The Temporal Interpretation of Nominal Phrases in English and Romania

U N I V E R S I T A T E A
D I N
B U C U R E T I
FACULTATEA DE LIMBI I LITERATURI STRINE COALA DOCTORAL LIMBI I IDENTITI CULTURALE
TEZ DE DOCTORAT
THE TEMPORAL INTERPRETATION OF NOMINAL PHRASES IN ENGLISH AND ROMANIAN (INTERPRETAREA TEMPORAL A GRUPURILOR NOMINALE N LIMBILE ENGLEZ I ROMN)
REZUMAT
Doctorand: Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cstorit DIMA) ndrumtor tiinific: Prof.Univ.Dr. Alexandra CORNILESCU
BUCURETI 2010
CUPRINSUL REZUMATULUI
Cuprinsul tezei de doctorat
p. 3
Rezumatul tezei de doctorat
p. 5
Bibliografia tezei de doctorat
p. 17
Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cs. DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT 2
INTERPRETAREA TEMPORAL A GRUPURILOR NOMINALE N LIMBILE ENGLEZ I ROMN CUPRINSUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT MULUMIRI ............ ABREVIERI .... GLOSE ... LISTA DE TABELE ... p. v p. viii p. ix p. xii
PARTEA I CADRU TEORETIC .... p. 1 CAPITOLUL 1 Interpretarea temporal a substantivelor . p. 2 1.1. Introducere: scopul i coninutul tezei . p. 2 1.2. Limbi cu morfologie temporal n grupul nominal .... p. 9 1.2.1. Date empirice ...... p. 9 1.2.2. Teorii sintactice privind temporalitatea n grupul nominal p. 19 1.2.2.1. Timpul exprimat la nivel D0 ... p. 20 1.2.2.2. Timpul exprimat la nivelul complementului lui D0 .. p. 24 1.2.2.2.1. Exist grup temporal n interiorul grupului determinativ? ..... p. 24 1.2.2.2.2. O teorie aspectual a interpretrii temporale a substantivelor . p. 30 1.2.2.2.3. Cteva observaii privind sensurile modale ale substantivelor ..... p. 40 1.3. Limbi fr morfologie temporal n grupul nominal . p. 42 1.3.1. Stadiul actual al cercetrii .. p. 42 1.3.2. Propunere: O teorie mixt sintactico-pragmatic privind interpretarea temporal a substantivelor .. p. 54 1.3.2.1. La ce nivel sunt codificate variabilele temporale nominale? ... p. 54 1.3.2.2. Remarci introductive privind Teoria Relevanei: explicaturi .... p. 71 1.3.2.3. Cum funcioneaz Teoria Relevanei p. 77 1.3.3. Date empirice Determinani (temporali) ai substantivului p. 87 1.3.3.1. Determinani adjectivali: adjective relaionale i adjective intensionale .............. p. 87 1.3.3.2. Determinani adverbiali p. 124 1.4. Concluzii ... p. 138 PARTEA A II-A PROPOZIII ATRIBUTIVE DEZVOLTATE . CAPITOLUL 2 Propoziii atributive restrictive . 2.1. Preliminarii . 2.2. O teorie compoziional a interpretrii temporale a substantivelor i verbelor . 2.2.1. Contribuia temporal a centrului nominal .... 2.2.2. Aspecte legate de Concordana timpurilor . 2.2.2.1. Timpul expresie referenial 2.2.2.2. Timpul predicat semantic
p. 141 p. 142 p. 142 p. 148 p. 148 p. 161 p. 162 p. 171
2.2.2.3. Relevana aspectului 2.2.3. Rezumatul sub-capitolului ... 2.3. Date empirice . 2.3.1. Simultaneitate ... .. 2.3.2. Anterioritate .. 2.3.3. Posterioritate ... 2.4. Concluzii .. PARTEA A III-A PROPOZIII ATRIBUTIVE CONTRASE . CAPITOLUL 3 Propoziii atributive contrase prin participiu trecut ......... 3.1. Preliminarii .. 3.2. O teorie compoziional a interpretrii temporale a substantivelor i verbelor 3.2.1. Contribuia temporal a centrului nominal ... 3.2.2. Contribuia temporal a participiului trecut ... 3.2.2.1. Participiul trecut n contexte verbale . 3.2.2.2. Participiul trecut n construcii adverbiale . 3.2.2.3. Participiul trecut n construcii adnominale .. 3.2.3. Rezumatul sub-capitolului .. 3.3. Date empirice . 3.3.1. Simultaneitate ... .. 3.3.2. Anterioritate .. 3.3.3. Posterioritate ... 3.4. Concluzii .....
p. 191 p. 205 p. 211 p. 211 p. 216 p. 224 p. 232 p. 238 p. 239 p. 239 p. 240 p. 240 p. 250 p. 251 p. 281 p. 315 p. 344 p. 347 p. 347 p. 353 p. 356 p. 362
PARTEA A IV-A CONCLUZII .. p. 368 CAPITOLUL 4 Concluziile generale ale tezei .. p. 369 BIBLIOGRAFIE .. p. 392
INTERPRETAREA TEMPORAL A GRUPURILOR NOMINALE N LIMBILE ENGLEZ I ROMN REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT Tema de cercetare abordat de aceast tez de doctorat este Interpretarea temporal a grupurilor nominale n limbile englez i romn. Teza i-a propus s rspund la urmtoarele ntrebri: 1) Cum sunt interpretate temporal substantivele nederivate din verbe n limbile romn i englez? i 2) Cum interacioneaz interpretarea temporal a substantivelor cu interpretarea temporal a propoziiilor atributive care le determin?. nc de la nceput, am delimitat obiectul cercetrii noastre, preciznd c vom analiza substantive de tipul house/ cas, dog/ cine, father/ tat, president/ preedinte etc., care nu deriv din verbe/ adjective i, prin urmare, nu pot fi interpretate temporal prin intermediul trsturilor aspectuale motenite de la acestea. Astfel, nu ne-am ocupat de interpretarea temporal a substantivelor derivate din verbe, despre care s-a artat c sunt interpretate temporal prin intermediul trsturilor aspectuale motenite de la verbele de baz. Pentru discuii detaliate vezi Alexiadou (2001), Fu et al. (2001), Grimshaw (1990), van Hout i Roeper (1998), Siloni (1997), Sleeman i Brito (2008 etc.), Snyder (1998) .a. pentru englez, i Bejan (1998, etc.), Cornilescu (1999, 2004b., 2006a. etc.), Iordchioaia (2008), Iordchioaia i Soare (2007, etc.) Iscrulescu (2000) i Soare (2007b.) .a. pentru romn. Alegnd ca domeniu de cercetare substantivele nederivate din verbe, am ales un domeniu de cercetare neexplorat n lingvistica romneasc. Prin urmare, am considerat c este important s apelm la exemple autentice din ambele limbi - englez i romn. n consecin, un punct forte al tezei este reprezentat de analiza unui corpus extins de exemple nsumnd 932 de exemple din toate limbile discutate. Pe parcursul tezei sunt prezentate trei tipuri de exemple: i) exemple atestate pe pagini de internet, ii) exemple atestate n literatura de specialitate i iii) exemple construite. Tabelul de mai jos ofer o imagine sinoptic a acestor exemple:
Din tabelul de mai sus se poate observa c propunerile teoretice i concluziile tezei se bazeaz n principal pe exemple atestate. Acestea din urm nsumeaz 859 de exemple, reprezentnd 92,17% din totalul de exemple. Restul de 73 de exemple (i.e. 7,83% din totalul de exemple) sunt exemple construite n englez i romn. Noutatea subiectului ales ne-a determinat s abordm cercetarea acestuia dintr-o perspectiv inter-lingvistic. n consecin, n Partea I Cadrul teoretic care conine Capitolul 1, intitulat Interpretarea temporal a substantivelor, am comparat exemple romneti cu exemple englezeti dar i cu fenomene din limbi aa-zis exotice, care dispun de afixe temporale nominale. Prin acest demers, credem c teroria propus are o mai mare validitate inter-lingvistic. Literatura de specialitate despre aceste limbi exotice este reprezentat de studii care ncep cu Sapir (1921) i continu pn n zilele noastre cu studiile lui Lecarme (1999), Nordlinger i Sadler (2000), Sadler i Nordlinger (2001), Tonhauser (2006b.) sau Wiltschko (2003) etc. Toate aceste studii arat c limbi din familii diferite dispun de aazise afixe temporale nominale, responsabile pentru interpretarea temporal a substantivelor (fie ele derivate din verbe sau nu). Printre limbile discutate n lilteratur menionm: St't'imcets, Halkomelem, Guaran (vorbite n Canada), Chamicuro, Tariana, Hixkaryana, Sirion (vorbite n America de Sud), Khoisan, Supyire, Iraqw, Somali (vorbite n Africa), Turc (vorbit n Eurasia), Mao Naga (vorbit n India), Pitta Pitta, Bininj Gun-wok, Manjiljarra i Warlpiri (vorbite n Australia). Dei am menionat doar cteva dintre limbile care dispun de morfologie temporal n grupul nominal, am observat c acestea aparin mai multor familii de limbi, vorbite n Canada, America de Sud, Africa de Nord i Africa de Sud, Eurasia, India sau Australia. Poza de mai jos reprezint o imagine sinoptic a distribuiei pe glob a acestor limbi:
Conform studiilor menionate mi sus, substantivele din acetse limbi pot fi interpretate temporal n legtur cu trei timpuri: i) timpul predicaiei nominale, ii) timpul relaiei de posesie, i iii) timpul existenei entitii denotate de substantiv. De exemplu, substantivul xeltel (creion) din (1a.) are sufixul temporal trecut lh prin
urmare, poate denota: i) un obiect care a fost un creion (i acum este o achie sau o pan), ii) un creion al crui proprietar s-a schimbat, sau iii) un creion care nu mai exist ntruct a fost distrus: (1) a. tel xeltel-elh (Halkomelem, Sadler i Nordlinger 2001: ex. 16) meu creion-TRECUT fostul meu creion, creionul meu distrus b. te-l m :l-elh (Halkomelem, Wiltschko 2003: ex. 48a.) det-1sg.GENITIV tat-TRECUT rposatul meu tat Am observat cu interes c semantica substantivului care se combin cu afixele n cauz influeneaz leciunea respectivelor afixe. Spre exemplu, (1b.) arat c un afix nominal trecut poate localiza timpul existenei individului denotat de substantivul cu care se combin doar atunci cnd substantivul respectiv denot o proprietate de tipul individual-level (i.e. o proprietate persistent a individului/ entitii). Cnd substantivul denot o proprietate tranzitorie a entitii, afixele localizeaz n timp fie timpul predicaiei nominale fie timpul relaiei de posesie. Observnd aceste constrngeri semantice, Tonhauser (2006b.) propune Teoria aspectual a interpretrii temporale a substantivelor cu alte cuvinte, substantivele sunt interpretate temporal prin intermediul trsturilor aspectuale denotate de afixele discutate. Spre deosebire de limbile mai sus amintite, limbile englez i romn nu dispun de morfologie temporal n grupul nominal. Cu toate acestea, studiul nostru arat c i substantivele din aceste limbi sunt interpretate temporal cu privire la cele trei timpuri menionate: i) timpul predicaiei nominale, ii) timpul relaiei de posesie, i iii) timpul existenei entitii denotate de substantiv. n absena morfologiei temporale nominale, timpurile amintite sunt localizate de determinani precum adjective temporale (former/ fost sau future/ viitor) sau adverbe temporale (the now president/ preedintele de acum). Astfel, n (2a.)-(3a.) mai jos, Johns former house/ fosta lui cas pot denota i) o cldire care nu mai este o cas, ci o colib sau o magazie, ii) o cas al crei proprietar s-a schimbat, sau iii) o cas care nu mai exist: (2) a.That is Johns former house. (englez, Larson i Cho 2003: ex. 4) Aceea este fosta cas a lui John. b. ?? my former father/ my late father fostul meu tat/ rposatul meu tat (3) a. fosta lui cas (romn) b. ?? fostul meu tat / rposatul meu tat Ca i n limbile care dispun de morfologie temporal n grupul nominal, semantica substantivelor din limbile englez i romn influeneaz leciunile determinanilor adjectivali sau adverbiali. Spre exemplu, adjectivele temporale nu pot localiza timpul existenei entitii denotate de substantiv - my former father/ fostul meu tat din (2b.)-(3b.) nu nseamn my late father/ rposatul meu tat, ci my former step-father/ fostul meu tat vitreg, adjectivele temporale localiznd timpul relaiei de posesie. n legtur cu limba englez, Tonhauser (2006b.) consider c aceast restricie semantic reprezint un argument de netgduit n favoarea Teoriei aspectuale a interpretrii temporale a substantivelor. Am demonstrat c aceast teorie este susinut i de datele din limba romn.
n plus, am analizat leciunile temporale pe care substantivele le pot obine cu o multitudine de determinani. Altfel spus, am nceput cu elemente morfologice n limbile unde acestea exist i am continuat cu adjective si adverbe in englez i romn. De asemenea, am prezentat pe scurt interaciunea temporal dintre substantive i propoziii atributive dezvoltate sau contrase. Cele din urm au fost discutate pe larg n Capitolele 2 i 3, unde am observat c propoziiile traibutive dezvoltate permit leciuni mai variate. Datele prezentate n Capitolul 1 ne-au dus la concluzia c - pentru a distinge ntre leciunile temporale ale substantivelor contextul joac un rol deosebit de important. Pentru a explica aceste leciuni, am prezentat critic teoriile propuse de En (1981, etc.), Musan (1995, 1997) i Ogihara (2003) pe baza datelor empirice din limba englez. ntruct fiecare dintre teoriile discutate s-a dovedit a fi incomplet, am propus o teorie mixt sintactico-pragmatic privind interpretarea temporal a substantivelor. Pe scurt, Capitolul 1 a ncercat s rspund la prima dintre chestiunile abordate de tez, i anume 1) Cum sunt interpretate temporal substantivele nederivate din verbe n limbile romn i englez?. Iat rspunsul: 1. Substantivele din limbile englez i romn conin o variabil temporal n structura lor lexical conceptual (cf. Pustejovsky 1991, 2000). 2. Aceast variabil temporal poate fi localizat de o varietate de determinani (adjective temporale intensionale, adverbe temporale, propoziii atributive dezvoltate sau contrase). 3. Aceti determinani localizeaz unul dintre urmtoarele timpuri nominale: i) timpul predicaiei nominale, ii) timpul relaiei de posesie, i iii) timpul existenei entitii denotate de substantiv. 4. Substantivele sunt interpretate temporal prin prisma trsturilor aspectuale codificate de afixe/ determinani (Tonhauser 2006b.). n legtur cu aceast chestiune, ne-au fost de un real folos cercetrile din domeniul interpretrii temporale a verbelor, studii care disting ntre timp i aspect dou categorii gramaticale i semantice distincte, cu proprieti comune: i) Ambele sunt surse de sens temporal: categoria timpului localizeaz un eveniment, n timp ce categoria aspectului denot structura intern a evenimentului (Smith 1997: 97). Pe de o parte, categoria timpului poate fi deictic (dac localizeaz evenimentul fa de momentul vorbirii) sau anaforic (dac evenimentul este localizat fa de un moment de referin care la rndul su este localizat fa de momentul vorbirii). Pe de alt parte, categoria aspectului nu poate fi dect non-deictic, deoarece nu localizeaz evenimentul n timp. ii) Demirdache i Uribe-Etxebarria (2004b., 2007 etc.) arat c ambele categorii gramaticale i semantice sunt predicate temporale relaionale. n consecin, pot servi drept surse complementare de sens aspectual. De exemplu, Demirdache i Uribe-Etxebarria ilustreaz relaia dintre forme verbale trecute i perfectivitate sau dintre forme verbale prezente i imperfectivitate. 5. Adoptarea Teoriei aspectuale a interpretrii temporale a substantivelor este conform cu ideea categoriei de aspect ca o surs non-deictic de sens temporal. Cea din urm se coreleaz cu faptul c timpul existenei entitii (adic singurul timp deictic legat de interpretarea temporal a substantivelor) nu este niciodat
localizat de afixe/ determinani ai susbtantivelor ce denot proprieti tranzitorii. Cu alte cuvinte, n absena unei astfel de restricii semantice, am fi putut adopta Teoria existenei unui grup temporal n interiorul grupului determinativ, propus de Lecarme (1999). Totui, aceste restricii semantice nu sunt compatibile cu teoria propus de Lecarme. 6. Propunerea noastr este c interpretarea temporal a substantivelor se face n urmtorii pai: n primul rnd, sunt procesate informaiile lexicale i morfosintactice, apoi sunt procesate explicaturile din context (cf. Sperber i Wilson 1986, Carston 1997 etc.). Aceast propunere teoretic ia n calcul att factorii lingvistici ct i factorii extra-lingvistici care influeneaz interpretarea temporal a substantivelor. n esen, factorii extra-lingvistici sunt ncorporai prin apelul la principiile mbogirii pragmatice (n englez pragmatic enrichment). Acest proces explic leciuni temporale semnalate i nc neexplicate n literatura de specialitate. O astfel de leciune este cea din (4c.) o leciune accidental simultan nu poate fi explicat de o teorie cuantificaional a timpului din moment ce reprezentrile logice nu dau seam de accidental ci de necesar: (4) a. All lizards will die. (En 1981: 68, ex 19) Toate oprlele vor muri b. All lizards will die at the same time in the future. (simultaneous reading) Toate oprlele vor muri n acelai timp n viitor (leciune simultan) b. (t) moment viitor (t) [ (x) oprl(x) moare(x) la t] c. All lizards will die at a certain time in the future, not necessarily at the same time (non-simultaneous or, accidentally simultaneous reading) Toate oprlele vor muri n viitor, nu neaprat n acelai timp (leciune nesimultan sau accidental simultan) d. All lizards will die at different times in the future. (non-simultaneous reading) Toate oprlele vor muri n momente diferite din viitor (leciune ne-simultan) d. (x) [oprl (x) (t) moment viitor (t) [ moare (x) la t]] 7. n plus, am artat cum diferii factori lingvistici (lexicali, morfologici i sintactici) influeneaz procesul de mbogire pragmatic, ducnd la depunerea unor minime eforturi de decodificare a enunurilor n vederea localizrii adecvate a variabilei temporale a substantivelor din respectivele enunuri. Dup analiza detaliat a modului n care adjectivele i adverbele temporale influeneaz leciunile temproale ale substantivului-centru, am luat n considerare i interaciunea dintre propoziiile atributive restrictive (dezvoltate sau contrase) i substantivele lor centru n ceea ce privete interpretarea temporal. Punctul de pornire al analizei noastre a fost ideea c semantica propoziiilor atributive restrictive se bazeaz pe intersecie de seturi (cf. Grosu i Landman 1998: 125-126): setul de entiti denotate de substantivul-centru se intersecetaz cu setul de entiti denotate de propoziie atributiv, rezultnd un set mai restrns de entiti cu proprieti comune celor dou seturi iniiale, ca n (5): (5) x [NP (x) i RC (x)]
Pornind de la semantica propoziiilor atributive restrictive, am furnizat numeroase exemple n spirjinul ideii c interpretarea temporal a acestora depinde de doi factori majori: i) interpretarea temporal a substantivului-centru i ii) relaiile temporale ce se stabilesc ntre grupul verbal din propoziia principal i grupul verbal din subordonat. Concluziile capitolelor 2 i 3 sunt prezentate pe scurt n cele ce urmeaz. Partea a II-a a tezei Propoziii atributive dezvoltate conine Capitolul al 2-lea, intitulat Propoziii atributive restrictive. Acest capitol i-a propus s rspund la a doua dintre chestiunile abordate de tez, i anume 2) Cum interacioneaz interpretarea temporal a substantivelor cu interpretarea temporal a propoziiilor atributive care le determin?. Acest capitol este dedicat exclusiv propoziiilor atributive restrictive dezvoltate n englez i romn. Concluziile capitolului sunt redate mai jos n (6)-(7): (6) Contribuia temporal a grupului verbal din propoziiile atributive restrictive la interpretarea temporal a substantivelor-centru: Sensul lexical al verbului din subordonat poate localiza variabila temporal a substantivului-centru. (7) Contribuia temporal a substantivelor-centru la interpretarea temporal a verbelor din propoziiile atributive restrictive: Un timp trecut al existenei entitii denotate de substantivul-centru este asociat cu un timp trecut al grupului verbal din propoziia subordonat atributiv. Exemplele din (8)-(11) ilustreaz aceste generalizri: (8) a. [] the son of a king who had abdicated in his favour1 (timpul predicaiei nominale) fiul unui rege care abdicase in favouarea sa = fiul unui fost rege b. [] her former husband who divorced her?2 (timpul relaiei de posesie) fostul ei so care a divorat de ea c. The half of the building that was destroyed had 7 classrooms and some offices.3 (timpul existenei entitii) Jumtatea de cldire care a fost distrus avea 7 sli de clas i cteva birouri. (9) a. Nu Lenin l-a detronat pe ar (el doar a aprobat asasinarea [] arului care abdicase cu 9 luni nainte de lovitura de stat bolevic) [].4 = asasinarea fostului ar (timpul predicaiei nominale) b. fostul so de care a divorat la nceputul acestui an.5 (timpul relaiei de posesie) c. [] casa din lemn care s-a prbuit dup ce a fost luat de o alunecare de teren, se afla pe un deal [].6 (timpul existenei entitii) (10) [In 1916] The first outdoor advertising industry award was given for a billboard that promoted/ *promotes outdoor advertising7. [n 1916] Primul premiu din industria publicitii n aer liber a fost acordat pentur un panou care promova/ promoveaz publicitatea n aer liber.
1 2
http://www.indymedia.ie/article/72240 www.bethelministries.com/divorce.htm 3 emilysmile.us/?p=78 4 http://www.ziua.net/f.php?data=2007-10-04&thread=227498&id=93048 5 cetateasuceava.ro/tibi-suceava/page/2/ 6 http://www.gardianul.ro/index_blank.php?pag=news_print&id=117804&catid=&p= 7 http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/road/timeline-1910.htm

(11) [mai 2006] n semn de respect pentru Pap, firma L'Oral Polska [...] a dat jos panourile publicitare care promovau/ ??promoveaz un produs anticelulitic, nfind pri dezgolite dintr-o siluet feminin.8 Analiznd relaiile temporale care se stabilesc ntre substantivele-centru i propoziiile atributive care le determin, nu puteam s nu ne oprim i asupra relaiilor temporale dintre grupul verbal regent i cel subordonat. Pentru a explica faptele de limb ilustrate am comparat propoziiile atributive cu propoziii completive. Astfel, am identificat o serie de asemnri i deosebiri dintre cele dou tipuri de subordonate, rezmate n (12)-(13) mai jos: (12) Asemnri dintre subordonatele completive i cele atributive i. existena leciunilor temporale simultane i anterioare ii. timpul existenei entitii denotate de un substantiv relevant atrage dup sine un timp trecut n grupul verbal subordonat (13) Diferene dintre subordonatele completive i cele atributive i. existena unei leciuni aa-zis nesubordonate n cazul subordonatelor atributive (i.e. nici simultan nici anterioar, nici Dublu Acces Temporal) ii. existena unei leciuni de Dublu Acces temporal n cazul subordonatelor completive Pentru a explica asemnrile i deosebirile din (12)-(13) de mai sus, am optat pentru teoria predicativ a timpului propus de Stowell (1993 etc.) i rafinat de Demirdache i Uribe-Etxebarria (2004a.,b. etc.). Conform acestei teorii, sunt necesare dou copii ale subordonatelor completive si atributive pentru a explica modul cum sunt interpretate temporal. Astfel, leciunile anterioare se obin cu cele dou tipuri de subordonate interpretate in situ, leciunile nesubordonate se obin cu propoziiile relative interpretate la FL (forma logic) n afara domeniului de inciden al verbului regent, iar leciunile de Dublu Acces Temporal se obin cu subordonatele completive interpretate att in situ ct i la FL n afara domeniului de inciden al verbului regent. Mai mult dect att, am subliniat importana trsturilor aspectuale ale verbelor regente i subordonate pentru interpretarea temporal a celor din urm (cf. Giorgi i Pianesi 2000, Zagona 2004a.,b.). n plus, relaiile temporale de anterioritate, simultaneitate sau posterioritate ce se stabilesc ntre subordonate i propoziiile regente sunt influenate de o serie de factori enumerai pe scurt n (14): (14) Factori care influeneaz tipul de morfem verbal care apare n subordonatele atributive: i. timpul existenei entitii denotate de substantivul-centru ii. adverbe temporale din propoziia regent iii. trsturile aspectuale ale verbului din propoziia atributiv iv. adverbe temporale din propoziia atributiv v. poziia la FL a subordonatei atributive vi. semantica auxiliarului de viitor din propoziia atributiv vii. fenomenul de mbogire pragmatic.
http://www.adevarulonline.ro/2006-05-26/Externe/papa-benedict-al-xvi-lea-viziteaza-tara-natala-a-luiioan-paul-al-ii-lea_186017.html
Partea a III-a Propoziii atributive contrase conine Capitolul al 3-lea, intitulat Propoziii atributive contrase prin participiu trecut. Capitolul 3 de asemenea se ocup de ntrebarea 2) Cum interacioneaz interpretarea temporal a substantivelor cu interpretarea temporal a propoziiilor atributive care le determin?. De data aceasta ns, este vorba de propoziii atributive restrictive contrase prin participiu trecut. Capitolul ncepe subliniind importana a doi factori pentru interpretarea temporal a atributivelor participiale: i) interpretarea temporal a substantivului-centru i ii) relaiile temporale ce se stabilesc ntre verbul regent i cel subordonat. Concluziile capitolului sunt rezumate n (15)-(16) mai jos: (15) Contribuia temporal a grupului verbal din propoziiile atributive participiale la interpretarea temporal a substantivelor-centru: Sensul lexical al verbului din subordonat poate localiza variabila temporal a substantivului-centru. (16) Contribuia temporal a substantivelor-centru la interpretarea temporal a verbelor din propoziiile atributive participiale: Un timp trecut al existenei entitii denotate de substantivul-centru este asociat cu o leciune temporal trecut a grupului verbal din propoziia subordonat atributiv. Analiza noastr a artat c nu doar substantivul-centru poate influena leciunile temporale ale subordonatei atributive participiale. n funcie de proprietile sintactice ale participiului adnominal, sunt relevante fie substantivul-centru, fie substantivul complement al participiului. Pe de o parte, interpretarea temporal a participiilor trecute derivate din verbe intranzitive depinde de timpul existenei entitii asociat cu complementul externalizat al participiului, care devine substantiv-centru. Pe de alt parte, interpretarea temporal a participiilor trecute derivate din verbe tranzitive depinde de timpul existenei entitii asociat complementul externalizat al participiului care devine fie substantiv-centru, fie complementul participiului trecut. Concluziile din (15)-(16) sunt ilustrate n (17)-(20): (17) a. Malawi's former president sacked for corruption 9 (timpul predicaiei nominale) fostul preedinte din Malawi demis pentru corupie b. Antipater [] was the son of a former wife divorced by Herod.10 (timpul relaiei de posesie) Irod Antipa era fiul unei foste soii de care divorase Irod cel Mare. c. A week after he was killed in a bomb blast, Guinea-Bissau's former army chief General Batista Tagme Na Waie was given a state funeral on Sunday. His death led to subsequent turmoil which saw the former president assassinated on March 2.11 (timpul existenei entitii) La o sptmn dup ce a fost ucis ntr-un atentat cu bomb, fostul ef al armatei din Guinea-Bissau, generalul Batista Tagme Na Waie a fost nmormntat cu funeralii de stat duminic. Moartea sa a provocat tulburri sociale n urma crora fostul preedinte a fost asasinat pe 2 martie.
9 10
archive.wn.com/2004/08/12/1400/guineabissau
http://books.google.ro/books?id=2i68AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=%22former+wife+divorc ed+by%22&source=bl&ots=eAZeVyx2pS&sig=HRdZ0J8ZokxNyY7gsAY52zEN0Y&hl=ro&ei=0VrkSZODMpm8_AbeydDGCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result &resnum=1 11 http://www.france24.com/en/20090308-military-chief-given-state-funeral-guinea-bissau

(18) a. fostul preedinte demis pentru rezultate slabe la alegeri12 (timpul predicaiei nominale) b. Nu se tie exact cnd a intrat Tomaevschi n posesia tabloului cumprat apoi de Vlaicu Ionescu13. (timpul relaiei de posesie) c. Fost ministru executat pentru corupie.14 (timpul existenei entitii) (19) Poincar [1854-1912] was a scientist preoccupied by many aspects of mathematics, physics and philosophy, and he is often described as the last universalist in mathematics15. Poincar [1854-1912] a fost un om de tiin preocupat de multe aspecte legate de matematic, fizic i filosofie, i este adeseori numit ultimul universalist dintre matematicieni. (20) Wallace [1823-1913] a fost un om de tiin preocupat de ocultism [].16 n ceea ce privete interpretarea temporal a participiului trecut, am analizat mai multe contexte de ocuren ale acestuia n englez i romn: ca elemente ale unor timpuri verbale compuse, n structura unor complemente circumstaniale de timp, n structura propoziiilor atributive contrase. Prin acest demers, am descoperit c semantica participiului trecut n cele dou limbi nu presupune obligatoriu [+anterioritate]. Astfel, am confirmat ipoteza lui Iatridou et al. (2001), comform creia participiul trecut motenete properitile aspectuale al verbului din care deriv. Contextul de ocuren al participiului poate filtra aceste proprieti. n forme verbale compuse, participiul trecut n englez i romn are leciuni temporale anterioare, datorit verbelor auxiliare have/ a avea (cf. Fromkin 2000, Vian 2006). n structuri circumstaniale sau adnominale, proprietile aspectuale ale verbului de baz sunt active, ceea ce determin o varietate de leciuni temporale: anterioritate, simultaneitate, posterioritate. n (21) mai jos enumerm factorii care influeneaz leciunile temporale posibile pentru propoziiile atributive participiale: (21) Factori care influeneaz leciunea temporal a subordonatelor atributive participiale: i. timpul existenei entitii denotate de substantivul-centru ii. trsturile aspectuale ale verbului din propoziia atributiv (i.e. motenite de participiul trecut de la verbul din care deriv) iii. adverbe temporale din propoziia atributiv participial O alt concluzie important la care am ajuns n acest capitol a fost c dubla natur (verbal i adjectival) a participiului trecut folosit n context adnominal are urmri morfo-sintactice i semantice. Cu alte cuvinte, exemplele analizate au confirmat concluziile altor studii referitoare la determinani substantivali, subliniind distincia interlingvistic ntre poziia pre-nominal i cea post-nominal (cf. Cinque 2009 .a.): i) n limbile germanice, inclusiv limba englez, determinanii adjectivali n poziie pre-nominal au leciuni semantice ambigue, n timp ce determinanii adjectivali n poziie post-nominal au leciuni semantice
12 13
www.politicieni.ro/tag/realegere/ http://www.prezentonline.ro/article_detail.php?idarticle=1799 14 w.antena3.ro/stiri/externe/pagina-474/ 15 http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Printonly/Poincare.html 16 http://forum.chip.ro/showthread.php?t=45805&page=26

ii)
neambigue. n limba englez, partipiul trecut se comport similar cu determinanii adjectivali n poziie pre-nominal, fiind ambiguu semantic. Cu alte cuvinte, poate obine fie leciuni de stare fie leciuni de rezultat. Pe de lat parte, participiul trecut se comport diferit de determinanii adjectivali n poziie post-nominal, ntruct participiul trecut este ambiguu semantic i n aceast poziie. Astfel, n poziie post-nominal, participiul trecut din limba englez poate avea leciuni de stare, rezultat sau eveniment. n limbile romanice, inclusiv limba romn, determinanii adjectivali n poziie pre-nominal au leciuni semantice neambigue, n timp ce determinanii adjectivali n poziie post-nominal au leciuni semantice ambigue. n limba romn, participiul trecut se comport similar cu determinanii adjectivali n poziie pre-nominal, fiind neambiguu semantic. Cu alte cuvinte, n poziie pre-nominal, participiul trecut din limba romn poate avea doar leciuni de stare. n plus, participiul trecut romnesc se comport similar cu determinanii adjectivali i n poziie post-nominal, fiind ambiguu din punct de vedere semantic. Astfel, n poziie post-nominal, participiul trecut din limba romn poate avea leciuni de stare, rezultat sau eveniment.
n partea a IV-a Concluzii am prezentat pe scurt concluziile generale ale tezei. Continum prin identificarea ctorva dintre direciile ulterioare de cercetare. n primul capitol al tezei, sub-capitolul 1.3.1., am prezentat pe scurt teoria cuantificaional propus de Ogihara (2003) privind interpretarea temporal a grupurilor nominale. Pe scurt, Ogihara susine c toate expresiile cu interpretare temporal (inclusiv grupurile nominale) au leciuni temporale dependente de un cuantificator relevant. Ogihara aduce drept argumente exemple care conin o mare varietate de determinani ai substantivului: participiu trecut, participiu prezent, infinitiv, grupuri prepoziionale. Din moment ce propoziiile atributive contrase prin participiu trecut au fost discutate pe larg n Capitolul al 3-lea, mai jos ilustrm celelalte tipuri de determinani: (22) Participiu prezent a. ?? Every fugitive crying for joy is now in jail. Fiecare fugar care plnge de bucurie este acum n nchisoare. b. # The professor crying at home waiting for her parents has three children now. Profesorul care plnge acas asteptndu-i prinii are acum trei copii. c. # The man singing on the stage is now drinking beer in the bar. Brbatul care cnt pe scen este acum la bar i bea bere. (Ogihara 2003, ex. 12a.-c.) (23) Infinitiv a. John found a shop to be closed in five days. Ion a gsit un magazin care urmeaz a fi nchis peste cinci zile. b. Last month Professor Jones assigned a research project to be completed in a week. (idem, ex. 16a.,b.) Luna trecut, profesorul Jones a dat ca tem un proiect de cerecetare ce urmeaz a fi terminat ntr-o sptmn.
(24) Grupuri prepoziionale Yesterday, I went to the police station and talked to the officer on duty. (idem, ex. 16e.) Ieri am fost la poliie i am discutat cu ofierul de serviciu. Ogihara (2003) arat c toi determinanii substantivelor de mai sus au o leciune temporal dependent. De exemplu, (22a.) nu poate fi neles drept fiecare fugar plngea de bucurie la un timp trecut, i.e. cnd era fugar. De asemenea, (23a.,b.) sunt interpretate cu infinitivele to be closed in five days i to be completed in a week dependente temporal de verbul predicativ. Cu alte cuvinte, magazinul urmeaz a fi nchis la cinci zile dup ce l-a gsit Ion, iar proiectul trebuie terminat ntr-o sptmn dup ce l-a dat ca tem profesorul Jones. Nu n cele din urm, grupul prepoziional on duty din (24) are o leciune temporal trecut - i.e. am vorbit cu ofierul care era de serviciu cnd am vorbti cu el. Totui, n anumite condiii, determinanii de mai sus pot obine leciuni temporale independente de cele ale verbelor predicative. Acestea sunt exemplificate n (25)-(26) mai jos: (25) a. The complaint also alleges that Duarte admitted that he bought a booklet containing numerous five-hour class certificates [...]17. n plngere se specific faptul c Duarte a recunoscut c a cumprat o brour coninnd numeroase certificate de absolvire a unor cursuri de cinci ore. = o brour care coninea/ conine numeroase certificate b. Her collection of jewelry dating from the seventeenth through the nineteenth century was recently featured in The Sensuous and the Sacred [...]18. Colecia ei de bijuterii datnd din secolele al VII-lea al XIX-lea a fost expus de curnd n expoziia The Sensuous and the Sacred. = bijuterii care datau/ dateaz din secolele al VII-lea al XIX-lea c. It was Cheney's one and only visit to the town bearing his name.19 Aceasta a fost singura vizit a lui Cheney n oraul care-i poart numele. = oraul care i purta/ i poart numele (26) a. [...] you found a man to love [...].20 ai gsit un om pe care s-l iubeti = ... un om de iubit atunci/ acum/n viitor b. Jane found a book to draw cartoons in for Sara. (Bhatt 1999 ex. 1b.) Jane a gsit o carte de colorat pentru Sara. =. o carte n care s coloreze atunci/ acum/ n viitor Aa cum arat perifrazele de sub exemplele din (25)-(26), participiul prezent i infinitivul din limba englez pot avea i leciuni temporale independente de cele ale verbelor predicative. Cu alte cuvinte, dei verbele predicative denot evenimente trecute, atributele exprimate prin forme verbale nepredicative pot denota i stri prezente/ viitoare. Leciunile temporale independente ale atributelor respective par a fi favorizate de doi factori: i) entitatea denotat de substantivul-centru are un timp de existen prezent, ii) formele verbale nepredicative n discuie denot stri. Cercetarea ulterioar va
17 18
http://www.jrrobertssecurity.com/security-news/security-crime-news0082.htm http://www.afaweb.org/exhibitions/Beningson.htm 19 www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8290 20 http://feed-me.blogspot.com/2006/03/wanting-you.html

arta ce ali factori sunt implicai n interpretarea temporal a participiului prezent i a infinitivului folosite adnominal. n concluzie, contribuia original a acestei teze const n: tema de cercetare original, analiza unui corpus extins i, nu n ultimul rnd, teoria propus. n ceea ce privete tema de cercetare, interpretarea temporal a substantivelor nederivate din verbe reprezint un subiect nc neabordat n lingvistica romneasc; n plus, cercetarea relaiilor temporale dintre substantive i propoziii atributive (dezvoltate i contrase prin participiu) este fr precedent n ambele limbi discutate. n ceea ce privete corpusul analizat, acesta nsumeaz 932 de exemple din toate limbile aduse n discuie, dintre care 859 de exemple (i.e. 92,17%) sunt exemple atestate pe internet sau n studii de specialitate. n plus, teoria propus este original. Dei Musan (1995) a propus o terie pragmatic a interpretrii temporale a substantivelor (din limba englez), bazat pe studiul lui Grice (1975), totui, datele lingvistice prezentate de noi nu pot fi explicate n totalitate de aceast teorie. Prin urmare, am argumentat c interpretarea temporal a substantivelor se face inter-lingvistic cu instrumentele oferite de teoria cognitivpragmatic propus de Sperber i Wilson (1986) i rafinat de Carston (1997 etc.). Aceast teorie nglobeaz toate elementele responsabile pentru interpretarea temporal a grupurilor nominale (fie ele lexicale, morfo-sintactice sau pragmatice). Validitatea interlingvistic a teoriei propuse este dat de a) faptul c substantivele din toate limbile au o structur lexical-conceptual (cf. Pustejovsky 1991, 2000), b) am dat seam nu doar de factorii lingvistici (lexicali i morfo-sintactici), ci i de factorii extra-lingvistici (contextuali) care influeneaz interpretarea temporal a substantivelor.
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Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cs. DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT 9

www.politicieni.ro/tag/realegere/ http://www.prezentonline.ro/article_detail.php?idarticle=1799 14 w.antena3.ro/stiri/externe/pagina-474/ 15 http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Printonly/Poincare.html 16 http://forum.chip.ro/showthread.php?t=45805&page=26

Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cs. DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT 14

http://www.jrrobertssecurity.com/security-news/security-crime-news0082.htm http://www.afaweb.org/exhibitions/Beningson.htm 19 www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8290 20 http://feed-me.blogspot.com/2006/03/wanting-you.html

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Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cstorit DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT

Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cstorit DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT

Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cstorit DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT

Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cstorit DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT

Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cstorit DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT

Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cstorit DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT

Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cstorit DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT

Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cstorit DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT

Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cstorit DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT

Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cstorit DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT

Viorela-Valentina MARIN (cstorit DIMA) REZUMATUL TEZEI DE DOCTORAT

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