVwU wZwb wKb wbjb| 1834 mvj mvnvRv`cyi
Kbb| mvRv`cyii Rwg`vwiwU wKbwQjb viKvbv_ VvKzi, ivbx fevbxi
bvUvii Rwg`vwii wbjvg _K| `vg cowQj 13 UvKv 13 Avbv|

Zvu`i Kvbv eemv evwYR iBj bv| ay Rwg`vwiwU wUK wQj| wZwb Mixe
nIqvi KviY welq mcwZ gbvhvMx njb|
viKvbv_ Zvui DBj wZb Qji ga welq mcw fvM Ki w`jI gZyi ci
Rwg`vwi Gm coQ Zvi eo Qj `e`bv_i Dci| wkjvB`n wMq wbRB
Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv Kiv i Kijb| wMix`bv_i fvM cowQj kvnRv`cyi
ciMYv|
`e`bv_ Zvui QvUv `yB fvB wMix`bv_ I bM`bv_i Aski Rwg`vwi
cwiPvjbvI GK m KiZb| wZwb AZ wePYZvi m Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv
Kib| `e`bv_i civgk wMix`bv_ eemv `LZb| wZwb fvj eemv
eySZb| viKvbv_i AwaKvsk FYB wMix`bv_i myhvM cwiPvjbvq eemvi
Avq _K kva Kiv nq| wMix`bv_ 1854 mvj gviv hvb|
viKvbv_i QvUv Qj bM`bv_ wejvmx wQjb| wZwb mB cvwievwiK FYM
AevqI wecyj cwigvY FY Kib| GUv wbq eo fvB `e`bv_i m
gbvgvwjb nq| `e`bv_i m Awfgvb Ki QvUv fvB bM`bv_ KjKvZv
Qo e`~i Pj hvb| `e`bv_ ZvuK wdwiq AvbZ e_ nb| Zvi Kvbv
mvb wQj bv| wZwb mLvbB gZzeiY Kib| dj viKvbv_i GB wecyj
Rwg`vwi `e`bv_i GKvi DciB co|
wMix`bv_i `yB Qj MY`bv_ I Y`bv_ AKvj gviv hvb| MY`bv_i
eemvqx eyw wQj ziavi| `e`bv_ eemv welq Zvi Dci wbfi KiZb|
wZwb gv 28 eQi eqm Kjiv ivM gviv hvb| Zvui Kvbv mvb wQj bv| gv
34 eQi eqm wMix`bv_i QvUv Qj Y`bv_I gviv hvb| Y`bv_i
bvevjK wZb Qji MMb`bv_, mgi`bv_ I Aebx`bv_i Rwg`vwi AskI
`e`bv_K cwiPvjbv KiZ nq| wZwb Zvu`i cvc UvKv wgwUq w`Zb|

A_ Rwg`vi `e`bv_ VvKzi mgvPvi

1846 mvj viKvbv_i gZyi ci Zvu`i nvDmi `bv GK KvwU UvKv, cvIbv
mi j UvKv| 30 j UvKvi Lei bvB| VvKzi cwievi Mixe nq wMqwQj|
mZxkP` PeZx wjLQb hvunvi wcZvi wWbvi wZbkZ UvKvi Kg nBZ bv,
wZwb Pvwi Avbv g~ji wWbvi LvBqv Z nBZb| mmgq 1855 mvj FYi
`vq `e`bv_ Kvivi nIqvi c_| wZwb msK Kijb `bv wZwb kva
Kieb| `Dwjqv NvwlZ neb bv| Qqgvmi gaB Aev mvgj IVb|

cieZxKvj viKvbv_i cy `e`bv_ VvKzi wbR mivmwi Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv

Kiv Qo `b| ev ag cvjb I cPvi mgq eq Kib| `e`bv_ Rwg`vwi
Qo w`j Zvui cwZwbwa nq GB Rwg`vwijv wewfb mgq cwiPvjbv KiQb
eo Qj wR`bv_ VvKzi, eo RvgvB mvi`vcmv` Mvcvavq, RvwZwi`bv_
VvKzi, wR`bv_i eo Qj wc`bv_ I gRv Qj Aib`bv_,
mvi`vcmv`i Qj mZcmv` Mvcvavq Ges mekl iex`bv_ VvKzi| ZLb

kcvV 25

26 kcvV

Avqi Drm `vuwoqwQj aygv cRvc` LvRbv I Abvb Av`vq| evwoi cyiliv
cvq KDB Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbvq Ask bb bv, Kvj f` gnvj hvb| mLvb
_K A_ Avm| Zvuiv wQjb RwgZ AbycwZ Rwg`vi| cwievii m`m`i
AbK m me Aj PvL ch `Lbwb| Zvuiv wejvmx Rxeb Avi bvbvcKvi
mvswZK Kvhg wbq e _vKZ fvjevmZb| Ze `e`bv_ gvS gvS
Rwg`vwi `LZ MQb| mgxi mb wjLQb `e`bv_i Pwii ga
`vkwbKZv I elwqKZvi AzZ ciciweivax mnvevb wQj| me wKQz _K
`~i _KI wZwb Zvui Rwg`vwi, Avw` evmgvR I cwieviK KVvifve wbqY
KiZb|
iex`bv_i Rwg`vwii ii AvM
`e`bv_ VvKzi 7 wWm^i, 1883 mvj evi _K GKwU c iex`bv_K
jLb GBY Zzwg Rgx`vwii Kvh cheY Kwievi Rb cZ
nI; c_g
m`i KvQvwiZ wbqwgZ ic ewmqv m`i Avwgbi wbKU nBZ RgvIqvwkj evKx
I RgvLiP `wLZ _vK Ges cwZw`bi Avg`vwb ivwb c mKj `wLqv Zvi
mvig bvU Kwiqv ivL| cwZmvn AvgvK Zvnvi wicvU w`j DchygZ
ZvgvK Avwg Dc`k w`e Ges Zvgvi Kvh ZrciZv I wePYZv Avgvi
cZxwZ nBj Avwg ZvgvK gdt^j _vwKqv Kvhfvi AcY Kwie| bv Rvwbqv
wbqv Ges Kvhi MwZ wekl AeMZ bv nBqv Kej gdt^j ewmqv _vwKj
DcKvi wKQzB nBe bv|
iZ iex`bv_K Zvui evev `e`bv_ wbqvM KiwQjb Rwg`vwi cwi`kK
wnmve| mUv 1889 mvji NUbv| iex`bv_ ZLb megv weq KiQb|

AvM `e`bv_i cg Qj RvwZwi`bv_ `LZb| 1291 (1884) mvj

_K RvovmuvKvi wnmvec eo Qj wR`bv_ VvKzi `LZb| wZwb GB
KvRwU cQ` KiZb bv| gv `o gvm ci ZvB Zvui cy wc`bv_ VvKziK G
`vwqZ `Iqv nqwQj|
wc`bv_ 23 AvM 1884 ZvwiL _K VvKzicwievii Rwg`vwii wnmec
cixv Kivi `vwqZ cvjb Kib| wc`bv_ cvuP eQi GB KvR Kib| Gici
`e`bv_i QvUv Qj iex`bv_i Dci GB `vwqZ Gm eZvq| m mgq
iex`bv_ mvwnZ PPvi dvuK dvuK KvQvwiZ wbqwgZ em Rwg`vwii KvRKg
wkLZb|
2 Avlvp, 1296 ev iex`bv_ cqwQjb RvovmuvKvi KvQvwii wnmvec
`Lvi `vwqZ| 10 AMnvqY, 1296 ZvwiL cqwQjb Rwg`vwi cwi`kb
AwaKvi (bf^i, 1890)| GZw`b Aemi gZv RvwZwi`bv_ Rwg`vwi
cwi`kb KiwQjb| (11 AMnvqY, 1296 ev, mvgevi) 25 bf^i, 1889
mvj iex`bv_ gYvwjbx `ex, GKRb mnPix, gq gvayixjZv (ejv) I cy
i_x`bv_K wbq wkjvB`n hvv Kib| Zvu`i m Mjb ej`bv_ VvKzi|
Rwg`vwi KvR KvjKvZvq bn, wkjvB`n
iex`bv_ wkjvB`n c_gevi MQb evjKvj evev `e`bv_i m wZxqevi
1875 mvj `v`v RvwZwi`bv_i m| ZZxqevi Mjb Rwg`vwi cwi`kbi
KvR| m cwievi|

AB mgq iex`bv_i R fwMcwZ mvi`vcmv` Mvcvavq VvKzi GUi

gvbRvii vwqZ cvjb KiZb| wZwb wQjb NiRvgvB| h Kvbv elwqK
evcvi `e`bv_ VvKzi cevm _K c wjL ZvuKB wb`k w`qQb ej `Lv
hvq| iex`bv_i weevni iv 1883 mvji 9 wWm^i| AvKwKfve
wkjvB`n Zvui gZy nq| msev`wU Gm RvovmvuKvq cuQvq cii w`b| kvKi
AvNvZ mg Avb`Abyvb e nq hvq|

Zviv ZLb wkjvB`n GKwU evU _vKv i Kijb| iex`bv_ Bw`iv `exK
GKwU c RvbvQb wkjvB`ni Aci cvi GKUv Pii mvgb Avgv`i evU
jvMvbv AvQ| cKv Piay ay KiQ Kv_vI kl `Lv hvq bv cw_ex h evweK
Kx Avh my`ix Zv KvjKvZvq _vKj fzj hZ nq| GB h QvUv b`xi avi
kvwgq MvQcvjvi ga m~h cwZw`b A hvQ, Ges GB Ab a~mi wbRb
wbtk Pii Dci cwZ ivZ kZ mnm bi wbtk Afy`q nQ, RMr
msmvi G h Kx GKUv Avh gnr NUbv Zv GLvb _vKj Ze evSv hvq|

mvi`vcmv`i gZy, KqKgvm ci Kv`^ix `ex I `e`bv_i cy

ng`bv_i `nZvM, RvwZwi`bv_i RvnvRx eemv BZvw`Z kLjvq
Rwg`vwi I Avw_K wewjeevi fvi wbw` Kviv Dci w`Z fimv cvbwb| Gi

28 bf^i ej`bv_ VvKzi, gYvwjbx `ex, ejv, mnPixmn Pi evwjnvum `LZ

wMq nvwiq wMqwQjb| iex`bv_ Rwg`vwii KvR e| wZwb m Avmbwb|
ej`bv_iv Pi divi c_ LyuR cvQb bv| Gw`K mv nq GmQ|

kcvV 27

28 kcvV

ej`bv_ VvKzii iPbvq `Lv hvQ, gYvwjbx `ex fvjB nvuUZ cviQb| wK
mnPix Agjv `vk nvuUZ cviQb bv| fq Zvi Mv wng nq AvmQ| gvwU dzuo
h Kvbv mgq WvKvZ`j ei nq AvmZ cvi| kl DuPz RwgZ DVZ
GK`j gQv`i `Lv cjb| Zviv divi c_ `wLq w`qwQj|
iex`bv_i wPwV _K Rvbv hvQ, mKvj gjfx mvne GK `j cRv wbq
GmQb| Zviv iex`bv_K Zvu`i Afve AwfhvM cv_bv RvbvQb| iex`bv_
b Zvi cwZKvi KiQb|
m mgq evU Mvg MvBq`i AvMgb NUZ| Zvi ga `yRb gvKvgviv nq
wMqwQj| GKRb ee KvOvj wdwKiPvu`i Mvb MvBZ, AviKRb mybv-Dj-vn|
GK-GKw`bi cvjvq `yAvbv Ki cqmv eiv wQj| wbqwgZ eiv QvovI
gYvwjbx kvwo, mvsmvwiK UzwKUvwK I`iK w`Zb|
ej`bv_ G mgq mybv-Ijvni gyL _K kvbv 12wU Mvb LvZvq wjL iLQb|
Gi ga 2msLK Mvbi iPwqZv MMY gj| wZwb MMY niKiv bvg cwiwPZ|
MvbwUi bvg Avwg Kv_vq cve Zvi| iex`bv_ mjv bQb| Zv`i m
Avmi emQb| cjxMvbi msKjb Zwi nQ Zvi wb`kbvq|
cwi`kK _K Avggvvi Rwg`vi iex`bv_
iex`bv_i Rwg`vwi KvR m nq 1896 mvj 8 AvM evev `e`bv_
VvKzi Zvui c Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbvi Rb cvIqvi Ae GUwb Ki `b
iex`bv_K| iex`feb iwZ GB Avggvvibvgv `wjj `e`bv_ ^vi
Kib| Tagore Family Papers, Doc. No.68Gi Dci jLv AvQ
Power of Attorney from Debendranath Tagore to Rabindranath
Tagore on 8th August 1896 in the presence of Mohini Mohan
Chatterjee, Solicitor, Cal./Presented between the hours 10 to 11 on
on the 8th august 1896. GB `wjji ej iex`bv_ Rwg`vwi-cwiPvjbv

KiQb| ZLbv eZb cvQb| Avggvvibvgv wbq evev `e`bv_i c

Kwe iex`bv_ Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv KiQb| Zvici wbR Rwg`vwii gvwjKvbv
cqQb 1920 mvji 8 g| GBfve Kwe iex`bv_i Rwg`viwMwi i
nqQ|

kcvV 29

ce `yB
Rwg`vwii LvuR
KwjgLvbi : Rbm~- Rwgcy- exq kv_ Kvl 389 cvq Kwjg Lvb iwe
PeZx wjLQb : Rwg- (Rwg`vi, Rgx, Rgxb, Rgxb`vb) Rwg kwU GmQ
Rg _K| Rg A_MwZkxj hvnvZ|
Rwg, cw_ex, fZj, gvwU, Kwl, Pvli fuB, Kvcoi wcV (Surface) ev eybwb
(Texture), wPcUi Zj`k (Ground)| Rwg`vi, f^vgx, ivRv| Land
A_ Rwg Ges Landlord-A_ Rwg`vi kwU cPwjZ|
hZ`~i evSv hvq, fZji Ask ev Kwli jb`b i i nIqvi ciB
Rwg I RvqMv k `ywUi mw nqwQj| KviY, `ywU ki wfZiB-B ev
MwZkxjZv iqQ| Rwg-Z B-Kvi iqQ mivwmi, RvqMvZB iqQ Gi
wfZi| wK Kwjg Lvbi ck nj RwgRvqMv MwZ cvq wKfve?
wZwb ejQb, RwgRvqMv nuU-Pj eovq bv| GKev avb KvDK w`q `Iqvi
gZv RwgRvqMv KvDK nvZ Zzj `Iqv hvq bv, KD Zv Kvua Ki vbvi
wbq hZI cvi bv| A_P GKvji gvbyl gvB Rvbb, RwgRvqMv w`q
`Iqv hvq, `vb Kiv hvq, wew Kiv hvq Ges Ab Zv wbqI wbZ cvi| Kx
Ki Zv me nq?
KvhZ Rwg`vb, Rwgq BZvw` evcvi gvbemfZvi GKUv AzZ Avwevi|
welqwUK eySevi Rb Kwjg Lvb ejb, mevM Rvbv PvB, fZji wK Kvbv
AwaKvix ev gvwjK nq? nv, nq| fZj hv`i AwZi wfw, Zgb mg Ro I
RxeB fZji cwZwU we`yi AwaKvix| Ro _K Rxei AvwbqYi gv^q
DPZi DiYi mg avc cwiq GB fZj gvbyli mw KiQ| mB KviY
GB cvw_e RMr nj AwZi gvZv, gvbyl nj Zvi k mvb; Zvi mevwaK
AvwbqYg eywgvb Qj; Abiv Zzjbvq Kg AvwbqYg| h wbRKB
wbqY KiZ cvi bv, m Abi mvnvh mvnvh ^fveZB KiZ cvi bv|
gvbylB GKgv cvi GB weki mKj Rxe I RoK iv Ki mevBK wbq
PjZ| djZ, fZjK wKfve eenvi Kiv ne, Zv wbq Zvi wmv bIqvi
AwaKvi Rb hvq| djZ, weki mg gvbyl mgM fZji cwZwU we`yi gvwjK
nq hvq| Avi, GB gvwjKvbvi aviYv Pj Avw`g hyM _K gnv`vovi hyM
ch| GB mgq ch fZj nvuUv-Pjv KiZ cviwb, MwZkxj nqwb|

30 kcvV

wK myweavevw`Zvi cvjvq co mB gvbyl GKw`b AKjn Rwoq co|

cigvcKwZ ZvK mvaviYfve wkeZvi Ges cqvRb `Zvi eenvi Kievi
hvMZv w`qwQj| wbRi bvevjKZi KviY m AcqvRbI `Zvi eenvi
i Ki `q| Gi Awbevh dj^ic gvbemgvR gjweev`i Rb nq hvq|
mw nq mc`vq I mc`vq cwiPvjK gnwl`i ev vbxgvbyl`i| mB mc`vq
mwi Kvj Avw` vbxMYK ev KkcK cw_ex `vb Ki `Iqvi NUbvwU NU
hvq; Avw`g h_mgvRi cwZwU gvbyl Zv`i wZbwU AwaKvi vbxMYK `vb Ki
`q; hvi ZZxqwU wQj fZji Dci cZK gvb~li wbR wbR AwaKvi| fZji
Ask ev Rwgi nvuUv-Pjvi m~cvZ nq hvq mB _K| GB AevZB KU
AviI nvRvi eQi|
Zvici GKw`b gnwl (vbx, evY, gw`i-PvP-gV-gw`ii AwaKvix) Zvui
AwaKvii fwgi `Lfvj Kivi Rb ivRv wbqvM Kib, A_vr ivi Drcw
nq| ivRv I ivRvi mvMi` ic mvgMY Rwgi `Lfvji `vwqZI cq hvb,
wK Zviv Zv Avi Pvl Kib bv| AZGe Zviv m AwaKvi w`q `b ivqZ`i|
Gici GK ivRv AviK ivRvK mwiq gZvq em, `Lfvji Kvuae`j nZ
_vK; hw`I Mvovq _K hvq Avw` vbRxex gw`i-gV-PvP-gmwR` Ges kl
mxgvq _K hvq GKB ivqZ| Gi gvS Rwgi h jb`b PjZ _vK, Zv
Kejgv `Lfvji-Pvlvev`i AwaKvii jb`b|
gyMj`i Rwg`vwi ev
gyMj Avgj Rwg`vi ejZ cKZ Pvwli Ea mKj LvRbv MvnKK evSvbv
nZv| cKZ Pvwl Rwg`vi bq, KviY m KLbI Zvi Rwg LvRbv ev fvovq Ab
KvDK c`vb Ki bv| Rwg`viiv ay LvRbv Av`vqi ^ZvwaKvix, Rwgi
^Zv waKvix bq| cvi, Rwgi gvwjK`i ejv nZv ivqZ ev Pvwl hv`i bvg
Rgvew` ev iU-ivj Zwi nZv| GB aviYvq Rwg`viMY ivR^i Pvwl wQj
gv| Giv wQj miKvi Ges Rywi(^Z) ZvjyK`vi eZxZ wbii ivR^
Pvwl`i ga c| Rywi ZvjyK`viMY Lvjmvq (LvRvw Lvbvq) mivmwi ivR^
c`vb KiZ|
Rwg`vi GB c`we ev kwU fuBqv ev fcwZ bvg h `kxq cvwifvwlK kwU
cPwjZ AvQ Zvi mivmwi cwZk ejv hvq| GB fuBqv ev fcwZiv wQj fviZi
cvK&-gyMj Avgji eskvbywgK DivwaKvim~ Rwgi gvwjK| gyMjMY ZrKvj
cPwjZ fwg eevK Zv`i Av_-ivRbwZK ^v_ c~iYi Rb GKwU bZzb
eevq icvi Ki| Aek wPivPwiZ gZv I Drcv`bi Dcvqwj Zgb
wekl cwiewZZ nqwb|
kcvV 31

UvWi gji e`ve (1582 hv `~ieZx evsjv myevq GKw`b Rwg`vwi cwZi
m~Pbv KiwQj, Zv 1658 mb ch eRvq _vK| GB mgq evsjvi myevn`vi kvn
myRvi (1657) ivR^ e`vei gvag Rwg`vwi eevq wKQzUv ej mvi nq|
Gici 1722 mb myevn`vi gywk` Kzwji gvjRwgwb (fwg ivR^) cwZ cPwjZ
nq| miKvwi ivR^ mevwaK Kiv I ivR^i wbqwgZ cwikva wbwZ Kivi Rb
gywk` Kzwj evsjv c`kK c~eeZx PwkwU miKvii cwieZ ZiwU PvKjvq
(ckvmwbK wefvM) fvM Kib| Avi mm AcvKZ z` Rwg`vi`i
PvKjv`vii GLwZqvivaxb Kib| GB PvKjv`viMY gbvbxZ nb enr Rwg`vieM
_K Avi Zviv Rwgi gvwjK wnme bq Aab`i ZveavqK KgKZv wnme
AwawZ nb| Zv`i KvR wQj `Zvi m ivR^i Av`vq I msMn wbwZ
Kiv| Ze cavb Rwg`viMYK ivR^i ivRKxq Aski Rb Lvjmv ev ivxq
KvlvMvii KvQ Revew`wn Kivi dj Zv`i mbvZb gZv I ghv`vMZ Aevb
AviI ew cvq| GQvovI cwZfvevb Rwg`viMYK wewfb miKvwi c` wbhyw i h
cve `Iqv nq Zvi dj ivR`ievi Zv`i AevbMZ ghv`v ew I mm
Zv`i wbR ^v_K AviI GwMq bevi mvebv AbK `~i cmvwiZ nq| ivR^
eevcKi fwgKv _K Rwg`vi icvwiZ nIqvi GB cwqvwU AvVviv
kZKi gvSvgvwS bvMv` mc~Y nq|
mgqi wP
dg kvgj Mvcvavqi kvnRv`v `vivKv _K... KvUPvu`cyi miKvi
hkvnii GKwU gnvj| gvU cwigvY dj 8320 weNv| AvKei ev`kvi Avgj
wi nqwQjjovB-nvgjvi mgqgnvj KvUPvu`cyi AvMvK `e 200 NvomIqvi
Avi 101 Rb c`vZx| NvomIqvi ev c`vZx w`Z bv cvijI gnvb KvUPvu`cyi
kvnx LvRbv-Lvbvq cyiv gyj ai w`ZdR`vii nv` w`q| Kovq-vwZ|
AvkivwdZgvni| jLvwUZ GKRb cw_KK `Lv hvQ| wZwb cvq nuU
AvmQb KvUPvu`cyii w`K| nvuUZ nvuUZ GK mgq cw_K `vuwoq cojb|
Zvi cvqi dvuK w`q `ywU ebgviM QzU cvjvj| `~i ebqvii NvZ NvZ|
cw_K GK GKB ej DVjb, AvM GLvb GKUv Mvu wQj| GLb bB| gyQ
MQ| emwZ gyQ hvIqvi ci GLvb eva nq KvbILvb gvbylRb gvbZ KiZ
Avm| Zv`i gvbZ Kiv gyiwMjv GLb ebgviM nq Nyi eovQ| mB m
ebRj eo hvIqvq ebqvi Gm RyUQ|
cw_K Rvbb, KvUPvu`cyi ivZ RM _vKZ| ZvuZxiv LULU KiZ| bB| b|
wfUgvwU| Rj| MvgwU gyQ wMqwQj gM`i jyUcvUi KviY| cw_Ki Pvi
32 kcvV

fvBcvK gMiv ai wbqwQj| Avi wbq wMqwQj evwoi wKkvix gqwUK|

G`iK `vm wnme euP `Iqv nqQ mmgq| m mgqi kvmKeM gM
`my`i `gbi Rb Kvbv eev bqwb| cRviv evuPj wK gij GUv wbq
Kvbv gv_v e_v wQj bv| Zv`i j wQj cRv`i KvQ _K LvRbv Av`vq
Kiv|
m mgq gywk` Kzwj Lvu ejwQjb, ev`kvi cvIbv nj-weNv wcQz Pvi gY Mg, Pvi
gY he, AvovB gY mil, mvo wZbgb Qvjv ev gUi Avi Qgb KjvB| wK
RwgZ hw` cuqvR, jey, kvKmewR dj Zvnj bM` ZbLvq LvRbv w`Z ne|
GQvovI bxj, cvb, ZZzj, MvRv, Pzeov, Avjy, kvKvjy, jvD, Kzgov djvbi
bM` LvRbv PvB| Gme wnme Kivi Rb KvbybMviv Mvg Mvg hvq| Mi gvl
ivq Mvmgvwi LvRbv Pvjy Ki nqwQj| djevb MvQi Dci LvRbv, mi`ew,
kvw ivLZ `vivLvbv LvRbv, mivwd, nvwmj evRvi me iKg LvRbvi cvkvcvwk
MvuRv, K^j, Zj, KvuPv Pvgovi DciI Ki emQ cqvRb| gyMj ebvg ewYK
: Zkvmb- 1757 mvj wmivRD``jv BsiR ewYK`i nvZ civwRZ nIqv
ci B Bwqv Kvcvbx evsjv wenvi Ges Iwokvi `Iqvbx jvf Ki 1765
mvj| GB mgq _K Avi Ki wKQzKvj GKB m PjZ _vK beve Ges
Kvcvbxi Zkvmb|
Bivwb fvMv^lx iRv LvbK bevei bvqg bvwRg Ki kvmb eev Pvjvbv
nq| ZvK `kxq AvBb-Kvbyb I c_v Abyhvqx `k kvmb Kivi ^vaxbZv `Iqv
nq| GB eevwU 1767 mb Aewa fvjfveB KvhKi wQj| H eQiB KvBf
G`k _K Povfve we`vq bb| KvBfi mg_b iRv Lvb `Zvi mv_B
Kvcvwbi ivR kvmb mg nb| Ze ccvlK KvBf-Gi wbR `k
cZveZbi ci iRv LvbK dvU DBwjqvgi DPvwfjvlx KgKZv`i Pig
weivwaZv gvKvejv KiZ nq| dvU DBwjqvgi Gme KgKZv ivZvivwZ abx
nevi evmbvq iRv Lvbi cfve-cwZcw nvm ecwiKi nq IVb| Zviv
chvqg iRv Lvbi nvZ _K ckvmb wbR`i nvZ Zzj bb| Zv`i G
nci welq c_g c nq IV wewfb Rjvq BDivcxq ZveavqK
wbqvMi gvag| iRv Lvb AwfhvM KiZ _vKb h GB bewbhy KgKZviv
cjx Aj vmi ivRZ Kvqg KiQb| AfixY eemv-evwYRi bvg
Kvcvwb KgKZviv `ki cjx Rbc`wjZ jyUcvU PvjvQ|

48 jvL| Avi mvZ eQi ci 1773 mvj GB ivR^ avh nq 3 KvwU UvKv|
GB AwZwi ivR^i `vweZ evsjvi Kwl eevq ixwZgZ wechq NU| G mgq
GKwU AmvaviY `ywf nqwQj| `ywfwUi bvg wQqvii g^i| GB wQqvi
evsjv mb 1176, BsiwR wnme 1770 mvji c_g w`K| GB `ywf Pvwl`i
AaKB gviv wMqwQj| Avi gvU RbmsLvi wZb fvMi GK fvMB cvY nvivb|
AwZwi ivR^i `vweZ Rwg`viiv AZvPvi i Kib| ZvZ AwZ nq
AwaKvsk Pvwl Ab cvwjq hvb| evsjvi `yB-ZZxqvsk dmwj Rwg jvKi
Afve Svc-Rjgq nq IV|
1781 mvji GKwU cvjvgUvwi KwgwUi wicvU ejv nqwQj, GKgv iscyii
Dei Rwg Qo 30 nvRvi cwievi KvPwePvi Pj wMqwQj| Gfve Pvwliv Ab
cvwjq hvIqvq Ges gviv hvIqvq RwgI nq cowQj Abvevw`| dj ivR^
Av`vq GKUv mgmv mw nqwQj| Kvcvwbi cwiPvjK mfvi wb`ki (28B
AvM, 1771 AvIZvq KjKvZvi dvU DBwjqg KvDwj `Iqvwb ckvmbi
wbRKB myev evsjvi Rb mevP miKvi NvlYv Ki| bvqe `Iqvb
iRv LvbK c`PyZ Ki `ybxwZ I Awbqgi `vq Kvivi Kiv nq|
ce wZb
evKx ivLv LvRbv
gvU fvj KvR bv|
( nxiK ivRvi `k/ mZwRr ivq)
LvRbv Av`vii KvQvwi
gyMj ev`kv Rwgi gvwjK| Zvi KvQ _K KlK ev ivqZiv Rwgi mvgwqK
gvwjKvbv wbq Pvlevm KiZ| Gi ga GB cRv ev ivqZ`i KvQ _K Rwgi
LvRbv Av`vqi Rb gyMj ev`kv gaeZx jvK wnmve Rwg`vi wbqvM w`Zb|
Rwg`vi Rwgi gvwjK wQjb bv| LvRbv Av`vqKvix gv| Rwg`viiv LvRbv
Av`vqi KvRwU fvjgZv KiZ cvij ev`kvi Zid _K wLjvZ ev Dcvax
RyUZ| GB wLjvZ w`q z` Rwg`vwi _K eov Rwg`vwi cZ myweav nZ|
Pvi _K WvKvZ nZ KvR jvMZ| Ze wKfve Kvb cwqvq mB LvRbv
Av`vq Kiv nZ mUv wbgg Kx fqi wQj, Zv weePbv Kivi Kvbv `iKvi wQj
bv ev`kvi| GB ZbLv cvIqvUvB wQj kvnxi Rb Avjvi bqvgZ|

Gi dj ivR^i `vwe ivZvivwZ eo hvq| 1764 mvj hLvb fwg ivR^ wQj
gv 81 jvL UvKv, mLvb cii eQi Zv eo cvq wY nq `vuovq 1 KvwU

Zvnj LvRbv `wL Zvgvi mvRbv

Rwg`viiv wZb aibi LvRbv Av`vq Ki ev`kvi Lvjmv ev KvlvMvi Rgv w`Z|

kcvV 33

34 kcvV

GK. LvRbv gvb gvj

Avevw` dmjx Rwg I Admjx Rwg hgb, djR-ebR MvQcvjv, ebRj,
Rjvfwg I cyKzi _K h LvRbv Av`vq Kiv nZ, Zvi bvg wQj gvj| (GLvb
_KB UvKv cqmvK gvj ejv nq| ejv nq gvj-Kwo Kgb KvgvQb fvB?)
`yB. mBi LvRbv
b`xc_ hme bhvb PjvPj KiZ, hme nuvU-evRvi emZ Mvg M Zv`i
KvQ _K mBi LvRbvwU Av`vq Kiv nZ| GQvov hviv wewfb aibi KvRKvievi
KiZ mBme ckvRxex ev KgRxex`i KvQ _K Av`vq Kiv nZ ek gvUv
Ai LvRbv| GUvi bvgI wQj mBi LvRbv|
wZb. evR Rgv LvRbv
wewfb aibi Rwigvbv, cZviYv I weqkvw` _K GB aibi Rwigvbv Av`vq
Kiv nZ|
LvRbv wK Ki avh nZ
GB LvRbv Av`vqi Rb RwgwRiZi mwVK Rwic wQj bv| GKwU msw
wnmve _K LvRbv avh Kiv nZ| GK ejv nZ AvmbvmvK| Rwg`vii KvR wQj
ev`kvnx _K avhKZGB LvRbv Av`vq Ki `Iqv|
avhKZ LvRbvi UvKv wefvRb Ki Rwg`viiv cRv`i Nvo Pvwcq w`Zb|
Ze gyMj Avgj Rwg`viiv cRviv`i ewk Lwcq ZzjZ bv| ewk Svgjv mw
njB ev`kv Rwg`vi cv w`Zb| dj Rwg`vwi wUwKq ivLvi ^v_B cRv`i
AbyMZ ivLvi `iKvi nZ| Rwg`viiv cRv`i Lywk ivLZ Zv`i wKQz
`vex`vIqv gb wbZb| Zv`i `Lfvji wKQz KvR KiZb|
mKjcKvi Rwg`vi`i cywjk, wePvi I mbmvgi `vq`vwqZI enb KiZ nZ|
Rwg`vi`i LvRbv Av`vqi Rb cvBK eiK`vR _vKZ| Giv LvRbv Av`vqi
KvR mnhvwMZv KiZ| Avevi vbxq Pzwi WvKvwZ `my`i DrcvZ _vgvbvi KvR
KiZ| eo Rwg`vi`i AvIZvq _vbv wQj| mLvb wbqwgZ cywjk _vKZ| _vbv
Awab GKvwaK PwK ev cvnvivj wQj| G`i Kgx`i bvg wQj PwK`vi|
_vbvi cavb wQj dR`vi| dR`viiv ev`kvi jvK njI Zviv Rwg`vi`i
AwabB KvR KiZ| GmeB wQj LvRbv Av`vqi bvbvevwnwb|
gyMj`i wbqwgZ mbvevwnwb wQj bv| hyi Rb, we`vn`gbi mgq, ev
ciivR `Lji KvR ev`kvnxZ mbmvg, Nvov-nvwZ Gjvi hvMvb w`Z
nZ Rwg`vi`i| GB Dcj cRv`i Nvo evowZ wKQz LvRbv Pvwcq `Iqv
nZ|
kcvV 35

Rwg`viiv QvUvLvUv wePviAvPviI KiZb| Zv`i wQj Rwg`vwi Av`vjZ| GB

Av`vjZ hme wePvi me nZ bv Zv cvwVq `Iqv nZ _vbv`vi ev KvwRi
KvQ| mvaviYZ ivqZ ev cRv`i c ivq hvIqvUv wQj `e`yNUbv| ev`kvi
^v_-Rwg`vii ^v_iv Ki hUzKz wePvi Kiv me mLvb Zv-B Kiv nZ|
m mgqi jvKQovq GB LvRbvi fqvenZv aiv coQ- LvKv Nygvjv cvov
Ryovjv ewM Gjv `k eyjeywjZ avb LqQ LvRbv `ev wKm avb dzivjv
cvb dzivjv LvRbvi Dcvq wK? Avi KUv w`b meyi Ki imyb eybwQ|
B Bwqv Kvcvwbi Avgj
cvuPkvjv e`ve m mgq Kvcvbx ek Lvivc Aevq co hvq| Zv`i
Avw_K cwiwwZi AebwZ NU| GB mgmv gvKvejvq Kvcvbx Zid _K
1772 mvj wbjvgi gvag Rwg`vwijv cvuPeQii gqv` BRviv `Iqv nq|
GB cvuPmvjv e`ve wi Kivi `vwqZ `Iqv nq Mfbi I KvDwji Pvi
m`mi bZZ GK mvwKU KwgwUK| GB KwgwUi AviI `vwqZ wQj
BRviv`vi`i KvQ (Pvwl`i) _K ivR^ Av`vq Kiv| `wkq Rjv KgKZv Z_v
dR`vi, KvbybMv Avi Avgjv`i RvqMvq jvwfwl njv wewUk Kvji ev
ivR^ Av`vqKZv| KvbybMv`i KvQ cRv`i RwgwRiZi LvRbvcvwZi
wnmec-`wjj`veR _vKZ| Zv`i evwZj Kivi dj bZzb Ki h h
Kvbv nvi LvRbv emvZ Kvbv Amywea _vKj bv|
BDivwcq cwZwbwa`i viv ivR^ Av`vqi eev Kiv nq| Giv Rjv Kvji
wnme AwfwnZ nb| Rjv Kvji Rwg`vi`i KvRbv Av`vqiKvR Zveavb
KiZ| KwgwU Ae mvwKU e`vei KvR 1772 mvji ga kl Ki|
bZzb BRviv`vi ev Rwg`viiv Pov nvi LvRbv Av`vq KiZ gbvhvMx nq| hviv
Pov `vg wbjvg GBme BRviv wbqwQjb, Zviv h-cwigvY ivR^ Av`vq Kieb
ej Avkv KiwQjb, AbK B Zv KiZ cvibwb| BRviv`viiv
KvcvwbK wbw` Ai LvRbv Av`vq Ki w`Z cviwb| Zv`i Rwg`vwi
wbjvg `Iqv nq| ew MZ vei Avei mKj mnvq mcwI Ko bq|
GiciI GB cyibv Rwg`vi`i Kq`Lvbvq XvKvbv nq| wbggfve AZvPvi
Kiv nq|

36 kcvV

cyibv Rwg`vi`i KvQ _K wbjvg Rwg wKb bZzb Rwg`vi nq em bevei

PvKziiv, eemvqxiv, my`Lvi gnvRbiv- Rwg`vi`i `ybxwZevR bvqe aibi
Avgjviv| dj Zviv LvRbv Av`vqi ejvq cyibv Rwg`vi`i iKW fO
dj| cRv`i `y`kv AviI eo hvq| jvKRb RvqMv Rwg cvjvZ _vK| m
mgq jvKmsLvi Zzjbvq Abvevw` Rwgi cwigvY eo eo hvq| eKqv
LvRbvi cwigvY eo hvq| Avi ZvivI KvcvwbK jgvv Abymvi ivR^
w`Z bv cvij Zv`i fvMI cyibv Rwg`vi`i gZv me nvwiq Kq`Lvbvq
hZ nZ| GB mgmv wbimbK Kvcvwb `kkvjv e`ve Ki|
`kkvjv e`ve Rwg wbqYi DivwaKviwfwK Rwg`vi`i GKUv
mvgvwRK ^v_ RwoZ wQj hv Avqx BRviv`vi`i ejvq wQj bv| ZvB ai
bIqv nq h, Rwg`vi`i Zv`i cyivbv ghv`v wdwiq w`j I ZvjyKi mc`
Abyhvqx ivR^ avh Kiv nj GKw`K hgb ivR^ Av`vq mnRZi ne Aciw`K
Zv KlKKzjKI BRviv`vii AZvPvi _K invB `e| wK cvuPmvjv
e`vei kZvejxi KviY G miKvii nvZ evuav wQj| 1789 1790
mvj jW KbIqvwjb Rwg`vi`i m `kkvjv e`ve Kib| Gi dj
Rwg`vi I ZvjyK`viivB Rwgi cKZ gvwjK ej weewPZ nb| Zviv miKvii
Kvbv AbygwZ QvovB Zvu`i Rwg `vb ev wew KiZ mg ev eK w`Z
cvieb| Ggb wK DivwaKvi`i ga eb KiZ cvieb| Avi KvcvwbK
avhKZ ivR^ w`Z bv cvij Zv`i Rwg`vBi wbjvg `Iqv nZ| wK cvuPkvjv
e`vei gZ Zv`iK Kq` Kiv nZ bv|
ivR^ kvmbi `Zv ewi Dk MvUv `kK AbKwj Rjvq wef Kiv
nq| Rjv KvjiK Rjvi memev ckvmK cwiYZ Kiv nq| KvjiK
mKj wbevnx I wePviwefvMxq gZv c`vb Kiv nq| K`vqb I nci
cZxK ivR^ KwgwUK wejy Ki vcb Kiv nq ivR^ evW, hvi `vwqZ njv
ivR^-msv welqvewji mvaviY ev mvweK wbqY| Rwg`viMYK Zv`i Rwgi
bvh ivR^ wbaviYi Rb GB Kvjii gyLvcx nZ nq| ivR^ evWI
ivi ivR^i Rb Kvjii Ici wbfikxj nq| 1786 mbi msvi wPivqx
e`vei cKZ ckvmwbK eywbqv` iPbv Ki| miKvi ZLb _K AvMKvi
hKvb mgqi Pq AbK ewk Avwekvm I `XZvi m Rwg`vi`i m
evSvcovi Rb cZ
nq| wPivqx e`ve `kkvjv e`vei mvdji
KviY 1793 mvj GK wPivqx e`ve wnmve NvlYv Kiv nq| wPivqx
e`vei dj KvcvwbK avhKZ ivR^ c`vbi ciI ek gvUv Ai A_
Rwg`vi`i nvZ iq hZ| Zviv cRv`i `dvq `dvq LvRbv evwoq w`Z|
Zviv cwiZv mcw, Abvevw` Rwg bZzb Ki e`ve w`Z cRv`i KvQ|
kcvV 37

bZzb LvRbv avh KiZ| Gfve Zv`i Av`vqKZ A_i cwigvY eo hvq| GUv
Kvcvwb Ges Rwg`vi`i Rb GKwU myweavRbK e`ve cwiYZ nq| Avi
cRviv bZzb kvlYi RvZvKj co|
Kb GB wPivqx e`ve G mgq Kvcvwbi ivRbwZK I A_bwZK Avev
LyeB Lvivc nq wMqwQj| Zv`i `iKvi wQj wecyj A_| Zviv PqwQj fviZ
Zv`i eemvevwbR webv gyjabB Kie| Zviv cRv`i KvQ _K A_ jyUcvU
Ki mB A_ w`qB fviZ eemv-evwYR Pvjve| mvRv K_vq webv c~uwRZ
gybvdv Kvgvbvi avv| wK Zv`i wbqvMKZ bvBe bvwRg iRvLvbi `ytkvmb,
`ywf, Kvcvbx jvKRbi DkLj AvPiY Kvcvwbi kqvi nvvi`i wKQzUv
nZvk KiwQj| hZ ZvovZvwo cviv hvq wecyj A_ KvgvBqi BQ wQj Zv`i|
`ywfi KviY evsjvq ZLb GZ RbmsLv wQj bv| GB A gvbylK mnR
myjf kvlY Ki LvRbv Av`vq RbB Kvcvwb Rwg`vwi c_vq wPivqx
e`ve KiwQj| BsiRiv KzwUi wk, n wkK kl Ki w`qwQj| ZLb
Kej Avq ejZ Rwgi LvRbvB wQj cavb| Rwg`vi cvvZv wK kvwlZ
cRviv cvvZv bv| evevi eKqv LvRbv Qji Kvua eZvZv| Qji eKqv
Zvi Qji Kvau coZ| Gfve eskcicivq eKqv LvRbv c`vbi `vq enb
Ki hZ|
wPivqx e`ve gvb wPivqx cRvkvlY- wPivqx e`ve nIqvi dj
cRv`i Aev AviI Kvwnj nq Mj| hv jvKwU Rwg Pvl KiQ, GZKvj
Rb GmQ RwgwU ZviZvi BQgZ dmj Pvl KiQ, Qjcj`i Rwg
nvi KiZ cviQ, cqvRb wew KiZ cviQ, Rwg e`K w`q FY wbZ
cviQ GmeB GK LvuPvq e nq Mj wPivqx e`vei KviY| mewKQzB
gvwjK nq Mj Rwg`vi| Rwg`vi LvRbv Av`vq Qvov Avi Kvbv wewbqvMB
KiQ bv dmjx RwgZ bv kg, bv c~uwRwebv g~jabB KlKKi dmji wmsnfvMB
Zviv wbq hvQ| Pvwl Kvbv MvQcvjv jvMvZ cvi bv| Kvbv MvQcvjv
KvUviI gZv Zvi bB| hLvb m _vK, mLvb hbZb cKvi Ni eua
_vKe Kvbv cvKv Ni ZzjZ Pvwliv cvie bv| RgvRyZvI ciZ cvie bv|
gqi weqZ LvRbv w`Z ne| evcgv gviv Mj Zvi kvkvwZ LvRbv Qvov
Kiv hve bv| Pvwli Qj njI Rwg`viK LvRbv `vI| GgbwK Kvbv Drmecveb I LvRbv Qvov cRviv KiZ cvie bv| ivqZ ev cRviv GK aibi
kKje`x kwgK Rxebi AwaKvix nj cvuPkvjv e`vei gvag|
GB kKj AviI k nq hZ gnvRb`i dvu` coj| mvaviYZ `k ZLb
ebv-Liv-`ywf-gnvgvix jMB _vKZ| Avi GB gqi weq, evci kv Avi
38 kcvV

Qji Rbi KviY LvRbv `Iqvi Dcvq _vKZ bv| dj Pvwliv gnvRb`i
KvQ _K Pew nvi my` FY wbZ nZ| GB FY KLbv diZ `Iqv KLbv
dzivZv bv| evci FY aZ nZ QjK| Qji FY bvwZK| GBfve
gnvRvbi FYi kKo eskcicivq enb KiZ nZ| Avevi Pvwl hw`
Aivbnxb gyL wKwmgi nZ, Zvnj Kvq`v Ki GKB FYi UvKv cqmv `yBwZbeviI Av`vq Kiv nZ| GB gnvRb`i eo eo eemvcvwZI wQj| Zviv dmj
IVvi mgq Rwg _KB Zv`i FYi UvKv Av`vq KiZ| mB mgq dmji
evRvi g~j Kg _vKZ| dj gnvRbiv Kg UvKvq ewk dmj cq hZ| Pvwliv
AviI ewk VKZ| KLbv GB my`i Kvievixiv nZ eo KlK| Zv`i ejv nZ
RvZ`vi| Zviv me mgqB nv Ki _vKZ z` KlKi RwgwRiZi wMj
LvIqvi Rb|
Rwg`viiv Lvjmv ev ivR KvlvMvi Av`vqKZ LvRbvi avhKZ Ask Rgv `Iqvi
ciI Zv`i nvZ wecyj cwigvY A_ mc` _K hZ| GB A_ mc` w`q
Zviv GK aibi Avqmx Rxeb hvcb i Ki| Zviv Zv`i Rwg`vwiK QvUv
QvUv Ask fvM Ki cwb`vi ev ZvjyK`vi`i KvQ BRviv w`Zb| GB
cbx`viiv ev ZvjyK`viiv Avmj Rwg`vii Avgjv| Rwg`viiv Zv`i Dci
Rwg`vwii fvi w`q KvjKvZvq emevm KiZ| ZvjyK`viiv ZLb cRv`i jyU
cyU LZ| Av`vq KiZ BQgZ LvRbv| `Lj KiZ mnvq mcw| cRviv Gi
cwZKvi KviI KvQ cZ bv| Avmj Rwg`vii KvQ cRviv cuQzZB cviZ bv|
Avi hw` KD Av`vjZ hZ Zvnj mLvb DwKj bvgi Kzwgii Li coZ|
GB Rwg`vwiKvj wQj cRv`i Rb `vRL|
ce Pvi
cvMvWv wU Iid UvKvi MvQi Kvwnbx B Bwqv Kvcvbxi Avgj Bsj
_K h me BsiRiv fviZ AvmZ Zv`i AwaKvskB wQj `wi`, wQPK, v,
gviKzU wQbgj
~ , AvwkwZ, Af`| G`i AbKi evc`v`vi wVK wVKvbv wQj
bv| Giv KjKvZvq Gj wKQzw`b Nyi eovZ dv dv Ki| Zvici RyU hZ
Kvcvwbi PvKwi| eZb evwlK gv cvuP cvD| mekl evwlK Pwjk cvD|
GB eZb gmi fvovB nZ bv| Giv Kvbvg mB KiZ RvbZ, A_ev
mvgvb jLvcov wKQz mnR mij AsK RvbZ| Giv j j cvDi gvwjK
nqQ KqK eQii gaB| GB abjvfi Kvwnwb evsjvi gvbylK jyUcvUiB
BwZnvm| Zviv Avj dzj KjvMvQ nqwQj| KjvMvQ _K eUMvQ| Zvici
cyiv eb| 1757 mvj wmivRDjvi cZbi ci evsjvK BsiR ewbqviv
cvMvWv wU ev UvKvi MvQ cwiYZ KiwQj|
kcvV 39

GB BsiRiv evsjvK kvlY Ki wQeo Ki dj nqwQj beve| beve gvb

Lye abkvjx ew| Giv fviZ cfZ
z A_ msMn Ki Bsj di hvq| wekvjx
Rxeb hvcb Ki|
wmivRDjvi cZbi ci gxi Rvdii KvQ _K cyivi cqwQj wecyj
Ai UvKv cqmv GBme fvMevb BsiRiv| jW KvBf URvwi jyU KiwQjb|
wZwb mLvb _K wbqwQjb `o wgwjqb viwjs g~ji bM` UvKv, mvbv,
icv, MnbvcvwZ, Ges e gyjevb wRwbmcvw`| gxi RvdiK beve Kiv nj
wZwb KvBfK hv Lywk mc` bIqvi AbygwZ w`qwQjb| KvBf wbqwQjb GK
j lvU nvRvi cvD| wZwb Aa wgwjqb wewjqwQjb Zvi Aaxb mbvevwnwb I
bevwnwbi ga| Giv Kvcvwbi evwnwb| Avi hyi m hy Kvcvbxi
jvK`i cZKK `Iqv nqwQj 24000 cvD|
gxi Rvdi KZK
cyivicv fvMevb`i ZvwjKv, Mfbi W 31,500 cvD,
jW KvBf 2,11,500 cvD, wg. IqvUmb, 17,000 cvD, wKj cvwUK
60,750 cvD, wg. gvwbsnvg 27,000 cvD, wg. wePvi 27,000 cvD, wg.
evWg 11,367 cvD, wg. dvjv 11,367 cvD, wg. gvKU 11,367
cvD, wg. AvvwgqU 11,366 cvD, wg. cvKm 11,366 cvD, wg. Iqvjk
56,250 cvD, wg. vcUb 22,500 cvD, wg. jvmsUb 5625 cvD, gRi
MvU 11250 cvD|
BsiRi weRq Dcj wKQz evOvwjeveyI cyiZ nqwQjb| GK cyivi bv
ej wZc~iY bvg `Iqv nqwQjb| viKvbv_ VvKzii wcZvgn bxjgwY VvKzi
cqwQjb gxiRvdii KvQ _K wZc~iYi A_ wnmve 13,000 UvKv| mB
UvKv w`q KvjKvZv Mvgi cv_ywiqvNvUv cvovi Rwg wKb wfU Zvjb| mLvb
ciewZ mgq GKNi cv_ywiNvUi Rwg`vi`i cb nq|
gxi RvdiK mwiq gxiKvkgK 1760 mvj cyZzj beve wnme Kvcvbx
evsjvi Mw`Z emvq| m DcjI wei cyivi RyUwQj GB ci`kx
jyUiv`i| cyivicv`i ZvwjKv Mfbi fvbwmUvU 58,333 cvD, wg.
njIqj 30,937 cvD, wg. mygbvi 28000 cvD, Rbvij KvBjvBW 22g
926 cvD, wgt gvKBwi 22,916 cvD, wg. w_ 15,354 cvD, wg. BqK
15,354 cvD| 1964-65 mvj gxiKvkgK mwiq bigcx wbRvgDjvK
Mw`Z emvb nj AveviI cyivi cvq gRi gbiv 13000 cvD, Zvi
40 kcvV

Aaxb mvneiv cj AviI 3000 cvD Ki cyivi| AviI AbK cqQ|

`vwM gy`vivm jW KvBf cqwQjb 58,666 cvD|
gywk`vev`i beve`i KvQ _K GB cyivi Av`vqi UvKvUv Avmgvb _K
Avmwb| GB UvKvUv evsjvi cRv`iB UvKv| Afvex fzLv bvv cRv`i KvQ
_KB Av`vq Kiv nqwQj| Zv`i i kvlY Ki ARb KiwQj Rwg`vi,
ZvjyK`vi, Mvw`viiv| Zviv Rgv w`qwQjb ivRKvl| mLvb _K BsiRiv
wbqQ|
Prosperous Britis India bvg GKwU eB wjLwQjb wg. wWMwe| wZwb
wjLQb cjvkx Ges IqvUvijyi hyi gaewZ mgq fviZ _K Bsj AZ
10 KvwU cvD bM` A_ Pj wMqwQj| The Law of Civilization and
Decay bvg AviKwU eB wjLQb eKm GWvgm| wZwb ejQb wkwec-e
KvhZ i nq 1760 mvj fviZ _K wecyj cwigvY bM` A_ I mvbv-icv
Bsj cuQvbvi ci|
Avi m mgq evsjvq `ywf gvbyl Mi-Ri euP w`Q| MvQi cvZv-Nvm Lq
euP _vKvi Pv KiQ| bv LZ cq wZbfvMi GK fvM gvbyl gviv hvQ|
wZb fvMi GK fvM gvbyl LvRbv `Iqvi fq cvwjq eb Rj cvwjq evNi
cU hvQ| evwK`i wcVi Pvgov Zzj LvRbv Av`vq Ki GBme BsiR
jyUiv`i cKU fi `Iqv nQ|
1782 mvj Bsj cuQ gRi Rb U Iqvib nsBmK GKwU wPwVZ
wjLQb Avgv`i eemvi nqZv g`v `Lv w`qQ, wK AvRKi gZv Ggb
wecyj efe evanq GB ivR KLbv wQj bv| Avwg 200 mvbvi gvni MjvZ
w`qwQjvg GKRbK, wZwb Rvbvjb MZ eviv eQi wZwb AZ `o Ub mvbvi
gvni Ges cvMvWv Mwjq evi Zwi Ki w`qQb| Zvi gvb cwZ eQi Mo
Bsj gRyZ nqQ 150 nvRvi cvD|

1769 mvj evsjvK KqKwU Rjvq fvM Kiv nq| cZK Rjvq GKRb Ki
mycvifvBRvi wbqvM Kiv nq| GB c`wUB 1772 mvj Kvjvi icvwiZ Kiv
nq| GB Rjvi Kvjvi`i cavb KvRB wQj `ybxwZi gvag wecyj weefei gvwjK nIqv| KD KD Giv my`i eemv KiZb| KD KD `y b^ix
eemvevwYR| Rb ev_v bvg eagvbi GK Kvjvi `kx GKRb Rwg`viK
jeYi eemv cvBq `b evwlK AvUvk nvRvi cvD Nyli wewbgq| kxni
Kvjvi Kvcvwbi KvQ nvwZi eemv Ki AbK UvKv ivRMvi KiQb|
KvBf AvVvi eQi eqm fviZ GmwQjb| wZwb PvKwi cqwQjb B Bwqv
KvcvwbZ GKRb ivBUvi ev Kivbx wnme| ci cwZfvej Kvcvbxi
DPc` Pj hvb| nqwQjb Mfbi Rbvij| wmivRDjvK nvivbvi ci
1760 mvj KvBf hLb Bsj wdi hvb ZLb m wbqwQjb wZb j cvD|
fviZ _K Zvi Rwg mcwi Avq _K evwlK Avq wQj 27000 cvD| m
mgq Zvi evwlK Avq wQj 40000 cvD| GB BsiRiv ZLb nqwQjb beve|
GBiKg GKRb bevei bvg nj- wg. wnwK| DBwjqvg gvwKbUm wnwKi `bw`b
Rxeb mcK wjLQb- mKvj mvZ Uv bvMv` `vivqvb beveevnv`yii MU Lyj
w`j| wbgl eviv`vwU mwjwmUvi, ivBUvi, miKvi, wcIb, niKiv, Pvc`vi, Kei`vi BZvw`Z fi Mj| ejv AvUUvq nW eqviv Ges Rgv`vi cfiz kvqvi
Ni cek Kie| GKwU gwnjvK ZLb khvZvM Ki GKv cvBfU wmuwo
ai Dci DVZ `Lv hve, A_ev evwoi Ab cwiZvM| beve evnv`yi LvU
_K gvwUZ cv ivLvgv Acgvb fZeni ZrYvr Ni XzK coe| Zviv
AvbZ gv_vq wcV evuwKq cZK wZbevi ZvuK mjvg Rvbve| I`i nvZi
GKw`K ZLb Kcvj ck Kie, Dv w`KUv _vKe gSZ| wZwb gv_v bo
A_ev `w`vb Zv`i DcwwZK ^xKwZ Rvbveb|

KD KD Avevi m mgq evsjv _K Bsj nxiI wbq hZ| nxii Avg`vwb

GZ eo wMqwQj h ZLb BDivci evRvi nxivi `vg co wMqwQj|
Iqvib nwsmcZx Kvbv cvwUZ wZwik nvRvi cvDi Mnbv ci hZb|
GB UvKv evsjvi gvbyli UvKv|

cviwmfvj wcqvi GKwU eB wjLQb The Nababs bvg| eBwUZ KqKRb

gZ jyUiv beve mvnei iL hvIqv Avei mcwi weeeiY AvQ| Zvi ga
wbKvjvmi Ni cvIqv hvq ivwk ivwk `vwg Avmeve| ek wKQz Nwo, Avqbv,
jb, iKgvwi cvjwK, wecyj msLK evmbc, Pv, Kwd, cvb, ZvgvKi wewea
mivg, wewfb g`i evZj Ges AviI AbK wKQz| Zvi gvjmvgvbi Rb wQj
cvuPwU `vg| eviIqj bvgi GKRb bevei LvIqvi mgq DcwZ _vKZ
cvZtivmi mgq wZwikRb, gavnfvRi mgq cvkRb Ges ivwi LvIqvi
mgq AMwYZ| Lq `q gaiv Aewa bvPi Avmi nZ| fvi ch g`cvb|

kcvV 41

42 kcvV

wnwK bvg GKRb beve 1796 mvj Mfbii evwoi cvkB cvKi Mv Nl b`x
co GKwU cvmv`Zzj evsjv Zwi KiwQjb gv Qqgvmi ga| Zvi
AvwKU Avi wgwiv wQj cwwg| KjKvZvi PyuPzovi GB evsjvwU wZwb Dcnvi
w`qwQjb Zvi iwZv GK Rgv`viwbK| Zvi LiP cowQj Pwjk nvRvi UvKv|
wnwKi eD kvjU hLb gviv Mj ZLb wnwKi Rb KvR KiZ ZlwRb fZ|
GiKg ivwk ivwk beve ZLb KvjKvZvq wQjb| Zviv evsjvK jyUcvU
KiQb| G`i jyUcvUi A_i AbZg hvMvb`vZv wQjb vbxq eveykYx,
Rwg`vi|
GB beve`i Bsji mgvR fvj PvL `L nZ bv| Zv`i ge nj- Giv
mevB nq `vivqvb-Zbq A_ev `vmxcy| `qnxb GB cvli `j cZKB
nvRvi nvRvi bwUfi nZvKvix| wn`yvb Zvu`i KD GKkv wbixn gvbyl Lyb
Ki GmQb KD ev cvk nvRvi| G`i w`K ZvKvbvI cvc|
Zviv evsjv _K jyUcvU Kiv A_ w`q Bsj KvwUqQb wejvmej Rxeb|
UvKv cqmv w`q 1760 _K 1784 mvj GiKg 30 Rb beve cvjvgUi
Avmb AjZ KiQb| G`i mcK GKRb wjLQb jvi K_v mw`b
RbK beve GK f`mjb nvwRi nqwQjb| wZwb m wbqwQjb GKRb
icvRxwebxK| Ab GKRb wjLQb mveavb, KvbI f`gwnjv hb fzjI
KLbI KvbI bevei m bv bvPb| Zv`i beve ZLb `vm-eemvqx. Iq
BwRi Lvgvi gvwjKi PqI NY GK AmvgvwRK Rxe| Zviv fvjv evwo
Kb, fvjv Lvq, hZ Lvq Zvi Pq ewk AcPq Ki, Qovq| Zviv Wzqj jo,
Ryqv Lj, gvvnxb wejvm Mv Gwjq w`q f`mgvRK ev Ki|
ce cvuP
GKUz BsiR`i Mo emvi Avw`Kv- m`k kZKi c_g w`K gyMj mgvUi
KvQ _K B-Bwqv Kvcvwb evwbRi Dk myivU GKwU KzwV vcbi
AbygwZ jvf Ki| KqK eQi ci Zviv `wY fviZ GKL Rwg wKb gv`vR
kni cb Ki| 1662 mvj Bsji ivRv wZxq Pvjm cvZzMvji KvQ _K
ev^vB xcwU weqi hZzK wnme jvf Kib| wZwb Kvcvwbi KvQ GB xcwU
nvwiZ Kib| 1990 mvj KvjKvZv kni Rve PvbK bvg GK BsiR
cwZv Kib| GBfve m`k kZKi kl w`K fviZi wfb wfb vb BsiR
Zviv Avvbv Mvo| mgy`i DcKj KqKwU NvuwU emvq| g g Zviv `ki
cZ c`k cek KiZ Avi Ki| 1757 mvj cjvwki hyi ci weY
kcvV 43

fL BsiR`i `Lj Avm| KqK eQii ga Zviv evsjv, wenvi I Dwokv

`Lj Ki em| Ges mgM c~e-DcKj memev nq IV|
Gi Pwjk eQi ci, Dbwesk kZKi Mvovi w`K Zviv GKevi w`jxi
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gawei Dvb BsiR kvmb Rwg`vi`i cRvkvlY jvKRb Abvnvi
AZvPvi gviv wMqQ| AbK me Qo Qzo Ab Rwg`vii ciMYvq Avkq
wbqQ| Avi hviv ebRj cvwjqQ Zviv evNi Avi Kzwgii cU wMqQ|
AbK bZzb bZzb Rwg`vi cyibv Rwg`vi`i KvQ _K Rwg`vwi wKb bZzb
LvRbvi nvi avh KiQ| Gi ga AbK cRv KLbv KLbv iLI `vwoqQ|
1873 mvj cvebvZ bvUii Rwg`vwi fO cvuPRb abx jvK Rwg`vi wKb
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nqwQj|
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abx`i ga| ZLb eemvi Pq Rwg`vi`i mvgvwRK ghv`v ewk wQj| wK
GBme Rwg`viiv wbRiv KLbv Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv Kibwb| Zviv Ab jvK`i
w`q Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv KiQb| Zviv nqQb AbycwZ Rwg`vi|
nwsmi Avgj Mvovi w`K Rwg`vii msLv gv k LvbK, mLvb 187273 mvj GB msLv `vovq 1 jvL 54 nvRvi 2 kvZ| Gi ga 1 jvL 37
nvRvi Rwg`vii mcw wQj gv_v wcQz 500 GKiiI Kg|
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1872 mvj Rwg`vi Ges ga^ZfvMxiv ivR^ Av`vq KiZb 17-18 KvwU
UvKv|
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44 kcvV

AbyMZ cRv`iI Zv`i KvcvwbZ, eemvevwYR, Rwg`vwi-mivq wKQz

`vwqZRbK c` w`q Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbvi KvR cvBq `q| Gfve wKQz abxK
kYxI BsiRiv Zwi Kij| `k ciRxex GKwU gawe kYxi mw nj BsiR
Avgj|
envj Kwl eev BsiR`i AvMgbi AvM evsjvi aygv A_bxwZ Kwlwbfi
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gvbyli eo aibi wk bv _vKjI Ni Ni z` wk-KzwUi wk wQj| mLvb
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bvg| PvwlivI m mgq Pvli Aemi ev dvuK dvuK GBme KzwUi wk KvR
cZ Ges evowZ Avqi myhvM NUZ Zv`i| dj `k gvbyli Avw_K Aev
Lvivc wQj bv|
GB Mvgevsjvi Ni Drcvw`Z gmwjb Kvcoi LvwZ ZLb ay `kB bq mviv
wekRvov| we`kxiv gmwjb wKbZ fviZ AvmZ| evsjv _K Zv wKb
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Drcvw`Z nq| kvbv hvq Kj^vmI GB gmwjbi LvRB fviZ Avwevii Rb
Awfhvb PvwjqwQjb|
B Bwqv Kvcvwb fviZ Avmvi DkB wQj fviZi bvbvcKvi wkRvZ
`e, kvj, gmwjbRvZxq e I bvbvwea gmjv cfw Z cvP `k _K cvvZ
Pvjvb Kiv| m mgq BDivc Gme cYi evcK Pvwn`v wQj| evsjvq hLb
Kvcvwbi kvmb RuK emQ jyUcvUi UvKvq Bsj wkwece i nqQ
ZLb Bsji GKkYxi eemvqxiv `vwe Ki em Bsji wkevRvi cmvii
Rb fviZ _K cY Avg`vbx e Ki w`Z ne| ewUk cvjvgU m `vwe
gb bq|
ZLb fviZi ewnevwbR mc~Yfve Kvcvbx wbqY _vKvq fviZ _K cY
BDivci Ab `kI cekvwaKvii myhvM nvivj| Bsj Drcvw`Z
cYmvgMx fviZ GKPwUqvfve Avmv i Kij| GKB m evsjv Z_v fviZi
cYi Dci Kvcvwb Pov Ki ewmq w`j| dj Bsji cY Kg `vg evRvi
cvIqv hZ jvMj| GBfve `wk cYi evRvi co Mj| `wk cY GKB
m `wk I we`wk evRvi nvivj| dj `ki wk LvZwU mg~j asm nq
Mj| Rni jvj bni ejQb Dwbk kZKi fviZ BwZnvm nj asmcei
kcvV 45

BwZnvm- cyivZb wkvw` wbw Kivi BwZnvm| RvnvRx Kvievi KvR, e wk,
avZe c`v_i KvR, KvuP Zwii KvR, KvMR Zwii KvR AviI AbK wk
gZygyL cwZZ nj|
fviZi wkvbwZ hvZ bv nq, hvZ wki w`K _K Zvi A_bwZK Aev
gk AebwZjvf Ki mw`KB BsiR`i j wQj ewk| hcvwZ fviZ
hvZ bv AvmZ cvi Zvi Rb wbqg Kiv nj| evRvi Ggb GKUv Aevi mw
Kiv nj h ewUk cY bv nj hb fviZi bv Pj| Bsj `Z Zvi wkvbwZi
w`K GwMq Pjj, fviZ nq Mj Kwlwbfi `k| Dbwesk kZKi gafvM
kZKiv cvb jvK G`k Kwl viv RxweKvwbevn KiZ| BsiR`i GB
wkasmi cZ cfve KwlRxwei msLv eo `vwoqwQi kZKiv Pzqvi Rb|
G`k _K mvq KvuPv gvj Bsjvi KviLvbvq Pj Mj Ges wejZi
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BsiR`i cavb K` evsjv nIqvq evsjvi AevB mePq KiY nq coj|
fviZ-BZvnvmi hyM jLK GWIqvW Ugmb I wR.wU. MviU wjLQb,
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fwgnxb I eMvPvwli ev BsiRiv evsjvi gZvq Avmvi m mB myKkj
evsjvi GB KzwUi wkK cyivcywi asm Ki `q| dj GB KzwUi wk wecyj
msLK gvbyl eKvi nq co| j j wkx I KvwiMiiv AvnZv Ki- gi
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mc`vqi Aw-Kvj cwiKxY nq AvQ| G`i KvR wQj bv, DcRxweKv wQj
bv, e eskcicivq AwRZ `Zv ev wkKzkjZvI KvRi Afve b nq
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46 kcvV

`Iqv Qvov RwgZ Avi Kvbv cyuwR wewbqvM bv KiB eMvPvwli KvQ _K
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gnvRb`i Kej co GB `vmRxebi cwiwwZ AviI fqven nq DVj|
cRv`i Rwgi cwigvY w`b w`b Kg hZ jvMj| GBfve nvZ e`jvbvq
Rwgwj w`b w`b z` z` UzKivq cwiYZ nq GK AzZ Aevi mw Kij|
KlKiv FYi dvu` co gnvRb`i KvQ euP w`Z eva nj| z` KlK`i
Rwg wMj bZzb bZzb fv^ gx m nj| cwiwPZ nj eveyZ| fwgnxb kgRxex`i
msLv j j eo DVj|
z` KlK-fwgnxb ZgRyi`i Rb ZrKvjxb miKviI wKQz Ki bvB|
ciewZZ hLb ivRbxwZwe``i Dvb nj ZvivI Zv`i Rb wKQz fve bvB|
Rwgi Avq Lye jvfRbK I mvbRbK ej ZLb wkwZeveyiv Ges eemvqxiv
Rwg wKb fvov w`Z i Kij| GBme Rwgi gvwjKiv ciRxex kYx mgvR
bZzb Ki kvlK wnme AvwefyZ nq|
ce Qq
eveyivg mvcyo
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beeveywejvm m^v`
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bq cvwjq wMqwQj, dj c_g w`K Rwgi cwigvY wQj cPzi| wK Pvli jvK
wQj LyeB Kg| hviv wQj Zviv Rwg`vii kvlY Ges cvKwZK `yhvMi KviY
kmPvl mvnm nvwiq djwQj| BsiRiv evsjv `Lj Kivi ci `k AmsL
z` mvg ev Rwg`vi Ges eiMv Pvwli mw nq| Gi AvM gawe ej Kvbv
mc`vq wQj bv|
ZLb `kwU cyivcywi ewUk`i Dcwbek cwiYZ nqQ| gv 10-15 Rb ewUk
j j fviZxqi Dci Qwo NvivZ| GB Qwo Nvivbvi KvRwU Kiv nZ vbxq
AbyMZ kYxi jvK`i mnvqZvq| GB AbyMZ evwnwb mw Kivi Rb BsiRiv
BsiwR wkv Pvjy Ki| evOvwj eveyivB BsiwR wkvq GwMq Avm| Zviv
kcvV 47

BsiwR wkL mvne`i `vfvlx, gybwk, `Iqvb BZvw` KvR wfo hZ|
Zv`i GB wfo hvIqvK ejv nq mvne aiv| mvneiv PvKwi, `ybxwZ, eemvevwbR, Rwg`vwi, bevexi bvg hme jyb KiZ GBme evOvwj eveyiv Zv`i
mnhvMx wnmve ek eo Ai eZb cZ eLiv cZ| Gfve `k ZLb bZzb
aibi wkwZ abxK kYxi De nqwQj| Zviv GBme UvKv cqmv w`q bvbv
aibi eemv-evwYR KiQ| Rwg`vwiI wKbQ| wPivqx e`ve Pvjy nIqvi
GK `kKi gaB KvjKvZvq _K bZzb aibi kvlK evey kYxZ icvwiZ
nqQ| GivB cyibv Rwg`vi`i nwUq AviI `qnxb Rwg`vi cwiYZ nqQ|
GB wkwZ eveyiv GKUz BsiwR wkLB mvne aiZ wkLZ| eveyiv KvjKvZvq
ebevm KiZ| KvjKvZv iZ wQj B Bwqv Kvcvwbi cb Avg`vb-ivbxi
K`| BsiR kvmb Kvqg nIqvi ciciB KvjKvZvK mviv fviZi ivRavbx
Kiv nq| nq IV e`wkK evwYRi cavb K`| Bsj _K ZLb
fvMv^lY BsiRiv KvjKvZvq AvmZ| GB BsiRiv evsjv fvlv RvbZ bv|
GB gawe eveyiv Zv`iK RvnvRNvUv _KB cvKovI KiZ| Zviv mvne`i
Kivbxi PvKwi KiZ| Avevi wKQz wKQz evOvwjiv BsiwR RvbZ bv| wK `L
`L Kvcvwbi `wjjcvw` bv eySB e bKj KiZ cviZ| G`i bvg wQj
gybkx| GivB Avevi cgvkb cq `Iqvb nZ| Giv bvbv Kvq`vq eZbmn
bRivbv `ix Av`vq KiZ BsiR`i KvQ _K| Gfve Zviv ek A_mc`i gvwjK nq wMqwQj| eemv evwYR LyjwQj| KD KD Rwg`viI
nqwQj| iex`bv_i c~ecyil Rqivg wQjb BsiR`i G aibi wVKv`vi|
nqwQjb Bjvi mvnei `Iqvb| ivggvnb ivqI wQjb Kvcvwbi mi
v`vi ci `Iqvb|
B Bwqv Kvcvwbi Avw` mnhvMxi AbZg wQjb kvfvivg emvK| 1780
mvj Zvi gZy nq| BsiR`i m IVvemv Ki Zvi mcwi cwigvY
KvjKvZvi eMevRvi GjvKvq 37wU evwo, KiKvZvi wewfb GjvKvq 3wU evMvb
I cyKzi| gviv hvIqvi ci Zvi `vg wQj bvbv aibi wecyj cwigvY Kvco, 5
gb iKgvwi gkjv, 18 gb Avwds, Ges cwigvYgZ P`bKvV, Zvgv, wmmv, je,
wdUwKwi BZvw`| wm`yK wQj 891wU gyv Gi ga 61wU Avevi AvKvi ek
eo, 413wU wniv, 35wU civM gwY| ZvQvov AbK gvni, mvbvi Qov BZvw`|
mvne`iI wZwb UvKv my` avi w`Zb| Zv`i KvQ Zvi cvIbv wQj 5 j 27
nvRvi 112 UvKv| `wkq jvK`i KvQ cvIbv 53 nvRvi 83 UvKv| myqR,
ev^vB Ges emivi ewYK`i KvQ cvIbv UvKvi cwigvY wQj 75 nvRvi

48 kcvV

751UvKv| G QvovI gvj`v, KvwkgevRvi, nwiqvj, xicvB I NvUvj kvfvivg

emvKi wbR^ Avos wQj|
jybcei iZB BsiR Kvcvwb RvnvR Ki G`k _K gvjc Bsj
wbq hZ| divi c_ Lvwj RvnvR wbq Avmvi wKQz mgmv wQj| Soi Kej
coj RvnvR Wzwei Avkv wQj| mKviY Zviv m mgq LyeB mv jeY RvnvR
fi wbq AvmZ| hvv kl m me byb mgy` dj w`q Avevi RvnvR Lvwj
KiZ| BsiR`i eemveyw wQj AwZ cLi| Zviv vbxq wKQz AbyMZ evOvwjK
ai GB jeY wewi eev Ki| ZLb G`k jeYi Kvbv NvUwZ wQj bv|
wK Kvcvwb evRvi cfve LvwUq vbxq jeY wew _vwgq w`q wejwZ jeY
wewi eev KiwQj| mB jeYi UvKvq AbK evOvwj wecyj A_mcwi
gvwjK nqwQj| Zviv nqwQj `Iqvb, Dc`Iqvb| KD KD nqwQjb
GK`g wbt^ _K DPwe gawe|

c~e evsjv _K AvmZb evvj Rwg`vi, ZvjyK`vi Avi BRviv`viiv| Zviv

AvmZb eRivq Ki| Zv`i cvviv ai eviewYZv`i KvQ wbq hZ| Avi
wKQzw`b dwZdvZv Ki me^ LyBq `k wdi hZ| Avevi cRv`i KvQ _K
LvRbv Av`vq Ki KvjKvZvq wdi AvmZ| wVK m mgqB Mvgi gvbyl bv
Lq giQ| m mgq c_ NvU, gw`iPZi Llyavi Rvjv mBZ bv ci AbK
gv Zv`i wk mvbK dj iL cvwjq hZb| cvwjq wMq G`i DVZ
nZ GBme eDevRvii gZv eviewYZv cjxZ|
1820 mvj fevbxPiY e`vcvavq beeveywejvm bvg GKwU eB jLb|
mLvb evey ejZ ZiY beabx`i K_v eywSqQb| BsiRiv evey kwUK
BsiwR Rvbv evOvwj KivbxK eySZ| Zviv 1782 mvj GB evey kwUK
`wjjcvw`Z eenvi Kiv i Ki| Avi evOvwj`i KvQ evey gvb gwbe|

cjvPb bvg GK f`jvKeveyi Lei RvbZ cviv hvq Zzg cvuPvi bKkvq|
cjvPb Lye Mixe Nii mvb| Mvg _K KvjKvZvq Gm MnfZi KvR
bq| wK Kvq`v Ki UvKvcqmv Avq Ki GKRb eo gvbyl cwiYZ nqwQj|
Zzg cvPvi bKkvq jLv nqQ g cjvPb bvbv Dcvq wejY `k UvKv
DcvRb K jvMjb, Aev DchvMx GKwU bZzb evwo wKbjb, mnii eo
gvbyl nj h mKj wRwbmc Dcv`vbi AvekK, mfv Avxq I gvmvneiv
mB mKj wRwbm msMn Ki fvvi I D`i c~iY Ki djb, evey ^qs cQ`
Ki (Avcb P myeY em) GKwU ivupI ivLjb|
AviKRb eveyi bvg Rvbv hvq bvg wekbv_ gwZjvj| wZwb kl eqm Gm MvbevRbv, nvd-AvLovB Avi kLi hvv wbq Lye gZwQjb| Zvi AMva mcw
fvM Ki w`qwQjb Zvi Qjcj`i ga| KvjKvZvi Zvi GK Qji
eDqi bvgB GKwU evRvi ewmqwQjb| m evRviwUi bvg eDevRvi| GB
eDevRiwUZ m mghi evey`i gbvibi Rb eviewYZv`i mePq cjx
Mo DVwQj| GLvb GB eo eo eveyiv BsiR`i m evsjvi jyUcvUi UvKv
cqmv w`q, Rwg`vwi cRvkvlYi UvKv w`q Zv`i iwZv ivp`i Rb evwo
Ki w`Zb| fvMv^lY AbK gymjgvb I cwgv evCwRivI GLvb Avmi
emvZ| G`i ga mePq weLvZ wQj wbwK evC| ZvK Zvi evey cwZgvm m
mgq GK nvRvi UvKv w`q cylZb| cvBKvi, evcvix Avi BRviv`vi`i
ivwevmi Rb AbK UvUj Mo DVwQj| mLvb ivZKvUvbvi Rb
eviewYZv`i mnR cvIqv hZ| Zv`i Rb ZLb mwLb cvkvK AvlvK Avi
Mnbvi `vKvbcvUiI igigv wQj|

Dwbk kZKi Mvovi w`K hviv Rwg`vwi wKb A_ev eemv evwbR Ki
KjKvZvq beabx nqwQjb- ZvivB evey wnme cwiwPZ nZb m mgq|
1850 mvji w`K evey ejZ msev`c Rwg`vi, eemvqi m abx cwievii
Ajm ZiY`i evSvbv nZ| Giv wQjb Avjvji Nii `yjvj| 1860 mvji
w`K evey kwU AviI evcK A_ eeZ nZ i Ki| ZLb PvKixRxex`i
ga eoevey, QvUv evey BZvw` k Gm hvq| GgbwK cwievii eov fvBK
eo evey, gRv fvBK gRv evey BZvw` k eeZ nZ _vK| evey`i
wMbx`i ejv MZ wewe| fvevbxPiY GBme wewe`i wbq bewewewejvm bvg
AviKLvwb eB wjLQb| gymjgvb`i ga evey kwUi e`j mvne kwUB
eQ bIqv nZ| G aibi evey ivRv ivggvnb ivqi evwoi GKwU Drmei
eYbv cvIqv hvq dwb cvKmi gYKvwnwbZ| gYKvwnwbi bvg Wanderings
of a Pilgrim in search of Picturesque| wZwb 1823 mvj KjKvZvq
ivgvnbievwoZ bvPi Avmi hvM `b| wZwb wjLQb GKw`b GK awbK
mv evOvwjeveyi evwo fvRmfvq AvgwZ nq wMqwQjvg| eveyi bvg ivggvnb
ivq| ek eo Pnwi ga Zvi evwo; fvRi w`b bvbv eYi Avjv w`q
mvRvbv nqwQj| PgrKvi AvZmevwRi LjvI nqwQj mw`b| Avjvq
AvjvwKZ nqwQj Zvi evwo| evwoZ eo eo Ni Ges GKvwaK Ni evBwR I
bZKx`i bvPMvb nwQj| evBwR`i cib wQj NvNiv, mv`v I iwOb gmwjbi
wdj `Iqv, Zvi Dci mvbvicvi Rwii KvR Kiv| kvwUbi wXj cvqRvgv cv
ch XvKv| `LZ Ac~e my`ix, cvkvK I Avjvq AviI my`i `LvwQj|
MvqZ Ajvi wQj bvbviKgi| ...evBwR`i GKRbi bvg wbwK, bwQ mviv
cvPi evBwR`i ga gnvivwb m, Zvi bvPMvb bZ cvIqv fvMi K_v|

kcvV 49

50 kcvV

f`jvK
f` nBjI jvK eU Dwbk kZKi klw`K _K wek kZKi c_gw`K
evey`i ga _K f`jvK kYxi De nq| Giv wKQz `kvvii KvRKg
RwoZ _vKZb| BsiwR wkvi AvjvK AvaywbK vbwevb AvjvwKZ nq
evOvwj gvbm G mgqKvj GKwU RvMiYi dj evey _K f`jvK icvi
GmwQj| Zvi wKQz dj fvj nqwQj wKQz Lvivc nqwQj| 1872 mvj f`jvK
A_wU f` h jvK wnme eenvi KiwQjb Zzg cvuPvi bKkv eBq|
ewgP` Vvv Ki GB BsiwR Rvbv wkwZ eveyi GKwU wP GuKQb PmgvAjZ, D`viPwi, efvlx| Giv wbRi fvlvK NYv Kib, cii fvlvq
cvi`kx| gvZfvlvq evKvjvc Amg_| Guiv webv Dk mq Kib, mqi
Rb DcvRb Kib, AvcvRbi Rb we`v wkv Kib Ges cixvq DxY
nIqvi Rb ckc
Pzwi Kib| Gu`i ej n GK Y, gyL `k Y Ges
KvhKvj Giv A`k| Gu`i eyw evj eBqi cvZvq, heb evZji ga,
evaK MwnYxi AvuPj| AviI gRv Ki ewg wjLQb evwoq Giv Rj Lvb,
eyMn g` Lvb, ekvMn Mvwj Lvb Ges gywbe mvnei KvQ Mjvavv Lvb|
mvg cKvk cwKvq 1862 mvj GKwU wbe jLv nq f`jvK, G ew
Avcbvi cwieviK LvBZ `q bv, evUx hvq bv, hLvb cvq mBLvb Avnvi I
kqb Ki|
1883 mvj mvgcKvk jL KwlKvh Kiv f`jvKi Kg bn, ZvnvZ jvK
Pvlv ewje|

evsjvq Bmjvg cvkvcvwk qv`k kZvxZ fviZ gymjgvb`i AvgY NU|

ZLb evsjvq mgvReevq GKUv cwieZb NU| Kv_vI gymjgvb mc`vqi
msck Kv_vIev ev kvmK mc`vqi agvKiY c` myhvMmyweavi dj ev
ivRvbyMn cvIqvi AvKvLvq ev RvZ DVvi AvKvLvqI AbK DPeMi wn`y
Bmjvg ag MnY Ki| cvkvcvwk wbeMi wn`yiv Bmjvgi D`vi bxwZi KviY
AvK nq| m mgq `iek-dwKiivI Zi Avj Avj bvPZ bvPZ MvBZ
MvBZ w`M wcV iL `Lv w`q AvmQb| Ckii K_v Avjvi K_v Zvu`i
Mvb nq mvi kL Nvi awbi m `xNKvj ai evsjvi AvKvk evZvm
Rbc` wgk MQ| mvaviY gvbylRb AbKB D`vi Bmjvg MnY KiQ|
RvZi evgyb _K ARvZi wcivjx evgyb NUbvUv c`k kZvxi| ZLb hkvi
Rjvi PwUqv ciMYvq GK Ni Rwg`vi wQj| Zvi c`ex wQj o| Ze LvZv
c GB o`i ivqPayix ejv nZ| mLvbKvi Rwg`vi `wYvbv_ o ev
ivqPayixi Pvi Qj Kvg`e, Rq`e, iwZ`e I K`e| m mgq vbxq
GK gvMj kvmK wQjb gvgy` Zvwni ev cxi Avwj| GB cxi Avjxi Kkj ev
cjvfb co ev AvK nq Kvg`e Ges Rq`e Bmjvg ag MnY Kib| Ze
AviI GKwU gZ cvIqv hvq- cxi Avjx GB `yBfvBK Kkj Mvgvsm fY
Kivb| GB NUbv RbmyL cKvk Ki `b cxi Avjx| ZLb Zv`i gymjgvb
nIqv Qvov Dcvq _vK bv| Zv`i QvUv `yB fvB iwZ`e I K`e gymjgvb
nqwb| wK Zv`i fvB gymjgvb nqQ ay GB KviY wn`ymgvR Zv`iK
mgvRPyZ Ki| Zv`i m mecKvi mvgvwRK mcK e nq hvq| Zv`i
m KD ^vfvweK cwqvq Qjgq weq `IqvI GB wblavvi Af
~ nq
co| G`i bvg nq wcivjx evgyb ev wcivjx _vK| RvZ QvUv| AQzr|

ce mvZ
evsjvq evgyb
Avhiv fviZ Avmvi AbK ci evsjvq Zv`i msw Zi ck cvq AbK ci|
ivgvqY-gnvfviZi hyM GB `kK Avhiv Lye fvjv PvL `Lwb| evsjv wQj
wbeMi gvbyli RvqMv| `my`i GjvKv| wLxq c_g mnmvxi ewkifvM
mgqI G`k evY AvPvi-Abyvb Acv e cfveB AwaKZi cwijwZ
nq| mB KviYB ZrKvjxb gnviR Avw`i KvbKz ev KbR _K cvuPRb
evYK Avwbq wQjb| Zviv e`wewnZ c~RvAPbv cPjb Kib| AvaywbK
evvjx evY`i Avw`cyil GB c evY| Zviv RvZcvZi wef`i cvPxi
Zzj mgvRi evivUv evwRq w`qQ| wbeMi gvbyl ay iv eevq bq
ageevqI bZzb bZzb wbcxobi wkKvi nq co|

A_P gnvfviZ DjL AvQ cvPxb mgvR evYwqvw` mKjiB cPzi

gvsmvnvi KiZb| f`mgvRI myivcvb PjZ| MvgvsmfvRb I Mvga hi
e DjL e` cvIqv hvq| ivRkLi emy gnvfviZi fwgKvq AviI RvbvQb,
mKvj AckZv Kg wQj `vm`vmxivI Ab cwiek KiZ| wK Kvjg
evYZ KwVbfve mgvR Kvqg nq coj wn`y mgvRi GB D`vibxwZ
AbKvskB cwiZv nq|

kcvV 51

52 kcvV

GB mgvRPywZi dj ^kYxi evY`i m weqkv`x e nq Mj Zviv wfb

Kkj Kib| Zviv Qjgq`i weqi Rb Kkj I cjvfbi Rvj wevi
Kib| mvaviYZ Zviv UvMU KiZb Mixe evY`i| Zv`iK UvKv cqmv,

RwgwRiZ I NiRvgvB Ki gq MQvZb| Avi Qj weq w`j gqi evci

evwoi jvwoi jvKRbK Avw_Kfve `vo Kivbvi `vwqZ wbZb|
NiRvgvB _K Rwg`vwi G mgqKvjB eagvb Rjvi KzkMvg GKNi evY
cwievi wQj| Zviv KzkMvgi bvgAbymvi Kzkvix c`ex eenvi KiZb| Zviv
wQjb k kvwq kYxi evY| m Mvgi RMbv_ Kzkvix wcVvfvM bvgi GK
vbi Rwg`vi wQjb| Zvui RxerKvj wQj lvok kZvxi c_g w`K| ZLb
gvMj kvmb wQj|
eagvbi wcVvfvMi RMbv_ KzkvixKI GBiKg Kvbv GKwU Kkj wcjvix
evgyb K`e o Kvq`v Ki Zvi gqi m weq w`jb| dj RMbv_
KzkvixK Zvi fvBeiv`vi-Avxq^Rb cwiZvM Ki| meZ wQbgj
~ nq RMbv_
Kzkvix hkvni kievwo Pj Avmb| Ges NiRvgvB nq Mjb| bi`cyii
DicwgKvY Dicvov Mvgi m msjM evivcvov Mvg Ni evuab| wZwbI
wcivjx _vKi Af
y AQzr nq Mjb| ki K`e o ZvuK Dicvov
MvgwU `vb Kib| GB Mvgi Avq _KB Zvui msmvi Pj| Zvui Pvi Qj
wcqi, cyilvg, RMbv_ KzkvixB iex`bv_`i VvKzieski Avw`cyil|
AvRe kni KvjKv AvMgb iex`bv_i DZg beg cyil| Zvi RxerKvj
wQj m`k kZvxi wZxqva| m mgq Rve PvbK KvjKvZv kni cb
KiwQj| Zvi Qj gnk ev gnki hkvii Dicvov _K fvMv^lY
KvjKvZv Avmb| AviKwU gZ AvQ gnk bq Zvi Qj cvbb Kzkvix vZx
Kjn wfUv ZvM Ki KvjKvZvq Pj hvb| mgqUv cvq m`k kZvxi
klfvM|
Rve PvbK Rve PvbKi KvjKvZv
Rve PvbKi Rb 1630 mvj Bsji jv kvqvi| 1665 mvj GK wewUk
evwbwRK msvq KvR wbq fviZ Avmb| Gi eQi LvbK ci B Bwqv
Kvcvbxi KvwkgevRvi KzwVZ evwlK Kzwo cvD eZb GK Kwg wnmve hvM
`b| 1668 mvj cwZfvej B Bwqv Kvcvbxi evsjvi GRU wbhy nb|
m mgq mye`vi kvqv Lvui m BsiR`i weev` evowQj| H eQii
Avei Rve PvbK Mwji gyMj mye`vii AvoZ Mvjvwj Pvwjq AvY
jvwMq w`jb| fviZi BwZnvm mB c_g gyMj`i wei BsiR`i A
aviY|

kcvV 53

Rve PvbK gyMj`i fq ZZjv wUq Mwj Qo evjkii w`K hvv

Kijb| m mgq nVvr Ki Mjxi c~e cvo wbRb GK Mvg Zvi PvL coj|
NvuwU Mvojb mLvbB| MvgwUi bvg myZvbwU| GB myZvbwU Mvg Gi AvM Avi
Kvbv BsiRi cv cowb| mLvb QvUv GKUv `yUv Loi Pvjv Ni Zwi Ki
emevmi D`vM bb| wK gyMj`i wei Avevi weev` Rwoq co myZvbwU
Qo Pj hvb|
BsiR`i m GB weivai Ri gyMj`i ivRKvl A_ Avmv e nq Mj|
Ges kvqv Lvu ew MZfveI wKQz Nyl cZb| mUvI e nq Mj| dj
kvqv Lvu BsiR`i Avevi myZvbwUZ WK Avbjb| wK Avevi MMvj
nIqvq wZwb PMvg Pj hvb| mLvb myweav KiZ bv ci gv`vR cj hZ
nq|
m mgh gyMj mgvU wQjb AvIiRe| wZwb Bevwng LvuK cvVvjb evsjvi
mye`vi Ki| mgvUi Av`k wZwb BsiR`i Avevi AvgY Rvbvjb evsjvq
eemv Kivi Rb| 1690 mvji 23 Gwcj AvIiRe GK Av`kbvgvq evwlK
wZb nvRvi UvKv i wewbgq BsiR`i evsjvq evwYR Kievi AbygwZ
w`jb| 1690 mvji 24 RyjvB GK ewgyLi w`b RjKv`v gvwoq Rve PvbK
Gm bvgjb myZvbwUi NvU|
myZvbwU myZvbwU _K KvjKvZv
AviKUz cyibv wnmve c`k kZvxi klfvM wjwLZ wec`vm wccjvBqi
gbmvweRq Kve GB Aji GKwU cvgvY fMvwjK weeiYx cvIqv hvq|
evj I weYxigaeZx vb Mwj b`xi Zxi AewZ mMvg ev mvZMvu wQj
GKwU weivU e`i| b`xi fvwUZ GKB cvo eZo MvgwU wQj GKwU DjLhvM
evwYRK`| GLvb cw_Kiv KbvKvUv KiZ I `ex Pxi c~Rv w`Z| wPrcyi I
KwjKvZv Mvg wQj eZii wbKUeZx Mvg| mB hyM myZvbywU I Mvwe`cyii
AwZ wQj bv| 1530 wLv bvMv` evsjvq cZzwMR`i hvZvqvZ i nq|
GB hyM c~eei PMvg I cwgei mMvg e`i`ywU wQj evsjvi `ywU cavb
evwYRK`| cZzwMRiv PMvgK ejZ (Porto Grande) ev gnv cvZvkq
(Great Haven) I mMvgK ejZ Porto Piqueno ev QvUv cvZvkq
(Little Haven)| mhyM Uvwji bvjv ev Avw`Mv wQj mgy` hvZvqvZi c_|
mgy`Mvgx eov eov RvnvRwj GLb hLvb MvWbwiP, mB Aj bvOi
djZ| Kej gv `wk QvUv bKvwjB Mwj b`xi Aviv DRvbi w`K
54 kcvV

PjvPj KiZ| meZ, mi^Zx b`x wQj GB mgqKvi AviI GKwU Rjc_| GB
b`x lvok kZvxi gafvM _K wKq hZ i Ki| 1580 mvj MwjPzuPzovZ cZzwMRiv GKwU bZzb e`i vcb Ki| lvok kZvxi klfvM
mMvgi `kxq ewYKiv bZzb GKwU evwYRK` vcbi cqvRbxqZv Abyfe
Kijb| Zvu`i AwaKvskB MwjZ emwZ vcb Kijb| wK PviwU emvK
cwievi I GKwU kV cwievi eZii evwYwRK mgwi evcvi Avkvev`x nq
b`xi c~eZxi Mvwe`cyi Mvgi cb Kib| wWwn KwjKvZv Mvgi Divsk
evw` qweqi GKwU K` Mo IV| 1596 mvj AvKeii cavbgx
Aveyj dRj Zvui AvBb-B-AvKewiM GB AjwUK mvZMvuI ciMbvi GKwU
Rjv wnme DjL Kib| cZzwMR`i ci GB Aj Ij`vR I BsiR
ewYKiv c`vcY Ki|

ga `yfvB evY Gm covq Zviv ek Lykx nj| Zv`i c~Rvcvebi `ywv

KvUj| Zv`i emevmi e`ve Ki w`j| Zv`i c~Rvcvebi `vwqZ cvjb
Ki w`Zb| `yfvB wke c~Rvi RvMvo h Ki Zv`i cyiZVvKzi nq emjb|

AevbMZ wbivcvi KviY Re PvbK myZvbywUK emwZ vcbi c Dchy

gb KiwQjb| mB hyM myZvbywU cwg Mwj b`x Ges c~e I `wY `yMg
Rjvfwgi viv ewZ wQj| Kejgv Di-c~e Ask cnivi cqvRb nZ|

B Bwqv Kvcvwbi m mshvM cvbb Kzkvixi `yQj Rqivg Kzkvix I

ivgmvl Kzkvix wKQz wKQz BsiwR I dviwm wkLwQjb| fvlvi Rvi Zviv
mnRi we`kx ewYK`i bK bRi co Mjb| GB `yB fvlv Rvbvi KviY
Zviv Ab`i Pq ewk gvjvgvj mieivni KvR cZ jvMjb| KwirKgv
cvbbK B Bwqv Kvcvwb gvvii cavb mnKvix wnmve KvR w`j|

myZvbywU, wWwn KwjKvZv I Mvwe`cyi wQj gyNj mgvUi Lvmgnj A_vr mgvUi
wbR^ RvqwMi ev fmcw| GB Aji Rwg`vwii `vwqZ wQj ewokvimveY
ivqPayix cwievii Dci| 1698 mvji 10 bf^i Re PvbKi Dim~wi Z_v
RvgvZv Pvjm Avqvi mveY ivqPayix cwievii _K GB wZbwU Mvgi Rwg`vwii
AwaKvi wKb bb| GiciB KjKvZv gnvbMi `Z weKvk jvf Ki| 1757
mvj ch wewUk B Bwqv Kvcvwb wbqwgZ GB Aji ivR^ gyNj mgvUK
w`q GmwQj KvjKvZv knii cKZ bMivqY Avi nq 1757 mvj cjvwki
hyi ci _K| B Bwqv Kvcvbxi nvZ evsjvi kvmb gZv K`xfZ
nIqvq mgM c~e fviZi cavb evwbRK` nq IV KvjKvZv| evsjvi Z_v
`ki wewfb cv _K gvbylRb GLvb AvmZ Avi Ki RxweKvi ZvwM`|
Mvgwj wgjwgk g icvwiZ nq KvjKvZv kni| iex`bv_i c~ecyil
gnki ev cvbb Kzkvix GfveB GLvb iwU-iwRi ivRMvi Pj Gjb|
ZLbv Zviv VvKzi nbwb|
ce AvU
Kzkvix _K VvKzi
VvKzi _K UMvi cvbb Kzkvix fvM cwieZbi Avkvq KvjKvZvq Gjb|
m QvUv fvB K`e| emwZ vcb Kijb KvjKvZv Mvgi `wY,
Mvwe`cyi Avw`Mvi avi| ZLb GLvb Rj`i evm wQj| APzZ Rj`i
kcvV 55

GLvb ZLb AbK we`kx RvnvR AvmZ| GBme RvnvR Zviv bvbvwea gvjvgvj
mieivn Kiv i Kijb| Gfve wKQz UvKv cqmvI Rg Mj| cvbb I
K`e Mvwe`cyi Mvi avi wKQz Rwg wKb djjb| emZevwU Avi
wkegw`i vcb Kijb| Rj`i `Lv`wL mvneivI GB `yBfvBK VvKzi
ej WvKv i Kij| Zviv VvKzi ejZ cviZ bv| Zviv ejZ UMvi| GB
cvbb _KB KvjKvZvi cv_yixNvUv, RvuovmvuKvZ cvbb VvKzii eskaviv
Ges PvivevMvb K`ei eskvaviv VvKzi cwievi wnmve cwiwPwZ jvf Ki|

BsiR`i Aaxb KvjKvZv, myZvbwU I Mvwe`cyi Avmvi ci 1742 mvj GB

Aj c_g Rixc KvR i nq| KvjKvZvi Kvji ivjd mjWb cvbb I
K`eK Avwgb wnmve wbqvM `q| GB KvR `yfvB ek wekvjx nq
IVb| bexci ivRv KP`i Aaxb wQj KvjKvZvi Avkcvki Rwg| wZwb
`yfvBK w`q GB Rwgjvi Rixc Kivb| GBfve ivRv KP`i m Zv`i
mnv`c~Y mcK Mo IV| Rqivg Zvi evwoZ ivavKvi weMn vcb Kib|
KP` Lykx nq `emevi Rb 33 weNv Rwg RqivgK `vb Kib|
eMx Gjv `k mmgq evsjvq cwZeQiB gvivVv eMx`i Lye nvgjv nZ| Zviv
Nvovq Po AvKwKfve AvmZ| AvgY Ki me jyUcyU KU coZ|
bIqvei mcvBiv Zv`i Nvovi wcQb QzU aiZ cviZ bv| Zv`i `gb KiZ
beveK Lye Svgjv cvnvZ nZ| gvbyli Rb mUv wQj GK `ywemn Aev|
GKUv Qov GB gvivVv eMx`i AZvPvi welq gvbyli gyL gyL AvRI di
LvKv Nygvjv cvov Ryovjv eMx Gjv `k eyjeywjZ avb LqQ LvRbv `e
wKm| avb dzivjv cvb dzivjv LvRbvi Dcvq wK? Avi KUv w`b meyi Kiv imyb
eybwQ|

56 kcvV

eMx`i nvgjv Avi bIqve-Rwg`vi`i LvRbv-cvKwZK `yhvM chy` gvbyli

nvnKvii mvgvwRK BwZnvmUv GB Qovq AvQ|
Mv Avi fvMxi_x b`x GKUv evuav wnmve KvR KiZ| GUv cvwo w`q Zv`i
Abycek KivUv AZ mnR wQj bv| ZvB GB w`K w`q Zviv LyeB Kg Avmv
hvIqv KiZ| 1751 mvj beve I gvivVv`i GKwU mw nq| Zvici _K Avi
evsjvq ewM AvgY nqwb| eMx`i jc_i AvgY VKvZ KvjKvZvi Di
w`K bvjv KvUv nq|
ewM`i AvgYi mgqKvj beve Lye cZvckvjx wQjb| Avi BsiRiv ZLb
Zv`i eemv evwYR mcmviY e| G`i nvgjv iLZ KvjKvZvK iv
Kivi Rb Pvwiw`K gvivVv wWP Pvbj ev bvjv Lbb Ki BsiRiv| g~jZ
Zv`i evwYRi mc`vw` iv Kivi RbB bevei AbygwZ wbq gvivVv wWP
Zwi KiwQj| wK eMx`i AvgY Avkv _g Mj ZLb Aewk bvjv Avi
Lbb Kiv nqwb| Di KvjKvZvi GKgv c_wUK KU bvjvi m mshy Kiv
nqwQj| mivmwi Nvov wbq KvjKvZvq XvKv hZ bv| bvjvwU cvi nIqvi
`iKvi nZ| bvjvwU mvZ gvBj j^v Kivi cwiKbv wQj| Qq gvm gv wZb
gvBj KvUv nqwQj| GB bvjv Lbbi Rb cqvRbxq UvKv cqmv G`kxq
jvK`i KvQ _K Av`vq Kiv nqwQj|
175 mvj wmivRDjv hLb KvjKvZv AvgY KiwQjb, Zvi m wQj
30,000 mb I Ak| AwaKvsk mbB GB bvjvwU cvi nq KvjKvZvq
cek KiwQj| mB hy wmivRDvjv Rqjvf KiwQjb| 1757 mvj
cjvkxi hyi ci AveRbvi fi DVwQj bvjvwUwU| GUvi Kvbv `iKviB wQj
bv| 1799 mvj GB gvivVv bvjvwU fi `Iqv nq| ILvb mvKzjvi ivW Zwi
Kiv nq| GB gvivVv cbvjv Lbbi KvRwUZ Rqivg Kzkvix GKRb Bci
wnmve KvR KiwQjb| avb mvqi wZwb Rwg wKb ivZvivwZ emZevwo vcb
Kib| avbmvqii eZgvb KvjKvZvi agZjv|
Rqivg VvKzii eo Qj Avb`xivg Lye fvjv BsiwR wkLwQjb| evOvwj`i
ga m mgq Zvi Pq fvjv BsiwR Avi KD RvbZb| Ze evev Rqivgi
Kvbv Awcq KvR Kivi dj ZvK evwo _K ei Ki `Iqv nqwQj| Rqivg
euP _vKZB wZwb gviv hvb|

kcvV 57

bxjgwY VvKzi
RvovmvuKvi VvKzi evwoi cb Rqivg VvKzii gRv Qj bxjgwY I mRv
Qj `cbvivqY avbmvqii Rwg mcw euP `b| Zv`i evwowU wQj dvU
DBwjqvgi cvk| 1757 mvj cjvwki hyi mgq gywk`vev`i beve
wmivRDjv hLb KvjKvZv AvgY Ki dvU BDwjqvg `yM Mvjv elY
Kib, ZLb bxjgwY VvKzi`i evwoI wZM nq| cieZx beve gxi Rvdii
KvQ _K BsiRiv Zv`i wbR`i Rb Ges Zv`i wg`i Rb wZc~iY
Av`vq Kib| Rqivg VvKziI m mgq 13,000 UvKv wZc~iY cvb| GB UvKvi
GKwU Ask w`q KvjKvZv wZwb KvjKvZv Mvgi cv_ywiqv NvUv cvovq Rwg
wKb emZevwo wbgvY Kib| BsiR`i m fvjv mcK _vKvi KviY Rqivg
VvKzi B Bwqv Kvcvwbi kqvi ev KvMRI wKbwQjb| kqvi Zv`i
Mn`eZv kxkxivavKv wRBqi bvg Kib| 1765 mvj B Kvcvbx evsjvwenvi-Dwolvi `Iqvbx jvf Ki| ZLb Zviv Rqivg VvKziK Dwolvi
Kvjii `Iqvb ev mUvwi wbhy Kib| GB KvR wZwb wecyj cwigvY A_
DcvRb Kib|
Rqivgi ZZxq Qj `cbvivqY Bjvi Kvcvwbi `Iqvbx jvf Kib| m
mgq BsiRiv RvnvR _K Rji ga jeY dj w`Z| ci ZzLvo
eemveywmcb BsiRiv mB jeY dj bv w`q vbxq GRU`i gvag
wew KiZ| GRb vbxq jeY wkK Zviv asm Ki `q| G`kxq`i eva
Ki BsiR`i jeY wKbZ| `cbvivqY GB jeYi eemv i Kib| GLvb
_K wZwb wei jvf KiZ _vKb| wZwb vbxq jeY evRvii BRviv`vix
Kib| G QvovI Rwg`vwii cwb`vix I Abvb eemv _K wecyj cwigvY
abmc`i gvwjK nb| bxjgwY VvKzi Dwolv _K `Iqvbx _K AvqKZ UvKv
`cbvivqYi KvQ KvjKvZvq cvVvZ _vKb|
GB mgqKvj evsjvq wQqvii g^i wZxq el Kivj g~wZ aviY Ki| bv
LZ cq, ivM fzM evsjvq wZbfvMi GK fvM gvbyl gviv hvq| GKfvM
jvK cvwjq eb Rj Pj hvq| Abvb eQii Zzjbvq G mghKvjB evsjvq
iKW cwigvY LvRbv Av`vq Ki B Bwqv Kvcvwb iRv Lvbi cwiPvjbvq|
GB fqi KgKv vbxq Rwg`vi ZvjyK`vi, cbx`viiv LvRbv Av`vq g~j
fwgKv cvjb Ki| cyibv Rwg`vi`i Pq eemv _K Avmv byZb Rwg`viiv
LvRbv Av`vq ewk `Zv `LvZ mg nb| dj Kvcvwbi KvQ Zv`i
MnYhvMZv eo hvq| cyibv big Avjm `yej
Rwg`vi`i AbKB LvRbvi
Av`vqi jgvv c~iY e_ nq Rwg`vwi nvivq| GBme Rwg`vwiB GBme be
58 kcvV

eemvqx I Rwg`viiv Kvcvwbi KvQ _K BRviv bb| Zviv wecyj A_wei

gvwjK nb| Giv mevB wQjb AbycwZ Rwg`vi| Zviv bvqe Mvgv`i
gvagB Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv KiZb|
bxjgwY I `cbvivqYi QvUv fvB Mvwe`ivg wbtmvb wQjb| 1771 mvj
Zvi gZz nq| GB wecyj abmc`i AwaKvix VvKzi cwievi bxjgwY I
`cbvivqYi m Mvwe`ivgi weaev xi GB mgq Mnweev` i nq| weaev x
ivgwcqv `ex 1782 mvj mycxq KvU gvgjv Kib| GB gvgjvi dj mcw
wZbfvM fvM nq| ivgwcqv ivavevRvi I RvKmb NvU `ywU evwo cvb|
`cbvivqY cv_ywiqv NvUi evwo I Aci Mn`eZv ivavKv wRDi mevi fvi
cvb| Zvi eskaviv cv_ywiqv NvUi VvKzi esk bvg cwiwPZ nb| Avi bxjgwY
Zvi wbR^ DcvwRZ wecyj A_, GK j UvKv wZc~iYmn Mn`eZv jxRbv`b
wkjvi fvi bb| Rvov evMvbi ee kVi KvQ _K jxRbv`b wkjvi
bvg gQzqvevRvi GjvKvq GK weNv Rwg Kbb| mLvb AvUPvjv eua
emevmKiZ i Kib| gQzqv evRvii bvgB ci RvovmvuKv nq| GBfve
RvovmvuKvi VvKzievwoi cb Kib bxjgwY VvKzi 1784 mvj| bxjgwY VvKzi
1791 mvj gviv hvb|
ce bq
VvKzievwoi Rwg`vwi i bxjgwY VvKzii eo Qj ivgjvPb VvKzi cLi
welqeywi AwaKvix wQjb| wZwb weivwngcyi ciMYv wKb RvovmvuKv cwievii
AvbyvwbK Rwg`viwMwii m~Pbv Kib| weivwngcyi ciMYvi m`i KvuQvwi wQj
wkjvB`n| wZwb wecyj welqmcw wKb VvKzicwieviK KvjKvZvq AwfRvZ
wnmve cwZwZ Kib| Gi AvM VvKzi cwievii cwiPq wQj- wcivjx evY
Ges eemvqx evey| Zviv cvv cvIqvi gZv KD wQjb bv| mgvR AQzZ|
Rwg`vwi Kivi m m cvwievwiK wKQz mwLb AvwfRvZ Mo Zvjb
ivgjvPb VvKzi| weKj wZwb nvIqv LvIqvi cPjb Kib| GQvov Lqvj ev
KvjvqvwZ Mvb I KweqvIqvjv`i Avmi RvovmvuKvi evwoZ emvZb| mme
Abyvb Bqviey`i AvgY Kiv i Kib| mLvb wei LvIqv`vIqvi eev
nZ| wewfb Rjvq wZwb Rwg`vwi Kbb| KvjKvZv kni `kwU evwo
wKbwQjb|

gZy nq| Zvui Kvbv cy mvb wQj bv| ivggwYi x gbKvi Mf `ywU Qj I
`ywU gq nqwQj| Qj `ywUi bvg ivavbv_ (1790-1830) I viKvbv_ VvKzi
(1794-1846| gq `ywUi bvg Rvex I ivmwejvmx| mevi QvUv viKvbv_|
viKvbv_i eqm GK eQi c~Y nIqvi AvMB Zvi gv gbKvi gZy nq| Gici
ivggwY VvKzi `yMvgwY `exK weq Kib| `yMvgwYi GKwU Qj igvbv_
(1800-1877) Ges GKwU gq `egqxi Rb nq|
QvUv evb gbKvi gZyi ci `yai wk viKvbv_i jvjb cvjbi fvi Zzj
bb AjKv `ex| wZwb ZvK bcvbI Kivb| m mgq AjKv`exi civgk
AcyK ivgjvPb viKvbv_K `K bb| GB `K bIqvUv GKB cwievii
ga NUwQj| viKvbv_i evev-RvVv mnv`i `yfvB| gv-gvwm mnv`i `yevb|
1807 mvj wWm^i gvm ivgjvPb DBj Ki viKvbv_K Zvui mcwi
DivwaKvix Ki hvb| DBj jLv nq
GLbI Zzwg bvevjK GKviY Ges GB Rwg`vwi IMvqin R wKQz wemq ZvgvK w`jvg
Bnvi KKvh RveZ Avwg egvb _vwKe A_vr AvwgB Kwie Avgvi Aegvb RveZ Zzwg
eqmcv bv nI Zver ciMYvw`Mi G mKj welqii KKvh I mnx `LZ ev e`e
I KzgnvKvg mKwj Zvgvi gvZv Kwieb Zzwg cveqm nBj Rwg`vwiw`Mi Avcb bvg
Ryi jLvBqv Ges Avcb Gvi Avwbqv Rwg`vwii I msmvii KKvh I Rwg`vwii
e`e I LiPc IMvqin Zvgvi gvZvi AbygwZ I civgk Zzwg Kwiev Ges Rver
Zvgvi gvZv egvb _vwKeb Zver ciMYvi gybvdv IMvqin h wKQz Avg`vwbi Znwej
Zvgvi wbKU hgb Avwg ivwLZvg ZzwgI mBic ivwLev|

ivgjvPb VvKzi GBfve wbRi xi wbivcv wbwZ Kivi m m Zvi

^vfvweK KZZ
kwi cwZ mvbI `wLqQb|
GB DBj Kivi KqKw`b ciB ivgjvPi VvKzi 1807 mvji 12 wWm^i gviv
hvb| viKvbv_i eqm ZLb Zi| wZbPvi eQi mcw `Lvbv Kib Zvi gv
AjKv `ex I viKvbv_i Avcb eo fvB ivavbv_| Gi ci viKvbv_ wbRB
me wbRB cwiPvjbv KiZ i Kib| ZLb Zvui eqm 16/17 eQi|

ivgjvPb VvKzi Avi ZvB fvB ivggwY VvKzi `yRb `yevbK weq Kib|
ivgjvPbi x AjKv `exi wkemy`ix bvg GKwU gq njI kkeB Zvi

viKvbv_ VvKzi evOvwj wc ewjqv BsiRiv Av`i KwiZ evjKvj c_vgZv

wKQzw`b viKvbv_ cvVkvjvq covbv Kib| ci gjexi KvQ dvwm I Aviwe
fvlv kLb| m mgq gyMj`i AbymiY dvwm fvlv ivRfvlv wnmve cPwjZ
wQj| BsiRiv c_gw`K G`ki wkv wbq fvweZ wQj bv| ZLb wKQz BsiR

kcvV 59

60 kcvV

BsiwR kLvi zj LyjwQjb eemvwqK Dk| wKQz wgkbvixMYI

KvcvwbiK cvk KvwUq zj KiwQjb| m iKg GKwU zj LyjwQjb
kievb mvne KvjKvZvi wPrcyi| mLvb viKvbv_ BsiwR kLb| GQvovI
ci ivggvnb ivqi ey DBwjqvg AvWvg, wWR MWb, Rgm KjiW cgy Li
KvQI BsiwR fvlvi Zvwjg bb| mKvj BsiwR fvlv kLv Qvov weefe
ARb Kiv me wQj bv| hviv abx nqwQjb Zviv mevB-BsiwRi kLvi Y
BsiR`i m LvwZi Rwgq abx nqwQjb| viKvbv_I GB NivYvi DbZ
msiY| BsiR`i `Iqvb ivRv ivggvnb ivq Zvui cvBIwbqvi| Zviv `yRbB
abx`i cwZwbwa| MixecRv`i bq|
ivgjvPb VvKzii Rwg`vwi wQj Dwolvi KUK I c~eei weivwngcyi gnj|
eQi GB `ywU gnj _K Zvui Avq nZ wZwik nvRvi UvKv| viKvbv_ 16 17
eQi Rwg`vwii `vwqZ wbqB m wQjb bv| wZwb egyLx cwZfvi AwaKvix
wQjb| cwZfvej DcvRbi bvbv kvLv-ckvLvq Qwoq w`q KjvMvQ _K
eUMvQ Ges eUMvQ _K wZwb wc viKvbv_ VvKzi nqwQjb| mUv BwZnvm|
GB BwZnvmi cQb KvR KiQ Zvui mnR Avqvaxb BsiwRfvlv Avi egyLx
D`vM|
GKwU `wjj Rvbv hvq, Kzwqvi weivwngcyii cRvivI `ye ewjqv cwm wQj|
GB RwUjZvc~Y Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv KiZ wMq viKvbv_ AvUNvU eua Rwg`vwi
AvBbKvbybjv fvjvfve wkL wbqwQjb| GB welq wZwb GZ KzkjZv ARb
KiwQjb h Abvb Rwg`viMY ZvuK Rwg`vwii bvbv mgmv wbimb I
AvBbKvbyb welq civgkK wbqvM KiZb| ci mycxg KvUi evwivi
dvMzmbi wbKU _K wZwb AvBb welq Mfxi cvV MnY Kib| Gfve ^vaxb
AvBb civgkK wnmve Zvui DcvRb ek fvjv wQj|
ivRv ivggvnb ivqi ey DBwjqvg AvWvg I wWR MWb weLvZ mI`vMix
cwZvb gvwKbUm G Kvcvwbi Askx`vi wQjb| Zv`i mnvqZvq viKvbv_
gvKbUm Kvcvwbi Mvgv c` hvM w`q ikg I bxj wKbZ Zv`i mvnvh
Kib| GB AwfZvK KvR jvwMq wZwb wbRI ikg I bxj eemvi m
hy nb|
1818 mvj PwekciMYvi Kvji Awdm miv`vi c` Zvui PvKwi nq| GB
PvKwiwU AvM ivRv ivggvnb ivqi mycvwik wZwb cvb| ivggvnb ivq wbRI
BsiR`i miv`vi wQjb| viKvbv_ Avcb cwZfvej 1822 mvj 24
kcvV 61

ciMYv Kvji I wbgK gnji Aa cvBWbi `Iqvb wbhy nb| 1828

mvj I Avwdg evWi `Iqvb c` DbxZ nb| fvjv Avq Kiv mI wZwb
1834 mvj Kvcvwbi PvKwi Qo w`q wbRB ^vaxbfve eemv i Kib|
1828 mvj gvwKbUm Kvcvwbi BsiR eyiv ZvK Kvcvwbi Askx`vi Ki
bq| GB Kvcvwbi Kgvwkqvj evsKi wWii wbhy nb| cii eQi 1829
mvj 16 jvL UvKv g~jab wbq wZwb BDwbqb evsK cwZv Kib| Abvb eemv
`Lvi Rb evsKi Kvlva wbqvM Kib Zvi QvUv fvB igvbv_K| 1830
mvj wZwb KvjxMvg I 1834 mvj mvnvRv`cyii Rwg`vwi Kbb|
GB mgq DBwjqvg Kvi bvg GK BsiR eyi m Kvi-VvKzi Kvcvwb cwZv
Kib| GB Kvcvwbi mvnvh viKvbv_ Pxb _K ikg Avg`vbx Kib|
GQvov ewea eemvevwYRi ga AbZg nj KvjKvUv wg UvM
Avmvwmqkb, dvwUs weR cR, ej eW IqvinvDR Avmvwmqkb,
KvjKvUv WwKs Kvcvwb, ej m Kvcvwb, wg dwi weR Kvcvwb,
ej wU Avmvwmqkb, ej Kvj Kvcvwb, Ges Bwqv Rbvij bwfMkb
Kvcvwb| ijjvBb evwbq ij KvcvwbiI cb Kivi Pv KiwQjb wZwb|
wK gZy ZvuK _vwgq `q| Kvi G UMi Kvcvwb e nq hvq| BDwbqb
evsKiI cZb NU|
1833 mvj B Bwqv Kvcvwb GKPwUqv eemvi myhvM nvivq| Zvi wKQz
myweav fvM Kib viKvbv_| Zvi Rwg`vwi weivwngcyii KzgviLvwj gRvq
AewZ B Bwqv Kvcvwbi ikg KzwVwU wKb bb| vcb Kib ivgbMi
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cwieZbkxj GB RMZ mewKQziB cwieZb nQ| Z_vwc mewKQz cigkii
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ePvq cwZ`i mvnvh wbq wZwb GB kvKwUi A_ eySjb| GB Zvbi
mvbB wZwb Ki wdiwQjb| wZwb ivgP` we`vevMxki KvQ wbqwgZ Dcwbl`
Aavqb Kijb| mgawg ey`i wbq cwZv Kijb Zevwabx mfv| c_g
wbRi evwoZ ci mywKqv wU GKwU evwo fvov Ki mfvi KvR Kib| Zvi
wcZv Mfxifve agjvKi Pq eemvjvK wePiY KivUvKB cQ` KiZb|
AvM eemv Zvici ag| ivggvnbi KvRKg wZwb mnvqZv KiZb eU wK
Zvi wn`yagK wemRb w`q bq| wZwb cwZw`b kvgb PjZb| c~RvPbv
KiZb| Bsj mKvj GB c~Rvq e _vKvi mgq ivbxi cwZwbwa GjI ZvK
ewmq ivLZb| c~Rv kl kl Zvi m `Lv KiZb| GB c~RvUv wQj Zvi
eemvi Rb ewi Rb Avivabv|
wK `e`bv_ wVK Dvc_ euQ wbjb| wZwb eQ wbjb vbmvabvi
agc_| wZwb Dcwbl`i jvKvPviK ck Ki emjb ivggvnbi gZv|
g~wZc~Rvi wei cZ
njb| wK wcZvK Amvb KiZ PvBjb bv| wcZvi
cZ bRi GovZ wZwb ivgP` we`vevMxki KvQ hvjq wMq coQb|

70 kcvV

GKviYB wZwb wbRi evwo Qo Avjv`v evwoZ Zevwabx mfv mwiq

wbqQb| GLvb wZwb welqeywi cwiPq w`qQb|
ivggvnb ivq Bsj Pj Mj `e`bv_ Zvui Zevwabx mfv wbq jycvq
Avxqmfvq hvM w`jb 1842 mvj| mfvZ agvjvPbv Kivi wmv MnY Kiv
nq ZLb| GQvov Zevwabx mfv evagi cPvii KvRUvI Kiv i Ki Zvui
bZZ|

mcw iv cve| UvwevW Zvi iv Kie| Gi dj viKvbv_ AwRZ

weefe kl nZ Zvui gZyi ci AviI wZb cyil jMwQj|

G mgq viKvbv_ wejZ Pj Mjb| ZLb viKvbv_i Rwg`vwi Avi

eemvevwYR me wKQzi vwqZ coQ `e`bv_i Dci| wK Gme e`j Zvi
Drmvn evag cPvii KvR| 1843 mvj eQi LvbK Bsj KvwUq viKvbv_
KvjKvZvq wdi Gjb| Gm `Ljb `e`bv_ Zevwabx mfv I Zvi
cwZvZv `e`bv_ ixwZgZ weLvZ nq MQb| GB eQi 21 wWm^i 20 Rb
mxmn AvbyvwbKfve wZwb evag w`v MnY Kib| RvwZf` c_vi wei
cwZev`^ic Zviv `xvMnYi ciciB wezU I mix Gb Lvb| Gjv wn`yiv
ZLb LZ bv| `e`bv_ wjLQb RvwZf` Avgiv gvwb bv, Dnv `LvBevi Rb
Hic Kiv nq| Lvbv LvIqv I g`cvb Kiv ixwZi Ri ivggvnbi mgq nBZ
Avgv`i mgq ch UvwbqvwQj|

Avgvi mKj welqvmcw b nBqv hvq bvB BnvB Avgvi Avh eva nq| Zzwg
cvw``i m ev` cwZev` KwiZ I msev`c wjwLZB e, iZi welq iv I
cwi`kb Kvh Zzwg ^qs h_vwPZ gbvwbek bv Kwiqv Zvnv Zvgvi wcqcv Avgjv`i
n dwjqv ivL| fviZeli Dvc I AvenvIqv mn Kwievi Avgvi kw bvB, hw`
_vwKZ Avwg Awej^ jb cwiZvM Kwiqv Zvnv wbR cheY KwiZ hvBZvg|...

viKvbv_i RxweZvKvj GBme KvRKgi LiPvcvwZ hvMvo Kivi GKwU

KZzKKi eYbv w`qQb Aebx`bv_ VvKzi ZLb ciMYv _K UvKv AvmZ
KjmxZ Ki| KjmxZ Ki UvKv Gj ci m UvKv Zvov evuav nZ|... GLb
GB h Avgvi wbPi Zjvi wmuwoi KvQ hLvb NwoUv AvQ, mLvb g cv_ii
Uwej mB UvKv fvM Ki Zvuov evuav nZ|...KZ`v`vgkvq ZLb evwoi eov
Qj| gnv mwLb wZwb ZLb|...Gevwo _K ivR mKvj GKevi Ki
viKvbv_ VvKziK cbvg KiZ AvmZb ZLbKvi `iB wQj GB|...
KZvgkvqK Zv evcK cbvg Ki wdi AvmQb| mB Ni, hLvb
`IqvbwR I Avi KgPvixiv wgj UvKvi Zvov fvM KiwQjb, mLvb Gm
niKivK Kzg w`jb niKiv Zv `ynvZ `yUv Zvov wbq Pjj eveyi wcQz wcQz|
`IhvbwRiv Kx ejeb evwoi eov Qj, Pzc Ki ZvwKq `Ljb| GLb
wnme gjvZ ne viKvbv_ wbRB me wnme wbZb Zv `yUv Zvov Kg| Kx
nj|
Av eovevey I, AvQv wK viKvbv_ Qji GB agKvR wei nqwQjb|
aviYv KiwQjb Zvbymvbx Qj mc` iv KiZ e_ ne| dj wZwb
GKwU UvwWW Ki cwZK I ^vcvwRZ KhKwU Rwg`vwi Zvi Afy Ki
`b| GUv Ggb GK eev Kiv nj hvZ Zvi eemvevwYRi cZb NUjI GB
kcvV 71

wZxqevi Bsj hvIqvi ci 1846 mvji 22 k GKwU c Qj

`e`bv_K frmbv KiwQjb| `e`bv_i Qj mZ`bv_ VvKzi Avgvi
evjK_vq GB cwUi evsjvAbyev` KiQb

GBc cq `e`bv_ wKQzUv wegl nqwQjb| wK _vgbwb| wZwb m mghB

`e`bv_ mcwievi bKv gY ei nqwQjb| Gi wVK GK gvm ci
viKvbv_ Bsj gviv hvb| eo Qj wnmve kv Kivi vwqZ `e`bv_i|
wZwb evevi kv wn`y agvbymvi Kijb bv| Avb`P` we`vevMxk viv wbR
wekvm gZ KqKwUgv ew`K g cvV Kwiqv ^iwPZ ev AbyvbcwZg GK
Mn kv Kwijb| m j MvRj Zzjmx Kzk ev bvivqYwkjv wQj bv| G KviY
`e`bv_K ewkifvM Avxq^Rb cwiZvM Kijb| GUv wQj GKUv eov
we`vn|
viKvbv_i gZyi ci eemv I evi cZb nq VvKzi cwievi Mixe nq hvq|
PvKii wfo KgvBqv w`jvg, Mvwo Nvov me wbjvg w`jvg, LvIqv civ Lye
cwiwgZ Kwijvg; Ni _vwKqv mbvmx nBjvg| wjLQb `e`bv_| viKvbv_
wZbkv UvKvi wWbvi LZb Avi `e`bv_ ZLb PvwiAvbv g~ji wWbvi LvIqv
i Kijb| ZLb Zv`i GKKvwU UvKvi gZ `bv| wewfb jvKi KvQ
Zv`i cvIbv 70 jvL UvKv| fvB`i wbq `e`bv_ Qgvmi ga cwiwwZ
mvgj IVb|
GiciB Avevi wZwb gY ei njb bKvq Ki| eagvb, Avmvg, egvq
Mjb| 1848 mvjB wZwb Dcwbl` I Abvb kv _K evag M msKjb
Kib| evmgvRi evwowUi ZZjv Zwi Kib| m mgq VvKzi cwievii Avi
Kvbv eemv evwYR bv _vKvq Zviv cwiYZ nb Rwg`vwi wbfi| 1850 mvj
VvKzi evwo _K RMavx c~Rv DV hvq|
72 kcvV

`e`bv_ c~Rv-cveYvw` e Ki gvN DZme, beel `xv w`b BZvw` Drme

ceZb Kib| 1867 mvj wZwb exifgi fzebWvv bvg GKwU wekvj fL q
Ki Avkg vcb Kib| GB AvkgB AvRKi weLvZ kvwwbKZb| 1888
mvji 8 gvP ZvwiL `e`bv_ GKwU Uv wWW Zwi Ki kvwwbKZbK
memvaviYi Rb DrmM Kib| Ges wbRi Rwg`vwii KqKwU ciMbvi
(AvbygvwbK 18452 UvKv g~ji) mcw kvwwbKZb Avkgi eq wbevn
Kievi Rb `vb Kib| wWW wQj, D mcw wPiKvj Kej wbivKvi
GKei Dcmbvi Rb eeZ nBe| Kvbv mc`vq wekli Awf `eZv
ev ccvwL gbyli g~wZi ev wPi ev Kvbv wPni c~Rv nvghvw` H kvw
wbKZb nBe bv| Kvbv ag ev gbyli Dcvm `eZvi Kvbv cKvi wb`v ev
Aegvbbv H vb nBe bv| GQvovI wZwb wn`y PvwiUvej BbwwUDkbi e_yb
mvmvBwUi AbZg cwZvZv wQjb|

mydjjv cwic~Yfve weKkvii cZ

Ki `b D`vifve| Zvui
Dim~ixiv c~em~ix`i gZb eemvevwYRi c_ _K mi Avmb| Rwg`vwi
_K Avmgvb`vixZ SzuK cob|
Zvi D`vM VvKzi evwo _K cwKv ei nqQ , bvUg nqQ, mvwnZ iwPZ
nqQ, wevrmgvRi m hvMvhvM evoQ| Qjiv wejZ DP wkvi Rb
hvQ|

`e`bv_ wKQzw`b ivRbxwZi m mwqfve hy wQjb| 1851 mvji 31

Avei wewUk Bwqvb Avmvwmqkb vwcZ nj wZwb Zvi mcv`K wbhy nb|
wZwb `wi` Mvgevmx`i PwK`vwi Ki gIKzdi Rb AvcvY Pv Kib Ges
fviZi ^vqkvmbi `vwe m^wjZ GKwU c wewUk cvjvgU ciY Kib|
`e`bv_ weaevweevn cPjb Drmvnx wQjb, Ze evj I e weevni weivax
wQjb| Ze wbRi cwievi weaev weevni weivwaZv KiQb| GUv wQj Zvui
ecixZ| wkvweviI Zvui wekl Ae`vb wQj| wLagi cfve _K fviZxq
hyeK`i ivi Rb 1867 mvj ivavKv `e ZvuK RvZxq agi cwiiK I
ev mgvR I gnwl DcvwaZ fwlZ Ki|

ce evi
wMix`bv_ VvKzi : mwLb gRvRi evey
`e`bv_i PZz_ fvB wMix`bv_ VvKzi (1820-1854) welqeyw mcb
wQjb| Avevi Avmgvb`vixi cI KvR KiQb| `v`vi m wZwbI evag
MnY Kib| mwLb hvv`ji ccvlK wQjb| eveywejvm bvg GKwU bvUKI
wjLQb| ev njI Zvi cwievi `vj-`yMvrme AevnZ iLQb| G
Dcj evwoZ AvqvRb KiZb hvv cfw Z jwKK webv`bi eev| ek
evey Pnviv wQj Zvi Pwi| iex`bv_ GB cvjvMvbi wZ PviY KiQb Avgvi
Qjejv M| wMix`bv_i bvwZ Aebx`bv_ wjLQb `v`vgkvqi mL wQj
evU Ki eovbv| wcwbm Zwi nq Gjwcwbm wK wRwbm Rvb, eRiv Avi
cvbwm, wcwbm nP eRiv Avi cvbwmi eov fvB wfZi me wmi Mw`, wmi
c`v, Pviw`K Avivgi Pov|

wcZFY kva Kivi ZvwM`B `e`bv_ welqmcwi w`K gbvhvM w`Z i

Kib| wZwb wbRB Rwg`vwi `LZ Avi Kijb AZ wePYZvi m| ci
Qj`i Dci `vwqZ w`qQb| wK wbRi KZZ eRvq iLQb| GB
wZwb Kvbv Qvo `bwb| Zvui ageva, bvqcivqYvZv, AcwjK ag I
GKgevwZxqg Cki wekvm I bvbv RbwnZKi Kg Drmvn BZvw` welq
eweLvZ| wK givi AvM ch mKj `vkwbKZvi cvkcvwk welqmc`vw`Z
Zvui cfZ
z eRvq iLQb|
A_bwZK wechq KvwUq IVvi ci wZwb eywewK mgwi w`K gbvhvMx
cejfve wZwb GKkiev`i cPviYvq cavb fwgKv MnY Kib| Zvi vb, A_
I cwZcw GK eenvi KiQb| mgvR ei ibmvumi AbZg ewZ
wnmve wkmvwnZ msw Zi ccvlKZv Kib| cvkvcvwk wbRi cwieviI Gi
kcvV 73

`e`bv_i msvi Kvhgi KviY Avxq^Rb`i KvQ _K cwiZv

nqQb| Zviv Zvi m GK cO&wZ em fvRb KiZ A^xKvi KiQb| GB
KviYB `e`bv_ Zvui cwievii Rb mRbkxjZvi ccvlKZvi gvagi
bZzb ^Rb mvb Kib| hvi mydj ay Zvi cwieviB bq Avcvgi evsjvqI
djQ| Avmgvb`vixi bZzb Rgvbv Gm MQ|

wd iweevi bwQ `v`vgkvq Bqview wbq ei nZb m _vKZ LvZv

cwj, Qwe AvuKvi mL wQj, `y-GKRvov ZvmI _vKZ eyeve`i Ljvi Rb|
wcwbmi Dci _vKZ GKUv `vgvgv| `v`vgkvqi wcwbm PjZ i njI mB
`vgvgv `Ko `Ko Ki wcUZ _vKZ| Zvi Dci nvwZ gvKv wbkb DoQ
cZcZ Ki| GB Zvi mL, `vgvgv wcwUq PjZb wcwbm|..,Zvi m cvqB
_vKZb Kwe Cki | AbK digvBkx KweZvB Cki wjLQb m
mgq|...`v`vgkvqi hvv Kievi mL, Mvb evuaevi mL bvbv kvLv wbq wZwb
_vKZb| wZwb ek GKUv mwLbZv Zwi KiwQjb VvKzievwoZ|

74 kcvV

MY`bv_ VvKzi (1841-1869)

bvUkvjv vcb wMix`bv_i Qj MY`bv_i eemvqx ey wQj ziavi|
`e`bv_ Zvi Dci eemvmsv KvR wbfi KiZb| ZvQvov wk-mvwnZ
BwZnvmPPv-bvUvwfbq BZvw` evcviI Zvui wecyj AvMn wQj| 1866 mvj
VvKzievwoi Awfbqi Rb ivgbvivqY ZKiZ bebvUK cKvk Kib| mUv
VvKzievwoi Qjiv gI Kib| 1867 mvji 6 Rvbyqvwi `e`bv_ GKwU
wPwV jLb Y`bv_K| ZLb `e`bv_ Rwg`vwi KvR KvwjMvg Aevb
KiQb| wZwb wjLQb
Zvgv`i bvUkvjvi vi Dby nBqvQ mgeZ ev` viv AbKi `q bZ KwiqvQ
KweZimi Av^v`b AbK cwiZw jvf KwiZQ| wb`vl Avgv` Avgv`i `ki
h GKwU Afve, Zvnv GB cKvi g g `~ixfZ nBe| c~e Avgv`i m`q gag
fvqvi Dci Bnvi Rb Avgvi Abyiva wQj| Zzwg Zvnv mcb KwiqvQ| wK Avwg
ZvgvK nc~eK mveavb KwiZwQ h, G cKvi Avgv` hb `vl cwiYZ bv nq|

`ki gvbyli ga RvZxq fvei Dvab NUvbvi Dk AvqvwRZ P

gjv ev wn`ygjvi cavb D`vv`i ga wR`bv_i m wZwb AbZg
msMVK wQjb| GB wn`ygjvq ZLbKvi Kwl-wk-msw Zi GKwU c`kbx wQj|
mLvb Mvg _K KwlcY-nwkRvZ mvgMx c`kb Kiv nZ| GB wn`ygjvq
gymjgvb MvqKMYI cvjvMvb KiZ AvmZb| Kvbv A_B GB Pgjv ev
wn`ygjv wn`yZev`i wRwbm wQj bv|
VvKzievwoi mvsMxwZK HwZni mI Y`bv_i hvM wQj| wnw` Mvb fO
emxZ iPbvq wZwbI cfZ
z Drmvn `wLqwQjb| m mgq VvKzievwoZ eov
eov Iv`iv Gm Mvb kvbvZb| bvgKiv hvvIqvjviv Gm Awfbq KiZb|
gqivI `Lvi myhvM cZb| Kvwj`vmi wegvekx bvUKwU Y`bv_
Abyev` Kib| 1886 mvj GB bvUKwU cKvwkZ nq|
eovevey wR`bv_ VvKzi (1840-1926)
AbKi ga GKv GKRb wR`bv_i A eqmi SvuK wQj Kve iPbv I Qwe
AvuKvq| 1860 mvj Kzwo eQi eqm wZwb Kvwj`vmi gN`~Zi c`vbyev`
Kib| GiciB `kbi Zvbymvb wZwb gbvhvMx nq cob| Zvi wZ K_v
_K m mgq VvKzievwoi GKwU Pnviv cvIqv hvq|
c~Rvi mgq Avgv`i evwoZ h Drme `wLqvwQ, m iKg Drme ci Avi
KLbv `wL bvB| eva nq Avgv`i cwZgv `ki ga mePq my`i nBZ|
c~Rvi AbK AvM nBZB Avgv`i evwoZ `wR ewmqv hvBZ, Rixi AvMgY
kcvV 75

nBZ| `Rx I Rix wgwjqv evwoi mKji cvlvK-cwiQ` Ajvivw` cZ

Avi KwiZ| Mn-cvY h hvv cfw Zi AvhvRb nBZ, ZvnvZ hvM`vb

Kwievi AwaKvi Avcvgi mvaviY mKji wQj| `iRv e Kwiqv cvnviv ivwLqv,
KvnvKI cek KwiZ bv `Iqv AZ MwnZ ewjqv weewPZ nBZ| abx
Mni evwoi c~Rvi AvqvRb Kej gv mB cwievii wbgwZ wbw` msLK
AvZxq ey evei Rb Kiv nBZ bv| cZK Mni c~Rvi Drme GKUv enr
mvgvwRK Drme wQj| mgvRi QvU-eo mKjB Aeva m Drme gvwZqv
DwVZ| Avgvi wcZ`e evagvbyivMekZ c~Rvi mgq evwo _vwKZb bv| wZwb
wK AvM nBZB we`k chUb evwni nBZb|
Zvui mgqB VvKzievwoZ bvUK iPbv, Awfbq I Avb`gyLi mxZ awbZ
cwiek Zwi nQ| iex`bv_ ZLb ek QvUv| `~i _K GmeB `LZ
cZb|
mgxi mb wjLQb, iex`bv_i wkKvj Zv`i evwoZ wZbwU aviv `Lv
hvq| cavb avivwU nj Rbwcq, mxZ-bvUK-cgLy Kvjvnj gyLwiZ h_
Avb`vrmei aviv| wZxqwU njcvVK wbRb em vbPPvi aviv| ZZxqwU
nj eywwbfi, weeZbKvgx, vbvkqx fwev`i aviv| GB fwev`i avivwU
Avw` evmgvRi wbivKvi evcmbvi ga w`q weKwkZ nqwQj `e`bv_i
bZZ|
wR`bv_ Gi ga _KI _vKbwb| GKv em Z vb, MwYZPPv Avi Qov
wjL w`b KvwUqQb| evsjv kUnv wjLbcwZi ceZb Kib| iex`bv_
eov`v`v welq wjLQb Mvb MvBZ cviZb bv, wewjwZ evuwk evRvZb|
mgvRi wbw` Ki `Iqv ixwZbxwZ _K ewMZ cQ`-AcQ`K g~j
`Iqvi aviYvUvI Zvui ga cejfve wQj| mvgvwRK Abykvmbi cwZev`
wnmve wPvRMZ ewgvbmi Afyvb NUvbv wQj ibmvui g~j K_v|
wR`bv_ ewMZfve GB aviviB Abymvix wQjb|
1875 mvj gR fvB mZ`bv_i m RvovmvuKvi evwoZ webmgvMg
mfvi c_g AwaekbwU ewmqQb wZwb| ZrKvjxb evsjvi webiv
VvKzievwoZ Nvivdiv KiQb| webmgvMg mfvi Dk wQj
mvwnZmex`i ga cici Avjvc-cwiPq I Zvunv`i ga mve evovbv|
RvwZwi`bv_ VvKzi RxebwZZ wjLQb GB Dcj AbK iPbv I
KweZvw`I cwVZ nBZ, MxZev`i AvqvRb _vwKZ, bvUvwfbqI c`wkZ nBZ
Ges mekl mKji GK cxwZfvRbi ga w`q GB mvwnZ-gnvrmei
76 kcvV

cwimgvw nBZ| eQi GKevi GB mfvi Awaekb nZ| wZxq Awaekb evjK
iex`bv_ cKwZi L` bvg GKwU KweZv cowQjb| ZLb fviZx bvg GKwU
cwKv ei nqQ wR`bv_i mcv`bvq| iPbv KiQb ek wKQz
evmxZI| 1921 mvj wZwi MvxRxi AmnhvM Av`vjbi mg_K nq
DVQb| wK iex`bv_ GB AmnhvM Av`vjbK mg_b KiZ cvibwb|
GLvb `v`vi m Zvui fvebvi c_wU Avjv`v nq MQ|
ccvwLi cwZ wR`bv_i wQj eov fve| myavKv Payix wjLQb| `~i
_K ZvwKq `Ljvg `wYi eviv`vq eovevey Zvui Pqvi em AvQb, Zvui
mvgb GKwU Uwej cvZv| mB Uweji Dci wQj `yB GKwU QvUv QvUv
cU| `~ii _K `LZ cvBwb mB cUwjZ Kx AvQ| Ze `Ljvg AB
Uweji Dci wZb-Pvi iKgi cvwL VvKi w`q cU _K wK me LvQ|
`Ljvg GKUv MvQi _K `yUv KvVweovjx `o wMq eov eveyi Pqvi eq
Uweji Dci jvd w`q DVQ| Zv`i eovevey wezUi gZv Kx GKUv c`v_
fO fO w`Qb| Zviv cQbi `yB cvq em mvgbi `y-cv w`q ai hb
QvUv QvUv nvZ w`q ai mB Lvevi LvQ| cvwLjvI Kx me LvQ Giv nj
mKvjejvq eoveveyi cvZivki mgqi gRwjki mfe`|
wZwb evsjv Mvbi c_g ^iwjwc Zwi Kib| GUvK ci RvwZwi`bv_ c~Yic
`b| wZwb mvZvkwU eB wjLQb| AvRxebxZ wR`bv_ wjLQb Avwg AbK
wjwLqvwQ; GB jLvcov Qvov Avwg Avi Rxebi eov GKUv wKQzB KwiZ cvwiZ
cvwijvg bv| KLbv Avwg welqKg fvjv Kwiqv eywSZ cvwiZvg bv evev B`vbxs
AvgvK KvbI welqKg _vwKZ w`Zb bv| wR`bv_ Rwg`vwi `LwQjb
gv gvmLvbK| Gi ga Avevi wZwb mvnRv`cyiI wMqwQjb| mLvb wbRi
D`vM cRv`i evwo evwo wMq Zv`i myL `ytLi LvR Lei wbqQb| Zv`i
LvRbv gIKyci cve KiQb| G NUbvq Avgjviv ek gykwKj co wMqwQj|
Avi ZLb ZLywb ZvK ev` w`q Zvi Qj wc`bv_K Rwg`vwi `Lvi `vwqZ
`Iqv nqwQj| wc`bv_ cvuP eQi Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv Kib| Gi ci
iex`bv_ Rwi`vwi cvwiPvjbvi fvi cvb|
mZ`bv_ VvKzi
wejwZ nvIqv mKvj RvovmvuKvi VvKzievwo wQj GKvbeZx cwievi| cvuP I Q
b^i evwo wgwjq wekvj evwo| mZ`bv_i evjKvj evwoUv fvM nq hvq|
fvM nIqv AvM _KB wn`yZi m evagi weiva RM DVQ
`e`bv_i gZv Zvui Qjgq`i gaI| bq eQi eqmi GKwU wZ
kcvV 77

ejQb `e`bv_i gRv Qj mZ`bv_ VvKzi| GK mgq Avgv`i evwo

mi^Zx c~Rv nZ| gb AvQ GKevi mi^Zx c~Rvi APbvq wMqwQ kl wdi
Avmevi mgq Avgvi nvZ h `wYvi UvKv wQj ZvB `exi cvqi Dci mRvi
wbc Ki ` QzU| ZvZ `exi gyKzU fO coj|
Qjejvi eYbv w`qQb Qjejvq Avgv`i evqvgPPvi Afve wQj bv| fvi
DV RvovmvuKv _K Moi gvV eivnbMi cfw Z `~i `~i cvjv c`eR ewoq
AvmZzg|...Zv Qvov Nvovq Pov, mvuZvi `Iqv Gme wQj|...nxiv wms ej
GKRb cvjvqvbi KvQ Avgiv Kzw wkLZvg|iex`bv_KI Kzw wkwLqwQjb
GB nxiv wms| msZ
kLvZ AvmZb evYki we`vjsKvi| Gi ga Aviwe
mvwnZI ek eyrcw jvf KiQb|
1857 mvj KjKvZv wekwe`vjq _K GUv cixvq AskMnY Ki c_g
wefvM cvk Kib| Zvi m AviI cvk KiwQjb ewgP` Pvcvavq,
ngP` e`vcvavq Ges KKgj fvPvh| cwmWx KjR covi mgq
evagi cwZ wZwb AvK nb| Zvi mncvVx wQjb KkeP` mb| `e`bv_
KkeP` mbi m cwiwPZ nb mZ`bv_i gvag| KkeP` mbK Zvi
evwoi jvKiv wn`y jvKvPvi bv gvbvi Rb AZvPvi KiwQj| G KviY wZwb
RvovmvuKv VvKzievwoZ Avkq wbqwQjb| Kke P`i cfve mgvR GK bZzb
g~wZ MnY KiwQj| mZ`bv_I mB KgKv gZ DVwQjb| G mgqB
`e`bv_ evmgvRi ew` _K `qf`x cv_bv Avi Dc`k w`Qb| Avi
VvKzievwoi mevB Mvb wjLQb| Mvb myi w`Qb evmgvRi mfvMvqK wez
PeZx| wZwb wQjb iex`bv_i c_g mxZ i| wZwb 600 evmxZi myi
KiwQjb| Mvbi mviji Av`kwU iex`bv_ wez PKeZxi KvQ _KB
wkLwQjb|
iex`bv_ h eQi RbwQjb m eQiB Zvui eov w`w` myKzgvixi weq nqQ
wn`ycwZi e`j evagvbymvi| GUv wQj ZrKvjxb agxq AvbyvwbKZvi
wei eov aibi we`vn| VvKzi cwievi Avevi GKNi nqwQj G KviY|
evgZ axi axi ZvwK ic _K AvbyvwbK aggZi Pnviv cqQ|
cwjKZvi weiI Zv`i we`vn mgvR RvqMv Ki wbQ|
mZ`bv_ Zvu`i evwoi QvUv QvUv fvB eD`i NvgUv Lyj w`Zb| bvix
^vaxbZvi Rb gZ DVQb| evevi gZvbymvi vb`vbw`bx `exK weq
Kib 1859 mvj| wZwb wejZ xK wbq hvIqvi Pv KiQb| wK evev
78 kcvV

`e`bv_ m AbygwZ `bwb| 1863 mvj Bsj _K AvBwmGm cvk Kib|

Zvui cvws nj Avg`vev` AvwmU Kvji I gvwRU c` ev^vB
c`k| Zvui cfve Zvici _KB VvKzievwoZ wejZi Qvqv jvMj| ev^vB
c`ki AwfZv wbq Zviv mefviZxq fvebvi Dbl NUZ i KiwQj|
`e`bv_ Atcyii iYkxjZvi cvPxi we`ygv dvuUj NUvZ ivwR wQjb bv|
Zvui cPv wQj aygv agmsvii cwZ| wK evwoi ga mB iYkxjZvi
cvPxi fO w`qwQjb mZ`bv_ I Zvi x vb`vw`bx `ex| fO
w`qwQjb Zviv c`vc_v|
wKQzw`b ci mZ`bv_ xK cyibv wbqg fO evwoi evBi ei Ki wbq
Mjb ev^vBZ| wZwb wjLQb, RvnvR Ki hZ ne| evevgnvkq ZvZ
Kvbv Kvbv DPevP Kijb bv| GLb K_v nQ NvU DVv hvq Kx Ki? Mvwo
Ki Zv hvIqv PvB| Avwg cve Kijyg evwo _KB MvwoZ IVv hvK| wK
evevgnvkq mZ njb bv| ejjb gq`i cvjwK Ki hvevi h wbqg AvQ
ZvB iv nvK|Am~hckv Kzjea~ KgPvix`i PvLi mgvb w`q evwni evwoi
`Dwo wWwOq MvwoZ DVeb, G Zvui wKQzZB gbtcyZ nj bv| myZivs MvwoZ
bq mZ`bv_i xK MvwoZ bq cvjKxZ Ki RvnvRNvUvq wbq hvIqv
nqwQj|
ZLb Atcyi Aeivac_v c~Ygvvq weivRgvb| ZLbv gq`i GKB
cvYi G evwo nBZ I evwo hvBZ nBj NivUvc gvov cvjKxi m cnix
QvU, ZLbv wbZv Abybq webq gv Mvvb hvBevi AbygwZ cvBj enviviv
cvjKx my ZvunvK Rj PzevBqv Avb|
mZ`bv_i Qj myi`bv_i Rb nq 1872 mvj| gq Bw`iv `exi Rb
nq GK eQi ci| ZLb Zvu`i avxgv ivLv nqwQj GK gymjgvb gwnjvK|
Bw`iv `ex wjLQb| Avwg Zv gymjgvbxi `ya ch LqwQ| A_P gymjgvbi
Lv`i NvY bvK Avmvq VvKzi cwievii c~ecyili RvZ wMqwQj| iex`bv_
mZ`bv_i KvQ evievi MQb Zvui Kg j| cvwievwiK welqvw`Z civgk
wbqQb| gRveVvbi m Zvui gayi mcK nqQ| Zviv ZvuK wejZI
wbq MQb| wejwZ KZv kLvi eev KiQb| Zvui x gYvwjbx evwjKv ea~
ej mvbmn gYvwjbx `exK vb`vbw`bx Zvi ndvRZ iLQb|
vb`vbw`bx `exi mcv`bvq evjK cwKv cKvwkZ nqwQj| iex`bv_ wQjb
GB cwKvi c`vb jLK| wZwb dUvMvdxi PPvI KiZb| wZwbB c_g mvwoi
kcvV 79

wbP cvqRvgv civ, mvqv civ, Rvgv civ I e^ aibi kvwo civ VvKzi cwievi
cPjb Kib| Zvici evsjvq GB cwZ cPwjZ nq| ZvivB e evvjx`i
ga Rbw`b cvjb c_vi Pvjy Kib| ek wKQz eBI jLb wZwb|
PvKwi ii `yeQi ci mZ`bv_ wePvi wefvM Pj hvb| 33 eQi PvKwi Ki
Aemi bb 1897 mvj| ZLb wQjb mvZviv Rjvi wWw Av mmb RR|
Aemi wbq KvjKvZvq emevm i Kijb RvovmvuKvi evBi Avjv`v evmv
wbq| Zvu`i evwoZ KjKvZvi abx AwfRvZ mgvRi AbKB AvMgb
KiZb| wekl Ki ZiY`i AvMgb wQj PvL covi gZ| Zvui icmx I
we`~lx Kbv Bw`iv `ex GBme mfvq DcwZ _vKZb| iex`bv_i Lye ni
KjKvZvq GmB mZ`bv_ exq mvwnZ cwil`i m Nwbfve hy nb|
ef Av`vjbi mI wZwb Rwoq cob| wZwb wbR Rwg`vwi `Lb wb
KLbv| Zvi Qj myi`bv_ Rwg`vwii KvRi `vwqZ wbqwQjb `e`bv_i
gZyi ci 1905 mvj| Zvi AweePbvi KviY Rwg`vwiZ cPzi `bv nq
hvq| dj FY KiZ nqwQj|
mZ`bv_ bqwU evsjv I wZbwU BsiwR M iPbv Kib| mmei ga mykxjv
I exiwmsn bvUK (1867), ev^vB wP (1888), beiZgvjv, x ^vaxbZv,
eag (1901), Avgvi evjK_v I ev^vB cqvm (1915), fviZelxq BsiR
(1908) BZvw` wekl LvwZ ARb Ki| GQvovI Zvi KZ wZjKi
fMeMxZvfvl, (Kvwj`vm) Gi gN`~Z Ges ZzKvivgi Afi Abyev` mwekl
DjLhvM| wZwb ekwKQz emxZ I `kvevaK MvbI iPbv Kib Ges
wKQzKvj Zevwabx cwKv mcv`bv Kib| 1923 mvji 9 Rvbyqvwi Zvi gZy
nq|
wn`y KjR cwZvi cii eQi 1818 mvj kxivgcyi GKwU wgkbvix KjR
vwcZ nq| 1821 mvj wbRi mcvw`Z m^v` Kg`x cwKvq ivggvnb
`ki `wi` QvQvx`i webv LiP AvaywbK wkv `Iqvi Dk we`vjq
cwZvi Rb Kvcvwbi miKvii KvQ Ave`b Rvbvb| Kvcvwb GUv ev
evqb bv Kij wZwb wbRB 1822 mvj Avcb eq Avsjv-Bwqvb zj bvg
GKwU QvUv wkv cwZvb vcb Kib| viKvbv_ Zvui Qj `e`bv_K GB
zj coZ cvwVqwQjb| GB we`vjq AvaywbK wkvi Zvrch Abyavebi Rb
wZwb m^v` Kgy`x cwKvq cv_wgK wevb welqK AvjvPbv cKvk KiZ i
Kib|

80 kcvV

msev`c ^vaxbZv
BwZga 1818 mvj ijkb bvg GKwU wewa cewZZ nqwQj| GB wewai
ej miKvwi bxwZi mgvjvPbv ev weiZvi Aciva h-KvbI ewKZv
BDivcxqB nvb ev fviZxqB nvb KviY `kvevi ev Avc mg_bi myhvM bv
w`q KvivMvi AvUK Kiv hZ| ivggvnb GB wewai weivwaZv Ki Kvcvwbi
miKviK wPwV w`jb| 1823 mvj cm AwWbv Av bvg GKwU AvBb Rvwi
Kiv nq| ZvZ wb`k `Iqv nqwQj webv miKvwi Abygv`b miKvwi bxwZ
msv KvbI msev` ev AvjvPbv mvgwqK cwKvq cKvk Kiv hve bv| GUv
cZB wQj msev`ci ^vaxbZv niY| m mgq wZwb wjLQb ivkvmbi
evcvi RbmvaviYi gZvgZ `Iqvi Ges mgvjvPbv Kivi AwaKvi AvQ|
RbmvaviYi gZvgZ I weePbv Abymvi kvmKK ivkvmb KiZ ne| Ges
wZwb AviI ejjb Aevwekl RbmvaviY kvmKi wei we`vn KiZ
cvi| 1835 mvj AB Kvjv AvBb DV hvq| viKvbv_ VvKzi GB AvBb
evwZj ivggvnbi fvebvK evevqb KiZ RvbcivY w`q job| cvkvcvwk
mZx`vn c_v evwZji Av`vjbI wZwb me mgqB ivggvnbi mnKvix nq
DVwQjb|
ew^vaxbZvi aviYvi m~cvZ
ivggvnb Rwg`viim wPivqx e`vei mgvjvPbv KiwQjb| wZwb GB
c_v evwZji `vex ZzjwQjb| ejwQjb wPivqx e`ve Rwg`viK bqw`Z
ne KlKK| wZwb ew^vaxbZvi aviYvwU GbwQjb| ejwQjb,
ew^vaxbZvi iZ AvQ z`Zg GKKi whwb KZv, ZvK mgvjvPbv Kivi
AwaKvi _vKZ ne| cwievii cavbK mgvjvPbv Kieb x, Qj gq
mevB| eni GKKi KZv njb Rwg`vi| ZvK mgvjvPbv Kivi AwaKvi
_vKe cRv`i| wZwb `vwe Zzjjb bvixK mcwi AwaKvi w`Z ne|
KlKK Rwgi gvwjKvbv w`Z ne| GB eMZ AwaKvi w`jB Aevi cwieZb
NUe| GB cwieZb _KB Avme ew^vaxbZv|

mB AwZ z` Mvwi Af
y ivB gv_v NvgvZ hviv Kvbv bv Kvbvfve kvmbeevi m RwoZ| cRviv ivRbxwZ RvbZ bv| m mgq h me cRvwe`vn
nqwQj mLvb cRviv wbR`i gZvqbi K_v KLbv fveZ cviwb| Zviv
Kej mPZb wQj ag m^| Avi ag mKjKvjB kvwmZ`i c _KQ|
m mgq ivggvnb ivq wjLQb ivRbwZK myweav I mvgvwRK ^vQ`i Rb
AvavwK agi msvi `iKvi| wZwb wjLQb, hvnv wkv `q h, mg `kgvb
ei Kvbv h_v_ AwZ bvB, wcZv-vZv cfw Zi Kvbv cKZ mv bvB, myZivs
Zvnv`i ga Kvbv cvicwiK ni mcK bvB Ges mBRb hZ kxN cvwi
Zvnv`i I GB cw_ex Qvwoqv hvBZ cvwijB gj, mB agi m Kvbv hvM
_vKvi Kvbv `iKvi bvB|
ivRv ivggvnbi GB fvebvjv ZLb e evsjvi MYRvMiYi m~cvZ
NUvQ| viKvbv_ ivggvnbi cwZwU KvRi m meZvfve mnhvwMZv
KiQb| wbR`i eemv gbvewUvi e`j eywewK wei w`K SzuK
coQb| ivggvnb agxq evav Agvb Ki wejZ wMqwQjb| viKvbv_I
ZvB|
iex`bv_ ciewZKvj wjLQb GK`v wcZ`ei wbKU wbqvwQjvg h,
evjKvj AbK mgq ivggvnb ivq ZvunvK Mvwo Kwiqv zj jBqv hvBZb;
wZwb ivggvnb ivqi myLeZx Avmb ewmqv mB gnvcyili gyL nBZ gy`w
wdivBZ cvwiZb bv, Zvunvi gyLQweZ Ggb GKwU myMfxi myMxi mygnr
welv`Qvqv me`v weivRgvb wQj|
ce Zi
bZzb `v`vi evbv exR
`e`bv_ VvKzii cg Qj RvwZwi`bv_ VvKzi wQjb iex`bv_i bZzb
`v`v| Qjejv _KB wZwb Qwe AvuKZb| zj Ae AvU fwZI nqwQjb|
RvovmvuKv evwoi bvUvkvjv cwZwZ Ki mLvb Awfbq Kib| gRv`v`v
mZ`bv_i Kg j wMq divwm fvlv wkLQb| mZvi evRbvZ Zvui `Zv
GmQ| Pgjvi Rb Mvb wjLQb| 1869 mvj evmgvRi mcv`K
wbevwPZ nqQb|

ivRbxwZi Dbl
Gi AvM G`ki gvbyl RvbZb bv `ki kvmb eevq cRviI GKwU vb
AvQ AvwaKvi AvQ| wKfve iv cwiPvwjZ ne m welq cRvi gZvgZ
_vKZ bB| cRviv Rvb iv cwiPvjbvi AwaKvi ivRv-ev`kv-Rwg`vi`i|
cRv`i fvjvg` fvebv fveeb ay GB kvmK mc`vq| ivRbxwZ wbq ay

1868 mvj weq KiQb evevi wbevwPZ cvx Kv`^ix `exK| ZLb Zvi
wbRi eqm 19 eQi 2 gvm| Avi Kv`^ixi bq eQi| iex`bv_i mvZ eQi 2
gvm| Kv`^ix jLvcov RvbZb bv| ZvuK Dchy covbv Kivi eev bIqv
nqQ VvKzi cwievii `i gZv| m mgq iex`bv_`i evBi hvIqvi Kvbv

kcvV 81

82 kcvV

myhvMB wQj bv| RvovmvuKvi fZi PvKi`i KvQ eo DVQb|

fZievwoUv `~ii| mLvb hvIqvi myhvM bB| GKviY RvovmvuKvi mxgvbvi
ga _K evBii Avi fZii hv wKQzB ZLb `LZ cZb Zvi meB Qwei
gZ Ki Zvui KZ~njx PvL co wbZ| ivZ bUvi ci Zv`i cov kl nZ|
wfZi evwo hvIqvi mgq cvi nZb LoLwo `Iqv j^v eviv`v| `LZ cZb
Rvrvi Ac Avjvq `vmxiv cvkvcvwk cv gj em AvQ| Dii Dci
c`xci mjZ cvKvZ cvKvZ g`y^i wbR`i `ki M KiQ| Zvici
evjK`i LvIqv `vIqv kl nZ| ZLb kix wKsev cvwi wKsev wZbKwo `vmx
Gm icK_vi M ejZ| q q Kvb bZ cZb icK_v Avi `qvji Pzb
Lmv iLvi ga mBme ici Mjv `LZ cZb| GBfve mvZ eQii
iweevjKi Nyg bg AvmZ|
Gi ga 2 eQii eov Kv`^ix Gm MQb bZzb eVvb nq| iex`bv_
wjLQbZLb Acyii inm AviI NbxfZ nBqv DwVj| whwb evwni nBZ
AvwmqvQb A_P whwb NiiB, hvnvK wKQzB Rvwb bv A_P whwb Avcbvi, Zvnvi
m fve Kwiqv jBZ fvix BQv KwiZ| fve Kivi Pv KijI w`w`
^YK
zgvixi Zvov Lq wdi evBiB AvmZ nZ| mLvb ay Kv`^ixB bq Zvi
Avjgvixi KvPi I wPbvgvwUi `ycvc mvgMx `~i _K `L `L Avuk gUvZv
nZ| Ze axi axi GB mxgv NyP MQ| bZzb eVvbi m evjK`i fve
nq MQ|
Kv`^ix eo nq DVQb| Avi RvwZwi`bv_ axi axi x ^vaxbZvi c
`vuovQb| wZwb wjLQb Zvui Rxeb wZZ x ^vaxbZvi kl Avwg GZ eo
ccvwZ nBqv cwojvg h Mvi avii Kvbv evMvbevwoZ mxK AevbKvj
Avwg Avgvi wbRi xK wbRB Akvivnb ch wkLvBqvwQjvg| Zvnvi ci
RvovmvuKv evwoZ Avwmqv `yBwU Avie Nvovq `yBRb cvkvcvwk Pwoqv evwo
nBZ Moi gvV ch eovBZ hvBZvg| gq`vb cuQvBqv `yBRb meM
Nvov QzUvBZvg| cwZevmxiv wZ nBqv Mvj nvZ w`Z|
Gi wVK `k eQi AvM Zvi gRv`v`v mZ`bv_K evwo _K xK MvwoZ
Ki RvnvR NvUvq hvIqvi AbygwZ `Iqv nqwb| `k eQii eeavb
`e`bv_i RxebKvjB Zvui AviKcy xK wbq Nvov `vewoq eovQb|

RvuovmvKvi evwoZ bvUkvjv Zwi KiQb, mLvb evwoi eD`iI Awfbq

bvgvQb, evmgvRi mfvq eZv KiQb, KvjKvZvq wewk ew nq
DVQb| mB m cvUi eemv-bxji eemvI KiQb| nqQb eKvRi
KvRx| wR`bv_ `kb, MwYZ Avi Qov jLv wbq e, mZ`v`v wmwfj mvwfm
gM| ng``v`v evqvg Avi Qjgq`i wewPwe`vq mgq KvUvQb| Giv
KDB Rwg`vwii KvR AvMnx bb|
1873 mvj `v`v mvg`bv_i m iex`bv_i Dcbqb nq| mvo Ziv
eQii eVvb Kv`^ix ZLb Ly` `Ii`i Rb nwelvb iua w`qQb| ZvZ
coZ MvIqv wN| H wZbw`b Zvi ^v`, M hy Ki iLwQj jvfx Qj`i|
Zv`i ga G mgq Ai mcKI Mo DVQ| 1875 mvj iex`bv_ Abyev`
KiQb gvKe_| mUv co kvbvZ MQb CkiP` we`vmvMiK| GB
bvUK GKwU Pwii bvg nKwU| mB _K eVvbK bvg w`qQb nKwU|
GB 1875 mvj `e`bv_i x mvi`v`exi gZy nj QvUv QvUv `ei`i
`L ivLvi KvRwU wbqQb| ZLb Zvui eqm 16 Avi iex`bv_i 14|
gv gviv Mj GB weivU evwowUi vwqZ wbqQb eov w`w` myKzgvix| m wQjb
kirKzgvix, eYKgz vix GB `yB w`w`| Avi wQjb evwoi Abvb eDmemy`ix,
bxcgqx, cdzjgqx| Kv`^ix wbtmvb| ^YKzgvixi `ygvmi gq EwgjvK wbRi
Kvj Zzj wbqQb GB evjK`i cvkvcvwk| ZvK LvIqvb| vb Kivb| Nyg
cvovb| wZwb Ewgjvi gv nq DVQb| Ewgjvi eqm hLb gv cvuP| ZLb
Kv`^ix`i wZbZjvi Qv`i Ni _K bg Avmv Nvivbv wmuwo _K GKv GKv
bvgZ wMq GB QvUv gqwU cv dmK co Mj| gv_vq AvNvZ cq gviv
Mj| KD KD `vl w`j Kv`^ixi| cP AvNvZ cjb wZwb| welYZvivM
Avv njb| G mgq Zvui ^vgx RvwZwi`I msmvi mgq w`Z cviQb bv|
bvbvKvR evBi evBi _vKb| ZLb Kv`^ixi eqm 21 `yevi AvnZv Kivi Pv
Kijb| c_gevi wdi Gjb| wZxqevi Kv`^ix Pj Mjb| mw`b 1884
mvji 19 Gwcj|

ZZw`b RvwZwi`bv_ evwoi cavb cyil nq DVQb| bvUKi Rb AvKv

Zwj KiQb, Mvb KiQb, Mvb evuaQb, mZvi wkLQb, divwm fvlv wkLQb,

mvi`v `ex gviv Mj `e`bv_ RvovmvuKvi VvKzi evwo Qo Pj hvb| Zvui

ZZjvi Qv`i NiwU cqQb RvwZwi`bv_| ^vgxx `yRb Ue dzji evMvb
ewmqQb| mLvb Avmi Rg IVQ mvwnZ I mxZi| GLvb KweZv coZ
AvmZb mKvji weLvZ Kwe wenvixjvj PeZx| m KweZv b iweiI BQ
RvM wenvixjvji gZ KweZv wjLZ| eVvb ZvK DrmvnI `b| iwe jLb|
eVvb kvbb| Avi Drmvn `b `v`v RvwZwi`bv_|

kcvV 83

84 kcvV

iex`bv_ wjLQbwZwb (RvwZwi`) AvgvK Lye GKUv eov iKgi ^vaxbZv

w`qwQjb| Zvnvi mske Avgvi wfZiKvi msKvP NywPqv wMqvwQj| GBic
^vaxbZv AvgvK Avi Kn w`Z mvnm KwiZ bv mRb nqZv Kn Kn ZvnvK
wb`vI KwiqvQ| wK cLi Mxi elvi hgb cqvRb, Avgvi c Avkke
evuavwblai ci GB ^vaxbZvi Zgwb AZvekK wQj| RvwZ`v`vB mc~Y
wbtmsKvP mg fvjvg`i ga w`qv AvgvK AvZvcjwi Qvwoqv
w`qvQb Ges ZLb nBZB Avgvi Avcwb kw wbRi KvuUv I wbRi dzj weKvk
Kwievi Rb cZ
nBZ cvwiqvQ|
m mgq RvwZwi`bv_ mivwRbx bvUKwU wjLwQjb| iex`bv_ GB bvUKi
Rb Rj Rj wPZv wY wY cwiYZ MvbwU wjL `b| RvwZ`v`v ZvK
cgvkb w`q Gici _KB Zvi mgkYxZi Zzj wbqwQjb| 1877 mvj
fviZx cwKv ei Kib RvwZwi`bv_| GB cwKvi KviY iwei KvQ Rxeb
A_gq nq DVQ| ZLb Zvui eqm 16|
iex`bv_ `LQb GB mgq bZzb`v`v GB c_g Mvbi myi Zwi KiQb| myi
Zwi Kiv h Lye mnR welq mUv `v`vK `L wkLI wbQb| bZzb`v`v Zvi
wcqvbvZ bZzb bZzb myi KiQb| Avi myi kv fwZ Abvqvm K_v ewmq
Mvb iPbv Ki djQb evjK iwe|
`e`bv_ GB Kgv`vMx RvwZwi`bv_K Rwg`vwi `Lvi `vwqZ w`qQb|
wZwb RvovmvuKvi evwoZ GKZjvq AewZ KvQvwii Awdm wnmveci
`LQb| m Y`bv_| `ycyii Lvevi Lq Y`bv_ `e`bv_i evwoi
GKZjvq Rwg`vwii KvR KiZ KiZ KvQvwiK `yB fvB Kvei gZvB Ki
wbqQb| KvRi m nvmvjvci eovewk weQ` wQj bv| gvS gvS GKUv
KP njvb w`q emj QzwU-QvUvq evjK iex`bv_ Zvui Kvji KvQ Gm
emZb| Y`bv_ cvqB ZvuK fviZ eli BwZnvmi M ejZb| GB
eqmKvjB wZwb Pzwi Ki `xbey wgi RvgvB evwiK cnmb eBwU co
djQb|
Rwg`vwii wnmve `Lvi m m RvwZwi` Rwg`vwi gnvj Pj MQb| gvS
ga MQb wkjvB`n| mLvb LyuR ei KiQb jvjb dwKiK| Zvi Mvb
bZ bZ P Ki wbQb| Avi wbR wjLQb HwZnvwmK bvUK cyiweg|
mUv 1872 mvji NUbv|

kcvV 85

1874 mvj mvi`vPiY wg I Aq miKvii mcv`bvq cKvwkZ nqQ

cvPxbKve msMn KqK L| bZzb`v`v mjv wKbQb| Avi iwe co gbi
ga Mu_ wbQb ee KweZvi fve I fvlv| bZzb`v`v GB QvUvfvBwUK
axi axi Mo ZzjQb| iex`bv_ iex`bv_ nq IVvi exRwUK wZwb
cwiKwZfve eyb w`Qb| Rj w`Qb| Avjv w`Qb| nvIqv w`Qb| Avi
iex`bv_I GB exRK Avcbvi cvYi fZi AzwiZ Ki wbQb| Yg~jwU
eiQ| exRcwU gjQ gvwUi f` Ki| Kv RM DVQ| kvLv ckvLv
QwoqQ| cvZv aiQ| dzj I dj weivU gnxin cwiYZ nqQ| Rwg`vi
evwoi QjwU Rwg`vwii e`j Avmgvb`vixi LvZvq bvg wjL djQb| wZwb
cKwZ `Lb| gvbyl `Lb| gvbyli fZi mnR gvbylwUK Lye mnRB LyuR
wbZ cvib|
Zvi AvMB RvwZwi` bxji eemv wKQz A_ KiwQjb| mUv w`q wZwb
RvnvR wKbjb| bvg w`qwQjb wbRi bvUKi bvg mivwRwb| Lyjbv ewikvj
iU GB RvnvRwU ewUk RvnvR Kvcvwbi m eemvq cvjv w`Z hvx`i
Rb wUwKU wd Ki w`jb| wd wUwKUi m gvMbv LvIqv `Iqv nZ hvx`i|
dj RvnvR eemvwU gvi Lvq| wecyj A FYx nq cob| Kv`^ixi gZy i ci
Avi wZwb weq Kibwb| axi axi wbRK mwiq wbqQb me wKQz _K|
1898 mvj wZwb mZ`bv_i wewRZjvi evwoZ LyjQb cvwievwiK LvZv|
GB LvZvwU GKwU Abb e| LvZvwU ivLv _vKZ wmuwoi KvY| GLvb cwievii
hv Kvbv mgmB h Kvbv welq wbq ge wjLZ cviZb| RvwZwi`bv_
fvlvZ welq wjL LvZvwUi Dvab KiwQjb| iex`bv_I ciewZ wZb eQi
AbK wewQb fvebvwPv GLvb wjL iLQb| mevB `LQb coQb| ge
KiQb| Avi ci wZwb GB fvebvwjK Avkq Ki vqx cwiYZ jLv
wjLQb| iex`bv_K wkjvB`n wbq wMqwQjb Nwbfve cwiPh Kwiq
w`qwQjb evsjv cKwZi m|
ce P
iex`bv_i Rbi Kvj
VvKzievwoi AvwObvi Avjv
BsiR`i kvmbi GKkv eQi c~wZ nq 1857 mvj| G eQiB wmcvnx we`vn
NU| Bsji gnvivbx B Bwqv Kvcvwbi nvZ _K kvmbfvi wbqQb|
1858 mvj _K cwieZbi Kvj i nqQ|
86 kcvV

Gi cvk eQi AvM wn`y KjR cwZwZ nqwQj| bvg wK KjR njI
mywbqwY wQj BsiR`i nvZ| KjRwU BsiwR wkv wevi evcK fwgKv
iLQ| 1857 mvj KvjKvZv wekwe`vjq nqQ| weaev weevn cvk nqQ
1856 mvj|
`e`bv_i Zevwabx mfv evmgvR icvwiZ nq agAv`vjb cwiYZ
nqQ| KkeP` mb gkvB GB Av`vjbK becvY w`Qb| evsjv mvwnZ
RMZ weivU cwieZb nQ| we`vmvMi evsjv M` wjLZ i KiQb|
cvixPvu` wg Avjvji Nii `yjvj wjL evey`i dzuUv Ki w`qQb| bvUK
wjLQb ivgbvivqY ZKvjvi`xbey wggvBKj gaym~`b `|
Dbwesk kZvwi c_gv_ BsiR`i mvnPh I BsiwRmvwnZi nvZ ai evsjvi
mvZnxb Rxeb GK Avjvob GmwQj| w`qwQj wfb aibi `wfw| Dbwesk
kZvwi wZxqva bvbv -msNvZ `kxq fveaviv wgwjZ nq GK wewgk
mswZi De nq| Dwbk kZKi c_g cvk eQi we`kx wPvfwgi KlYh
w`q evOvwji gvbmfwg we`kx mvwnZi fveim KwlZ nqQ| wK wZxqva
Gm mB KwlZ fwgZB exR ecb Ki ivRbxwZ wkv mgvR ag I mvwnZ
meB evsjv ZLb dmj djvbv i KiQ| evsjv ZLb GK bZzb mfZvi
`ivRvq cuQ MQ|
MvUv Dwbk kZK aiB KvjKvZvi VvKzi cwievi eemv evwbR I BsiR`i
PvKwii e`jZ mgvR mc`, mvgvwRK mvb I cwZcwi mevP wkLi
cuQwQj| viKvbv_i mgq MQ Zv Pov mxgvq| `e`bv_i mgq _K
mme nvwiq Kej Rwg`vwiwbfi GK DPwe cwievi wnmve cwiMwYZ
nqwQj|
GB Avw_K AebwZi m m VvKzievwoi c~Rv APbvi Abyvb agKgI e`j
MQ| `e`bv_ evag MnY Kivq me aibi cwjKZv eRb Kib|
VvKzievwoi weLvZ `yMvc~Rv DV hvq| viKvbv_i kv cyivcywi wn`yagvbymvi
bv Kivq `e`bv_K Avxq^Rb ZvM Kib| GBme KviY agxq Abyvbi
e`j VvKzi cwievi eQ bb wKQz Amvc`vwqK AvPvi AbyvbgvNvrme,
elkl, beel BZvw`| GB AbyvbjvZ hvM `b Abvxq Abc_i
jvKRb|

kcvV 87

m mgq abx cwievi evsjvfvlvi e`j BsiwR fvlvB Av`iYxq wQj| VvKzi
cwievi BsiwR fvlvi e`j evsjv fvlvq K_v evZv ejv, wPwVc j I
jLvcovI evsjvfvlvq cPjb nq| GB evsjvfvlv VvKzievwoi fvlv bvg cwiwPZ
nqwQj| Zviv ekflv, Av`eKvq`v I PvjPjbI ^Z nq DVwQj| GBfve
Zviv A_wei e`j mvswZK AwfRvZ ARb KiwQj|
VvKzicwievii viKvbv_ BDivc wMqwQjb| Zvi Qj `e`bv_ wbR bv
MjI Zvi Qj-Avxq^Rbiv jLvcovi Dk Bsj hvIqv i KiQb|
BDivcxq wk mvwnZ `kb Zviv Av KijI `e`bv_i Dcwbl`i gvag
Mfxifve cvPxbfviZi m Nwb mcK Mo ZzjQb| Pgjv ev
wn`ygjvi m m evsjvi jvKmwZi mI Zv`i cwiPq NUQ|
VvKzievwoZ hvv cvjvMvb evDjMvbi Avmi emQ| Avevi wey PeZx
wbayevey icPvu`cx`i Qov KvjvqvwZ AvLovB Mvbi cek NUQ|
VvKzievwoZ AvwkZ `wi` Avxq^Rbi gvag, evwoi PvKi gnji gvag
icK_v jvKK_v cvuPvwjMvbiI Aeva cevn wQj| GB mKji gjeb
VvKzievwoZ cyibvi m bZzbi mnhvv NUQ| ewPi m weiva bqHKi Rqawb NvwlZ nqQ| dj ay wk mswZi gZ gvbmcwieZb
bqeemv Rwg`vwii I Zvu`i `wfwZ GB cwieZbi cvjv i nqQ|
dj `Lv hvq viKvbv_i ciewZ cRb Avi eemvq wmw jvf KiZ cvib
wb| bZzb Ki Rwg`vwi-weemvZ evovZ cvibwb| wK gvbewPwe`vq Zvu`i
c~ecyilK UcK MQb|
kKmcxqi IqvjU cfw Z BsiR jLK`i cvkvcvwk VvKzi cwievi divwm
KvemvwnZi w`KI nvZ evwoqQb| cw_exi mek wPv I mwi m Zviv
cwiwPZ nq Av KiQb| ^`kx mvwnZK be be fvemc` I m`h c~Y
weKwkZ KiQb| VvKzievwoZ wbqwgZ GmQb mmgqKvi cLvZ CkiP`
we`vmvMi, AqKzgvi `, ivR`jvj wg, gvBKj gaymy`b `, ivRbvivqY
emy cgLy | iex`bv_i Rbi AvMB VvKzievwoi cwiek mvwnZimi mRbkxj
aviv c~Ygwngvq cevngvb wQj|
ivggvnbi mgq _KB evagmgvR Dcmbvi A wnmve mxZK MnY Kiv
nqwQj| `e`bv_ K I wez PeZx bvg `yRb eZbfvMx MvqK
evmgvRi Mvb MvBZb Ges Mvbi myi w`Zb| ivggvnb, `e`bv_,
R`bv_, mZ`bv_, MY`bv_ AbK wnw` Mvb Mvb f evsjvq evmxZ
88 kcvV

iPbv KiQb| GKv wez PeZx 600 Mvbi myi w`qQb| VvKzievwoZ h`y
f Mvb kLvZb| viKvbv_ wbRI BDivcxq mxZ wkLwQjb| mxZi GB
aviv cieZx cRb mvwjZ nqQ| Geve `Lv hvq VvKzievwoZ we
mxZi GKwU cwiek Mo DVwQj|

ivbvNii `ycvk fvM Kiv gSZ cwivi Kvco cZ Xvjv nq| m fvZ
cvKvi nq cvq KwoKvV ck Ki| ZviB cwigvY ebvw` cZ
Ki w`b
mB fvZeb I iv jywPZiKvwijvK Y Y cv_ii _vjvevwUZ mvwRq
gnj gnj Ni Ni w`q Avm evgybiv|

wPwe`viI evwoZ ^vfvweK I mnR PPv wQj| Y`bv_, MMY`bv_ VvKzi

cLvZ wkx wQjb| Zv`i avivevwnKZvq MMb`bv_i cy Aebx`bv_
fviZi k wkx wQjb| GQvovI wnZ`bv_ VvKzi, wR`bv_, mZ`bv_,
RvwZwi`bv_ VvKziiI mnRvZ wkcwZfv wQj| Giv mevB wgj evsjvi
wkPPvi avivUvB cv w`qwQjb|

Ni Ni evgybiv h Lvevi w`q hZ mUv nj miKvwi ivbvNii hvMvb, Gi

Dci wQj cwZ gnj Zvjv Dbyb wMwb`i wbRi wbRi iwP I ^vgxi digvb
Abyhvqx emiKvwi wewk ivbv Avjv`v Ki nZ| ZLb w`b 130 wjUvi `ya
AvmZ| ZLb UvKvq Qmi Ki `ya| mvgb Gm `yBq w`q hZ Mqjviv| m
`ya cyiv ebv eq hvIqvi gZv evcvi|

VvKzievwoi NiMivwj wcivjx evY nIqvq RvovmvuKvi VvKzi cwievii m

AwfRvZ ev Kzjxb evYiv weevnmcK KiZ bv| dj Zvu`i wbR^ wcivjx
z` Mxi gaB weqmvw` nZ| Lyjbv-hkvi GjvKvq wcivix _vK _vKvq GLvb
_K Mixe Ni _K cvx Avbv nZ| dj weqi ci GB Mixe Avxq^Rb`i
Avkq nZ VvKzievwoZ| Zv`i fiYcvlYiI vwqZ bIqv nZ| `Iqv nZ
PvKixevKix| VvKzi evwoi mivq ev Ab KvRKg KiZ| GiKg KRbi
bvgI cvIqv hvQ| RvwZ, wc, cPv I cyuU| RvwZ evRvi KiZ| wc `ya
`vnvZ| cPv I cyuU cvB digvm LvUZ| Qj`i m LvmM KiZ| Zv`i
eDqivI gvS gvS Gm _vKZ| Avevi `kMvuqI hZ welqmcw `Lvi
Rb|

iex`bv_i RbKvj KvjKvZv- RvovmvuKvi evwowU wQj KvjKvZvi wPrcyi

ivW| GUv wQj Avav ki Avav Mvg| iex`bv_ wjLQb-ZLb kni Ges cj-x
Aeqmi fvBfwMbxi gZv AbKUv GiKg Pnviv jBqv cKvk cvBZ|

VvKzievwoi gq`i weq `Iqvi Rb hme cv hvMvo Kiv nZ cuqvR LvIqv

ev kii KviY Zv`i RvZ hZ| dj Zv`iK evag `xwZ Ki
NiRvgvB Ki ivLv nZ| Gfve VvKzievwoZ GB AvwkZ jvKRbiv kvLvckvLv
wgj ixwZgZ GKwU KjvbxZ icvwiZ Ki djwQj|
VvKzievwo wQj GKvbeZx cwievi| avb AvmZ Rwg`vwi _K| MvjvevwoZ
gRyZ nZ| XuwKkvj fvbv nZ| ivbv nZ GRgvwj gvBb Kiv VvKzii nvZ|
ivbvi ga Wvj, mewR, gvQ, gvsm Afz wQj| iex`bv_i bw`w` ^YK
zgvixi
gq mijv`ex wZPviY KiQb| Avwg hLb cvq cvuP eQi eqm (1877
mvj) RbcyixZ wdi Gm Zvi nvIqvq gvbyl nZ jvMjvg, ZLb m cyix RgRg
MgMg KiQ| cwZ gnj gnj Ni Ni jvK| KZv`v`v gnvkqi
(`e`bv_) Qj gq, RvgvB-eD, bvwZ-bvZwb, `vm`vmxZ evwo fiv| m
evwoi ivbvNi `k-eviRb evgyb VvKzi fvi _K ivbv Povq| m cKv
kcvV 89

ZLb wPrcyi ivvq gN Kj Kv`v nq| ayjv Dwoq mvKov ovwo Pj| Nvovi
Mvwoi Pvjvq nvowRiwRi Nvov| Zvi wcV PveyK co| evmMvwo-ijMvwo
KLbv Avm wb| ZLb KvjKvZvi jvKRb Lye wXjXvjv| KvRi Pvc Lye ewk
wQj bv| Kivbx eveyiv ZvgvK Lq cvb wPeyZ wPeyZ Avwdm hZb| cvjKx
ev fvovMvwo Zv`i wbq hZ| UvKvIqvjv evey`i Rb wQj ZKgv AvuKv Mvwo|
e cvMoxciv KvPgvb| wcQb `yRb mwnm| Zviv c_Pvix `LjB nuBqv
nuBqv ej wcj PgK w`Z| gq`i Nii `ivRv `iRv e| evBii
`ivRvI e| MvwoZ Pov wQj jvi| Avi KD hw` gq`i cv, gvRv ev
mwgR `L djj jvi kl bB| Zey evey`i gqiv cvjKxZ Pc
KLbv KLbv evBi hZ| cvjKxi Pvwi`K gvUv Kvco w`q Niv _vKZ|
cvjKxi fZiUv AKvi| gvU| ZvK KD `LZ cZ bv| mI KvDK
`LZ cZ bv| GB cvjKxUvK Pjgvb Mvivbi gZv `LZ wQj| G`i
cvk cvk cvnviv`vi wnmve `IqvbRxiv PjZ| Zv`i gvUv Mvud| gv_vq
cvMox| nvZ wcZj evuavbv jvwV| GB cvnviv`viiv evsK evey`i m hZ|
KzUzgevwoZ gq`i cuQ w`Z| Avi c~Rvcvebi w`b evwoi wMwbK MvZ
cvjKx Pzweq AvbZ| GUv Zv`i Mvmvb| Avi wQj KvjKvZvq GLvb
ILvb wei woLvbv| g`v gvZvj`i njv| VvKzievwoi cvkB wQj
KvjKvZvi mePq eo ekvcvov|

90 kcvV

RvovmvuKvi VvKzievwo
RvovmvuKvi VvKzi evwoi dUK cwiq `ywU evwo wQj GKB cvb| GKwUi bvg
Avw`evwo ev Avw` f`vmb evwo| AbwU eVKLvbv evwo| c_gwU `vZjv| Avi
wZxqwU ZZjv| AbKjv Ni, AbKjv gnj Avi AbKLvwb evMvb Ryo
GB `yB evwo wgwjq GK evwo|
evwoi CkvbKvY wekvj GK ZuZzj MvQ| mB ZuZzj MvQi Qvqvq wQj wQi
g_i`i Ni| evwni-evwoZ `vZjvq `wY-c~e KvY PvKi`i gnj| G Ni
evjK iex`bv_`i w`b KvUZ| cyKzii avi Zviv Mqjvwbi Mvqvj Ni|
`e`bv_ eVKLvbvi evwowU wMix`bv_`i Qo w`q Avw` f`vmb evwowUZ
Pj Avmb| ci GB evwowUK ZZjv Kiv nq|
VvKzievwoi AKvi Avi fZievwoZ GKZjvq AvjvevZvmnxb QvUv QvUv
NiwjZ Mvg _K AvMZ AvZxq ^Rb`i evm| iex`bv_ bvix wkv bvg
GK eZvq wjLQb| Qjejv _K Avgv`i evwoZ `LwQ KZ wbtmnvq
Abv_v vb cqQ| cKv evwowU Zv`i emevm GKevi cvqivi Lvci gZ
nq DVwQj| wK Awaevwmbx`i Aev wQj ZLb AwZ kvPbxq wQj| Zv`i
AwkwZ gb AvvegvbbvZ c~Y nq _vKZ| Zviv Kv_vI AvZghv`v Abyfe
KiZ cviwb| ZLbKvi w`b `ki Abvb gq`i gZv Zviv Af
AvbZv I AKvii ga RbMnY KiwQj| Zviv cici Clv KiQ,
wbR`i ga weiva mwi viv hZ iKg KzwPvi ckq w`qQ| gvbyli RMZ
Zv`i vb KZ Zjvq, Zv eva Kievi kw Zv`i wQj bv| Gi dj nqwQj
evwogq Akvw, cicii jvMvjvwM I Kjn weev`|

Zvui AvuKv fviZxq gwnjv`i Qwewj weklfve DjLhvM| Zvi wPkjx

mij I webqc~Y| wK cZKwU Wwqs `L Abyfe Kiv hvq h Zvui gWji
Ajxb Aeqei myKzgviZ Ges Pwii weklZ dzwUq Zvjevi Pvq wZwb
wbwe nq MQb| Avgiv Af nq MwQ RgKvjv cvlvK civ gnvivRv`i
QweB Kej `LZ, ev gYKvwnbxwji ga AzZ aibi gvbyli Qwe `LZ|
GBme msw Zevb, iwPevb, f` fviZxq bvix Avi cyili mcK KgB Rvwb
Avgiv| ZvB GB mvRvmywR AvuKv Qwewj `Lv Avgv`i KvQ GK AZ
Avb`RbK AwfZv|
iex`bv_KI ciewZKvj Qwe AvuKZ `Lv hvq| wZwbI bZzb `v`vi c_
GuKQb mvaviY gvbyl Avi cKwZi Qwe| GBLvb Gm evSv hvq `v`vi nvZ
ai RvovmvuKvi VvKzievwoi QvUv QjwU Zvi fZi eskavivq cvIqv
Rwg`vwi gyLvkwU Qzo dj gvbyli gyLwUK vcb Ki wbqQb| wZwb
Abgvbyl| wZwb viKvbv_i gZ eemv`vi bb| `e`bv_i gZ aggvMx bb|
Zvi ckv Avmgvb`vix| Zvui kKowU gvwUZ, gvbyl, cvYweki gnvcvY|

I`i mvgb Rxebi mKj c_B i, msKxY A^vKi Avkq cii AbyMni
RyqvLjvq Zv`i ivww`b KjywlZ| GB AvjvAKvii fZi _K iex`bv_
GmQb| wkLQb iex`wMwi|
RvwZwi` 46 wU eB wjLQb| AmvaviY P KiQb| weLvZ wPKi iv`b
vBb RvwZwi`bv_i GB P `L ge KiQb- wZwb ckv`vi wPKi
bb|... Zvi AwZ gyLwjZ h iLv I Aeqei mse`bkxjZv `Lv Zv
weqKi| Avi Avgvi gb nqQ, Qwewj AvuKv nqQ wbiwZkq ^vfvweKZvi
m| cvvZ ixwZ AbymiY Kievi AwZgvwK ceYZv Zvui ga bB| Avevi
gyNj aviv AbymiY Kievi mPZb SvuKI Zvi ga j Kiv hvq bv| GB cm
kcvV 91

92 kcvV

Mm~ :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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iweRxebx : ckvKzgvi cvj

iweRxebK_v : cfvZKzgvi gyLvcvavq
iex`bv_i Avxq^Rb : mgxi mb
wQbc : iex`bv_
nvRvi eQii evOvj mswZ Mvjvg gyiwk`
Rwg`vi iex`bv_ : wkjvB`n ce : AwgZvf Payix
iex`bv_ I iex`bv_ : Zcb Pvcvavq
wZmcyU, iex`wZ; cyivZbx : Bw`iv `ex
HwZnvwmK AbwZnvwmK : kxcv
kvnRv`v vivKv : kvgj Mvcvavq
KjKvZv GKvj I mKvj : iw_b wg

12. ivggvnb I ew ^vaxbZv : myiwRr `vk

13. fviZ mvb : RIni jvj bni
14. iwe VvKzi, ivnvRvwb Ges iex` c~Rvixe` :dwi` Avng` I AwfwRr
ivq
15. ii `vM gyQ iex`cvV : dinv` gRnvi
16. wQbc : iex`bv_
17. exq kv_Kvl : Kwjg Lvb I iwe PeZx
18. The Nabobs : Percival Spear

19 The Annals of Rural Bengal : W W Hunter

20. Rve PvbK I KjKvZvi Rbw`b : MZg emygwjK
21. gnvfviZ mvivbyev` : ivRkLi emy

gvRvd&di nvmb

W_ Ae Bfvb BwjP I gUvgidvwmm

Pjgvb gvbwmKZvi Dchy weklY
K
eB covi mePq eo hYv njhZB Avgiv Aaqb Kwi ZZB Avgv`i
AZvK Avwevi Kwi| G Aek wbRi AZvK Avwevi KiZ g`
jvM bv| wjuI Zjq (1828-1910)-Gi W_ Ae Bfvb BwjP (1886) I
KvdKvi (1883-1924) gUvgidvwmm (1915) M `ywU evanq GRbB GZ
Rbwcq| eB`ywU cvV AwfZvi AvjvK AvjvwKZ nq Avgv`i fZii ek
LvwbKUv RvqMv| DbvwPZ nq euP _vKvi wRvmv| gvbe mfZv hZ ewk
cexY nQ, hZv ewk AvaywbK nwQ Avgiv eB `ywU cvVi cqvRbxqZv ZZewk
ew cvQ| Gi KviY AbK I ewea|
GLb ck nQ, cyuwR Kw`K GB mgvR eevq hLvb A_ wbaviY Ki `q
mewKQy mLvb gvbyli eB covi GZUv mgq Kv_vq? Zvi _K AviI iZc~Y
ck nQ, eB covi Av` cqvRb AvQ wK? hw` cqvRb _KB coZ nq
Ze h eBjv bv cojB bq Zv njMvwd wWRvBb wKsev dvkb wWRvBbi
Ici cwicvwU Ki jLv eB wKsev Kvbv m MvBW| Avi wWwM ARbi Rb
cvV eBjv Zv eUB! wK covUv hw` nq AcqvRb Avi welq hw` nq
mvwnZ Ges mvwnZi KvR hw` ai wbBstudy of human disease Avi hw`
wekvm Kwiart for life's sake, Zvnj GB mgq h eBjv cVb I cvVb
AviI ewk `iKvwi I cqvRbxq nq IV Zvi ga AbZg njvW_ Ae
Bfvb BwjP I gUvgidvwmm eB `ywU|
fvlvi wePvi W_ Ae Bfvb BwjP ivwkqvb I gUvgidvwmm divwm Ges
DcbvwmKv `ywUi iPbvKvji gaeZx eeavb cvq wZb `kK nIqv ^ZI G`i
gaKvi eaiYi AtwgwjB eB`ywUK GKm AvjvPbvi c_wU myMg Ki
`q| `ywUiB M i nq GK aibi wechqi ga w`q| W_ Ae Bfvb BwjP
i nq GB DcbvwmKvi K`xq Pwi Bfvb BwjPi gZy Avi gUvgidvwmm
i nq GB DcbvwmKvi K`xq Pwi KvdKvi `wnK cwieZb A_vr gvbyl
_K cvKv nIqvi ga w`q| Bfvb BwjPi gZz I KvdKvi cvKv nq hvIqvi
K_v jLKq Lye mnRB ej djb| GKw`b mKvj Nyg _K DV MMi
mvgmvi cvKv nq hvIqv Ges GB cwieZbK MMii Lye mnRfve MnY

kcvV 93

94 kcvV

KivAvaywbK mvwnZi mePq fqi GB evKwU ("As Gregor Samsa

awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself
transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect.") Avgv`i KvQ Lye mij I

wekvmhvM Ki Zvjb jLK| GB DcbvwmKvi mePq fqsi w`K GUvB|

`ywU MB GKwU mij AvLvbi ga w`q Avgiv XyK cwo gvbe Rxebi Mvp I
M~p inmi ga|
NUbvi gvbymvi Bfvb BwjPi gZz GB DcbvwmKvi Ai welq| Bfvb
BwjPi gZz w`q MwU i Kivi dj iZB evSv hvq Bfvb BwjPi
Pvicvki cwigji mv_ Zvi mK Ges Zjq-Gi Rxeb mK wwUKvj
wfD| GKB K_v gUvgidvwmmi I LvU| GLvb KvdKvi cvKv nq
hvIqvi dj Avgiv Zvi Pvicvki gvbyl (A_ev human in general) mK
GKwU cwivi aviYv jvf Kwi
L
dvkevK Zjq Avgv`iK Bfvb BwjPi AZxZ Rxeb wbq hvb| GLvb
wZwb GKUv K_v w`qB Bfvb BwjP-Gi Rxeb mK Zuvi vwW AbKLvwb
cwivi Ki Zvjb[]most simple and most ordinary and
therefore most terrible. Bfvb BwjP Zvi mg Rxeb evcx cPwjZ mgvR
eevi avb-vb myLx nZ PqwQj| m Zvi evevi ZZxq mvbi ga
wZxqRbc_gRbi gZv IZ f`-kv bq Avevi QvURbi gZ AZ Af`Akv bq| Zi eQi eqm m AvBbi zj fwZ nq, GKRb Av`k Qv wnmve
mLvbKvi wbqgKvbyb gb Pj| mgvRi AvivwcZ Kvbv wbqgi evBi
hvIqvi Pv Kiwb| m cvkvK ciQ, Lvevi LqQ, meB cPwjZ wbqg|
weq KiQ cPwjZ wekvm| Zvi mvb nqQ, msmvi nqQ KviY mgvR
GKRb myLx gvbyli Gme _vK| Aviv hv _vK Zv njv my`i GKUv evwo|
Bfvb UvKv Rwgq Lye my`i GKUv evwo Kivi cQb h_ kg w`qQ| weevni
wKQy eQi ci Bfvb BwjP eySZ cvi, weevn mK Z_vKw_Z h
aviYv"conducive to the pleasures and amenities of life," Zv memgq
NU bv| `vZ Akvwi KviY m Aviv ewk KvRi ga wbRK wbqvwRZ
Ki| mgvR-^xKZ Rxebhvcb Kivi Rb xi mv_ GKUv Vvv mK eRvq
ivL| Ggwbfve Zjq Bfvb BwjPK Lye mvaviYfve GKwU mgvRi
gRwiwUi cwZwbwa wnmve Mo ZzjQb| Bfvb nq DVQ GKwU mgvRi
Everyman| Bfvb ZrKvjxb ivwkqvi cuywRev`x mgvRi g nvwZqvi| mgvRi
DuPykwY _K wbavwiZ RxebK mZ ej gb PjQ mvivUv Rxeb| Zjq GB
kcvV 95

gawe kwYi mv_ DuPzkwYi mKK gUvdvi wnmve `wLqQbthat of

a fly being drawn to a bright light| GKwU gvwQ hgb Avjvi gvqvZ Zvi
KvQ QyU hvq Ges mLvb cuQvbv gv gviv co| Zgwb Bfvb BwjP Rxeb
fe h Rxebi cQb QyU Pj mB RxebB ZvK RxweZ _KI gZi ^v`
Gb `q|
Bfvbi gZb MMiI gawe Nii mvb| mjmgvbi PvKzwi Ki m| hw`I
PvKzwiUv Zvi gvUI fvjvjvM bv, Z_vwc cwievii K_v fe QvoZI cvi
bv| cwZwbqZ wbRi gbi mv_ Avcvl Ki euP _vKZ nq MMiK|
Avcvl KiZ nq Awdmi em, cwievi Ges mgvRi mv_I| Avcvl KiZ
KiZ GKmgq MMi nvwiq dj Zvi gvbe mvK| Zvi `wnK cwieZbUv
ZviB P~ov cwZdjb| MMii Awdm hZ GK Nv `wi nIqvq Awdmi em
MMii LuvR wbZ evwo Avm, A_Kw`K mgvR eevq MMii cwZ Nv
wew nq hvq UvKvi KvQ| AwZwi GK Nv AwZevwnZ nIqv gvbB evwYR
_K GK NUv `~i _vKv| MMii `iRv LyjZ `wi nj MMii gv emK
evSvqMMi mvivw`b KvRi gaB _vK, GgbwK mvqI evBi hvq bv|
MMii cvKv nq hvIqvi ci cwievi wKsev mgvRi Avi Kvbv KvR jvM bv
m| djZ m cwievi Ges mgvR _K wewQb nq co|
AvcvZ `wZ W_ Ae Bfvb BwjP nQ Bfvb BwjP I gUvgidvwmm nQ
MMi mvgmv bvgi Lye mvaviY `yRb gvbyli M| wK Gjm Ges gv-Gi
HwZnvwmK vwK eev` mvc Rvbv hvq M `ywU AvaywbK cyuwRKw`K mgvR
eevi gUvdvwiK Dcvcb| Bfvb Avi MMi nQ GLvb kwgK kwY ev
proletariat Avi Awdmi emiv nQ eyRvqv kwYi cwZwbwa| cyuwRKw`K
mgvR GKUv gvbyli cwiPq I mvb cwZwZ nq Zvi Drcv`b gZvi
wfwZ| ZvB KvR KiZ KiZ Zviv fyj hvq Zv`i gvbweK AwZi K_v|
ZrKvjxb cuywRev`x mgvRi cwZwZ wekvm I bxwZK Pig mZ Rb cig
ggZvq jvjb KiQ Bfvb BwjP I MMi mvgmv| wbRi AwZK wejxb Ki
mgvRi cPwjZ wekvm mgvRi PvL myLx nZ PqQ Zviv| wK Amy
nIqvi ci Zviv gvbe mgvR Zv`i Aevb wbq ck ZyjQ wbR wbR mvi
KvQ| gvbe mgvR _K Zviv wewQb nq Avwevi KiQ H mgvRK, h
mgvR KvR bv _vKj KvQi gvbyljv APbv nq hvq, evwZj nq mgvRi
m`mc`|
M
Bfvb BwjPi gZz msev` b Zvi mnKvix ez`i gv_vq c_gB h wPvwU
Avm Zv njBfvb BwjPi gZzi dj m Lvwj c` KvK wbhy Kiv hvq|
96 kcvV

ez nvivbvi kvK bq, c`vbwZ Zv`i AvjvPbvi cv_wgK welq nq `uvovq|

Ab h welqwU Zv`i ga ^w Gb `q, Zv nj"it is he who is dead
and not I." Bfvb BwjPi eziv Zvi klKZ Abyvb hvq, hZ nq ZvB|
GUv Zv`i KvQ ayB GKUv ritual. Bfvb BwjPi x cvmKvfBqv
d`ivfbv Bfvb BwjPi gZ`n GKNi iL AbNi Bfvb BwjPi mePq
KvQi ez wcUvi BfvbvwfPi mv_ AvjvPbv Ki Kx Ki Bfvb BwjPi
cbmbi UvKvi cwigvYUv evovbv hvq Ges Kvb Kei vbi Rwgbi `vg
AcvKZ Kg GB welq wbq|
dvkevK `Lv hvq, Bfvb hLb Amy wQj ZLb x, Kbv iwUb Ki Zvi ig
cek KiZv| Bfvb BwjPi euP _vKv Zv`i Rb hYvi KviY nq `uvovq|
Bfvb BwjPi AvZwRvmvi RvqMvUv KDB Abyfe KiZ cvi bv| GgbwU
WvviI Bfvb BwjPK hi gZv `L Pj hvq| Bfvb BwjP eySZ cvi,
ZvK KDB eySZ cviQ bv ev eySZ PvQ bv| mevi KvQ Bfvb BwjPi
AmyZv Ges my _vKv mgvb fve ^vfvweK nq DVQ| cwievii mevi aviYv,
GB ivMi Rb Bfvb wbRB `vqx Ges wbqwgZ Jla meb mi DVe m|
dj Bfvb BwjPi kvixwiK mgmvi _KI fqi nq IV Zvi gvbwmK
mgmv| Zvi x Kbv ZvK Amy iL mvR-mv Ki w_qUvi hvq| Bfvb
BwjPi ZLb gb nq, GB cw_exUv nQ GKUv w_qUvi| GLvb Pvicvki
mevB Awfbq Ki PjQ Ges Zv`i RMZUv nQmesh of falsity| Ges
Avgiv cieZxZ `LZ cvB GB Z_vKw_Z cMwmf mfZvi wg_v I KwgZv
Bfvb BwjPi gZzi Rb `vqx| gvbe Rxebi cKZ mZUv Abyfe KiZ _vK
Bfvb BwjP| m GKmgq Dcjw Ki, illness is not a question of health
or sickness, but of life or death.

Abw`K, MMi mvgmvi cvKv nq Mj Zvi Pvicvki ^v_ci gvbyljvi

Pnviv cwivi nq aiv `q| gv-evev-evb GB wbq MMii cwievi| cvKv
nIqvi AvM ch Avi cuvPUv myLx cwievii gZvB wQj me| Avi MMii
`wnK cwieZbi mv_ mv_ cwieZb NUjv cwievii Ab`i AvPibi| evev
Avcj Qyo MMiK Nii fZi _vKvi CwZ `q, gv MMiK `Lj fq
g~Qv hvq, evb c_g w`K MMii Lvevi `vevii w`K Lqvj ivLjI ci Avi
ivL bv| MMii eenvh KvbwKQy KD k Ki bv| AvcvZ `wZ MMi
cvKv nq hvq eU wK cKZc m gbylYvejx nvivq bv eis Avkcvki
gvbylivB AvcvZ `wZ wVK _vKjI cKZc ZvivB gbylYvejx nvwiq
cvKv nq hvq| MMi hLb ci gZv LvUzwb LU msmvi PvjvZv, evevi FYi
kcvV 97

UvKv cwikva KiZv ZLb cwievii Avi mevB Avqk Ki w`bhvcb KiZv|
Avi MMi hB gv KvR nvivjv ZLb ZvK Qyo djv nj Ave K|
cwievii mKji KvQ MMii gZz nq DVjv GKgv Kvg| Av Av
MMii ig _K Avmevec ei Ki bIqv nj| evbvbv nj vi ig|
N
Avwdgi Nvi hLb Bfvbi kvixwiK hYv wKQy mgqi Rb _gK `vuovq ZLb
Bfvb ^c `L, ZvK GKwU Mfxi Kvjv evi fZi Vj XyKvbv nQ| m H
AKvi cwZZ nevi Kvgbv hgb Ki Zgb fqI Ki| hb m mvnvh I
mnhvwMZv `yUvB Ki| Nyg fO Mj m Kuv`Z Kuv`Z CkiK ejb,
"Why hast Thou done all this? Why has Thou brought me here?
Why, why dost Thou torment me so terribly?" Zvici m bxie nq hvq,
Zvi fZi _K K hbv ej IV, "What is it you want?" Bfvb Di

`q, m fvjvfve Ges kvwZ evm KiZ Pvq, hgbwU m mviv Rxeb Ki
AvmQ| AZtci m Zvi AZxZ Rxebi cwZ `w wbc Ki| Abyfe Ki,
hZewk m Zvi evjKvj _K wewQb nqQ ZZewk nZvk nq coQ Avi
g~jnxb nq DVQ Zvi Rxeb|
Bfvbi ^ci Kvjv evK hw` Kei ev gZy i mv_ Zzjbv Kiv nq, Zvnj `Lv
hve m gZzK mv`i MnY KiQ Avevi Zxefve `~i Vj w`Q| Avevi
Mfxi evwUK hw` gvZMfi mv_ Zzjbv Kiv nq, Zvnj `Lv hve, wPv
PZbvi RMZ Bfvbi cybRb nQ| evq cek gyn~Z h hYv m Abyfe
KiQ Zv nj Rbgyn~Zi hYv| hUvK Bfvb BwjPi gZz ej gb nQ, mUv
Avmj Zvi `wnK gZz I AvZvi ev AvavZevai cybRb| GB AvavZeva ev
AvZvi gZzi KviY wQj Zvi Z_vKw_Z avivq hvwcZ Rxeb| mgvRi PvL
Bfvb BwjPi gZy NUQ eU wK Bfvb BwjPi KvQ Zvi cybivq Rb nQ|
Bfvb hLb kvixwiK gZzi w`K GwMq hvQ A_vr Zvi AvavZevai Rbi
w`K GwMq hvQ, ZLb m wbRK Zvi GZw`bi wekvm I hvwcZ Rxebi
cwZ ck ZyjZ mg nqQ|
Bfvb Zvi wbRi Rxeb w`q Abyfe Ki, "Life, a series of increasing
sufferings, flies further and further towards its endthe most terrible
suffering." m GLb LwZq `LZ Pvq"what it is all for." Rxebi mg

Aavq NuU NuU gZzi wVK AvM gyn~Z Bfvb eySZ cvi, Zvi mg Rxeb ai
m hv mwVK ej gvb I MY KiQ Zv meB wQj fyj| m wQj myLxmgvRi
98 kcvV

PvL Ges m mUvB nZ PqwQj| Bfvbi AvavZeva hLb gvUvwiqvj

RMZK AwZg Ki hvq, ZLb m gZzK Rq Ki bZzb Rxeb ARb Ki,
Ges GB gyn~Z hLb m wbRK ck Ki"What is the right thing?" wVK
ZLbB Zvi GKwU nvZ Zvi Qj fvm&qvi gv_v k Ki| fvmvi ga Bfvb
Zvi evj Kvji Aeqe `LZ cvq, m Zvi Rb `ytL Abyfe Ki| Ges Zvi
KvQ gv Pvq| gvbyli wdwRKvj msk Gm Bfvb Abyfe Ki, mg Rxeb
evcx m ay wbRi Pvicvk GKwU `qvj vcb Ki GmQ, mi MQ A_c~Y
gvbweK mK _K| hLb m gvbe Rxebi cKwZ ev the truth of life and
death D`NvUb KiZ mg nq ZLbB Zvi cybRb nqm gviv hvq kvwc~Y
fve|

gvbyljvi gZvB cPfve AvZ I A_Kw`K| GB msKUgq Aevq Bfvb

BwjP I MMi mvgmvi Rxeb cvV Avgv`i Rb Acwinvh nq DVQ| KviY,
we are all frozen inside and literature should be the axe that
smashes the ice.

ek-Gi iZc~Y GKwU K_v w`q AvjvP jLvwUi BwZ UvbwQ

fyLv gvbyl eB aiv, IUv nvwZqvi|

gUvgidvwmm-Gi c_g evKB MMi mvgmvi gZz NvwlZ nq Ges mg M

Ryo m gk gZzi w`K GwMq hvq| Bfvb BwjPi gZ MMi mvgmvI gZzwPvi mv_ jovB Ki Pj cwZwbqZ| mgvjvPK gvwUb wMbevM Gi
gZTolstoys work is about death literally and existentially;
Kafkas is about death in life| hZY bv Bfvb BwjP Zvi hvwcZ RxebK
wg_v ej gb bq Ges ^xKvi Ki GUv hgbwU nIqvi K_v wQj ZgbwU
nqwb, ZZY m Zvi Avmb gZz mK mRvM nZ cvi bv| kl gyn~Z m
Avwevi Kithe truth of life and death| Ges Zvi gyZy NU| MMi
mvgmvi , RxweZ _KI m gZ myZivs gyw gj bv mnR| mKvj DV
MMi Zvi h AwZ mK mPZb nq IV mUvB nQ Zvi the
truth of life and death| G, the dream reveals the realityK_vwU
Dfqi mZ ej LvU|
O
PjwZ kZK Avgiv `LwQ gvbyl eo ewk hvwK nq DVQ| wk wece I
wevbi DbwZi P~ov ce Avgiv DcwZgvbe cKwZi mv_ mv_ wekcKwZi GK Pig wechq Ui cvwQ| hLb A_ wbaviY KiQ mewKQy| UvKvi
wcQb QyUZ QyUZ fvZv nq hvQ Avgv`i Abyfw~ Zjv| eZv GZB eo
hvQ h Avgiv cwikg Ki hv ARb KiwQ Zvi `k fvMi GKfvMI wbRi Rb
eq Kivi mgq cvwQ bv| gvbyli cwieZ hi mv_ nq DVQ Avgv`i
AvZvi AvZxqZv| Avgiv cwZwbqZ MMi mvgmvi (gUvgidvwmm) gZv cvKv
nq hvwQ Avgv`i ARvB| Bfvb BwjPi gZv mgvRi cPwjZ mvZ Mv
fvwmq wQUK cowQ Avcb mv _K| wKsev nq DVwQ Zv`i Avk-cvki
kcvV 99

100 kcvV

bvqg wjUz

wegl Avivabv kl
KweZv ce-2

Ze wK Avgiv fvjvemwQjvg mBme bvix`i hviv AwekZvK PZziZv

msvwqZ KiQ, Avi a~ZZvK wbq MQ kwKZvq| wg_vPviK cwiYZ
KiQ kvm-ckv mi wbweoZg Ask| wbRi fZi Zwi KiQ AmsL Mvcb
cw_ex, GKUv cw_exK RvbZ `qwb AviKUv cw_exi Lei| evnvix iOi
gyLvk Avi cmvabi AviY GKKRbi KvQ Dcvcb KiQ wbRK
GKK Aeqe| nqZ G`i ga KvbvKvjB Zwi nqwb kvkZ mZi eva|
hyeZxi `n cvwi ci _KB i KiQ Qjbvi mg K~UKkj| Ges GKUv
mgq Gm wbRK fveZ kyiy KiQ gnvb Rv`yKi| h wKbv cw_exi mg
PvL ayjv w`q jyU wbZ cvi hKvbv m`|
GBme bvix`iB Zey Avgiv kywbqwQjvg Avgv`i fZi eq Pjv Akxjv
b`xi Mvb| h b`xi XD QzU AvmQ my`~i ceZ k _K h Rji GKgv
Me mgy`i byb| Ges h MvbMMyjv myi cZ eybv dzj Avi cvwL`i ^i|
h myiMyjv fm AvmZv Mwnb Kvbv AiY _K hLvb mvivUv eQi jM
AvQ em Drme| hLvb Kvbv Li`vn k Kiwb, k Kiwb Kvbv Z
nvIqv...
mB myi Avgv`i KvQ cuQZ cuQZ Ggb GKUv AvKwZ cZ hvi G cw_exi
Kvbv myii mv_B Zzjbv Pj bv| A_P mme bvixiv hviv `nKB wi
KiQ wbRi Pov nqZ GKgv gZv Zv`i KvQ Avgiv GKUvevii
Rb PbvZ cvijvg bv cwe Abyfw Zjv Avgv`i wbq hvq KZUv Ae
myL| A_P bvixiv gk gvsmi Kvievix nq IVjv cwZwU gyn~Z avKv
w`Z PvBjv Avgv`i| Avgiv nqZ Zv`i GB KcUZv gb wbZ cviZvg bv ev
gb wbZ PvBZvg bv| A_P Zv`i Avgiv KvbvfveB cvwiwb divZ| Giv
^vgx mg gb KiZ _vKj cwgKi gyL| Av` wK G`i Kvbv cwgK
wQj? h bvixK PvBjB k KiZ cvi cwZwU cyiyl, cZ cvi gbi
myL| h bvixiv myL LuyR cqQ gvsmi eemvq Zv`i KvQ Avgiv wKB-ev
Avi Avkv KiZ cvwi| nqZ ZvB Zv`i mv_ Avgv`i exfrm weivai
m~Pbv| hnZy GLbv Avgiv Zv`i ^vgx`i gZv gnr nZ cvwiwb|
Avnv Zviv wbR`i Ki ZzjZ PqwQj `yf` inmgqZvi `yM| nvq Zviv
wbRiv GKeviI wK wbwZ nZ ciQ AvmjB Zviv wK Pvq gvbeweK cg
bv weefe bv cwZwU `ycyi bZzb gvbyli mv_ Mvcb Awfmvi| Ges GiPq
mZ Avi wKQz bB h Zviv G cw_exi mePq `yfv Mv Avi fyi|
GBme cwZ Zwi KiQ Avgv`i ciii ga bwgwK Kjn| K
Rvb LybvLywbZ Aemvb ne wKse`w nZ PvIqv wegl G Avivabvi...

kcvV 101

102 kcvV

gyRvwn` Avng`

mvB`yj Bmjvg

Lywkk

eyovgN

Zvgvi ez GmQb mywcq

wZwb Lykgb gb wbqQb Avgv`i
RvovZvwji h_ Lywkm

eyovgN
KzuRv nq `vuwoqQ
gvZMfi mvgb

Zvgvi AviK ez Awfgvb Ki Pj MQb

hZme AnsKvi wbq wVK wVK
eySQb Avgv`i ^Zv; `bZv `L AevK nq
Avmv, AvjvwKZ Kiv c~YZv Avbv msKxY mgqi|

LvbvL` Avi G`uvKv`vq

gvwQi MyY
KLb h KU Mj
GZMyjv eQi
eyov`i MRb
AvR hLvbB nvZ ivL
bo IV Mfi wkky
ewwknib

wP
evBi _K hZB M jvMyK
fZi cvqivi cvjK

Rxeb

Gw`K hZB AKvi nuvUzK

wPwjK w`q DV wekvmx AvjvK|

c_

Zzwg wQj kyayB `g

Wvbv gjwQj
nvIqvi cjvfb
Zvici Rj
fm fm AwePj
cuQ MQ NvU

c_ bg c_ fyj hvB
AmsLRb Ggwb c_ nvivq

Zzwg wQj kyayB Rb

Mfi `~ivMZ b

ZvgvK wNi emj wKQz mgq

fZi Lyj hvq
gb Do hvq

AvR nvogvsmi kmi `vbv

Dbybi AuvP dzUQv
zavi mvgb

Avcbv-Avcwb c_ wdi cvB

cjKB Amxg nvivB...

kcvV 103

104 kcvV

Rqbvj Ave`xb wkey

Zzwnb Zwn`

DRvMwi

`xNkvm

evi evi Kej iq hvB

exR Zvgvi evwoi Pvicvk
GKUv evMvb ne ^c eyb hvB Anin
Adjv gvwU, co AvQ nvoi wP
Avgv`i c~eR m Zv gnbRv`viv
Pbv wK ZvK Zzwg? cyivZb bMix?

KqK cKvi `xNkvmi mv_ evm Kwi

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kcvV 105

106 kcvV

iRyqvb gvid

Zzwnb `vm

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Gckwb

cwZw`b GKUv mKvj Rvbvjvq Gm `vuovq

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hvx`i GKRb RbvwK ej, Pwj|

nVvr gb njv AvZnZv ^ci GKUv wKQz,

ZLb mgjvfx GKUv eovj Rvbvjvi Icvk Kvbv i Ki
Avevi h bvixK Avwg `wLwb `Ljvg Zvi Aevm Qv`
wKqQ iv`, gb Kwi mB Zv Mva~wji ga
Avgvi m bvPZ GmQ;
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nvwiq hvwQjvg Ab GKwU Mni w`K
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Avwg my`iK WvwK
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bvvi Uwej
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kcvV 107

cwgKvi Qek GK ea GmwQj|

gZzi ga w`q cvq wkKvi Ab GK Rxebi ^v`,
hfve mevB fvjvevmZv gZzK mfve bq
gZzi Aviv GK AR Nvii fZi UzwKq `qv
jvwUgi N~Yb ayB nZvi `k wK i jM _vK?
Aviv iigY wK _vK bv j Qzwi I Lybxi cvkvK,
me iB wK Av` cweZvi K_v ej?
`wi ga Lyb Ki hvIqv Aviv evev
NUbvi cv``k nZ AvKvk IV Mxi Puv`,
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A_ev WvKzjvi DWyz cvLv nZ wQUK cov
RvMiY I dvUvwmi DU mg bkv nq,
Nvi bkv nq Dwb cg, KvgevNi LuvPvq
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ARvbvjvK QzU hZ wkKvii `wZ fym Ki
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Aviva gZ`i bMi wMq GBevi Agi neB m|
108 kcvV

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dwmji bvfxi Qvqvq h gZ gvQ

Zvi wZZ RM _vK b`x`i Mvg|
Mvg gvQ`i nvU em
Avjv Rj gvQiv nvU Avm dwmj wKbZ
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GKmB Qvqv wkKvi hvq b`xi wKbvi|

my` Avjvi bxP

myn` Avjvi bxP q _vK dvwj dvwj gvV
gvwUI, Gw`K-Iw`K Kuv`v Avi Kv`vLvuPvcvwL
Lyuo Lyuo cw_exi Aviv wbweo nZ Pvq
Aviv wKQzUv Mfxi Mfxi bvfx Lyuo Kv`vi KuPv
Zzj Avb gZ dmdivm, hv AKvi RM
DV weovji PvLi cvk Nul nuU hvq
Avi gvwU, gvwUZ mxZv q _vK Rivqy Lyj
jvOj DV Avmj ej

mig cvjwjK kvgjv m`hi AuvP

` nq hvq ki bewK wmsMj gb
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KvPi Pzwoi gZb wiwbwSwb AKwg k
mg~n welYZvK KvwUq exi`c Dovj `q
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ILvb Aewa Kej eR Pj myLi miv`
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cyo cyo gbcyi hvZbvq Avi nq Pj
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cli iv` nI Mvq gvwL, cyi ivwL|

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A_nxb mgqi Mvw Pc em boeo Nvo
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mjykvb Kij iRvi Ni k~b Szuj _vK...

kcvV 109

110 kcvV

mvKx mvq

mvw`Kv iygb

Puv`mx

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Kuvc meyRi eb| KD KD Aeva; wbRK Puv`i
AvZxq fe cvwo `q AZ mvMi|
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cvwo w`qQ cvwLi gZb|

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Gmv Kwi m~hmvb

Avgv`i nvZ AvQ DwQ wKQz Lo-weQvwj;

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K hb WyKwiq Kuv`|
evZvmi wbweo Mfxi
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nvivbv wkwU hvK Zvi cwiRb
nvwiqQ evi evi ^ci fZi!

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c_
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GB me w`b-ivw KejB Zv Qvqv!
Zvgvi wQjv wbRbZv;
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kcvV 111

RxebK Dwq `wL GK

myZvkL mvc

weg~p wenj PvL wbq AvRv wK m

Zvi cwiRb wbq Pj hvIqv
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A_ev Ggb ivmcyixi ew`i gZv
wi nq MQ m
mB ^ci fZi?

112 kcvV

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AwgZ PeZx

gyM`t cw_ex GKwU AvnZdzj; KvuKovLvgvi|

GKUv Kvkeb wQjv Avgvi| Avgvi wbRb Kvkeb wQjv GK| AvKvk mBLvb
kiZvf| K Rvwb ejwQj Kvkeb njv gvwUZ gNi evMvb| Avwg gNwgwwi|
gN w`q evbvZvg KvVeovjx, LiMvk Avi gvgi cvwL| AvwdgfwZ PvL
Avwg Zv`i `LZvg| KvkebRyo evZvmi Mvb| gNi mvBKj Po jZvbv
ew bg AvmQ Avgvi kixi|
ewZ evZvmiv wfR| fRvevZvm eyKi fZi So, PvLi fZi Ri|
Avgvi gvgi cvwL! wPiKvj Zvgvi m~hi w`K mvuZivbvi SvK| wPiKvj
Zvgvi cyo hvIqvi cYv`bv| Zvgvi Wvbvq Avwg KLbv wjLZ cvwiwb
AvZivi k-vK| Zvgvi Wvbvq AvuKv nqwb mvvZi mvjb| ay `LwQ
Kvkeb _K Zywg Do Mvj wgwnbiv`, `nbi Avh cvivevjvq|
ZijcvjKiv Zvgvi Si Si Kvbv mgy` njv bv, Kvbv njv ay|
nuU nuU GKw`b cQ hve nwiYMvg| kvjcvZv w`q evbvbv GKwU Ni Avgvi
Rb _vKe wbqB| mB Mvg cwZwU MvQi Qvqv `Lj gb ne GKykUv nwiY
wRivQ gv_vwbPy Ki| kvjcvZvi NiLvwbZ em Avwg GLbv hme wPwV jLv
nqwb mme kl Kie| hgb- emcvwL`i KvQ GKUv mZvii U Ki dyj
nq hvIqvi NUbvUv GLbv jLvB nq DVj bv|
AKvii bkv AvQ wbR^| AKvi gk wbR^ AvKwZ eyb `q Avgvi
PvL| Avwg Avi AKvi Avjv`v wQjvg bv KLbv| KviY AKvi Avmj Avgvi
RgRfvB ev RgRevb| AKvi nQ Aek AvOyj wbq wcqvbvi mvgb em
_vKv kucv| Zvi wbweo AvOyj, hLvb jM AvQ Aewk bKUvb| ivw Qwoq
AvQ nvBIqZ, wUbR wnPnvBKvii fqvZ Aeqe| Zywg hLb AKvii w`K
hvQv ZLb Zywg AvjvK A^xKvi KiQv bv| ay Zvi AbycwwZ gb wbQv|
GBLvb _K GKwU c_ Pj MvQ knii w`K, AviKwU c_ k~bZvi w`K|
Avwg k~bZvi w`K cv evovjvg|
AvgvK KD AKvi kLvqwb|

kcvV 113

114 kcvV

PvL KU wbq MQ nvIqvi ccjvi| KD Qvqvi fZi nuvU| Zvi Avjv`v

Kvbv Qvqv bB KviY m wbRB Qvqvi AMZ| Qvqvi bivR dyU IV kxY,
bZRvby m| welv`i Kvwbk em h KvKLvwb GKjv GKjv kveY `L Avi
wfR m Avmj bvg-bv-Rvbv GK m| Avwg AvRbewai| mxZ wkwL bvB|
N~Yb N~Yb Lj MvQ jvwUg| Avwg VvuU Rwgq iLwQ Mvb| Avwg wbR
wbR wkLwQ Kvuai KyuRvZ h KlK jvOj wbq cwZmvq evmvq wdi Zvi
`ytLjvB Avmj Avgvi VvuU Mvb nq evR|
kmi Rb bq- Avgiv cwZw`bB exRi gZz| Avgiv cwZw`bB dyivbvi
bvgZv|
mgy`i cvk Zvuey mvwRqwQjvg Rvrmv `Le ej| Avwg RvrmvewYK| mgy`
AvgvK fvwmq wbq Mvjv| Pvu`i dmv cvi` Avgvi ZLb GKkZ cvuP Ri|
ZLb PvL Nvi, wPinwir g`| gvZvjiv k~wu oLvbvq wjfvi wmivwmm dj iL
Pj MvQ Ni Ni| AvnZ ay g`i Mjvm| dy Wv jy wbwldyj| kvj
ev`jqvii dyj| Zvi NvYi cvk q AvQb gZKwe| Avwg mgy` fvmwQ|
nVvr DMg njv fvU| AvgvK Ub wbq Mvjv K` I Mnxb|
Avwg RbwQjvg cw_ex GKwU AvnZdyj; KvuKovLvgvi|

ewiqQ
fvjvK_vi cO&wMyQ
mq` gvmvwn` Avng` Pzby
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(KweZv)
gvneyeyj Avjg
iOPO
(Qov)
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(Dcbvm)
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Ki cvywjwc
(Dcbvm)
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(QvUM)
Ryqj gyk`

kcvV 115

116 kcvV

Abyev`

wdwjwbx mvwnZ : AvZcwiPqi mvb

Gqwb jZ
Abyev`: bvwRe Iqv`y`
Kvj I vb, Ges 1948-Aj-Gi Bmivqj AwaKZ GjvKvq emevmiZ
wdwjwbx`i mvswZK cwiPqi mgmvgwqK I AZxZPvix cheYi gvag
1948-Aj bvg cwiwPZ GB fMvwjK GjvKvi mvwnwZK mswZi
mgvjvPbvg~jK Aaqbi wfZ iPbv Kiv hZ cvi| 1948-AjK eYbv
Kiv nq GKwU wekl HwZnvwmK mwY Ges Gi m mwKZ iZc~Y
NUbvejxi viv, hvi evcK, wefvRK, Ges Zxe cfve Kej Bmivqji Af
i emevmKvix wdwjwbx`i (G`i ejv nq AfixY wdwjwbx) IciB
cowb, eis MvUv wdwjwbx RvwZi BwZnvmKB cfvweZ KiQ| Avgiv hw`
wdwjwbx`i mvswZK AwfZvK Ggb GKUv eYbvKvVvgv wnme weePbv
Kwi hvi ga mswZ nZ cvi AfixY wdwjwbx`i mgKvjxb mwi ewki
fvM, Zvnj AfixY wdwjwbx`i Rb GB AwfZv h f~wgKv cvjb KiQ
ZvK Avgiv msvwqZ Kivi KvR i KiZ cvwi, hgb GUv eeZ nqQ
Zv`i ^v`wkK, RvZxq cwiPq ivi nvwZqvi wnme| GB cwiPqK weKZ,
wejvc, A_ev wewQb Ki w`Z cvi Ggb me kw _K ZvK iv Kiv ZvB
mgM wdwjwbx RbMY, weklZ AfixY wdwjwbx`i KvQ, nq DVQ
mevwaK iZc~Y RvZxq KZe|
AfixY wdwjwbxiv RvZxq cwiPq ejZ hv eySQ Zvi m AmsL A_
RwoZ| GB evLvjv mvaviYfve wdwjwbx cwiPqi mvaviY msvi mgv
ivjB Pj, wK GBme A_i wKQz-wKQzi wekl Pvwi AvQ hv eaZv AvniY
Ki AfixY wdwjwbx`i wewk Rxebhvcb cwiwwZ _K|
c_gZ, AfixY wdwjwbxiv RvZxq cwiPq ejZ hv eySQ Zv njv Zviv Ggb
GKwU mgvR hvi AwZ AvQ wK mB eveZvK kiv A^xKvi Ki Ges
A^xKvi Ki PjQ| wZxqZ, HwZnvwmKfve mvefg h f~wgZ vkw I
wbziZvi ga w`q cwZv cqQ Ab GKUv bZzb iv, AfixY wdwjwbx`i
KvQ RvZxq cwiPq njv, wZxqZ, mB f~wg _K wewQb nq covi eva _K
iv cvevi Dcvq| GB bZzb ivi mwnsmZv AcwZivafve eoB PjQ,
Zv`iK ewZ KiQ evmf~wg _K Ges Zv`i c~Y bvMwiK AwaKvii
`vweKI evwZj Ki w`qQ| GB AwwZkxj cwiwwZ AfixY wdwjwbx`i
ga mw KiQ wbRi _K wewQb nq covi Zxe eva|

kcvV 117

118 kcvV

wdwjwbx AvZcwiPqi ckw U LyeB Riwi I cvYe nq DVQ, AevnZfve

Dvcb Ki PjQ ewea AwfgZ; GLvb GKwU K_v ejv A_en ne h Zvi
AvMB wKQz Bmivqjx MelYvi c~evbygvwbK hywZ ejv nq, AfixY wdwjw
bx`i Nivqv AvZcwiPqi ga dvUj ev GK aibi wmRvdwbK KvUv `vM
iqQ, Gi _K G evLvB cvIqv hvq h, Ggb wKQz wdwjwbx iqQ hviv
Avgvi `k Avgvi RbMYi Ici hy Pvwcq w`Q GB (RNb) vMvb Zvjvi
Rb cZ
| Gme MelYv my`~icmvix Am`yk _K gy bq| mwZB, Zviv
cKZ Aev eySZ Pvqwb|
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cybixweZ Kivi msMvgK iv Kivi QvZvq cwiYZ nqQ; h Rxebi
AMMwZ 1948-Gi bvKevn (gnvwechq)-Gi dj GKUv wbzi mgvwi myLxb:
AfixY wdwjwbx`i mvgvwRK I A_bwZK Rxeb Avg~j cwiewZZ nqQ ay
msLvi weePbvq bq (Bmivqj wdwjwbxiv msLvjNyZ cwiYZ nqQ), eis
mvgvwRK KvVvgvi jf Aev Ges AvZcwiPq I mswZ mwKZ welqjvi
Ici GB icvi cwqvi evweK cfvei wePviI| cKZc, 1948-Gi
bvKevn-i cwiYwZZ hviv wdwjwb _K cvwjq MQ Zv`i AwaKvskB wkwZ
Ges bMi emevmKvix AwfRvZ kYxi gvbyl; Avi hviv _K MQ Zv`i ewki
fvMB MvgxY GjvKvi jvK|
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AvZcwiPq ivi Dcvq nq IV| Zvi wQj `yUv w`K, eveZvi wbwiL|
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mvswZK D`vMK A^xKvi I cwZiva Kivi GKUv Dcvq wQj GUv| wZxqZ,
GUv AfixY wdwjwbx`i mvgwK wZK RvMiK Ki ivLwQj bvKevn Ges
wdwjwbx`i wewQbKiY, Ges GKB m iq hvIqv wdwjwbx`i RvZxq I
mvc`vwqK cwiPqi m hvMm~ ivKvix HwZnvwmK I mvswZK welqvejxi
GKUv Dei fvvi mieivni gvag|
HwZnvwmKfve, mvwnwZK Drcv`b, KweZvB G c_i AMhvx| nZ cvi Gi
KviY, meZ mePq iZc~Y KviY, GB h KweZv gyL gyL Qwoq coZ
cvi wRf _K Kvb, Kvb _K wRf, Ges G iKg Aviv me Dcvq| GB
bZzb iv wdwjwbx`i Avg~j cwiewZZ Rxeb gy`Y wQj cvq Ame GKUv
evcvi|
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GUv wQj mvwnZi Rbwcq aib, Ges GUv KvR Ki nRwg Ilyai gZv| `Lv
MQ, wkKkj, cZxK, A_ev `yevaZv _K gy GB jvKmvwnZi mijZv
I cKvkfwOi Zv cKZ wdwjwbx RvZxq msw Zi cv_wgK i| GB cv_wgK

msw Z wdwjwbx`i Dy Ki GKw`K Zv`i AvZmvbK Zzj aiZ, Ges,

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cvi wK Zvi mZwbv wbq ck Zvjvi myhvM bB|)
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Avj-vwmg|
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wkxi KvQ, wZwb hB nvb bv Kb, GB AZxZ ZrYvr eZgvbK A^xKvi
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Ki|
GB AevnZ AZxZ cZveZbi rwcB wdwjwbx`i AvaywbKZv ARbi
cqvm wbwnZ| GB cZveZb, wdwjwbx mvwnZ hv meRbMvnfve DcvwcZ
nq, mvaviYZ Zv Ab jvK`i mwZ cwZfvZ AZxZi Pq c_KZi GKUv
AZxZi aviYvi Ici iZvivc Ki| Bmivqjx mvwnZI AZxZ cZveZb
evMewUi cvmwKZv iqQ, KviY Bmivqjx mvwnZI hyMvigj
~ K Ges
HwZnvwmK dvUj I cwZQ` Lbbi ga w`q GMvbvi msvi Ave|
Bmivqjx mvwnZ AZxZ cZveZb gvb mvcwZK AZxZi iY: D`vniY
bvwR njvK| wK GKB m GUv GKUv fwelZ-Kbvi Ici wbfi Ki|
mUv njv Zv-B cii eQi Rimvjg GB cwiwPZ cev` viv hv DcvwcZ
nq| GB KviY, AZxZi m bKU wewfbfve cKvwkZ nq hv eZgvbi m
BwZevPK Dcvq mK ivL| wecixZg, wdwjwbx mRbkxj wkx, GgbwK
hw` wZwb c~Y mPZb bv-I _vKb, ZeyI eZgvbi m mnvevb ev mnhvwMZv
KiZ A^xKvi Kib, AZxZ mK Zvi evSvcov Ges bKU mI| eZgvb,
GLvb-Ges-GLb, Lye GKUv KvwZ eZgvb bq, KviY cieZx bvwUk bv `qv
ch eZgvb ev cw eZgvb AZxZK f` Ki ei nq, GUv Ggb GK

kcvV 119

120 kcvV

eZgvb hvi AwfgyL fwelZ, hLvb AZxZ nQ GKUv wekl cwiPqi KvVvgv
wbgvYi RweK DcKiY|
wdwjwbx mvwnZ AvaywbKZv bvKevn-i ck i m mwKZ| Avgiv GLvb
`yUv welqi gyLvgyLx nB hwj KvVvgv Ges aviYvMZfve ciimshy|
c_gwU nQ GKUv RvZxq wZ MVbi Dcv`vb| wZxqwU nQ vb wbgvYi
Dcv`vb, GUv mvaviYZ AwRZ nq AvZRxebxi egyLxKiY A_ev GUvK
mvwnZi kwK gvb DbxZ Kivi gvag|
wdwjwbx mvwnZ GB `ywU Dcv`vb w`q, KweZv I M`, wmbgv I w_qUvi,
cvwK wk, wdwjwbx mRbkxj wkx wbgvY Kib GKUv RvZxq evPwbK wZ
hv mviv wek _K eav-wew wdwjwbx RbMYK msMn, GKwZ I HKe
Ki| GB wZMVbi ga w`q wdwjwbx mvwnZ wbRi Rb Zwi Ki GK
AvwwZK eveZv Ges Abygv`b Ki AvZcwiPq msMVbi AwaKvi| GUv Kiv
nq Ggb GK fwelZ-`kb Ges aviYvi Ici wfw Ki hv wdwjwbx RbMYi
Avkv-AvKvv, wdwjwbx RbMYi wbR fwelZ mK Zvi wbR^ Dcjw,
Ges GB fwelZ mK Zvi wbR aviYvi m Lvc Lvq|
AfixY wdwjwbx`i mvwnZ eZgvb GKUv mwYi ga w`q PjQ Ges
Gi ewk cyivcywi cwizU nqwb| wK `yUv welq Kvj Ges vb GB
msMVbi cvYK` RvqMv Ki wbqQ Ges P~ov djvrcv`b G `ywU welq
_nxb f~wgKv cvjb Kie|
Kvji cfve Zvi eaZv AvniY Ki GKUv ck _K, mUv wdwjwbx mgvjvPbv
mvwnZi Rb GKUv AevnZ mgmv wnme AvwefZ
~ nqQ| GB mgmvi
jY cvIqv hvq mvwnZ mgvjvPK dqmvj `vivRi MelYvq, whwb Zvi jLvq
G Aaemvq Rvwi iLQb| GB mgmv m Kvji welqi m, hvi cwZ
wdwjwbx cvVKwZK wek _vKZB nq|
vbi welqwU, Ab w`K, GKUv c_K M, hv GLbv cwZMZ mgvjvPbvi
welq nqwb| gbvhvMi Avovj _K hvq wdwjwbx`i DcwwZ iqQ Ggb
me vbjv Ges GKgv eve mZ h, wdwjwbx`i KvQ, vb wbQKB GKUv
AewwZ bq hLvb ew evm Ki, cw_exi Ab me jvK`i hgbUv
nq| GUv Ggb wKQz hvi emevm wdwjwbx ewi A`k|
Bmivqjx AaxbZvi kLj Ave GjvKv, hvK Avgiv BZvga 1948-Aj
ej RbwQ, nQ mB vb hLvb wdwjwbxiv c_g _K Ges me mgq
emevm Ki GmQ, kYxq I `kbhvM fve, ZLb GB mwYi
ewkjv AvewkKfve cKvwkZ nq bZzb mvwnZ ev ZiY jLK`i jLvq,
hgb Kwe ewki kvjvk, Ges K_vwkx Av`vwbqv wkewj Ges AvRwg wekviv, Avjv
nvwjnvj, wnkvg bvd&dv, Ges ivRv evKwiqv| GBme jLK`i jLvq wKQz

mvaviY ewk cvIqv hvq: mvgvwRK I mvswZK Awfewi Ici Rvi `Iqv,
wekl gbvhvM c`vb; jLvK mv Ki Zvjv; hYv Ges duv` AvUKv covi
Abyfw~ Zi ZxeZv nvm Kiv; cixv-wbixv I bevqbi Rb bZzb I ixwZewnf~Z
cwimi cek Kiv; mvgvwRK I mvswZK c_vK Pvj Kiv hvi D`vniY
cvIqv hve GB cRbi hbZvMx jLvjvq; Ges cKZ Aev, Avmj ev
eZv Dcvcbvq mZcivqYZv|
meZ GBme Dcv`vb GKUv eveZvi jY h, mgvRi m GB bZzb
mvwnZi mK wenjZv I fvbgy, wK ZZv I AvZweivac~Y| GKw`K
iqQ mgvRi m Avcmidv, Abw`K ZvK mgvjvPbv Kivi AmvaviY
mgZvI we`gvb|
GB bZzb mvwnZi kl ewk mK ejZ nq cKZ Aevi Dcvcb
mZwbvi bZzb mvwnZi fvlvq civ-DjLi cvPyh jYxq, wK
AvewkKfveB fvlv Ajvinxb I mvRvmvv, KviY ZvK GKvB mgZvi m
cKvk KiZ nq mB cw_exK hv wnsm, DrcxoK, cvYe| Ab h Kvbv
cKvkfw eveZvK fyjfve Dcvcb Ke| bZzb mvwnZi fvlv Aviexi
fvlvwe`vMZ AjvikvkvwmZ weev`x fvlvi _K `~iZ eRvq ivL|
Avj-nvwRR (` PKcqU): dvMgUm Ad G bfj Ges e wd wgbZvv
Avj-wRj (jvf Bb G kvWvwq ij&g): G bfj Ad dvMgUm Ad G cm
AvRgx wekviv-i GB `ywU mvwnZKgB GB mwwYK mvwnZi Ici Kvj I
vbi cfveK mZvwqZ Ki| GB `ywU Dcbvm wekvivK mePq mZK
KiQ h welqwU Zv njv eZgvbK eve I cvgvwYKfve wPwZ Kiv,
hgbfve Avgiv evm Kwi wVK mBfve Kvbv AwZib, A_ev fvbc~Y
`vkwbKxKiY, A_ev Kvbv wkv ev bwZK `wfw cwZv Kivi BQvK cwinvi
Ki| `vkwbK gZ MVb bv Kiv Ges cvVKwZ _K Zvi AvcvZtweZvobi gvb
Aek GB bq h Zvi gg `vkwbK `wfwi aviYv _vK bv| cKZc,
`vkwbK jcwiwa eis wekvivi wZxq Dcbvm cmvwiZ nqQ, KviY GD
Dcbvmi Pwi`i AwfZv I vbi MfxiZv c_g Dcbvmi Pwi`i
Zzjbvq AbK ewk|
GB aibi wPvqb mg nq, hvK ejv hvq, Z Ave`b viv| GKw`K GUv
Avgv`i GwMq `q GKUv Am~Y I wUhy AZvK (A_ev AZvi
fvbK) A^xKvi KiZ; Abw`K, G iKg nIqv DwPZ... aibi myweavevw`Zvi
wei AwZev`x KvW Ljvi Rb Avgv`i Dy Ki| Gi AvKvvmg~n,
Ges Gi eMZ I gvbwmK Abyli eqb-Rvji m Avgv`i AwZI GKUv
AvekKxq Dcv`vb hv Avgv`i AKvi ZvovZ mvnvh Ki, mnvqZv Ki
wbRi I Abi ga mgSvZv Ges cybtcwZvi mZz wbgvY|

kcvV 121

122 kcvV

What You Pawn I Will Redeem

Sherman Alexie

migvb Avjw
Abyev`: Avkivd gvngy`

1
`ycyi
nqZ AvBRK Avcbi GKUv wbR^ evwo AvQ, KvjK Avevi bvB, gvMvi Avwg
Avgvi feNyi nvNi nIqvi KviY Avcbi Kgy bv, gb Kib GUv Avgvi
Mvcb Mv, I nvu, cZK evK BwqvbiB GiKg Mvcb Mv _vK Ges
ZvMv AbK Pv w`Z nq IB gbyavZ mv`v jvKjvi KvQ _K mjvb
Mvcb ivLZ|
Avwg nBjvg wMq vKvb Bwqvb, A`kxq mvwjki (Interior Salish),
Avi AvgvMv jvKRb GB aib IqvwksUbi vKvbi GKk gvBji ga
KgP' Kg MZ `k eQi ai evm KiZQ| eo nBwQ vKvbB, Gici ZBk
eQi eqm wmqvUj PBjv MwQjvg KjR coyg eBjv, Zq `yBUv lY&gvmi
ci cixvq Wvev gviwQ| KvR KiwQ wKQy bxjaywZi KvR, bxjaywZi KvR
(blue-collar jobs) Kx Rvbb Zv? gvb nBjv w`bK w`bi kwgK, hvKMv,
`yB wZevi weqv-I KiwQjvg, `yB wZbUv cvjvcvBb weqvB v w`wQ GeO cvMj
nB MwQ| Aek 'cvMj' Avgvi gvbwmK mgmvi meRb^xKZ msv bv, Zq
Avgvi gb Aq bv AmvgvwRK Kvbv evjvB-I Lvc LvIqvi gZb, KviY nBjv,
mBiKg fvej gb nq Avwg Kvbv avivevwnK nZvKvix A_ev Kvbv wKQy|
Kvbw`b Kvb gvBbli AvNvZ Kwi bvB, AZ kvixwiKfve| gb fvOwQ
KqKevi Avgvi mgq, wK GBUv Zv Avgiv nMjB Kwi, mw`K w`qv-I Avwg
Zvjei wKQy bv| Avwg Avmj GKUv weiwKi gbfvOvj| Avwg Kbv GKi
AwaK bvixi jM Awfmvi Kwi bvB, Cgvb KBZvwQ| GgbwK ivZvivwZ gb
fvBOv UyKiv UyKiv-I Kwi bvB| Avwg Avaxi mZKZvi mv_ fvOwQ, hbv
nVvr KBiv QvuK bv jvM| UyKiv _K UyKiv, Avwg A`k nBwQ| Avwg GBivg
A`k nBZwQ mBmgq _K|
Avwg AvR Qq eQi ai nvNi| hw` KvhKix nvNi gvbyl eBjv wKQy _vK,
Avgvi gb Aq Avwg mWvB| nvNi nIbB Avwg Lye Ki KiZ cviwQ GB
Rxeb| Avwg wVKB Rvwb webvg~j Kv_vq fvjv Lvevi cvIqv hvq| Avwg
iviv, `vKvbcvUi eevcKMv jM eyZZv cvZvBwQ, niv Avgvi ZvMv
mvbNi eenvi KiZ `vq| Avwg wK mvaviY miKvwi mvbNii K_v KBZvwQ
bv| emMv mvbNii K_v KB, `vKvbi wcQ A_evi ivbvNii cvk aygv
KgPvix Mv jvBMv eiv cwivi cwiQb mvbNiB| Avwg Rvwb Avcbvi KvQ
kcvV 123

evcviUv AyZ jvMZvQ, mvbNi eenvi KiZ cvivi gBa Mei Kx AvQ! Zq
Avgvi jvBMv GUv weivU wKQy, Kviv cwiQb mvbNi cQve Kivi gZv wek
jvK Avwg| nqZ Avcwb eySZvQb bv GKLvb cwivi mvbNii Pvwn`v KZUyKy,
Zq Avwg nvo nvo eywS|
wK^v Avgvi Kvb MvB Avcbvi UvbZvQ bv| feNyi Bwqvbiv wmqvUji
me| Avgiv nBjvg wMq GRgvwj Ges weiwKi, Ges Avcbviv AvgvMv cvk
w`q nuU hvb, nqZvev GKUv bvsiv A_ev vavw^Z `w wbq wK^v AvgvMv
AwfRvZ Avw`evmx Kcvji `yfvMi cwZ mvgvb KiYv `LvBqv| gb ivLeb,
AvgvMv ^c Ges cwievi AvQ| Avgvi GK mgZjf~wgevmx Bwqvb eyi cvjv
nBjv wMq evcK AvjvwPZ evK B cwKvi mv`K| GUv Aek Zvi
Mv, wK Avgiv Bwqvbiv evjv Mvewjq Ges wg_yK Ges AwZK_v-mwKvix,
mB KviYB IB mgZjf~wgevmx nvev nqZv cwZw`bKvi AviKUv mvaviY
Bwqvb| Avgvi Aek nZvi evcvi m`n AvQ, nZ ay wbRi
mgZjf~wgevmx Bwqvb eBjv cwiPq `q, Kvbv DcRvwZ wnme bv| Avwg
nZvi wRMvBjB m `vkwbK fwgvq Kq, Avgiv Kev Rvwb AvgvMv cwiPq?
IB, Avwg ewj, Zygvi gZv GBivg NiIqvwji wbq GKUv evywfUv AvQ, Kx
KI? nZ ay nvm, UymwK gvi Ges K_v bv ej PBjv hvq|
Avwg Dknxb ivvq ivvq Nywi GK`j wbqwgZ yi jM- Avgvi `jjvK,
Avgvi iK, Avgvi kvwiK| Avgiv nBjvg: kvib, Rywbqi, Ges Avwg|
Avgiv AvgvMv KvQ em AvwQ, Abiv AvgMv cvv bv w`Z PvBj-I| kvib
nBjv wekvj gwnjv, cvq mvZ wdU nBev hw` Avcwb me wKQy gvBcv Kb, A_ev
cvuP dyU hw` ay kvixwiKfve gvc `b| m nBjv wMqv BqvKvgv Bwqvb,
DBkivg fvivBwUi (Wishram variety)| Rywbqi cvjvUv Kjwfji, gvMvi
mLvb cvq GKk wbivbeB aibi DcRvwZ AvQ, ZvB m h Kvbv GKUv
nBZ cvi| `LZ fvjvB, hbv m GB gv gvwU`~lY Kieb bv Nibvi
miKvwi wevcb _BKv AvmQ| Zvi PvLi wbgvski nvojvb `LZ gb nq
Mni gZb, eySbB Zv, hbv QvU Pvu` K` Ki NyiZvQ| Zvi `LjB
Avgvi Clv nq| Avcb hw` AvgvMv `yBRbi cvkvcvwk `vuo Kivb, m nBev
Kj^vmi AvMgbi AvMi Bwqvb Avi Avwg Kj^vmi AvMgbi cii
Bwqvb; fM| n, IB JcwbewkK Avevjjv AvgvMv Pvgovi iOi h fqven
wZ KiwQjv Avwg Avgvi kixj mBUvi wP enb KiZvwQ| Ze Avwg
Avcbvi Kgy bv gvS gvS Avwg KZUv fxZ nB BwZnvm I Gi wbR^ c_ wbqv|
hw`I Avwg gvjv ejevb jvK, Avwg Rvwb mv`v jvKjvi mv_ jb`bi Rb
bxieZvq njv mek cv A|

124 kcvV

cyiv NUbv i nBQ gavfvRi mgq, Avwg, kviY Avi Rywbqi wgBjv evRvi
evRvi NyivwU w`ZvwQjvg| `yB Nvi gZv Gi KvQ Ii KvQ PvIqvi ci
Avgiv cvuP Wjvi Avq KBiZ cvijvg- Lvivc bv, 7-11 _K GKUv mg g`i
evZj Kbv hvBev| hB fvev mB KvR- Avgiv ivv gvcv i KBijvg,
gvZvj mwbKi gZv, Ges Avwg AvM KLbv `wL bvB GB eKx`vKvbUvi
mvgb w`qv nvuBUv Mjvg| AyZ evcviB- KviY, AvgvMv BwqvbMv wfZi
eKx`vKvb ivWvi jvMvBbv AvQ| mePvBZ Avhi evcvi nBjv `vKvbi
Rvbjv w`qv Avwg `Ljvg GKUv cyivbv cvIIqvI-bZi (powwow-dance)
gyKyU SyjZvQ|

hnZy niv wbuLyZ nBZ Pvq bv, ay Lv`vB wbLyuZ- GUv wekvm KBiv Bwqvb
gvbyljv ZvMv cvIIqvI gyKyUi wfi wKQy Kj ivBLv `q| AvgvMv
cwievii iIqvR nBjv nMj mgqB gyKyUi h Kvbv RvqMvq Gvb nBj`v
UwK mjvB KBiv `qv| Zq K_v nBjv GUv jyKvbvfve mjvB Kiv nq, hb
AbK PvcvPvwc K bv Kij LyuBRv cvIqv bv hvq|

Avi, GBUv Avgvi `v`xi gyKyU, Avwg kvib Avi Rywbqii KBjvg|
AvZv wbwZ nBwj Kvgb?, Rywbqi ejjv|

m gyKyUUvi Rvbjvi KvQ _BKv mivq KvuPi KvDvii Dci ivLjv, Ges
Avgiv Mi-LvuRv w`jvg nBj`v UwKUv evBi Kivi jvwM| Aekl UwKUv
cvIqv Mj, cvjKi gBa jyKvbv AvwQjv|

Avwg AZUv wbwZ bB eU, KviY GUv mvgbvmvgwb Avwg Rxeb-I `wL bvB|
Zq Avwg `LwQ Avgvi `v`xi AvjvKwP- `v`x GBUv gv_vq wbqv bvPZwQjv|
cvk eQi AvM Qwejv Zvjv nBQ- gyKyUUv K Rvwb Pywi w`wQjv| wK GUv
`LZ mvvZ Avgvi wZZ _vKv gyKyUUvi jvnvb, mB GKB iOi cvjKjv,
wUKvjv- AvgMv cwievii cvIIqvI gyKyUi jvBMv mjvB Kiv nBwQjv
mewW|
n, GKUv c_ AvQ Rvbvi, Avwg KBjvg|
myZvivs, Avwg, Rywbqi, Avi kvib wgBjv eKx`vKvb XyKjvg Avi KvDvii
Dcvi eBmv KvR KiZ _vKv eyov mv`v jvKUv mvlY RvbvBjvg|
Avwg Avcbv`i Kxfve mvnvh KiZ cvwi jvKUv ejjv|
IBUv Avgvi `v`xi cvIIqvI gyKyU, Rvbjvi KvQ, Avwg ejjvg| cvk eQi
AvM KWv Rvwb Pywi KBiv wbQ Zvi KvQ _BKv, n nBZ Avgiv LyuRZvwQ
GBUv|
eKx `vKvb`vi Avgvi w`K Ggb fve ZvKvBjv hbv Avwg GKUv wg_yK|
eySZ cviZwQ| eKx`vKvbjv wg_v w`q cwic~Y _vK|
wgQv KBZvwQ bv, Avwg KBjvg| Avgvi eyMv wRMvI, niv Avcbvi KBqv
w`ev|
m nBjv Avgvi Rvbv meP' wek mr Bwqvb, kviY ejjv|
wVKvQ, mr Bwqvb, eKx `vKvb`vi ejjv, AvcbvK Avwg GKUv myhvM
w`ev| Avcwb wK cgvY KiZ cvieb h GUv Avcbvi `v`xgviB gyKyU?
kcvV 125

GBUv hw` nvQvB Avgvi `v`xi nq, Avwg ejjvg, GUvi wfi GKLvb njy`
UwK mjvB Kiv AvQ|
AvQv, wVKvQ| eKx`vKvb`vi ejjv, Avwg LyuR `wL|

GB Zv GLvb, `vKvb`vi KBjv, Zq m gb nq bv wewZ nBQ, AvcwbB

mwVK| GUv Avcbvi `v`xgviB gyKyU|
n, GBUv AvBRKv cvk eQi ai wbLuvR| Rywbqi ejjv|
Ave, Rywbqi, Avwg KBjvg, GWv AvgvMv cwievii Kvwnwb| Avgvi KBZ
`|
AvQv, wVKvQ| m Kq, gvd PvB| Zywg Pvjvq hvI|
GBUv AvBRKv cvk eQi ai wbLvuR| Avwg KBjvg|
AvmjB nMv cwievii ggvwK Kvwnwb GBWv| kvib KBjv| Avcb wK
GBWv Ii wdivq w`eb Mv?
nuv, mUvB gvbvbmB KvR Kiv ne| eKx `vKvb`vi ejjv| wK Avwg
KiZ cviev bv| Avwg GUvi Rb GK nvRvi UvKv LiP KiwQ| Avwg Zv Avi
GK nvRvi UvKv Gfve w`q w`Z cvwi bv!
Avgiv cywjki KvQ hvBqv Avcbi bvg bvwjk Kigy, Kgy h GUv Pywii gvj|"
kvib ejjv|
IB, Avwg Zvi KBjvg| jvKRbi gwK w`we bv|
eKx`vKvb`vi `xNkv m djjv| m mvebvmg~n wbqv fveZwQjv|
fvjv, Avcbviv cywjki KvQ hZ cvib, gvgjv-gvKgv KiZ cvib| m
ejjv, Ze Avgvi gb nq bv h Zviv Avcbv`i Kvbv K_vB wekvm Kie|
Zvi K_v b gb nBjv m evcviUv wbq wKwZ `ytwLZ AvQ, hbv m
AvgvMv Amyweavi KvR jvMvBqv myweav wbZvQ|
Avcbvi bvg Kx? eKx`vKvb`vi Avgvi KvQ RvbZ PvBjv|
RvKmb|
WvKbvg bv cvwievwiK bvg?
`yBUvB, Avwg ejjvg|
126 kcvV

mwZ ejQb?
n, mwZ| Avgvi gv-evev Avgvi bvg ivLQ RvKmb RvKmb| Avgvi cwievii
WvKbvg nBjv RvKmb vqvW| AvgvMv cwieviUvB gRvi|
wVKvQ, RvKmb RvKmb, `vKvb`vi ejjv, Kvbfve wK Avcbvi KvQ GK
nvRvi Wjvi bB, ZvB bv?
AvgvMv KvQ me wgjvq cvuP Wjvi AvQ| Avwg ejjvg|
LyeB Lvivc, m ejjv, Ges Kgcv wbqv KwVb wPv Kiv i Kijv, Avcbvi
KvQ GK nvRvi Wjvi _vKj Avwg GUv Avcbvi KvQ wew Ki w`Zvg| wnK,
aygv bvh g~ji Rb, Avwg Avcbvi KvQ GUv bqkZ wbivbeB Wjvi wew
Kiev| Avwg GK Wjvi nvivev| GUv LyeB bvqmsMZ evcvi ne GB |
GK Wjvi nvivbvUv mwVKB ne|
AvgvMv KvQ me wgjvq cvuP Wjvi AvQ| Avwg Aveviv ejjvg|
LyeB Lvivc, m Aveviv ejjv, Ges Kgcv wbqv Aviv KwVb wPv Kiv i
Kijv| AvQv, GBiKg nj Kgb nq? Avwg AvcbvK Pwek Nv mgq w`jvg
Ges Avcwb hw` bqkZ wbivbeB Wjvi hvMvo KiZ cvib AvMvgxKvj
gavfvRi AvM AvM, Avwg Avcbvi KvQ GUv wew Ki w`ev| GUv wK
fvjv gb nQ?
wVK gb nBZvQ| Avwg ejjvg|
wVKvQ Ze, m ejjv| Avgiv GKUv Pyw Kijvg| Avcwb GLbB i Ki
w`Z cvib| Avwg wek Wjvi w`jvg|
m Zvi IqvjU Lyj GKUv KPKPv wek Wjvii bvU Avgvi nvZ aivq w`jv|
Ges kvib, Rywbqi Avi Avwg wgj w`evjvK Aviv bqkZ Pyqvi Wjvi LyuRZ
evBi nBjvg|
`ycyi GKUv
kvib, Avwg Avi Rywbqi wek Wjvii bvUUv Avi AvgvMv cvuP Wjvi w`q 7Gwjfb Mjvg Avi Kbvi wZb evZj wKbjvg| ay GKw`bi gvS me UvKv
Kvgb hvMvo w`gy mBUv fe evBi Kiv `iKvi| KwVb wPvBZwQ, Avjvv
Iq wfqvWv ai nuU Avgiv evZjjv kl Kijvg- GK, `yB, Ges wZb|
`ycyi `yBUv
Avwg RM DBVv `wL kvib Pj MQ| Avwg AbK ci bwQ h kvib mZmdi Ki Uccwbk PBjv MQ evbi jM msiwZ GjvKvq _vKev eBjv|
Rywbqi Avgvi cvk wPZcUvO cBov AvQ, wbRi ewgZ gvLvgvwL wK^v nqZv
AbKviv ewg, Kx Rvwb, Avi GKUy wPv KiZ MjB Avgvi gv_vq hYv
nBZwQjv, Kx Avi Kiv, Avwg kvjvi IBLvbB GKjv iL nvwbi Rb nvuUZ
kcvV 127

i Kijvg| Avwg mgy`Rji M eiveiB wcwiZ Kwi| jeYi M eiveiB

wZi gZv|
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AwaKvsk nvNi Bwqvb AvmQ Avjvv _K| GKRbi ci GKRb,
cZKB wekvj KvRi bKv QvoQ bvOiLvbvq A_ev Rybvq (Juneau),
wmqvUji `wY nMv c_ hvIqvi mgq ``viQ gvQ aiQ, cKUfwZ UvKv
wbqv jvdvq bvgQ fveMxi Ges HwZnevnx Bwqvb cvbkvjvq d~wZ Kiev
eBjv, Kc`Knxb nBQ Kewj, Ges mB _BKv Pv KiZQ bKvq KBiv
Aveviv wbRi c_ aiZ|
AvjyUjv mvjgb gvQi gZv MAjv, Avgvi gb nBjv, Ges niv Avgvi
KBjv h ZvMv bKv wdi bv Avmv ch niv GB KvVewZ bvwK eBqv
_vKev!
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GMviv eQi| eqmx AvjyUUv KBjv|
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GB, Avwg KBjvg, ZygvMv KvQ wK avi bqvi gZv Kvbv UvKv AvQ?
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Avwg Rywbqii KvQ wdi AvBjvg| nZ ZLbv Vvv cBov wQjv| Avwg Zvi
gyLi KvQ Avgvi gyLgj ivBLv wbwZ nBZ PvBjvg Anjv m kvm wbZvwQjv
wKbv| evuBPv wQjv ZLbv, myZvivs Avwg Zvi bxjwRi cKU NvUjvg Avi
AaK wmMviU cvBjvg| Avwg avuqv UvBbv cyivUv mvevo KiZ KiZ Avgvi
`v`xi K_v fveZ jvMwQjvg|
nwZi bvg AvwQjv AvwR, Avi Avgvi hLb P eQi eqm ZLb bKvvi
gi hvq| Avgvi evci aviYv AvwR Zvi wUDgvi evvBQ msiwZ GjvKvi
BDwiwbqvg Lwb _BKv| Zq Avgvi gv KBQ ivMUv i nBQ hw`b cvIIqvI
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cvuRii wZbLvb nvo fvOwQjv, Ges gv KBQ h mB nvojv KLbvB
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128 kcvV

Rywbqii cvk eBmv, avuqv jeY Avi ewgi M wbqv, Avgvi weq RvM hw`
`v`xi cvIIqvI gyKyU Pywii KviY kvK Zvi Kvvi i nBqv _vK! nqZvev
Zvi f `q Kvvi i nBwQjv Avi b QovBqv cowQjv| Avwg Rvwb GUv
Aeve, wK weq RvM hw` Zvi gyKyUUv wdivq w`qv Zvi Rxeb wdivq
AvbZ cviZvg!
Avgvi UvKvi `iKvi, AbK UvKvi, ZvB Rywbqii ivBLv Avwg wiqj P
Awdmi (Real Change office) w`K nvuUv w`jvg|
weKvj PviUv
wiqj PB nBjv egyLx msv, GKLvb cwKv Qvcvq, mvswZK cKjvZ
mvnvh `vq hvZ Mwie nvNi jvK`i jvfevb Ki| wiqj PBi Dk
nBjv wkv, msMVbi gvag feNyicbv, `vwi`Zvi mgvavb ei Kiv| AvgvMv
mgvR Mwie gvbyli Rb GKUv K ^ic GUv wUK AvQ|
nMv Dkc Avgvi cyiv gyL, KviY gvS gBa Avwg ZvMv cwKv ewP
ivvq ivvq| Ze Avcbvi axi-wi ^fvei nBZ nBev ePZ nBj, Avi
Avwg KwKvj-I ABUvq fvjv AvwQjvg bv| h Kn cwKv wew w`Z cvi|
wk mU w`qv GK Kwc wKbeb Avi GK Wjvi ePeb, hv jvf Zv me
Avcbvi|
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AyZ GKUv msLv| m KBjv, GZv cwKv!
Avgvi `iKvi AvQ|
eoevey Zvi KvjKyjZi ei Ki A Kljv|
Pvik Ebwk Wjvi jvMe GZvjvi Rb| m ejjv|
Avgvi hw` GZv Wjvi _vKZv, Avwg cwKv eBPZ PvBZvg bv|
Kx nQ, RvKmb-Uy-w`-mK-cvIqvi? m wRMvBjv| mB GKgv jvK h
Avgvi GBfve WvK| gRvi wKwmgi Ges `qvjy jvKUv|
Avwg Zvi Avgvi `v`xi cvIIqvI gyKyUi K_v KBjvg Avi Avgvi KZv Wjvi
jvMev mBUv wKbZ ZvI ejjvg|
Avgv`i DwPZ cywjk Rvbvbv| m ejjv|
Avwg nWv KiZ PvB bv, Avwg KBjvg| GUv GLb evwR| Avgvi wRZ IBUv
Dvi KBiZ nBev|
kcvV 129

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hw` gb KiZvg h mjv wew Ki Kvbv KvR ne| wK cwimsLvb ejQ
h GKw`b megvU wewZ KvMRi msLv njv gv wZbk `yB|
KgP' Kg `yBk Wjvi Zv AvBev| Avwg KBjvg|
eoevey Aveviv KvjKyjZi eenvi Ki ejjv, `yBk GMvi Wjvi Pwj-k
mU|"
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`wbK Mo Avq njv UbUyb wk Wjvi|
Kvg nBev bv|
bv"
Avcb wKQy avi w`Z cvieb|
AekB bv| m ejjv| Avwg hw` ZvgvK avi w`B, mevBK avi `qv
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AvBQv| Avwg KBjvg|
m cwKvjvb uQvBqv Avgvi nvZ w`jv| Avwg eyKi KvQ aBiv ivLjvg| m
KvjvKywj Kijv| Avwg cwKvjvb jq mvMii KvQ wbqv Avmjvg|
cvuPU evR
RvnvRNvUi KvQ AvBmv Avwg eBbweR AvBjvi Uvwgbvj `vuovBjvg Ges
Pv w`jvg cwKvjv dix _K bvgv eemvqxMv KvQ ePZ|
GK Nvq cvuPLvb wew Kijvg, evwK cuqZvwj-kUv gqjvi goKvq dj w`jvg,
Ges gvKWvbv wMq GK Wjvi Ki PviUv wPRevMvi wKb Zvwiq Zvwiq
LvBZ jvMjvg|
LvIqvi ci Avkcvk nvuUvnvuwU Kijvg, ewg Ki ivvi avi fvwmq w`jvg|
LvIqvi ciciB Gfve Lveviv nvivbv Avwg Pig NYv Kwi| GKRb k~b
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130 kcvV

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cjvg Zvi evg gyRvi wfZi Avi cvk mU Wvb gyRvi wfZi|
`yB Wjvi cvk mU nvZ jBqv Avwg Rywbqii cvk eBmv Avgvi `v`x Avi
ni MvjMv wbqv wPv w`jvg|
Avwg hLb Zi AvwQjvg, `v`xRvb Avgvi wZxq wekhyi GKUv M KBwQjv|
m mgq Dwb Awjqvi wmWwbi wgwjUvix nvmcvZvj bvm wnme KvR KiZb|
`yB eQi aBiv, Dwb AvgwiKvb Avi Awjqvb mwbKMv mev-k~lv KiwQjv|
GKw`b, wZwb GK gvIwi mwbKi cwiPhv KiZwQjb h wKbv GKLvb cv
nvivBwQjv Kvgvbi Mvjvi AvgY| m AvwQjv Lye Kvjv Pvgovi| Pyj Kvjv
Avi KvuKov Ges PvLjv Lye Kvjv Avi D| ni gyLUv Dj Dw w`q
AveZ|
Avcwb wK gvIwi? `v`xRvbi KvQ m RvbZ PvBjv|
bv, Dwb KBjb, Avwg vKvb Bwqvb| AvgwiKv _K|
Av, nvu| m KBwQjv| Avwg Avcbv`i DcRvwZ mK bwQjvg| Ze
AvcwbB Avgvi `Lv c_g AvgwiKvb Bwqvb|
AbK Bwqvb mwbKB AvgwiKvi Rb hy KiQ| Dwb KBjb| Avgvi GK
fvB AvQ Rvgvwb iYvb, Avi Avgvi GK fvB wbni nqQ IwKbvIqvZ|
Avwg `ytwLZ| jvKwU ejjv| IwKbvIqvZ Avwg-I wQjvg| LyeB Lvivc
Aev|
Avwg-I Avcbvi cvqi Rb `ytL eva KiwQ| `v`xRvb g`y ^i ejjv|
Lye nvmKi GKUv evcvi, ZvB bv? m ejjv|
Kx nvmKi? `v`xRvb ejjv|
Kxfve Avgiv GB Avgiv ev`vwg jvKjv Abme ev`vwg jvKjv gviwQ
hbv mv`v jvKjv ^Z _vKZ cvi|
Avwg KLbvB Gic fvwe wb|
eU, Avwg gvS gvS fvwe| Ges KLbv KLbv Avwg IBfveB fvwe hfve
Iiv Avgv`i fveZ wkwLqwQjv Ges wev nB|
`v`xRvb jvKUvK giwdb mieivn Kijv|
Avcwb ^M wekvm Kib? m RvbZ PvBjv|
Kvb ^M? `v`x KBjv|
hLvb Avgvi cv Avgvi Rb Acv KiQ|
Zviv nvmjv|
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KvQ _K `o Pj hve| Avwg Kxfve IjvK aiev?
kcvV 131

Avcbvi evK kwkvjx KijB ne, hb Avcwb nvZ fi w`q `ovZ

cvib|
Zviv Avevi nvmjv|
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cvk mU jBqv Kvwiqvb Mvmvwi `vKvbi w`K iIqvbv w`jvg|
m mvZUv
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cwZ wUKUi Rb| hw` `yBLvbB wRBZvg cviZvg, gyKyUUv di wKbevi
e`ve nBqv hvBZv|
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ejjvg|
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fwe`vq, RvKmb RvKmb, fvjvevmv| kxNB `Lv ne|
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PyiU kl Kivi `k wgwbU ci Avwg GKUv wUKU Nljvg, Ges wKQyB wRZjvg
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hve|

132 kcvV

Aviv `k wgwbU ci, Avwg wZxq wUKUUv Nljvg Ges GKUv webcqmvi wUKU
wRZjvg- QvU mvbv, nqZv wKQy RZvi Rb AviKwU evowZ myhvM |
Avwg gixi KvQ Mjvg|
RvKmb RvKmb, m ejjv| Zywg wK Avgvi `q Ave`vi KiZ GmQv?
Avwg GKUv webcqmvi wUKU wRZwQ| Avwg KBjvg|
cyili gZv| m ejjv| Zywg Avgvi P A_ Avi gZv ewk fvjvevmv|
GUv mBZ| Avwg ejjvg| Ges Avwg `ytwLZ h GBUv mBZ|
m Avgvi AviKLvb NlY-jUvwii wUKU w`jv| Avwg evBi ei nq Gjvg|
Avwg Avgvi wUKU nMj mgq wbivjvq NlZ cQ` Kwi| GBevi mwZ mwZ
UvKv wRZjvg| gixi KvQ jBqv AvBjvg wUKULvb|
Avwg GKk Wjvi wRZwQ| Avwg ejjvg|
m cixv Ki `Ljv Ges nvmjv|
fvM fvjv| m ejjv Ges wek Wjvii cvuPUv bvU b w`jv| Avgv`i
AvOyji AMfvM ciiK k Kijv| hbv we`yr-k!
ZvgvK aby| Avwg ejjvg Avi GKUv bvU Zvi w`K evwoq w`jvg|
mwK, Avwg GB UvKv wbZ cviev bv| m ejjv| GUv Zvgvi UvKv|
GUv DcRvZxq, BwqvbMv c_v| hLb Zywg wKQy wRZe ZLb Zvgvi DwPZ GUv
cwiveii mv_ fvM Ki bqv|
Avwg Zvgvi cwiveii KD bB|
nvu, Zywg nI|
m nvmjv Ges bvUUv ivLjv| Avwk Wjvi cKU wbqv, Avwg gixi fwe`vq
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AvUUv
Avwg BQ nBjv LeiWv Rywbqii jM gvjvKvZ Kwi| Avwg wMqv `Ljvg nvjv
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nBQ Avi BwqvbMv ^NvwlZ cvbkvjv evbvB ZyjQ| ZBk eQi aBiv GBUv
BwqvbMv cvbkvjv| AvM wQjv Avuiviv moK, Zq GK cvMjv jvwg Bwqvb
nWvi cyovB jvBwQjv, Gici gvwjK mvdKvi `wYi NvuwU MvoQ|

kcvV 133

Avwg weM nvU WyBKv cbiRb Bwqvb bjvg- AvURb cyil Ges mvZRb
bvix| Avwg GMv KvDi wPwb bv, Zq Avgiv Bwqvbiv ciii fvBZv-fvB|
Bw KZ KBiv PjZvQ? Avwg mvwKK wRMvBjvg, GKUv mv`v gvUKv cvjv|
Avcwb LvivcUv Pvb bvwK cPvUv?
hZv Lvivc w`Z cviv|
GK Wjvi Ki|
Avwg Avwk Wjvi KvDUvi ivLjvg|
wVKvQ, Avwg KBjvg| Avwg Avi Avgvi GB fvBZv-fvBiv Avwk kU Lvgy|
GKRbi fvM Kq kU Ki coev?
ZvgvK mn, GK gwnjv Avgvi wcQb _K ej DVjv, cZKi Rb cvuP
kU Ki|
Avwg Zvi w`K ZvKvBjvg| bv`ykby`yk gwjb Bwqvg Qgwo, AviKUv j^v
wPKbv Bwqvbi mv_ emv|
wVKvQ, MwYZwekvi`| Avwg ZvK ejwjg, Ges cvbkvjvi Ab`i w`K
ZvwKq wPrKvi Ki KBjvg, nMji jvBMv cvuP myiv KBiv|
mewW Bwqvb KvDvii w`K QyUjv, Ze Avwg MwYZwekvi` Avi Zvi `vi
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Zvgiv Kvb Mvx?
Avwg njvg Wyqvwgk| m ejjv, Avi I njv v|
Zywg Zv gUvbv _K gjv `~i AvQv| Avwg cvjvWvi KBjvg|
Avwg KvK| Do GmwQ| m KBjv|
bvg Kx? Avwg ZvMvi wRMvBjvg|
Avgvi bvg AvBwib gym| gqUv ej| Avi I njv nvwb eq|
gqUv Avgvi jM D Kigv`b Kijv, Zq cvjvWv Ggbfve nvZ evovq
w`jv hbv Avgvi DwPZ Zvi nvZ Pygy LvIqv| Avwg Pygy LvBjvg| m nvmjv
Avi jvq jvj njv- GKRb KKvq v Bwqvb hZUyKy jvj nBZ cvi|
Zywg `yB bKvi cwgK, ZvB bv? Avwg Zvi wRMvBjvg|
Avwg bvix fvjvevwm, m KBjv, Avwg cyil-I fvjvevwm|
gvS gvS `yUvB GK mv_| AvBwib ejjv|
Avgiv nvmjvg|
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134 kcvV

Zywg Avgvi hgb PvBev Avwg Zgb ngy|

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Avgiv nvmjvg|
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GBme Kwi bv|
bv, G K_v Kbv ejv bv| m KBjv|
mveavb, AvBwib ejjv| nvwb eq Rv`y Rvb| ZvgvK gvn dje|
nvwb eq, Avwg ejjvg, Zywg Avgvi KyKg civwPZ KiZ cviv, Zq Avgvi
`q gix bvgi GK bvixi KvQ evv|
Zvgvi gix wK Kygvix? nvwb eq ejjv|
Avgiv nvmjvg|
Ges Bw UvbZ jvMjvg evZj kl nIqvZK| Zq Ab Bwqvbiv Aviv
Bw Avbjv Avgvi jvBMv, KviY Avwg UvKv DRvo KiwQ LvwbK AvM,
mRbZv `LvBjv Zviv-I| nvwb eq ni FYKvW ei Kijv, Avwg cvb
KBijvg Avi D_vjcvZvj fvmZ jvMjvg|
GK WRb myivi ci, Avwg AvBwibi KBjvg bvPvi Rb| m cZvLvb Kijv|
Zq nvwb eq Mvb evRvBqv Kvgi `ywjq bvPZ jvMjv, Avwg Avi AvBwib Uwej
AvuKo eBmv iBjvg|
Zywg Avgvi fvjvZ PvBZQv? Avwg nvwb eqi wRMvBjvg|
m MvBZ Avi bvPZ jvMjv|
Zywg Avgvi fvjvZ PvBZQv? Avwg ni wRMvBjvg|
m GLb Zvgvi Rv`y Kie| AvBwib ejjv|
Avwg Uweji w`K SyuKjvg, KqK PygK
y cvb Kijvg, Avi Lye Kk AvBwibK
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kcvV 135

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GBZv GK wgwbU AvM AvBwibi mv_ ev_ig `vuwoqwQjvg|
AviK kU| Avwg mvKxi w`K ZvwKq Mjv Qvojvg|
Avi Kvbv A_Kwo bvB Avcbvi| m cvv Mjv Zyjjv|
KD AvgvK GKUy myiv wKb ` bv| Avwg wPrKvi Kijvg|
Zv`i Kviv KvQ Avi gvjcvwb bvB|
AvBwib Avi nvwb eq KB?
KZv AvMB fvMQ|
ivZ `yBUv
e Kivi mgq! mvKx wPrKvi Ki Rbv wZb wK^v PviK Bwqvbi KBjv- hviv
mvivw`b Kk gvj UvbQ| AvjKvnjvZ Bwqvb nBjv gvj Uvbvi ejvq
wUvi A_ev gviv_bxq|
AvBwib Avi nvwb eq KB? Avwg wRMvBjvg|
GKevi ejjvg bv Zviv AbK AvMB Pj MQ| mvKx ejjv|
KB MQ niv?
AvcbvK nvRvi evi ejjvg, Avwg Rvwb bv|
GLb Avwg Kx Kigy?
GLb cvbkvjv ei mgq| Avwg gv_ve_v bvB Avcwb KB hveb, Ze GLvb
_vKZ cvieb bv|
Zywg GKUv AKZ RviR cvjv| Avwg Zv Zvgvi jM evjvB eenvi
KiwQjvg|
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Avq, Avwg gviwdU KiZ Rvwb i kvjv| Avwg mvKxi w`K ZvwKq KBjvg|
m GwMq Gjv| Avi Gici Kx NUwQjv Zvi wKQyB Avgvi gb bB|
fvi PviUv
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jyKv Kiwc (Lucha Corpi) Kwe, JcbvwmK I wk mvwnwZK| Rb, gwKvi Qv kni
nvjwUcvb 1945 mvj| Ewbk eQi eqm AvgwiKvi KvwjdvwYqvi evKjxZ Avmb ^vgxi
mv_ covkvbvi Dk| BDwm evKjx I mvbdvbwmmKv wekwe`vjq _K wWwM ARb Kib|
eZgvb emevm KvwjdvwYqvi IKj| IKjv cvewjK zj wkKZv KiQb 1977 mvj
_K|
jyKvi jLvi welqe g~jZ, bvix, `vwi`, Awfevmx`i msMvg I HwZnvwmK wKsev civwYK
Pwi| vwbk I BsiwR Dfq fvlvq jLb wZwb| Ze KweZv, vwbk Ges M`
BsiwRZ| KweZvi eB, Palabras de Medioda (Noon Words / 1980); Variaciones
Sobre una Tempsted / Variations on a Storm / 1090 | Dcbvm, Delias Song(1989) |
Kb jLb, Gi Di Kiwc ejb, I can rember my grandmother saying , There is
no justice in this world. I think thats why I write to bring justice in this world.

Zvi KweZv BsiwRZ Abyev` KiQb, Kv_wib ivwWMR-bxZv|]

GKv : evKjx, 1969

Avgvi PvL I Pvu`i ga
wQjv
365 ivZi wb`vnxbZv,
cUi fZi g`y dvUj,
m Avgvi wQjv bv, Zv Rvbvi e`bv,
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gaivZ
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Avi RvKU Qvov|

DRbv
evZvm
AvgvK wKQz evZvm `vI
wKQz GKUv
wjLZ K nq
mZ
mZ m`h cvovq

kcvV 147

148 kcvV

fvObi Abykxjb

Kviv WvBmbi KweZv

eMvbwfjxqv jZvi ebx ^c

Avi Amn ivbvNi Qvov
Kgjv I weRjx-bxj iO KwiqwQjvg
...fewQjvg ^vgx Lywk ne
hvi wZ gwjb nq GmwQjv...
66 moKi mB evwoZ
myL wQjv bv Kvbv|

Kviv WvBmb (Clara Diesen) Gi Rb myBWbi Knvg, 1972 mvj| KweZvi `yUv msKjb
AvQ Zvui, Glomskans Bok ( The Book of Forgetting) Ges
Staden din Resa (The City Your Journey ) | KweZvi cvkvcvwk Kviv bvUK jLb I
cwiPvjbv Kib| weMZ `k eQi wZwb mvZwU bvUK gvqb wb`kbv w`qQb| mekl bvUKi
bvg, Alsklingsratten (at moment : teater) | Zvui bvwUKv, Ett brev / A letter mwZ
c`wkZ nqQ fviPzqvj w_qUviK DrmM Ki|

wcQz dj Gjvg
fvObi Abykxjbi gZv,
mB ivl-`wgZ ivZ
wmMviU-Aewk I evZj fiv Ni,
Amvi `i mKvj,
cvwievwiK Qwe
mv_ wbjvg,
Avgvi Qj, Zvi mg nvwm,
myMx cvZvi cU, Rvdivb, Zzjmx cvZv,
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jeY I RB cv :
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eq Pj kiZi dzUcvZi w`K
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bMihvv
hw`b Zzwg bxieZv eQ bvI :
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*
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myii IVvbvgv
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kcvV 149

150 kcvV

cxwb myb`wjsMgi KweZv

DBjvi meyRZv wQuo,

nvZ eyjvB gLgj
Kvco nVvr Qvqv fm IV
Zvgvi KvQ _K `~i Pj hvB cZK mKvj

cxwb myb`ywjsMg (Pireeni Sundaralingam) Gi Rb kxjsKvq| eo DVQb Rbf~wg I

Bsjv| eZgvb emevm AvgwiKvi KvwjdvwYqv BUi mvbdvwmKvq| covkvbv KiQb
AdvW BDwbfvwmwUZ| wewfb `ki mvwnZ cwKvq Zvui KweZv cKvwkZ nqQ:

Avwg Avjv
KvPi gvej
Mwoq hvB wmuwoZ
mKvji m~h nq DwV
Mjvi nvi iL hvB
Qwoq w`B Pzji KvuUv
AviI Akyi cqvRb

Ploughshares, World Literature Today, The Progressive ( USA);

Karavan
(Sweden); Cyphers( Ireland); and The Guardian (UK)| AbKjv fvlvq cxwbi KweZv

Avgvi `k GK AKvi,
wbDRwcU wenxb,
knxb,
eZvi evZvi wbj ZzlvicvZ|

Abyev` nqQ: vwbk, myBwWk, BUvjxqvb, wfqZbvwgR, MxwjK| mn-mv`bv KiQb,

AviKvbmvm BDwbfvwmwU _K cKvwkZ `wY Gwkqvb AvgwiKvb KweZv msKjb,
Indivisible| KweZvi cvkvcvwk Mvb jLb, evRvb fvqvwjb| Zvui Kve-msMxZi Avjevg,
Bridge Across The Blue Kwe I wgDwRmvb`i GKm~ Mu_Q, ewYZ nqQ AvgwiKvi
weZ Awfevmx`i M|

k AKvi

fvjevmZ
Qzu q `LZ mvbvwj Z |

kiZi mvvb

Zey Ggb Kv_vI wK AvQ

DRvo Ki w`Z cvwi Avgvi MvcbZv?

kiZi mvvbjv
c_ Ki `q GK Acii
iycvwj nq IV dbv

gvwUi Lye Mnxb Zv`i Rb Kei Lyoev

cvi bxieZv wQuo evbvev Lv`
mgvwnZ Kiev Pvzl kjv
eBqi Mfxi mgvaxZ|

NvU
wcVi Ici Gjvbv
Avgvi Pzji webywb
Kvbv cw_Ki Qvuqvq
Lyj Lyj hve|

dj w`K mLvb Zviv,

KwP-Nvm wPrKvi Ki RvbvK Mvcb hZv K_v,
Zx bjLvMovI ejyK Zv`i bvg|

kcvV 151

152 kcvV

RywW_ AiwUR Kdvii KweZv

wcZvgni nvU

RywW_ AiwUR Kdvi (Judith Ortiz Cofer) Gi Rb AvgwiKvi cviUvwiKv xc-ivi

niwgsMim&-G| eo DVb wbD Rvwmi cvUvimb kni| cKvwkZ M : Terms of Survival(a

cyibv nvUi K_v bv fe cvwi bv

MxiZvq ci AvQb wZwb bxieZvq Af nevi AvM
xi fvjvevmvi mB kl Dcnvi|

memoir), The Line of The Sun(a novel), The Latin Deli (A Collection of Prose and
Poetry)| RywW_ ewkifvM mgq gY Ki _vKb, cvV Kib KweZv| emevm, RwRqv BU|

gawei Rvqvj
ez`i mKvji ivbvNi
cvDiywUi uovi gZv Uwej Qovbv
^cjv KzovZ nq Avgvi|
Kwdcvb Avi LvkM `LZ cvB
Zv`i Rxeb KzwjZ nq DVQ Avgvi cqvjvq|
fvwRwbqvi weivgnxb ivZ
bZ nq ev igYxi Kvu_vi fZi,
gwWDmv `vbexi PvL cv_i Ki bq mewKQy
`qvji Mvq wbtmvo q AvQ Zvi ^vgx,
wk Nygvq xe, wKDwcWi Qwe hb,
GgbwK KzKzii Mjvq AvUK AvQ wPrKvi
RxweZ Kei `qv nqQ wwbvK,
^Rbiv uR w`qQ gvwUZ|
Kwdbi fZi kvw Pvq m,
Nygvq Nb cyiy ZzjZzj gvwUi weQvbvq|
Zviv wbqB gvb RvbZ PvBe,
ejZI ne AvgvK| K_v ev bxieZvq
iq Mjvg `~iB|

weZ, hLb gqiv kl-KZi

cvkvK eQ wbjv, co iBjv
Wwms Uweji Ici AvMi gZv|
cyibv, Pvgovi nvU, Zvui Mvqi M fiv,
ew`bi mv_xi gZb bgbxq,
cZ Zvui mv_ hvevi Rb me RvqMvq|
Qv bvZbxi gb cojv wKQz
`o Mjv evevi KvQ,
whwb nvZi Ici wbvY wki gZv
ei a~mi myU ai wQjb|
`LZvg, cyibv nvU Zvui Kvji Ici,
nvZ eyjvZb, ejZb hbv mvbvwj w`bi K_v,
Avwkev`i gZv gv_vq wbZb evBi hvevi mgq|
Avgvi wcZvgn, Cki wekvm wQjv Zvui,
`qvgq, mviv weki cwZcvjK|
Ggb hb nq| ^M hb nq iv`i xc,
hLvb GK mb ciZ cvib mMe Zvui nvU,
AZ mv_ wbZ ciQb Zv|

wdi wdi Avmv ^c,

Avwg Qwei IB igYx
hvi gyL eyuR AvQ nvwmZ
Zzwji cqjv AvuPoi wbP, D`vm nqQ PvL
bvg bv Rvbv mviMvj,
cqvjv-aiv nvZi gZv `w Qyuo `q Zviv|
Zv`i Ai Rvwb Avwg,
ew_Z wPiw`b GB K_vUzKz RbB|
kcvV 153

154 kcvV

gvRvj nK wbqvMx
M

wk biK Ges GK WvKzjvi

iZb gv_v wbPz Ki `uvwoq AvQ|
iZbi gvgv GwZgLvbvi mycvii mvgb bZ wki em| mycvi Lye e Ggb
GKUv fve `LvQb hw`I Zgb Kvbv KvR bq| iZbi gvgv webxZfve
ejjb, Ryi Avwg mveK BDwc m`m| QjUvK wbq Gjvg Avcbvi KvQ|
Ryi gv_v Zzj iZbK `Ljb GKevi| Avevi GKUv iwRvi
jLvjwLi KvR e njb|
iZbi gvgv ejjb, Ryi QjwUi evev gviv MQ| gvi weq nq MQ|
GZw`b Avgvi evwoZB wQj wK Avgvi x IK mn KiZ cvi bv| w`b ivw
SMov| Avi mn nq bv| Avcbvi GKUz AbyMn PvB|
mycvi gyL Zzj nvZi KjgUv w`q bvKi WMv Nljb| iZbK Avcv`gK
`Ljb| QjwUi Mvq MZi ek cy| Mvqi is dmv| GKwU Quov cvvwe
Mvq| cvvwewU AvRKB avqv nqQ Zv evSv hvQ| ZjwQUvi `vM| welY|
gb nQ K_v ejZ BQ KiQ bv| PvL `ywU eyw`x I gvqvgq| wZwb iZbi
gvgvi w`K ZvwKq KvPzgvPz Ki ejjb, GZ GwZg RvqMv `B Kvbnvb| wmU
Zv bvB|
iZbi gvgv nvZ Rvo Ki ejjb, Ryi GKUz `qv Kib| Ii h hvIqvi
gZ Kvb RvqMv bB| GB aibi AviI Abybq Ges webq cKvki ci Ryii
w`j wKQzUv `qvq fi KiQ| iZbi gvgvK Avk Ki wZwb iZbK wRMm
Kijb, Zvgvi bvg Kx?
iZb, iZb ejjv|
iZb Zv wn`y bvg| wn`y bvg ivLjb Kb? iZbi gvgvi w`K ZvwKq
Ryi ejjb|
GB K_vq iZbi gvgv jwZ nb| mjfve ejjb, Zvi evev iLwQj|
Avgiv g~L gvbyl GZ me wK eywS|
mycvii cmvwiZ Kcvj wKQz Dj `Lvj| gyLgj Lywki Avfv Qwoq
coj| nqZ iZbi gvgvi g~LZv cKvk Kivi KviYB ne| wZwb ejjb,
Zvgvi bvg gynv` iZb wgqv| wVK AvQ?
iZbi gvgv KZZvi nvwm nvmjb| iZb gv_v bo Zvi bZzb bvgi cwZ
mwZ cKvj Kijv|
mycvii igi GK KvY `uvwoq iZb| eMj`vev Kvcoi cyUjv| BwZga
GKRb QvU mvBRi Ryi Gm mycvii ig XyKjb| wZwbI iZbK `Ljb

kcvV 155

156 kcvV

evi KqK| QjwU ek my`i| Ggb my`i Pnvivi Qj GB GwZgLvbvq Avi

GKwUB bB ej gb nj Zuvi|
mycvi wRm Kijb, jLvcov wKQy KiQv?
iZbi gvgv Di w`jb, w_ ch cowQj| Avi coZ cvi bvB|
Kvivb wKZve?
bv, Kvivb wKZve Zgb wKQy co bvB| Mvgi ge wmcvov coQ
(Avmj cowb)| ZvI nqZ fyj MQ| QjUvi gv_v Lye fvj| myeywgvb|
wbRi cwievii jvKRbKB LvIqvZ civZ cvwi bv| Zvi Dci GB Qj|
Zvi gvgx Zv GKeviB mn KiZ cvi bv| cwZw`bB ej, gv_vq evSv nvZ
jvD, I evRvBiv Kvb my`~i hvI| ZvK wbq wbZ weev` Kjn| gbi `ytL
Avi K GwZgLvbvq wbqv Avmjvg|
mycvi iZbi gvgvi w`K ZvKvjb| Zv wVK ejQb, wbRi msmvi Ub
AbK Uvbv Zv mvai evcvi| hviv cvi ZvivB Ki bv| Avcbvi mva bvB
Kxfve Kieb?
mycvi QvU mvBRi RyiK iwRvi LvZvUv wbq iZbi bvg wVKvbv,
BZvw` wjL ivLZ ejjb|
Ryi mycvii K_vq Zvi bvg wVKvbv wjL ivLjb| AwffveK wnme Zvi
gvgvi bvg wVKvbv wjLjb|
iZbi fwZi eev cvKv Ki Zvi gvgv evwoi w`K cv evovjb| iZbi
gvgv Pj hvIqvi mgq iZb evKi QjQj PvL ZvK ZvwKq `LwQj|
iZbi gvgv hLb MUi cvk wMq iZbi w`K ZvKvjb wZwb PvL gyQ `Z
Avovj njb|
mycvi Gevi iZbi w`K Pq ejjb, GLvb wK KwVb wbqgi ga
_vKZ ne| hLb hv BQv Zv KiZ cviwe bv| LvIqv `vIqv, jLvcov, Nyg
Mvmj BZvw` AbK wbqgi K_v wZwb ejjb|
iZb nv Ki me b Ges gv_v bo wbqgi cwZ mwZ cKvk Ki| wK
Gi ga Zvi wPvq gvgvi evwoi wZ Gm wfo Ki| cyKzi Suvc `qv|
muvZwiq Gcvo _K Icvo hvIqv| weKj Loi ej w`q gvV Ljv Kiv|
MvjvQyU, `vwoqveuvav, Wvywj, gviej, gvQ aiv BZvw` Zv Avi GLvb Pje
bv| fveZ fveZ Zvi gyL bxj nq hvq| Zvi Ljvi mv_x`i K_v gb co|
wK GB me myL-wZ wKQzYi gaB vb nq hvq hLb Zvi gvgxi wbziZvi
K_v gb nq|
gvgx ZvK wZb ejv LZ w`Z bv| mKvj LZ w`j `ycyi w`Z bv| ivZ
mevi LvIqv kl nj ZvK WK GK _vjv fvZ w`Z wK ZvI Mvj fiv
SvjevK iZbK Gjgjv Ki w`Z|

wK GiciI Zvi evievi Ljvi mv_x`i Rb Zvi eyKi ga GK ARvbv

AvZbv` go go DVQ| `ycyi wkgyj Zjvq a~wj Dwoq ewQ, KuvVvj evMvb
MvQyqvev`i, Nvov Ljv Gme gb co Avi Zvi PvL `ywU wfR DV| Avevi
gb gb kvbv LyuR eovq| hv`i evc-gv bvB Zv`i Avkq Avi Kv_vq ne|
gv Zv _KI bB|
AvR mKvji K_vB Zvi gb coQ ewk| GLvb Avmvi AvM Zvi meP
wcq ez igRvb Avjx ZvK AbK `~i ch GwMq w`qQ| Zvi ay Kvu`Z
evwK wQj| wK GB GwZgLvbv _K nqZ Avi Kvb w`b Zvi evwo hvIqv ne
bv| Zvi Avevi evwo wK? Kv_vq Zvi evwo? GZw`b Zv eo nqQ gvgvi evwo
_K? wK wbRi evwo Kv_vq ZvI Zv m Rvb bv| RvbjB ev wK mLvbI
Zv m Avi Kvb w`b Zvi hvIqv ne bv| iZbi eyKi fZiUv Av Av
duvKv nZ nZ GK mgq Anxb Amvik~bZvq cwiYZ nq| Kc~ii gZv
wbtkl nZ _vK Zvi eyKi fZii w_Zvbv AZxZ|
iZb Gm eviv`vq `uvovq| Avgvi wK AvcbRb ejZ KD Avi iBj bv?
gvgv GKw`b ivM Ki ejwQjb, Zi GwZgLvbvq w`jB kvw| Avgvi eyK
Avb, gyL Avb, Ni Avb| mw`b nqZ Zvi gvgv ZvK Gfve ejZb bv|
GKw`b ej LjZ wMq Loi ejwU wMq KwP jvDqi Pvivi Dci cowQj|
GKwU Pviv gvwUi m wgk wMqwQj| mw`bB Zvi gvgx gvgvi m SMov
euvwaqwQjb| ZLbB ivM `ytL GB K_v ejwQj| gvgvi gbi Lvqk nqZ
AvR wgVQ| nqZ ZvK Avi Kvb w`b `LZI Avme bv|
Avi iZbi gv| gvqi gyLwU m gb KiZ Pv Ki| nZ _vK Zvi
gvqi gwjb gyLwU| ejZ Mj Zvi gvgvB iZbi gvK Rvi Ki weq
w`qQb| bv nq nqZ iZbK KvjwcV Ki eo KiZv| AvR gv _KI
bB| evevI, fvBevb, gvgv-gvgx, Ljvi mv_x KD-B Zvi KvQ bB| GB
gyn~Z iZbi KvQ me wKQz Amvo gb nQ|
iZb GwZgLvbvi `qvjjv `L| cwZwU `qvjB kvIjv cov| Kvb
Kvb `qvji cjiv DVv| cwgi w`Ki KqKUv ig gb nq Kvb gvbyl
_vK bv| gvU AKvi| gvVi MZ cvwb Rg AvQ| Awdm GKUv wji
Avjgvix| GwUiI iO DV MQ| wmwjs dvbwU Nyivi mgq LUvs LUvs k nQ|
mycvi QvU mvBRi RyiK wRm Kijb, IK Kvb Kvm `B?
iZb nv Ki mycvii w`K ZvwKq _vK| QvU gIjvbv ejj, w_ ch hLb
coQ w_ZB `b| bv cvij bvgvq `Ib hvBev| QvU gIjvbvi bvg Avym
mvvi| mycvi ejjb, mvvi mvne Zvi _vKvi eev Kib|

kcvV 157

158 kcvV

mvvi mvne ejjb, _vKvi eev Avi Kx? `vg _vBKv GKUv K^j,
GKUv Pv`i Avi GKUv evwjk w`jB nj| GLvb Zv LvU cvjs bvB h
mvRvBqv w`Z ABev|
mycvi ejjb, ZvB Kib| mvvi mvne Pqvi Qo DVjb| iZbK
WK wbq Mjb GKUv ig| `vg _K K^j, Pv`i Avi evwjk ei Ki
Abvb Qjiv hLvb _vK mLvb GK wKbvi _vKvi eev Ki w`jb|
mvvi mvne iZbK wRMm Kijb, mv_ wKQy AvbQvm wb?
Rx Ryi| GKUv jyw| Avi Avbvi gZv Avgvi wKQy bvB|
_vK| GBWvZB Pjev| MvgQv UvgQv wKQy bvB?
bv, Ryi| MvgQv bvB|
Zq. . . wZwb wK hb ejZ PqwQjb| wK ejZ cvijb bv|
mvvi mvne ibkvjvi w`K cv evovjb| mLvb eveywPK wMq ejjb,
AvR _vBKv AviI GKRb GwZg evoQ| GKRbi LvIb `ycyi _vBKvB
evovBqv `Ib jvMev|
eveywP hb AwMgw~ Z| Ryi ejjB wK evovbv hvq? mKvj me evRvi nBqv
MQ Anb evovB Kgb?
Zv Zzwg cviev| Zzwg me cviv| GB GwZg wK bv LvBqv _vKev? GB ej,
m Avevi iZbi KvQ Avm| GB kvb&, GwZgLvbvq wK gvivgvwi Kiv hvq bv|
Kviv wei bvwjk Kiv hvq bv| GB wbqgUv gv_vq _vK hb| GLvb Kvivb
nvw`mi mv_ evsjv BsiwRI covbv nq| me wkvB AvQ| Ze Kvivb
nvw`mi wkvB nj g~j wkv| GwZgLvbv nj Bmjvg agi L`gZi RvqMv|
iZbi gb GKUv ck `Lv `q| m fq fq ej, Ryi GLvb Kvb wn`y
wLwivb GwZg bvB?
Ryi nvmb| wn`y wLvbi jvBMv wK GwZgLvbv nq bvwK i ej| K_vUv
ej wZwb ^wi wbtkvm djb| wK ciYB Zvi gb nj GB Qji ga
Zv Zu`ivwgi fve AvQ? GB ck Zv Avi Kvb GwZg Kvb w`b Kiwb|
Ryi wn`yiv wK GwZg nq bv?
nq| Zv`i Ab eev| ZzB GZ cuvPvj cvwim Kb i? ZvBj GwZgLvbv
_vBKv ei KBiv w`e wK| mycvi Lye Kov gvbyl| hZ K_v Kg Kwe ZZ Zvi
kvw| eZvBjv K_v KBjB ei KBiv w`ev|
mvvi mvne Pj Mjb| iZb Zvi weQvbv cvZ| cvk GKwU Qj wQj
Zvi bvg Revi| Avyj Revi| m cvk Gm `uvovq| Av Av ej, evwo
KB Zvgvi?

iZb vfi m ej, evwo bvB| GB ej eyKi fZi _K GKUv Z

wbtkvm ei Ki| iZb wRm Ki, Zvgvi evwo KB? Revi Di `q,
bovBj|
iZb RvbZ Pvq, GwZgLvbvq Kq eQi aBiv _vK?
AvU eQi ABjv?
Zvgvi KD `LZ AvBq bv?
Avgvi Zv KD bv h `LZ AvBev| KD _vKj KD GwZg Aq? AvwgB
Avgvi `wn| Avi Avjvn cvK Avgvi `n|
jLvcov Ki?
Kwi| wK jLvcov wK Aq? Ryiiv Kvm Uvm wVK gZ bq bv| gb PvBj
QeK `q gb bv PvBj `q bv| GB h Kq eQi aBiv AvBjvg GnbI Iqvb
dwi| GB me K_v Kvi KvQ KBev? GwZg`i Kdvj Avjvn Gi _vBKv fvjv
wKQy `q bvB|
iZb wRm Ki, LvIb `? KvcoQvco?
`q| GB `nv bv Zbvi gZ Kvco| ejB m wbRi civi Kvcojv
`Lvjv| Avi LvIb| Zv wbRB `Lev|
iZbi gb fvix nq DV| Zvi gvgv GLvb Avmvi AvM KZ wKQy ej
GbQ| GLvb wZb ejv cU fi Lvevi `q| fvjvfvjv KvcoPvco `q|
jLvcov Zv AvQB| Lye fvjv jLvcov nq| GwZgLvbv _vBKv WvviI ch
nq| wK c_g w`bB Zvi gb fO hvq| m fve Zvi Pq hw` gvbyli
evwoZ PvKi _vKv hZ ZvnjI fvj nZ| GLvb jLvcov wkBLv Avi wK
ABev? gvbyl weG cvk KBiv QvKwi dvq bv| Avi Avgiv wK GBnvb weG cvk
KiZ dviev? ciY Avevi wbRi gbK kvbv `q| gvgv hLb w`qv MQ
ZvBj Zv _vKZB ABev?
iZbi kixi bwZq co| gbi mvnm Kv_vq jvc cvq| evwni _K
GKUv `gKv evZvm Gm Nii fvcmv MUvK DmwKq w`q hvq| Rvbvjv
jvMvqv GKwU Avg MvQ| Avg MvQi Wvj em `ywZbUv KvK Kv Kv KiQ|
Rvbvjv w`q `~ii bxj AvKvk `Lv hvq| gvVi Nvmjv luvoi M`vbi gZ
eo DVQ| Gjv nqZ cwivi Kiv nq bv| nqZ ev KD LjZI hvq bv
GB gvV| ibkvjvi cvk em GKwU KzKiz q q jR bvovQ| Zvi PvL
Lye Zx I Dj| Lvevii cZvkvq m cni YQ|
`ycyi nq AvmQ| waq cU RjQ iZbi| GwZg`i wa jvMjB
Lvevi cve Ggb `k Zv GUv bq| KLb Lvevi `qv nq m K Rvb? Gi
gaB gwZb Avm Mvmj Ki| Zvi nvZ GKwU wfRv jyw| mwU m Zvi
KvZ `q| gwZb iZbi cvk Gm `uvwoq wRm Ki, Zvgvi evwo KB?

kcvV 159

160 kcvV

iZb Avevi vfi m Di `q| evwo bvB| gvgvi evwo AvQ| gwZbi
Avi wKQy wRm Kivi Kvb AvMn `Lv Mj bv| m PzcPvc gv_vq, kixi
mwilvi Zj gvL| gv_vi Pzj Zj Pzweq Zvici vUzwcUv gv_vq `q| gwZb
ReviK wRm Ki, bvgvR hvwe bv?
Revi Di `q, n| Revi GB duvK iZbK wRm Ki, Zzwg bvgvR
Rvb?
iZb gv_v bvo, bv| Rvwb bv| iZb RvbZ Pvq GLvb wkLb hvBev?
Revi ej, Zv wkLb hvBev| bvgvR Zv wkLb hvBev| GwZg`i bvgvRB
fimv| Avjvn Qvov GwZg`i Avi KD bvB| iZb Kvbv K_v ej bv|
Rii AvRvb co| gwZb I Revi bvgvR coZ hvq| Ryi wRm Ki,
bZzb GwZg wK bvgvR Kvjvg Rvb?
Revi ej, bv GLbI wkL bvB| mvvi gvIjvbv wKQy bv ej gmwR`i
w`K cv evovjb|
MbMb Mig| gvS gvS Sov evZvm Gm SvcUv gvi| MvQi MvZvjv
ZLb Kuc DV| gvVi Nvmjv gv_v `ywjq nvm| meyR mZR NvmjvK
iZbi `LZ fvj jvMQ| Zvi weQvbvq em em gvVi Nvmjvi w`K GK
`wZ ZvwKq AvQ| gvS gvS eviv`vq Zvi `w wbe nq| eviv`vUv cvKv|
gmY| Zgb ayjvevwj bB| Gjv GLvbKvi QjivB me cwivi Ki ivL|
cwivi-cwiQb Kivi KvR Zv`iB `vwqZ|
`ycyi Lvevi `qv nq| AvRK wgw Kzgovi jveov Avi Wvj| fvZjv
gvUv gvUv| Kgb hb M KiQ| iZb Ggb Pvji fvZ Kvb w`b Lvq wb|
GKevi gyL w`qB m wK hb wPv Ki| nqZ Zvi gvqi K_v| nqZ Zvi
gvgxi K_v| nqZ Zvi gvgvi K_v| nqZ Mvgi Ljvi mv_x`i K_v| m wUbi
_vji fvZjvi w`K ZvwKq _vK wKQzY|
Revi ej, LvI| LvI| GBme LvIqvB Avgv`i Kdvj| me mgq GKB
LvIb| mvn GK ejv gvQ Avi GK ejv Mvm| evwK mgq jveov Avi WvBj|
iZb GZYi fvebvi ga Q` co| m Avevi LZ i Ki| wai KvQ
cw_exi me wKQzB ni hvq| ZvB GB `yMgq fvZ nvi gvbe GUv wewP wKQz
bq|
`ycyii LvIqvi ci Revi Avi gwZb KviAvb kixd wbq coZ em|
iZb Zv`i cvk em b| m Kvb w`b ge hvqwb| m Kvb w`b wmcvov
wKsev KviAvb kixd cowb| wK Zvi AvR coZ BQ KiQ| Revi Avi
gwZbi KivZi myi hb Zvi AivZvq GK kvwi Aveki mw Ki| iZb
GB Avek Zvi eyKi ga ai ivLZ Pvq| eo kvw GB KivZi myi|

GK mgq gvIjvbv mvvi mvne Avmb| Zuvi nvZ GKwU wmcvov| wZwb
iZbK GwU coZ `b| Zvi cvk ewmq c_g QeK w`jb| iZbi coZ
fvj jvM| Zvi BQ nQ gwZb Avi Revii gZv myi Ki KivZ coZ|
Af~Zc~e myLi ga Wye hZ|
gvIjvbv mvne AbKY covjb| Zvici AvQii bvgvRi Rb I`iK
wbq Mjb gmwR`| iZb bvgvR Rvb bv| gvIjvbv mvne ejjb, Avgiv hv
hv Kwi ZzBI Zv Zv Kiwe| Zvici Av Av bvgvRUv wkLvq w`gyb| Gi
ga wZwb ejjb, GB Revi ivBZ Gi bvgvRUv GKUz GKUz KBiv wkLvBQ|
Revi gv_v bo mwZ Rvbvq|
gmwR` _K ei nq Iiv Avg MvQUvi wbP wMq `uvovq| Revi ej,
Avgv`i h Ryi covq Zvi bvg cvjv Ryi| iZbi nvwm cvq| iZb wRm
Ki, cvjv Ryi Kb?
Revi ej, mvBR QvW Zv GBRb mevB cvjv Ryi WvK| Revii
gyLI nvwmi QUv| m Avevi ej, eo Ryii bvg ABjv, QWv Ryi| iZb
wRm Ki, QWv Ryi Kb?
Revi ej, gyLUv QWv wdWvi (GK cKvi wcVv) gZb Zv ZvB ggbwmsqi
GK GwZg bvg w`j QWv Ryi| Iiv wZbRbB nvm| iZbi KvQ cwiekUv
Av Av gvbvbmB nQ| `yB ezK cq m K_v ejZ cviQ GUv Kg
Kxmi? wK GZ eo gvV `L Zvi Lye LjZ BQ KiQ| GK mgq iZb
wRm Ki, GBLvb Ljv hvq bv?
gwZb ej, wK Ljev? Ljvi gZ wKQy AvQ| hnb gvU Mbv _vn Znb
Avgiv `o`wo Lwj| GLb Zv gvV wfRv| wK Ljev? iZbi eyK _K
GKUv `xNkvm gbi ARvB ei nq Avm|
mvi evwZjv Rj DV| gmwR` gvMwiei AvRvb co| Iiv Avevi
bvgvR coZ hvq| bvgvR co Gm Iiv Avevi coZ em| AveviI KviAvb
kixd co| iZb wmcvov wbq em| Ryi Gm Zv`iK QeK `q| nvZ
GKUv eZ| GKUz Gw`K mw`K njB eZ gviv nq| weKj AekB Ryii
nvZ eZ wQj bv| GLb eZ wbq GmQb| GB Ryi GwZgLvbvZB mvewYK
`Lvkvbv Kivi Rb _vKb| Zvi _vKvi Rb iZb`i igi cvkB GKwU ig
AvQ| mB Avg MvQUvi GKevi KvQ| mB igB wZwb _vKb| ivZ hvZ
GwZgiv Kvbv MMvj KiZ bv cvi m Rb ZvK GLvb _vKvi `vwqZ `qv
nqQ| Ab Ryiv evmvq Pj hvb|
ivZ Lvevi mgq nj| mevB LZ Mj| `ycyii mB LveviB Mig Ki
`qv nqQ| iZb Avevi Zvi wUbi cUi w`K ZvwKq _vK| wK RNb
Lvevi| gvS gvS KvKo Kvgo co| Pvji MUvB ZvK emvgvj Ki

kcvV 161

162 kcvV

Zvj| wK cU wa _vKj GB me M wK Avi Lvevi Mjvq AvUK _vKe?

Mjv cvi nq GK mgq cvKjxZ hveB| Avi cvKjxZ hZ cvij Zv
Avi Kvb Svgjv bvB| mLvb me Lv``ei GKB eev|
ivZ LvIqv-`vIqvi ci mevB wbR wbR weQvbvq qQ wK bv Zv Ryi Gm
`L hvb| nvZ Zvi mB eZwU| KD hw` Ab Kviv m M Ki ZvnjB
`y-Nv eZ wcVi Dci co| ZvB LvIqv-`vIqvi ci wbR wbR weQvbvq NygvZ
hZ nq|
wKQzw`b ci|
AvKvk AbK Zviv| CMji bLi gZ we KiQ AKvi| Zvivi
AvjvZ AKvi wKQyUv c_ `Lv hvq| ivZ ewk bv njI wgkKvjv AKvi
Avi Zv ivZwUK GK Mfxi inmgq Ki ZzjQ| Ryi iZbK WK wbq
Mjb| Zvi cvk emvjb| GKevi ejjb, GwZgLvbvq wK Kvb bvwjk Kiv
hvq bv| Zvnj GLvb _K ei Ki `qv nq| iZb c_g w`bB GB K_v
bQ| ZvB Zvi eyKUv Kuc DV| wK bvwjk Kie m? Kvi wei bvwjk
Kie? Kvi KvQ bvwjk Kie? cw_exZ GKgv AvcbRb wQj Zvi gvgv| mB
gvgvB Zv GLvb w`q MQ| GLvb _K ei Ki w`j hw` Zvi gvgv ZvK
RvqMv bv `q Zvnj m Kv_vq hve? GBme bvbvb ck ZvK we KiQ|
Ryi iZbK KvQ wbq Av`i Kijb| Avnvi GwZg bv nj wK KD
GLvb Avm? Zvgvi Kvb wPv bvB| Avwg Zvgvi fvj Ki jLvcovi me
eev Ki `e| Zzwg `Lev GBLvb _vBKv gwUK cvk KiQv| Zvici
Zvgvi KjR fwZ KBiv w`e|
GB K_v b iZbi eyKi ga GK ARvbv cyjK KvR Ki| m wknwiZ
nq| mwZ wK Avwg gwUK cvk? KjR coev? Avb` XD Lj Zvi eyKi
fZi|
mKvj GwZg Lvbvi eviv`vq `uvovjB `Lv hvq knii wkiv zjWm ci
Zv`i gv wKsev evevi nvZ ai zj hvQ| Zv`i PvL gyL Avb`i Avfv|
I`iK `LZ iZbi Lye fvj jvM| gvS gvS gbi ARvB wbRK ew`
gb nq| gb nq GKUv Rj Lvbvq ZvK AvUK ivLv nqQ| ZLb AvKvki
w`K ZvKvq| AvKvk wK gy| cvwLiv Do gy AvKvk| iZbi eyK fvwi nq
DV|
Gfve AviI wKQzw`b ci Ges Ryi iZbK Av`ii gvv evwoq w`q Ges
Ab GK inmgq ivZ eq hvq GKwU Sov nvIqv| Dfqi wkiv-Dcwkiv Kuc
DV fxlY Kb|

iZbi gb fvj bB| Zvi ivZ Nyg nq bv| fqvbK cwbK ZvK Mvm
KiQ| mB inmgq ivZ m Ku` Ku` KvwUqQ| wK Kviv KvQ AwfhvM
Kiv hve bv| Zvnj ZvK GLvb _K ei Ki w`e| wK iZb wbRi m
KvbfveB Avcvm KiZI cviwb|
ciw`b m Revii KvQ ivZi NUbv Lyj ejj| Revi ejj, cvjv
Ryii Pwi Lye Lvivc| AvgviI Ggb KiQ| gwZbiI Ggb KiQ| iZb
ivM MvLiv mvci gZb duvm DV| m Revi Avi gwZbK wbq civgk
Ki wK Kiv hvq| Zviv GKwU wmv cuQvq|
ciw`b Iiv wZbRbB Ryii ig hvq| Ryi ej, wZbRb wK Rb
AvBQvm? Revi ej, AvBR wZbRbB ivwR| GKmvZ ABev| Ryi wK
Kieb eySZ cviQ bv| Zvi gv_vq i DV hvq| wZwb wZbRbK KvQ WK
emvb| Zvici GK mgq ejjb, Zviv hv| iZb _vK|
Revi ej, Amyweav bvB| GKw`b GKmv_ `wL Kgb gRv?
Ryi wbRK mvgwjqB DVZ cviwb| GwZgiv wbRB D`vMx nq DV|
cvjv Ryi wLjwLj Ki nm DVb| Zvi nvwm wKQzYi Rb weiwZ nq DV|
GwZgivI AvR ecivqv| GK mgq Ryi weQvbvq q cob Ges wKQyYi
gaB weKU wPrKvi w`q Ni _K `o `Z ei nq hvb Ges ZLb
AwZg~jevb `nvskwU PwKi Dci iv Aevq co _vK| Ryi Ni _K ei
Kv_vq wbik njb| iZb eWwU Rvbvjv w`q evBi dj `q| Zviv
wZbRbB `nvskwUi w`K ZvKvq wbM~p inm wbq|
Revi ej, Anb wK k Aq wb `L Zv?
iZb ej, KvwW w`j k Aq bv|

kcvV 163

164 kcvV

cvejv kvwn

bvbv UzKiv, AvevK

K_vUv mB c_g KiQ, Avgv`i gw wPvUv wg_ nq DVevi AvM
mB ejQ Kbm GK fqi RwUj k Avi gvbyl GB AfZvi ga XyK
ki `vm nq IV| GB cm ai m AvgK ej aiv Avwg wbqvvi_vj
bvix, Avi Zzwg cw_exi dzj nvZ `uvwoq _vKv Avw` cyil; KweZvi Rb w`Z
wMq, gv_vq dzj uRZ wMq, dzji e`j Zzwg Puv` uR w`qwQj| GBfve
fvjvevmvi Rb nIqvi w`b _K gvbyli gb Ggb Bw`qRwUj nq DVj h,
hLb BwZnvm kwU wPvi mv_ hy Kijvg Avgiv; ZLb ^fveZB wg_ I
DcLvb GB fvebvi myoc_ ai Zv XyK cojv Avgv`i gb| GBme nQ
wkPPvi BwZnvmi Wvbvq ki KvVvgvMZ Aevb, hv GZ fqi h gb,
fvebv, wg_ GB kwj mwkxj ZvwKi gZ weklY KiZ _vwK Avgiv|
KiZ _vwK gvb GB cPv Avgv`i ga cwcZvgni Kvj _K AevnZ
AvQ|
m ej Rvfvi F-gvb evaKwi Ggb gwi RwUj AveZb cowQjv?
nqZv ev, Zv bv nj gvbyl wPv I gbi PsgY wkLjv Kv_v _K?
Zvici Avwg ewj Zvgvi eyKUv P^yK hv AvgvK Uvb|
m ej, Avwg Zv KvRj iLv, mvbviKvwV gv_vi cvk ivLj RM DwV, Avi
icvi KvwVZ wPiwb`vq|
Zv wVK; mvZmg~`i Zj givi cU _vK ivmi Rvb? mB ivm Avwg
nj, Zzwg mB cvY giv|

KvhZ, Avgv`i fvjvevmvq wekwe`vjqi i Kiv we`vi mshvM xY| djZ,

Avgv`i ga mevwaK AvjvwPZ ewZ wZwb nIqv mI, Zv wbq Avgiv
KLbv evwbK fve cgvY hvM weqKi mv`k LyuRZ Zrci nqwb| KvRB
hv nevi, mg AvZZvM mI Ainxb mc`vqi gZv Avgiv GK AciK
fvjvevwm| GBme gnvKvjxK wPvq Avgiv KLbv KLbv wdi hvq AZxZ,
AZxZ gvb BwZnvm bq, Kbbv BwZnvm gvb gZv`k ev Z Avgv`i fvebv
GBme `wfwi evBi| Kbbv, GB Z `kbi gZv weg~Z hv weiwKi
Avgv`i Rb? eis Avgv`i gvbmceYZv Ryo _vK GK Acii bRi cov,
bvbv UzKiv gei ga euP _vKv|
m AvgvK ej Avgiv wK a~mi K_vi duv` e`x nq DVwQ|
Avwg ewj nqZ ZvB, e, wPv, welq, ce I NUbvi AveZ Avgiv NyicvK
LvwQ|
m ej Zzwg hvK Avh I inmgq fveQv, m gyLwj Avi Kviv bq|
Avgv`iB?
nqZ ev, Zvgvi K_vB wVK, Avgv`i wbR`iK gvS gvS wZi Rj fRv
fRv Puv` gb nq?

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Mi KvVvgv| Gi ga Avgvi x AmsL evLv cZvLvb KiQb| ZviciI
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cwqv, wbRK cyYe Kivi ePb| dj, gbi ivRbxwZi _K Rvi w`qQb
bwZKZvq| AvRKvj wZwb e _vKb bwevb I cyivY PPvq| gvbewe`vi GB
kvLv wbq wZwb Qwoq hvb BwZnvm fvlv, f~Mvj I `yRbi wbwgZ cwiek
wevbi ga| GB PPv `L Avgv`i gq fxlY AvMwn Pzgy cywoq LvIqv
cw_ex Ke wjLev Zv wbq|
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w`j Avi hv _vK Avgvi xi AvMn m welq| GB Nvi wZwb KvwUq DVZ
cvib wb Kvbw`b| nqZ GB Nvi wbqB wZwb Avgvi wPwV I mvwnZ cvV
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djZ, GBme K_v w`q Avgiv QUdU Kwi, Li e`j AL Avi Avgv`i
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welqe cw_exi mg gvbweK I mgvRwe`vi g~j| wK Avgvi xZv Kvb e
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Avi evsjvi GB fveK_vi m hLb hy nj AvaywbK AvBb I weRbm|
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m ej G `k wk ev fvei _K weRbR ev Kvvwbi LvwZ ewk?
Avwg ewj nqZ ev, Avgiv gZv I ivRbxwZi weei ew` `vm|
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awbi avbf,

kcvV 165

166 kcvV

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AvgvRvbi Rj
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cfZ
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176 kcvV

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kcvV 177

178 kcvV

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kcvV 179

180 kcvV

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kcvV 181

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kcvV 183

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184 kcvV

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kcvV 217

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kcvV 221

222 kcvV

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kcvV 223

224 kcvV

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kcvV 225

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226 kcvV

KweZvZ wfbc_ ai GwMq Mj KweZvi mPZb cvVK AviI ewk eyw`vqK

gRv cvIqv `yivkv bq evaKwi|
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HwZni cwZ `vqeZv _K AvZnbb Ki Zzj Avbb Rxebi `y`nbi
evYx

i`Ki G Kgb Ljv Zvi!

avwbiO gb Pzwi Ki bq `~i bxwjgv
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Ni gb divB|

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wKy gYdiv Nywo nq Ni divi Mvb HwZni Uvb hZUzKz Avkvev`x
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div Ame nZ cvi|
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gvbyli Kvbv ez bB Ggb

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Zvgvi KvQ wdi hvB
cvwL Rxeb : c. 13

Avw`Z hfve Zvi AwK mvb KiZ wMq Rxeb _K cjvqb Kib wVK
mfvB `Z Rxeb wdib Zvi mv wbq

Avwg mB wbK cyRK

mgqi cuvRi wjL ivwL wbi_K Rxeb
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me eywS, Zzwg wdi Gj|
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kcvV 227

Zvi KweZvq bivki `vbveuva bvbvfve, wZwb Rxeb I RMZ gb Ki evwni

w`K _K Zvjv Szjvbv Ni| wKy hLb wZwb wjLb GKRb Lje ej gvV
bgQ ZLb IB GKRbK KweZvi cvVK mvb ei Ki LyuR cvB Kwei
mv, A_ev KweZvi mv wKsev Kwei GKv KD ZviciB Kwe ejb bvMwiK
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gb nq cjvqbKvgx| Kwe wPwV jL `eb ej Rvbvb MviLvi`i Zzwg
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bq eis Zvi GKv KD|
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KiY wP| KweZv Ggb GK cwe evweK wP hv Kwei wPhi wPeKj ev
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KiZ wMq Kwe wbRB wbe`K eb hvb GK wbwgl| DjwLZ K_vjv
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^RvwZi KvQ wPwV wjL hvq Mvcb cvV Ki gb nqQ G RvqMvq Kwe
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jv Do Gm Ryo emvi gZv eLvv, wbi_K| wKy DjwLZ K_vMyjv Avevi
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bximfve| hv wZwb wPwV wjL MviLv`K`i ejwQjb wb`qic| mB bw_c
Avevi wPwV wjL Rvwbq hvq MviLv`KivB|
Ggb wbw wbQKZvq bq eis wbZKvji wb`kK| GfveB Avw`Zi KweZv cvV
KiZ nq, hLvb inm wecyjfve KvR Ki| h inm wb`vjy, wb`viY,
b_K, cvVKi KvQ bw_ ^xKvi Ki bv gb nq AvZNvwZ| GigvS Avevi
bexf~Z bgybv nZ cvi| GZ Avw`Zi ckvw jvf Kvbv KviY bB eis
Zvi KveMi cvV Ki G Dcjw MnY Kiv hvq h, Zvi KweZv bvbvwea
bvbv_ MnY Kiv hvq mB RMZ cuQvZ PvBj cvVKi mv_ Zvi KweZv
bvdigvwb KiZ cvi| hgb
K

Ze wK c~ecyiliv fyj KiwQj

cvwL bv cyl
dzj bv cyl
Avgv`i Zg fyjjv mgqi Nvo Pvwcq
Avgiv wK Ze Zv iPbvKvix I dzj!
mskq : c. 16
228 kcvV

GKw`b
cvKi wUwKU wKwb Dw`welqK Kgkvjvq
`wL Awfbe GK mvKvm
gvbyli gyLjv e;
`ytLiv cvZv nq cvwUi w`K bZRvby|
bZRvby : c. 62
M

So nvIqvi w`b Zzwg ewZ wfRv;

`Le U-cwj A Av jLv|
AeyR wkgy`i gZv Zvgvi Pvicvk
PvL Zzj Pq AvQ GKRb cvZv
Zv`i kixi jLv
GK wekvmi ggK_v
mK_v eySZ nj wkK wbI cvZvi fvlv|
cvZvfvl-1 : c. 19
bRi w`q `Lyb cvV M gi KweZv| ewZ fRvi mv_ U A-Av jLvi
mK Kx? G mKi Di RvbvZ nj Kwei gZ wkLZ ne cvZvfvlv! G
aibi ^xKvivw Kwe Ges KweZvi cvVK `yej
Ki `q| hv civf~Z nZ
cvi| A_vr G aibi gei ga K bvjvqK Zv ck Ki Di ei bv Ki
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AeyS wki gZv Zvgvi Pvicvk

PvLZzj Pq AvQ GK`j cvZv

ZLb Zvi mij Abyfw~ Z cvVK bvov `q KweZvi wbKUeZx Ki| h_v
K

AviI A nj Rvwb
ivZi `ytL AvQ
bv nj ivZ GZv AKvi Kbv!
ivZ : c. 35

Avi ivZi fZi Nygvq

Phwki Pz^b ewnfyZ my`xN mgq|
Phwki ivZ : c. 34
Avw`Z Aii KqKwU KweZv wbw` Kiv hvq Ggbfve hvi Drm wbYq GK|
KweZvjv GKwU KweZviB wbhvm cvVK D`vniY wnme Mi Mviwb`v (c.
15), AZjgyLx mvb (c. 21), Wvqwi (c. 26) I hvv (c. 63) gv^q cvV
Ki `LZ cvib| Abvb KweZvZI GiKgi PwiMZ wgji inm DbvwPZ
nZ cvi bvbvfve wK Zv wbicY Kiv mnRmva bq Ges Zvi KweZv GfveB
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wZ, ^c, kke, Kkvi, `ytL-K evai kvewj cwijwZ nq KweZvi c_g
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gvvi AvgR Zwi Ki cKZc|
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cvZvfvl-2 : c. 20

Dovi Avivabv Ki Ki Lq dwj evCwR weKj

kcvV 229

230 kcvV

cywc~Y e m K kvb Kvi K_v?

gvwUi eyK Pl evovq evsm; bZzb kvLv
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iv`, cvwL I ei `b : c. 29
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Dj bZ| G iv` cvjv `q fvii mv_
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gvZvj nq bZzb AwZw_i evai
cvjveji Kve : c. 56
cZK Kwei GKwU KweZvBwZnvm _vK| G KweZv BwZnvmK KweZvfvebv
icI MY Kiv hvq| h KweZvBwZnvm ev fvebvq KweK wgwjq `Lv hvq wZwb
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KweZv... KweZv
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kcvV 231

Zvi KweZv cwiek I cKwZ AwZgvvq eeZ nqQ hgb, Zgb Ki Gi

wechqI wZwb mPZbZvi cwiPq `b A_ev gbvhvM Mfxifve iLvcvZ
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ZvB `L iv` DV cvwL`i wccxwjKv gb
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iv`, cvwL I ei `b : c. 29
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cwZwbqZ cvnvoi cvY
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zavZ cvYxivI eyS bv Avi
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cqvRbi ZvwM`i me fyj
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Avw`Z Ai cKZ Rxeb mvbx Kwe| Zvi cheY gZv bvbvwea| Avevi
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232 kcvV

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RM _vK mevi
gwbsIqvK Gm KD nuvU bv
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kke : c. 57
GiKgB Zvi wewP Abyf~wZ cKvkfwi, hLvb gwbsIqvK Gm Pj hvb
kke| wKy kke Kkvii wZ enb Ki KweZvq hfve wZwb nuvUb
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AMZhvv : c. 22
wdi `wL divUvB wbfRvj fyj
k~bZvi fZi wbqZ hvv
GBeuvK wbevK, eYgqZv, exR
meB Amvi
k~bZv : c. 25
dmv AvKvk Nygvq Zvici wbgvn AKvi
Rvrmv wcwiZ Avwg RM _vwK wbNyg
mKvj nq bv Avi
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Avw`Z cwZKx fvlvq wbfiZv ewk A_ev ejv hvq ^vQ`eva Kib| BwZc~Y
fvlv Zwi Ki Aaiv GK ebv wbq hZ Pvb cvVKi gw| nqZv ev Zvi
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kcvV 233

ibkvjv RM IV GKw`b
mv`v cvqivi gZz nj
wPwV wKsev mv`v cvqivi gZz : c. 23
cvVK wnme GLvb cvqivi gZzi mv_ ibkvjv RM DVvi Kvb mK LyuR
cvB bv| mv`v cvqivi Reni mv_ ibkvjv RM DVZ cviZv!
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mme c_ GLb gnvKvji k~bZv
myi bB Avi giv cvZvi ggi awbZ
PvLi mvgb evR wMUvii UzsUvs...
b`x : c. 37
iv`cvwL cvwL I ei `b cvV Ki gb nqQ
1. Zvi KweZvq ewMZ ccvZ cenY|
2. ge cenY AbyivM ZvK cvq A_ev wmv `vb wmn|
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|
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wdi cZ cvZvg
cyibv mB wPwVi w`b
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cyoZvg bv Livi Avb| Avc : c. 44
234 kcvV

ewiqQ...
AK_vi KKjvi MK_v g~Z giY gvqv
cQ` memvPx nvRiv
cKvkbvq mvKx cvewjwks Kve
cwiekK bw`Zv cKvk
cvIqv hvQ 60-61 I 276 bs j

cevm cKvkbxi eB
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jwZdv wbjydvi cvcwo : ^cgq ac`x ivZ
kvnRvnvb nvwdR : KweZv mgM (c_g L)
KvRj ikx` mvw`Z : evsjv`ki AvKvk
Avey gKmy` : `~iZi MnRxeb
Rqbvj Avew`b wkey : Rj gvwUi cg
Avey gKmy` mvw`Z : ZZxq evsjvi wbevwPZ Kwe I KweZv
Do (KvW KweZv)
dwKi Bwjqvm : nvi `wiqv _K fvm m~hgN
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KvRj ikx` mvw`Z : GB mgqi 10 Kwei KweZv

Qov
myKygvi eoyqv : wcq evQvB Qov wVK AvQ wVK AvQ
Avey gKmy` mvw`Z : wejZi Qov
gLdyi Avjg Payix : DvmvZ
w`jy bvmi : wekMvg
Avey gKmy` : wg_vev`x ivLvj Qj

M-Dcbvm
mq` gvwneyj Avwgb : RvrmvjvK hvv
AvZvDi ingvb wgjv` : Zvgvi `qv `ytL
kcvV 235

236 kcvV

AvKgj nvmb wbcy : njy` cvwLi WvK A_ev AKvii b`x

ce-AvZRxebx-MelYv-gyM`
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bc`jvj `vm : mB Ab AvuLi
Avyj Iqvnve Payix : iPbv mgM (c_g L)
BmnvK KvRj : myigv DcZKvi Pv kwgK Av`vjb AwZZ I eZgvb
^cb bv_ : wPv I RMZ : mvwnZ mswZ
wbSi btk : kvb, GBLvb elvKvj ew nq
knx` mvwMK : iPbv mgM (c_g L)
mgvjvPKi `vq : gvnv` b~ij nK

gv `ki evqvc
mygb mycv
fvlvwP

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175 Replingham Road.
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London SW18 5LY

kcvV 237

238 kcvV

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kcvV 239

240 kcvV