Experiment-8 Calandria Evaporator

Aim:To determine an overall heat transfer coefficient for the evaporator Apparatus: Calandria evaporator Stop watch Measuring cylinder Theory:Evaporators are used to evaporate some solvent from a solution to produce a more concentrated solution. This is usually done before crystallizing or drying the material, or to reduce the volume for transport or storage. The feed water (to be evaporated) is fed into the bottom of the evaporator (tube side). It circulates up through the tubes and some of the water is vaporised in the tubes. The liquid and vapour separate in the space above the top tube plate. The vapour is vented to the atmosphere, while liquid returns through the central down comer to the bottom space before again rising through the tubes. The water level in the evaporator is replenished by water drawn from an adjacent reservoir. The level of this reservoir is kept constant. The amount of water evaporated is estimated by measuring the rate of draw-off of feed water from a calibrated header tank. The Heat used for evaporation comes from hot fluid flowing through the shell. Heat Transfer Coefficient For heat transfer from the condensing steam to the boiling water, the overall heat transfer coefficient is found from the equation: QE = U A dT where: QE U A heat flow used to heat and evaporate the feed water [W] overall heat transfer coefficient [W m-2 K-1] heat transfer area [m2] (1)

temperature difference between condensing steam and boiling water [K]

The temperature difference is the difference between the temperature at which the steam condenses at the shell side pressure, and the temperature at which the water boils at the tube side (atmospheric) pressure. In our case big central pipe is at 1 atm pressure. So, LMTD= ((T1-100)-(T2-100))/Ln((T1-100)/(T2-100)) Procedure: Ensure that the water is at the correct level in the evaporator; check through the metal glass on the side of the evaporator. Turn on the hot fluid flow Start the timer when the condensate starts coming. Collect the condensate of sufficient volume from the end of the equipment and measure the time required for that. Repeat the procedure for two times. Observation Tablewater =2257 kJ/kg
Inlet temp 115.3 117.3 outlet temp 113.7 113.5 Time 485 446 mass(kg) 0.1 0.1 Mass flow 0.0002062 0.0002242 Tm 14.49 15.32 Q(J/s) 465.36 506.05 U avg U(W/m2K 1311.71 1348.56 1330.14

Results:Overall heat transfer co efficient for calandria evaporator is 1330.14 W/m2K