Nargiza Mahmudova BIO 3334 Dr.

Nandini Singh 2/16/12 Tittle: Respiration Aim: The purpose of this lab was to listen to the sounds of breaths at inspiration, expiration, trachea, and bronchia and to compare them among each other. Also, to measure the dimensions of thoracic and abdominal regions during respiration and expiration; measure volume of the lungs, by measuring the volume of air inspired and expired, using spirometer; measure breathing rate using respiration monitor and Power Lab computer software. Results/Discussion: In the auscultation of respiratory sounds exercise, the sounds heard by putting the stethoscope just below the pharynx sounded like a blowing wind. It also sounded like someone was blowing into a pipe. The sounds were similar over the trachea and bronchi, however, the volume diminished as the stethoscope was moved down from the larynx to the trachea and then to the bronchi. The sounds should not diminish, and still be able to listen to it in the bronchi area when the subjects lung is filled with fluid, as in pneumonia, since the air is turbulent in this area (1). This makes sense because when the air enters the lungs, the velocity of the air molecules (Oxygen, Nitrogen, water vapor, etc.) decreases as it goes from trachea to the alveoli of the lungs. Finally, at the alveoli it has a zero velocity and its movement is only by diffusion. When the stethoscope was placed 2 below scapula or over the fifth right intercostal space in the back, the breathing sound was very faint. It could be heard both during inspiration and expiration. However, the sound was more noticeable during inspiration than expiration. The measurements of the thoracic region show, that in deep inspiration the circumference is bigger than in normal condition (Table 1). In both normal and deep conditions, the inspiration circumference was larger than the expiration circumference, because the air inside is being blown out. Conversely, the deep inspiration in the abdomen decreases the size of the abdomen (Table 2). The size of the abdomen gets bigger during deep expiration. So, during inspiration the circumference of the chest increases and of abdomen decreases. However, the circumference of the chest decreases during expiration and of abdomen increases at the same time. When comparing the various respiratory volumes we measured in lab we observed that the experimental Tidal Volume (2.7mL) is much higher than the theoretical Tidal Volume (0.5mL). Also, the normal Inspiration reserve volume calculated was a negative number (-2.585mL) which

is much smaller than the theoretical value of 1.9mL. The expiratory reserve volume measured, on the other hand, was 1.54 mL which is bigger than the theoretical value of 0.7 mL (1). These errors might be due to several things like computation, instrumentation, and human errors occurred during conduction of this experiment. When the subject took a deep breath and held it for 30 seconds, his breathing rate increased due to decrease in carbon dioxide in her lungs (figure 1). When the subject hyperventilated at the rate of 1 breath per second for duration of 30 seconds and returned to normal breathing, the breathing rate increased (figure 2). This is because hyperventilation allows a little bit of oxygen gas uptake, however, there is more carbon dioxide released into the air. Thus, the subject remains with low carbon dioxide level in her lungs. With hyperventilation the subject could hold her breath for about 32 seconds, however, with just holding the breath the subject could not breath for only 20 seconds. In the next exercise, the subject covered her mouth and nose with a paper bag partially filled with dry ice, and rebreathed air from the bag for a few seconds. It was seen that the subject now took longer deeper breaths, and the breath rate decreased (figure 3). The increase in carbon dioxide level increased inspiration rate, however, the increased level of oxygen resulted in decreased breathing rate. Data and Graphs: Inspiration Normal Deep 87 89 Expiration 85.5 84

Table 1: Circumference of the thorax/chest measured in cm. Inspiration Normal Deep 75 76 Expiration 76 78

Table 2: Circumference of the abdomen measured in cm.

Trial 1 2

Volume (mL) 2.4 2.35

3 4 Average

2.7 2.45 2.475

Table 3: Measured values for Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). Trial 1 2 3 4 Average Volume (mL) 2.55 1.9 2.8 2.2 2.36

Table 4: Forced Expiratory Volume for 1 second measured in mL

Volume (mL) Trial 1 2 3 4 Initial 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Final 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 Final-Initial 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7

5 Total Average Table 5: Tidal Air Trial 1 2 3 4 Average

1.2 6.0 -

3.9 19.5 -

2.7 13.5 2.7

Volume (mL) 2.0 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.54

Table 6: Expiratory Reserve Volume Tidal Air = Average (Final-Initial Volume)/No of trials = 13.5 5 = 2.7mL Normal Tidal Air in females = 0.5mL Inspiration Reserve Volume Calculation: Vital Capacity = Inspiration Reserve Volume + Tidal Air + Expiratory Reserve Volume Inspiration Reserve Volume = (2.475-2.36-2.7) mL = -2.585mL Normal IRV in females = 1.9mL

Bibliography: 1) Gruberg, E. Mammalian Physiology, laboratory manual. Temple University Copy Center, 2012. 2) Gruberg, E. Mammalian Physiology, Lecture manual. Temple University Copy Center, 2012. Pp 36-37.