AUTOTROPH ~plants which make their own food and thus sustain themselves without eating oth er organisms

or even organic molecules. ~Plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria are autotrophs. ~an organism that uses light to make its food. ~organisms that use energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to make organic compounds. ~meaning "self-feeders" in Greek. ~autotrophs obtain their carbon atoms from carbon dioxide. They get the energy f rom sunlight or from inorganic chemicals, such as hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, or compounds containing iron. PHOTOSYNTHESIS ~the process by which ~the process by which energy to make sugars and water. ~the process by which ~the process by which roduce sugar.

plants make food from carbon dioxide and water. plants, autotrophic protists, and some bacteria use light and other organic food molecules from carbon dioxide light energy is converted to chemical energy. plants and some bacteria use the energy from sunlight to p

HETEROTROPHY ~an organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules and must obtain the m by consuming other organisms or their organic products; a consumer or a decomposer in a food chain. ~organisms that get enery by consuming food. LIGHT REACTIONS ~the first of two stages of photosynthesis; the steps in which solar energy is a bsorbed and converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The light reactions power the sugar-producing Calvin Cycle but produce no sugar them selves. ~a series of reactions that involve pigments. CHLOROPLAST ~an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists. Enclosed by two conce ntric membranes, a chloroplast absorbs sunlight and uses it to power the synthesis of organic food molecules (sugars). ~the cell organelle where photosynthesis takes place. THYLAKOID ~One of a number of disk-shaped membranous sacs inside of a chloroplast. Thylako id membranes contain chlorophyll and the enzymes of the light reactions of photosynthesis. A stack of thylakoid is called a granum. ~flattened sacs or vesicles containing photosynthetic chemicals. ~the light catching membranes in a chloroplast. ~disk-shaped structures inside chloroplasts. GRANUM ~A stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. Grana ar e the sites where light energy is trapped by a chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis. ~Place where light reactions occur. ~Stacks of thylakoids in a chloroplast.

~stack of thlyakoids. STROMA ~a thick fluid enclosed by the inner membrane of a chloroplast. Sugars are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin Cycle. ~place where dark reactions occur. ~fluid in chloroplast (Calvin) ~the area of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane. PIGMENT ~colored chemical compound that absorbs light producing color. ~a substance that absorbs light. CHLOROPHYLL ~the green pigment in a leaf ~the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis. ~a plant pigment that absorbs sunlight. CAROTENOID ~a group of accessory pigments that includes beta carotene. ~yellow orange pigments in a chloroplast. ~absorb wavelengths of light different from those absorbed by chlorophyll. PHOTOSYSTEM (I AND II) ~a light capturing unit of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane, consiting of a re action center surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. ~a cluster of light harvesting complexes in a thylakoid. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ~the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane. ~a series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in the inner membranes of chloroplasts, and the plasma membranes of prokaryotes. CHEMIOSMOSIS ~the process that relies on a concentration gradient of protons. ~The production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen ion (H+) gradients across me mbranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells. CALVIN CYCLE ~the second of two stages of photosynthesis; a cyclic series of chemical reactio ns that occur in the stroma of a chloroplast, using the carbon in CO2 and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions to make the energy-rich su gar molecule G3P ~a series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sug ar molecule. ~sugar is made in the Calvin Cycle. ~a series of reactions that results in conversion of carbon dioxide into the org anic molecules needed to build new cells. ~it occures in the stroma

~During the Calvin Cycle, Carbon Dioxide is added to a 5-carbon molecule called RuBP. The resulting 6-carbon molecule is unstable and quickly splits into two 3-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglycerate. Using energy from ATP and reducing power from NADPH, the pair of 3-phosphoglycerates move through a series of reactions and are converted into two molecules of glyceralde hyde-3-phosphate. When several of these glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules have been produced, some combine to make glucous while other are reuse d in the Calvin Cycle. ~to generate an entire new glucouse molecule, the cycle has to turn several time (6) because each turn of the cycle adds only one carbon atom from each molecule of carbon dioxide. ~Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) -- This five carbon sugar is the CO2 acceptor in t he carbon fixation phase of the Calvin Cycle. ~Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- CO2 comes through stomata of the leaf from the air and enters the stroma of the chloroplast. It is fixed to RuBP and is the main source of biomass gain in plants. ~Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) -- This is the enzyme tha t catalyzes the carbon fixation to RuBP. It is believed that this is the most abundant enzyme on Earth. This enzyme is also the culprit of photorespirati on since it cannot distinguish between CO2 and O2. ~3-Phosphoglyceric acid (3-PG) -- 3-PG is the result of splitting of unstable 6carbon product of carbon fixation stage. This 3-carbon carboxylic acid is the first intermediate in the reduction phase. ~1,3 - Bisphosphoglycerate -- The second intermediate of the reduction phase. Th is 3-Carbon molecule has a phosphate group on both ends. ~Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) -- The ultimate goal of the Calvin Cycle. This is composed of the simplest sugar known, D-aldotriose, For every six G3P produced, five will continue in the cycle to regenerate RuBP while one will exit the cycle and be used to make even more complex molecules. Half of this output will be burned in the mitochondria for energy while the other half w ill be used for structual components. How it happens ;) ~Phase 1 : Carbon Fixation -- CO2 comes into the stroma of the chloropast via th e stomata of the leaves. Rubisco catalyzes the bonding of CO2 to RuBP to create an unstable 6-carbon molecule that instantly splits into two 3-carbon mol ecules of 3-PG. Phase 2 : Reduction -- ATP phosphorylates each 3-PG molecule and creates 1,3-bis phosphoglycerate. This is turn results in the loss of the terminal phosphate group from ATP thus mading ADP. ~NADPH reduces 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate which causes the phosphate group to break off once again. The molecule then picks up a proton (H+) from the medium to become glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The broken off phosphate group also gains a p roton to become H3PO4. NADPH is oxidized by this process and becomes NADP+ ~Phrase 3 : Regneration -- For every six molecules of G3P created five molecules continue on to phase 3 while one leaves to be used for organic compounds. ATP i s once again needed. However, this time it phosphorylates G3P to regenerate RuBP a fter some rearrangement. ~Output of the Calvin Cycle -- G3P is combined to form fructose. Fructose is the n rearranged to create glucose. Fructose and glucose then undergo dehydration an d form a glycosidic linkage to create the disaccharide sucrose and water. Sucrose is then transported throughout the plant. CARBON FIXATION ~the incorporation of carbon from atmospheric CO2 into the carbon in organic com

pounds. During photosynthesis in a C3 plant, carbon is fixed into a threecarbon sugar as it enters the Calvin Cycle. In C4 and CAM plants, carbon is fixe d into a four-carbon sugar. ~the incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds. ~incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds. ~occurs during the light independent reactions. STOMATA ~a pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf. When stomata are o pen, CO2 enters a leaf, and water and O2 exit. A plant conserves water when it's stomata are closed. ~Carbon dioxide enters a leaf via holes called stomata. ~small pores in leaves. ~specialized structures that allow gas to enter and leave the leaf. C4 PATHWAY/PLANTS ~CO2 fixed into four-carbon compounds. ~A plant that prefaces the Calvin Cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin Cycle. C3 PATHWAY/PLANTS ~a plant that uses the Calvin Cycle for the inital steps that incorporate CO2 in to organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate. CAM PATHWAY/PLANTS ~water-conserving process of carbon fixation. ~a plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesi s in arid conditions. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin Cycle duri ng the day, when stomata are closed. PRODUCERS ~an organism that makes organic food molecules from CO2, H2O, and other inorgani c raw materials; a plant, alga, or autotrophic bacterium. MESOPHYLL ~the green tissue in the interior of a leaf; a leaf's ground tissue system; the main site of photosynthesis. ~the green tissue in the interior of a leaf. ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY ~solar energy, or radiation, which travels in space as rhythmic waves and can be measured in photons. ~electromagnetic energy travels through space as rhythmic waves. WAVELENGTH ~the distance between crests of adjacent waves, such as those of the electromagn etic spectrum. ~color of light is related to its wavelength.

NADP+ ~ NADPH ~product of the light reactions. ~NADPH provides energy to the Calvin Cycle by reducing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. NADPH is also a product of the light reactions. This results in the tranformation to the oxidized form NADP+. ADP ~has a tail of only two phosphate groups. ATP ~Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy source for cells. ~product of the light reactions. ~The main energy source that fuels the Calvin Cycle. It is a product of the ligh t reactions. This molecule works with chemical bond energy by phosphorylating other molecules and becoming adenosine diphosphate (ADP). ~has a tail of three phosphate groups.