ANTENNAS JOHN D. KRAUS Second Edition EDITIONSYMBOLS, PREFIXES AND ABBREVIATIONS Sec inside back cover for Constants and Conversions A ampere angstrom = 107 '° m vector potential, Wb m7 area, m? collecting aperture effective aperture maximum effective aperture effective aperture, receiving effective aperture, transmitting geometric aperture physical aperture scattering aperture axial ratio astronomical unit atto = 10° '® (prefix) unit vector magnetic flux density, T= Wb m7? susceptance, O susceptance/unit length, & m=! beam width, first nuils coulomb capacitance, F capacitance/unit length, F m7 aconstant, c = velocity of light cubic centimeter degree Celsius D electric flux density, C m7 directivity distance, m deg degree, angle dB decibel = 10 log (P,/P,) Pppeee PeoO>PRRA RAR A RAR DD tere cy mit = 5 Zz . 2 RSE GEAaaA dBi decibels over isotropic dt element of length (scalar), m a element of length (vector), m ds element of surface {scalar}, m? ds element of surface (vector), m? dv element of votume (scalar), m* E,E electric field intensity, V m~' E exa = 10°* (prefix) emf electromotive force, ¥ é electric charge, C F farad FF force, N F femto = 10°! (prefix) f frequency, Hz 36 giga = 10° (prefix) G6 conductance, i G conductance/unit length, U m7* G gain & gram H henry : H,H HPBW Hz A, Lyi Ree o mm me RP é MVVUMTO ZAaZSSSEELE ~ Ts 5 magnetic field, A m=! half-power beam width hertz = 1 cycle per second effective height current, A joule current density, A m7? jansky, 10-7 W m-? Hz~! kelvin sheet-current density, A m7! @ constant kilo = {0° (prefix) kilogram inductance, H inductance/unit length, H m7! liter length (scalar), m length (vector), m left circularly polarized left elliptically polarized natural logarithm (base ¢) common fogarithm (base 10) mega = 10° (prefix) magnetization, A m7 polarization state of wave polarization state of antenna meter milli = 107 (prefix} minute newton number (integer) neper nane = 107° (prefix) unit vector normal to a surface polarization of dielectric, C m~ peta = 10"? (prefix} , polarization state = Pty. 4) power, W ‘normalized power pattern, dimensionless pico = 10 *? (prefix) charge, C resistance, 0 tadiation resistance right-circular polarization Tight-elliptical polarization revolution , radius, m; also coordinate direction unit vector in r direction radian square radian = stetadian = sy 2 SSO G48 em al w x cy NNNS at hee ge NN NNN N NNN S ne ® Poynting vector, W m=? flux density, W m~? Hz-! distance, m; also surface area, m? second (of time) steradian = square radian = rad? tesla = Wb m2 tera = 10°? (prefix) time, s radiation intensity, W se~! voit voltage (also emf), V emf (clectromotive force), V velocity, m s~4 watt weber energy density, J m-> reactance, 1 reactance/unit length, Q m7? unil vector in x direction coordinate direction admittance, U admittance/unit length, 0 m7! unit vector in y direction coordinate direction impedance, (2 impedance/unit length, 2 m7? intrinsic impedance, conductor, __ per square intrinsic impedance, dielectric, Q per square load impedance, Q transverse impedance, rectangular waveguide, 2 transverse impedance, cylindrical waveguide, Q intrinsic impedance, space, 0 per square characteristic impedance, transmission line, unit vector in z direction coordinate direction, also red shift (alpha) angle, deg or rad attenuation constant, nep m=! (beta) angle, deg or rad; also phase constant = 2x/i (garmma) angle, deg or rad t ¢ ¢ x Ww ¥ Q a Q Fs Que 9, u 0 (delta) angle, deg or rad (epsilon) permittivity (dielectric constant), F m7" aperture efficiency beam efficiency stray (actor telative permittivity permittivity of vacoum, F m= (eta) (theta) angle, deg or rad (theta) unit vector in 6 direction (kappa) constant (ambda) wavelength, m free-space wavelength (mu) permeability, H m=? relative permeability permeability of vacuum, H m=! (nu) Gi) (pi) = 3.1416 (rho) electric charge density, C m7}: also mass density, kg m- reflection coefficient, dimensionless surface charge density, C m7? linear charge density, C m7? (sigma) conductivity, 0 m*! radar cross section {tau} tilt angle, polarization ellipse, deg or rad transmission coefficient (phi) angle, deg or rad (phi) unit vector in ¢ direction (chi) susceptibility, dimensionless (psi) angle, deg or rad magnetic flux, Wb (capital omega) ohm (capital omega) solid angle, sr or deg? beam area main beam area minor lobe area (upsidedown capital omega) mbo (© = 1/2 =, siemens) (omega) angulat frequency (= af), rad s7!To Heinrich Hertz, who invented the first antennas . . . ... and Guglielmo Marconi, who pioneered in their practical application ANTENNAS Second Edition Jobn D. Kraus Director, Radio Observatory Taine G, McDougal Professor Emeritus of Electricat Engineering and Astronomy The Ohio State University with sections on Frequency-Sensitive Surfaces by Benedikt A. Munk Radar Scattering by Robert G. Kouyoumjian and Moment Method by Edward H. 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