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De-sjfjned
BTl c] de:18]]e d
BS 8110 : 1985)
J. B. Higgins and B. R. Rogers .\I A. CE"g. .vIICE
J . B. Hi ggins and B. R. Roge rs \IA. CEo. .\ IICE
DeSjgf)$O and d:eLajjed
(BS 8110 : 1985)
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Contents
,
Introduction
BS s110 _, ,,-I hnu r sta te des ign
6 Design info rmation
7 St ructural summa ry sheet
3 Floor slab
10 Fi rst-ncar main beam
16 Edge beam
18 Co lumns
"
Foundat ion
: ~ Shear wall
~ 6 Sta ircase
28 Column design cha rt
For eword
Th is seco nd edit ion of Designed and derailed vari es litt le in purpose fro m
the first edi tio n produced jointly by J .B. Higgins and :-'1 .R. Hol lington
in 1973-
The first editi on was produced as a pract ical guide in response to the the
newlv pub lished 'Unified Cod.' . CP I IO: 1972. This code had introduced
met ric limit state design and included more guidance for the deta iling
req uirements of st ruct ural concrete than ea rlier codes.
BS 311 0 : 1935 is the revised vers ion of CP 110: 1972. There are no major
cha nges in pr incip le. al though the text has been largely rewritt en for easie
reference and use. Some of the revisions introduced are:
- greater emphasis has been placed on durabil ity:
- there ar e fewer load ing arrangements for sla bs and beams:
- the trea tment of span/effective depth rat ios has been simplified:
- ult imate design stresses in reinfo rcement fo r tensio n and compression h
been made equal :
- slenderness rat ios for columns have been modi fied:
- the recta ngular stress-block fo r co nc rete has been chan ged to match me
clos ely t he sho rt-term design str ess-stra in curve.
Add itional dera iling requirement s a re more onero us and will need ext ra c
For exa mple. at laps it will be necessa ry to con sider cover. positio n (wne:
in to p o r bot tom) and the spacing between adjacent laps befo re a lap len.
ca n be determined.
The effect of the revisions out lined above may be seen by comparing th e
working details from the two editio ns of Designed and derailed.
.
'J ", , . -.... J .." 'J )"-,/ J J
The- purpose or" this booklet is to apply the princ iples of limit state design
given in BS 8110 by mean s or J simple worked example fo r a rei nfo rced
concrete building frame. The calcularions and details ar e presented in J form
suuable for desi gn office pur poses and are generall v in acco rdance with [he
fulkl\\in:: pu blica tio ns:
flRlTl SH STA;-';O-\ RDS INST ITt;TlO..... Structurat use of concrete. Pan I. Code of
practice for design and cons/til erion. London as 8110 : Part I : 1985.
H. \ 1. ST.. TIOl" ERY OFFICE. The building Regulat ions 1985. London . ::8 pp.
Sraturory Instr uments 1985. No. 1065.
BRITI SH ST.-\SDARDS INST rTL'TIO;'>: . Design loadine fo r buildines. Corle of
practice far dead and impased loads. London . 1:: pp. BS 6399 : Part I 1984.
Code 0/ basi c dara fo r the design o[ buildi ngs. Chapter V : Loading. Parr _" :
Wind loads. London . 50 pp. CP3 : Cha pter V : Par: 2 : 1972.
BRIT ISH ST.-\:--;DARDS I NSTITL:T10:-.i Specification fo r bending dimensions and
scheduling of reinf orcement Jar concrete, London . 16 pp . BS : 1981.
THE CONCRET E SOCI ETY. .\ fode/ procedures f or the presenta tion of calculations.
London . 1981. 20 pp. Technical Report :-10. 5.
THE CO"CRETE SOCIETY and THE OF STR[;CTlR.".
Srandard method 0/ derailing structural concrete. Lon don . 1985. 220 pp.
Draft for discussion.
All unqu al ified r eferences i n th e [ex t to 'the Code ' refer to as 311 0.
1
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B ~ d j -J u an-d nmH state desJgn
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Object ive
Characteristi c values
To serve its pu rpose . :..I st ructure must be sa te again st coll apse and be
serviceable in use . Calculati ons al one do not produce safe. serviceab le a r.
durable structu res. Equally import ant are the suitabilit y of the material s.
quality cont rol and supervision of the workmanship.
Limit state design adm its that a st ructu re may become unsat isfactory
thro ugh a number of ways whi ch all have to be considered independen t}
agai nst defined limits of satisfacrorv behaviour. It admits that there is an
i; herenr variabi lity in loads. matertal s and methods of des ign and
co nst ruction which make s it impossible to achieve comp lete safety agains
any possi ble sho rtcomi ng. By provi di ng suffici ent margins of sa fet y. the ::
at limit sta te design is to provide an accept able proba bility that the struc:
will perform sa tisfacto rily during its intended life.
Limi t sta tes can be clas sified into two ma in grou ps:
( I) the ultimate limit state. which is concerned with the pr ovision of
adequate safety:
(2) the serviceability limi t states. which are essent ially concerned with
dura bility.
Generally. in pract ice. there a re three limit st ates which are norma lly
considered for rein forced concrete and thes e ar e given in the Table below
Ulti mat e
Ser viceability limi t st ates
limit state
Deflecti on Cracking
Structure should
Cracking shouk
Pr ovision of not deflect so as
not be such as
Objective
adequate sa fety to impai r use
to damage fin is;
or otherwise
of structure
impai r usage
Loa ding reg ime
Des ign ult imate
Design service load
loads
Deflection should Crack width
Per formance limit
Structure should not exceed should not
not fa il specified exceed 0 3 mm
limit s generally
For the tes t ing of materials . J. statistical approach can be applied to t he
variatio ns within materials which occur in pract ice. A no rmal o r Gaussia r
d istributio n curve is assumed to represent the results of [he tests and a va l
known as the cha racteristic value ca n be chosen below whi ch no t more th
50/( of the test resul ts may be expec ted to lie.
The characteri stic st rengt h is given by the equat ion :
Characte ris tic st rengt h > Mean or Average: strength - \ -64 XStandard devi a:
ldeatl v a characterist ic load sho uld be similarlv defined. as a load with a
pr obability of being exceeded du ring the I i f e t i ~ e of the structure. Howeve
It is not yet pos sible to express loadi ng in sta tistica l terms. so the Code U ~
the loads defined in BS 6399 : Part I and CP 3 : Cha pter V: Part 2.
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I -'J esign st rengths
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The: J ~ s i ~ n lo ud IS grven by th e equauo n:

Design load > Cha ract e risti c loa d x ;',
where ;'1is J part ial sa fety facto r for loading. This factor ta kes into J CCOUnt
t he poss ibilit y that [he loads acti ng o n the st ructure may be greate r tha n the
cha racter istic values. It al so takes int o acco unt the assumpt ions made in the
method o r a na lysis. a nd the seriousness of failure (0 meet the design criter ia
fo r J parncu la r limit st a te. The co nseq uence of co lla pse is much me re
serious tha n exceeding the servicea bility limit s and so thi s is reflected in the
higher values of the part ial sa fet y facto rs . Component s of load ha ve to be
consi de red In their most unfavourable co mbinatio ns. so se ts of values of ;:1
fo r mini mum and maximu m des ign loads a re requ ired, For example. the
worst situat ion fo r J str uct ure being checked fo r o vert uming unde r the
act io n of wind load will be where th e maximum wind load is combined wit h
t he min imu m verti cal dead load, Lower values of ;'1a n: used for the
combinat ion of wi nd , impo sed a nd dead loads than fo r the co mbinati o ns of
wind a nd dead, a nd dead an d imposed loads . as the probabi lity of t hree
independenr desi gn loads achi eving {he ir maximum value at the same time is
less , The table below gives t he partial load fac tors fo r the ultimate limi t
sta te.
Pa rt ial safety fact o r to be applied to
dead lo ad
I
impos ed load
I
Co mbina tio n
wind
of loads
when effect of load is
load
adver se
Ibeneficial I
adverse beneficial
I Dead a nd im posed 1-4 1-0 1-6 0 -
2 Dead a nd wind 1-4 1-0
- -
1-4
3 Dead a nd wind
I <!
1- 2 1-2 I ' ~
1-2
wi t h imposed
The design strength is given by the equati o n:
, Cha racteristic st rengt h
Design streng th =
,'m
where ;'mis a partial sa fet y fact or on the mater ial st rengt h. This facto r ta kes
into account the va riation in workmanship and q uali ty cont rol that may
nor mally be expected to occu r in the manufactu re of the materials. The
va lues of :'mto be used for the two mate rials when designing fo r t he ul timate
li mi t st ate a re given below:
In addition to pro vid ing a st ruct ure t ha t is ca pa ble o f ca rrying t he des ign
lo ads . the lay o ut sho uld be such tha t damage to sma ll a reas of J st ruc ture o r
failu re of single elements will not lead to a ma j or collapse .
The Code requires that in all buildings the st ruct ura l members sho uld be
linked together in t he fo llo wing manne r:
(a) by effect ivel y co nti nuo us pe ripheral ties at each floor and roof level;
II
s..;
11
II
Values of Ymfor the ul timate limit state
Reinforcement
Concrete
Flexure o r axia l load
Shea r st re ngt h wi t ho ut shear reinfo rceme nt
Bond st re ngt h
Othe rs (e.g. bearing st ress )
I-IS
1-5
1-25
1-4
;;. I -5
- ,
0\ uucruul ucs III (\\U ur rccuons approxurnuctv at nglu-ungtcs ,
eirec tivcly continuous throughout their length and anchored to the
peripheral ties at each end (unless continuing as hor izontal ties to
col umns or walls);
(c) by exte rn al co lumn and wall ties ancho red o r tied ho rizo ntally into the
structure at eac h nca r and roof level:
(d) by cont inuous vertical ties fro m fou ndation [Q the roof level in all
columns and walls carryi ng vertica l loads in buildings o f five o r more
storeys .
In the design of the ties, the rei nfo rcement may be ass umed to be ac ting at
its cha rac teris tic st rength with no othe r forces prese nt but the tie fo rces .
Rei niorcement provided for other pu r poses ca n often be used to for m part
or t he whole of these ties. so that in the design process. when the req uir ed
reinforcement for the usu al dead. imposed and wind loading has been found .
a check can be made to see whethe r modifications or additions to the
reinfo rce ment are requir ed to fulfil the tie require ment s.
"
1
.... rab il it y and f:re resistance
J
Applicat ion
.-\ t the co mmencement of the des ign. the followi ng shoul d be co nsi dered:
- the climate and environ ment al conditions to which the co ncrete will be
exposed:
the concret e quali ty;
- the cove r to the reinforcement.
It should also be no ted that the quali ty of the constructio n process a nd the
first hours aft er cas ting of the concrete have a maj or infl uence upon t he
subsequent du rabili ty of the str ucture.
Th e cove r for pr otecti on against co rrosio n may not be sufficient for tire
protection. so this sho uld be co ns idered at th e onset o f the desi gn. a nd also
th e di mensions of the members.
Th e Code gives maximum water /cement rat ios. mi ni mum cement co nten ts
a nd minimu m cha rac teristic strengths fo r co ncretes suitable for use in
va rious en vir onments with spec ified covers and using 20 mm nominal
maxi mum size agg regate. The mi nimum grad es will generally ensure that the
limits on free water/cement ra tio and cement content will be met without
furt her check ing.
Durabil it y and fire resi stance requirements are con sidered at the ons et of the
desi gn process because this det ermines the grade of co ncrete, the cover , and
t he size of the members. Usually, for most st ructures, Pan I of the Code will
be used in which it is assu med tha t the ult imate lim it sta te will be the most
cri tica l limit state . De sign will therefore be ca rri ed Out a t this limit state.
fo llowed by chec ks to ensure that [he serviceability limi t sta tes of deflection
a nd cra cki ng ar e not reached. In special circumsta nces. other limit sta tes .
suc h as vibration or the effect s of fatigue. may req uire consider ati on. Sh ou ld
it be necessa ry to ca lcula te deflect ions and cr ac k wi dths. method s are given
in Part 2 of the Code. The servi ceab ility limit sta te o f defl ectio n may be th e
li mit ing req uirement fo r floor slabs with large span/effective-dept h ratios.
This ca n be now checked before the reinforcement is determi ned. alt hough
so me en gi neers ma y pre fer to foll ow th e procedure where the chec k is made
afte r the reinforcement has been fou nd .
Si mpli fied derai ling requirement s for the curt ailment of the reinforcement
may be used for beams a nd slabs which ful fil certain design co nd itions.
However. for othe r situat ions. the cu rt ai l ments should be taken fro m a
bendi ng moment en velope and be in accordance with the general
recomrnendations o f the Code .
5
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Cornmentarv on bar arrangement
BS 8110 ref Bar marks Notes
All ba rs are labell ed in t he form described in the Standard me thod or Structural concret e,
e.g. -l5TI2 1- 300BI means that in the botto m ou ter layer the re :lee .iS Grade "460 Tvpe 2 deforme ,
12 mm nominal size bars at 300 mm centres and the bar mar k is - 1-.
The bars are numbered i n th e li kely sequence or fixing: t he posit ions of the fi rst and last bars in a s: nn:;
indica ted in plan an d sectio n. Inter medi a te ba rs have been omitted for claritv.
Mi nimu m ar ea of tension rei nfor cqrnenr =000 13 X 1000 x I i ; = 228 mmi /m.
Ma xtmum clear spacing. of tension bars = lesser of 750 mm or 3d. i.e. 3d = ] x 149 = .t.t i mrn.
" < 200. therefo re no further chec k o n spacing
Main tension ba rs Ti l @ JOO..-i, = 377 rnm- > mini mum 223 mrn-vm. - OK.
[f curt ai led. A. = 377/ : = 139 mrn - < minimu m 2: S mm-zm - no t OK.
Bars lapped 300 mm at bottom support to pr ovide connnuous ne.
Seconda ry b.. irs - use T ID@.' (:fJ2 rnm- Vml.
Mi nirnurn lap =300 rnrn > I; x to =150 mm. Lappi ng reduces ba r lengths for easier handhng on
L3PS a re sho wn staggered lo r effective crack control.
Mt turnurn transverse rei nfo rcement is plac ed across the ful l fla nge Wid th of the ed ge beam rnurun-
Wi dth = 650 mm. see pa ge 16),
ar ea = 00015 x 1000 x I i; = 263 rn m-Zm - use T IO @ JOO 1262 mrn-Zrn}.
Main tension bus ov er - uppo n T 12 @ 300 as ba r mar k I.
One cur t ail ment shown at 03 ctfecnve spa n from Lic e of support. Furt her cu rtail rncnrs preverueu
mmi mu m a rea and spaci ng requirements s uml ar (0 m:HK I.

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Fi rst -t loor main beam
two-span fl anged beam
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0 31" 460 ,0% x 4S0

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.:''''''.... ......... ov er Sl..'??or-7s .o.0 0 2bx300 lfSOO.:;.



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CA LCULA TIONS
OUTPUT
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:>= 30 0 , 3'/0. =0 ';)2 , M =' <?27\<. N"" .
ct", . b =14'20, = 0 .<;l S, M ,. H:'5 k N", .
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.: Commentary 0 11 bar arrangement
I -),! :':;
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D
BS 8110 ref
B"
ma rks
... . . -
J .J . 1.2

: . I z.s.:
:
.'t . I z.x.1-1
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J.
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; .10
J . J2.11. I
J . L! .9. 1
14
b"
.,
..... OICS
This bea m shows loose splice ba rs a t ea ch col umn inr ers ecnon. Tlus meth od si rupli fies de ta iling a nd f xi ng
and the ... pan cage can readily be prefabrica ted .
Tcn-aon ba rs are stoppe d 50 mm from each column tuce to a void cl as tun g wah the col umn bars
... ho wn U1 <ecuon .A-,A. Nominal cover = - I = mm > mm. :o;:l.y mm.
Rcnuumn g tension bars stopp ed ouos sho wn I II the curuulment di agram a bo ve.
Ch...-ck mavrrnum .imoum Ol( rctrtto rcernent at < br eadth .
..:. " = Ion mm < fl,J Y JOO= mm - O K.
Loose a re fixe d mvide col umn ba rs shown 10 -ecuon 8-8. .Alth ough des tgned as compress io n
bur v. t hes e bars ;1.. mt crn a l t ies and lap IIlOO 111 m Wi t h th e adjacent spun bars (o r co nnn uitv.
The (Wl l tens io n arc "lopped 50 mm from (he column face I II avoi d thc column bars beyo nd .
Loose l;-b;:l. rii a rc fixed inside t he colu mn ba rs and pr o vide conuuuuv tor col umn and int erna l ues
(bed minimum distan ce bet ween t ensi on bars = mm ' I ZI.' - :' mm l.
- = ; 00 mm :>25 mm - O K.
Tllp Ie:,!, project fro m cc rur e-Iinc Into spa n . mnu rnu m di menvmn.. ,hO\\ 1I In th e curta ilme nt d ia gra m
coves,
- '3
7
1
I
<7 1
E A M .
'.\ e '300
A 1 /-.l M
: 150
>
13
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L
,
<'
T y P 1
7
_._._ - - - - -- -=- - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -=--
J
For ce
"vel oi' e.
:0 '200
;o,. Ct..:pS
l
300 T
,
i :;OO
300 \Jl
2
1'2 5
1010
,
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1i'Z::'
I 150 I

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z, 1'2 Q.
1S0+ " = cool
( , 4->' ;0)
3. 12. .1.6
.
3. 12.8.3
III
J. 12.8.3

.1. 12.1.). 1 i .:i
J. 12..t. 1
I I
J . 12.S. I !
Bott om legs lap mi nimum 1000 rnm with span bars (0 provide conri nuit y for (he i ntern al ue.
Top legs == S65 .:.. -150 = 1315 mrn ) let both legs
BOHom legs = - 1000 = mrn ) project 1350 mm . S3 y .
:'JOIl: (hat the bott om legs a re rai sed (0 avoid the .tOe;. rul e I n t he IO"t:[ la yer.
Check bea nng st ress insi de bends. Use r = 50 for each radius 10 simpl ify bending.
Too tees = 535 - .:50 = 9S5 mm ) let both leas
Bonorn leg: s =:00 - loon= I"20n mm ) project 1:60 rum .
{J" ,. = ./. 6 min imum radius be nds.
Lmk han ger bars are ca me len gt h : IS ba r ma rk s 1and-i. 8M is on e size larger than links t mmimum 12 rnru .
The rens ton bar s ove r the suppo rt sho wn In t he c ur tml meru dr agram. The se ba rs a re fixed ins l{!.
{he co lumn reinfo rcement :1::. sho wn in sec uon B- B.
These bars re bundled verucul fy I n pai rs 10 reduce ccngesnon and t his als o allows J. gap I mirumu m '75 m m
fo r mser non of a Vib ra tor.
Closed li nks. chupc code AO. ar e arranged to suu the link diagram above . Open top linkx.vhapc codes i : ,11
73. are nOI sutra bl e for t he s izes shown .
Note Jin ks at la p:. ar e ,: l 001 gre :.Her < 1 5 b:H size.

OUTPUT
c.ove.r
':"0 \ ;....-<J, ;.10 M '"
___
oe-am
CALCULATIONS
inte r-io r-spun flan ged beam
300
350
" , 460 1
i
I


. b I l ' .
., __ _ __.:1 __
'eu a J Q
3 e <r -s;: oO .
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5000
- - - - - -
1
9S 8110
-et

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,', AII,w,He. 5f>AA/ eff, dtp-y':" .r""So_ 1.'2 ,, 1':)';) __ : 43& _ __ __.
,. Ac.t"",,{ "': . . ::" - .17"2 .. .. _ _
U LTI MAT E: 0 -M' ",
L,L-----': 100
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_____ ._ __ - GO n ll__J:. k ; 'OOTk-U
_____ _ ., ';,(/lb '2..';-:.0 kN-,- ?S ' O',,-l-l
} ,4., =- 55+40 ; '2 5 ok\!. F- -1 ?s-okt4 .
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Commen ta ry on ba r ar rangement
BS 8110 ref Bar mark s NOles
3. 12.8. \1
3. 12. 10.1
Figur e 3. 2-'
Table 3. 19
3. 11. 10. 2 3
Figure 3.2-'
J. 12. 10. Z
Figur e 3. 2-'
s
Hor izontal ba rs in t his member provide the penpheral tie. Min imum lap = 300 mm.
. The two tensi o n ba rs are st opped 50 mm irarn the column face to avoid clashing with the co lumn ba rs
shown in sec tion A-A.
Sepa rate sp lice bars are fixed inside vert ical co lumn ba rs.
Min imum a rea = 30% ,Is mId_ span = 0 3 X 397 = 119 mrn -. Use 2T I2 = mm-.
Lap = 32 x 12 x 119/226 = 204 mm > IS x 12 = 180 mm < 300 mm. Use 300 mm la p.
Link hanger bars also provide s upport for slab to p rei nforcement.
Minimum area = 10% ,-h suppcrt = 02 x = 96 mm -. Use 2TI2 = 216 rnm-.
Tcos ion reinfo rcement over suppo rt is fixed inside vert ical colum n bars .
Bars are cu rtailed at 025 spa n fro m face of suppo rt = x 5000 = 1150 mm > x = 900 mm
Closed links are sha pe code 60.
17
...
= .10
t v : 460
I , "
h:
, I
1"0
}soooi i
11
300
300
'-'-

aooo
'3000
urnns
slende r a nd sho rt co lumns
9S 8" 0
CALCULA TIONS OUT PUT
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;: (.( A j\. 1' , c...
I< N AL '(SI 5
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AX IA L LOAC> IN6 ::v-...::l l M OM f; NT. S
-lro"'" fl.- N -'> LYSIS

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OUTPUT
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300"
1
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. 0 ;.. J
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IMPOS E. D
C":- LCULATIONS
C.olur,HI LOADS
I<.H.

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858
110

H -l'- ( ?Ou.....<:LO-t -o", ""'" F " r loo,-- J
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I --- --.. -- ..- --- .-t '. . -:. .,--: -
Roof 1'l7 4) ISO '.54 \O5!\15 I
., __ =- ._... _
4'2 4:' 150 2b'l i
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--- - -- -- f-O-- --- -.-.- - - --.-. .-. - --- -----I-. "'--' -- - - --- - .- - -
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Cc mrncnta rv on bar a rra ngeme nt
BS 8110 "r
3. J2.53
3. 12.6. Z
3. 11.8.15
Table 3. 29
3. 11.7. Z
3.1 2.7.1
3.1 2.8. 12
.'. J
T;Jble .'. 29
J . I Z.S. I-l
Ba r marks
;
Notes
The presemarioo sho wn above is schematic. This tabular method ada pts readi ly 10 element repe t inor
The sections are sho wn in the ir re tanve posi tions adjac ent to the ver tical reinforcement .
Main bars . ar ea > minimum 0'4(, bh,
Slope o f cra nk a t lo wer end = J: 10 max imum . Crank o ffset = 50 ";' 10C!( = 55 mm.
Mini mum cran k length = 300 mm.
Len gth or shor t projectio n beyond cran k = co mpressio n lap ";'. say . 75 mm fo r toler ance .
Reinforcement area J( laps < bit.
Bar s projec t above firs t-floo r slab level to provid e J compression lap above [he kicker.
Bar projecti on = 32 x :!5 rnm -+- 75 rnm for kicker =8i5 mm. i.e. compress-e n lap =800 mm.
A single lin k IS provided . since eac h ve rt ica l bar is res tr ai ned by a corner.
Mirurnurn size = 25/ ":. use 3 m m. Ma xi mum spaci ng = 12 x ='y00 m m . ( R8 @ 300.)
Cover [0 ve rnca t bar = 40 mm > [ 5 x = 37) m m. Link s ex tend to u n de rside of fl oo r sla b.
Norma ftv s t ar ter ba ts a re d eta iled wit h th e footi ng. as colu m n It can be eco nom ic to detail starter
wit h th e co lumn a bo ve as s hown. In this case II is advi sa ble to sc hedul e t he s ta rt e r ba rs so that t hey can h
processedro ge t her with the foot ing. No re \vIth this de tail th a t t he secuou a t m id- heigh t a lso a ppl ies t o tr
sta rte r bar a rrange ment. The starter ba rs wou ld be shown don ed on th e foo ting detail together wit h
- un a b le ere... s-reterence. Ba rs p roject abo, e th e H\P of bave t o provtde a co m pression la p above the kr ck c
= .Y2 / 75 = 875 mm. r.e. lap = 800 mm.
As ba r mar k I. b ut bars provid e J. t en sio n la p above l st floor kicker . Cove r := 50 mm.
Clea r dist a nce be t we en adjace n t la os = 100 rnrn < 6 - m m: r.e. use fac to r l o.l
Proj ectio n = I J x .1 2 : 25 i 5 ': 11 95 mm . S;IY 1200 mm. i.c. tension la p = 1125 mm.
Su m or' ba r Sizes a t te ns ion lap =..: x 25 = 100 mm . loonoo :< 100 = 33'7,. < ":0% - O K.
Th IS de t ai l p ro vid es the max un um lev e r .rr rn and is t he prefer red de rad fo r col umn/beam m t ers ccuo n..
Si mila r 10 mar k .2 links b UI ex te ndi ng (0 u nderside of edge be am. Cove r to vertical ba rs = 50 rn rn .
The se: Ll-ba rs a re provi ded (0 restram the venicul bars m the c xtcma! face vi" t he col u m n.
OUTPUT
:= . ?Q_............. . _ _ _ .
____..
CALCU LATIONS
reinforced pad foot ing
t , :: J. 6 0
gr ound
pressure
. 200
600
\ ," y . c,q....e'( .........odu Ata. Q...ol poS.... r c
-_. . -- - -_.-- _. -,_. - _.. . ,
LJ 5 Q.. _
2750
55 dl 10
-et
..-
111
11

1---4--- .- ---- . -+
I I
r, 1", =,; , 5
I
- -- - ---_.-
" 7- 0 0' . : .CT"C __ k . wi.c\ .. t.i-. ..'L <1.\<" ,_.
\. <.. -'r/o
c. ;<';'C:"" I--l G _ _ 1!?_(
too PI " ._ . _ ,,1 7 ._
c d,; '275 0 '>< 5 3 5
te. . < US9 __.
. ,... . .r . . ,
_?'1-r.S .. .. __ _ _ . __ . . . __ _ _
I
'It
I- - ,...c.::..:..:.-..L.,-.-=--

L
CD
I
51 '2. 0 - 1- 30 0 6'2..
I
I
1.
'l
'2
T
I I--+-- ' - 1
I
i
I
A
A..._
@- --
I
I
,
I 9T'LO-i 300B1
p
L A
N
4T '15 - '2
Cover " 40
t d ~ .
I "'V'"
IT

I.L.
L
COVER. :
1
B1 '" 40
en.d. =75
A-
~

'2R. B -:? -30 0

Sco.le, i: SO
Ccmme r uarv on ba r a r ra nge me nt
BS 8110 ref Bar marks .':01C5
3. 12.8, 1
Table J . ~ 9
J.J. IA
Ta hle 3.19
J
Straieht ba rs extend full width of base less end co ver s.
Bars -should project 0. min imum tens io n bon d length beyond the col umn face = 32 x 20 = 640 mm
< 11 50 mm - OK.
Th e underside of ba se is co nc ret e blinded . cover = olO mm.
Co lum n sta r ter ba rs ar e wired to bo tto m mat. Minimum projectio n abo ve the top of bas e is 3
compression lap -;- kicke r = n x 25 ""t" 75 = 875 ram. i.e. lap = 800 mm .
l inks arc provid ed to sta bilize and loca te the star ter bars du ring co nstrucnon. These are (he same srze J S
t he column links a bove.
23
L-----.-
- - _ .-- - -- _._- - _ .
' .
I " .10
' "
,,,
I: =------- 1

14300
Iy '" 460
175
"
r.,
250
900
Shear vvaJJ
external pl ain concrete wall
as 8110
, . 1
CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
E
I
..
I
I
I
,: . ..: . "}
' .J'.> i
-- -
Ct<.,.,J Co " er = 40 '"'"
= ....
:. ik. :;k
--
!
i
! .1
' ( 78 . S ,""",,,' ) I
tTl 0
;
., or<,..;,
. , ok.. :.
'.9. 4. \'-

_-- - - __.--- _.__ ._0 _-- _ ._._. "_._

: x \l./O.';l
- 1000 e.w.

L ,/
. _ .L
=.L
o
s=-'e. i:SO

1 T 10 7 I
'2 x lT IO -E>
( griA '2 o..... for
EAST WALL
3
.....t I .
.
fl ,
.I'
I
-
-
-
1-
0
r; ---r
T
1 -- . ,
I
i

", I
B
c
9bTl2-3
<$
. :' 00
...a

; r '"
I (4 31-1'2+ 4>
F'lJ T,....,
, I
-'"'
:J 3S0

::J

'"
"
I
0
J
' 0 0
C"
'"
..J
--

,

0
"t
oJ)
c-a
"t
til
, .
,

a 0
.;-
,
0 0()
-
-
)
-M
""'
l-
t- z
0<
I-

cP
0()
(f'
u>
<P
....
-
...
'.
x
x
C".
'"
( 4 BN'l+4e> F'lJ , :l b TI '2- i :' 00
'-'
,
:""" -1
r
7S
..1.
.L '
,
f
-
I I
I
,
\ a. p J'
-
1
-
,

i
J
1
I
COV ER. 1;-0 oars - f-l l = 40 , Pt =- '2.0
----------------_._---
Co mme nta ry on ba r ar ra ngement
I:
858110,,[ Bar marks
p
Tab le 3.29
J.J. IA
Table 3.27 1
J. 9.r.19
J
I
I
I
Ta ble J. l9
3. 12.3...1

7.S
Notes
Wall sta rt ers mat ch vertical reinfor cemen t. Minimum projecti on o f ho ri zo nt al legs beyond the
wall fac e is a des ign tens ion bo nd length = 32 x 203/377 X 12 = 207 mm < 287 mm. This pro vides th
footi ng reintorcerneru. Minimum projecnon a bove top o f base is a co mpression lap - kicker
=32 x 12..:... 75 = mm. say 525 rnrn. i.e. lap =450 rom.
Unde rside of foo ting is concrete blinded. cov er := .to mm.
Minimum longitudinal rei nforcement provided.
Minimum ver ti cal reinforcement. Area =0. 25% x lOOO X 175 = 438 mm- z m. (T 12 @ 300 EF
= 754 rnm-Zm)
TI2 bars provide reasona ble rigi d it y for ha nd ling and he lp stab ilize the cage du ring erecti on.
Mi nimum proj ect io n a bove top o f fi rst-Floo r lcvet is a co mpressio n lap - kicke r = say 525 mm .
l ap = "50 mm.
Minimum horizontal reinforcement . Area = 08 mrn-Zm. (T ID@ 200 EF = 786 mm-Zrn ).
Provide at least a tension lap = 32 x 10 = 320 mm. say -150 rnm to sausfy shri nka ge and therma l
req urremenrs.
Bar s ar t' placed ou tsid e vert ica l rei nforcement [ 0 provide maximu m cont ro l agains t shrin kagc and therm..
cracki ng. Those bars in the wa ll 05 m below first-floo r sl a b ac t also as internal ties.
Tensi on lap Co r tie = \15 x 32 x 10 = 368 mm. say 450 mm.
Periph e ra l tie a t first 11 00r. l -bars at either end provide con ti nuity with edge beams .
l a ps. sa y 450 mm.
Wa ll spacers maintai n loc a no n of each face of reinforcemen t.
-
-
'eu = 40
Iy = 46 0
3 500
175
Staircase
end-span continuous slah
506 0
I I
!
Ii!
OUTPUT
I 0 I) ,
J,. .... 1'". jl,.r e ....,e.
. ,
,
='20........-..
,
CALCUL ATIONS
3:} _ F' Ft .
:i;..o ,t.t" "Gx, )
_ r s ' "'0"--'- . _
:; ': i
, .1,, 1.1 G AO'>-JE, I'!
__ sL;.6 Fb i ' : i !
0 '2 "" '24 ' '
! I I i : I ' I 'i
35 8110
ref.
) . 4.) U Ln .Y1A 'i'S :D.,'vrS I ! I I I ; j I!! , 11so ! i I
43' if, Hrr-A;'" I_ _ """'__
35 ,
I -} !
70P i I
:Tn e. 'h ; i
, ( 'l o S""...' /!.".' !
i i i ' I I
I , Po eTTb..\ I
i r rze ( '':'0
! ( 7 S.1 --.
t
/'.... ' I
.1 I I I I I i ' i I i " l - I : '" : i I ! I ' I I , i : i : i 1
I I I I I I I ' , I i I I I i I Ii ': I ; iii I I I I I
iabld'3 St-....o.r:lv i : I , " , I ! O:l1 NJ",,,.\'<v; .. 'o\<.:'
, ! I I I I ! ii' : I ! i I I ii I I I
26
COVlO. Q. to
o "rer bo.rs = 2. 0
::'c.o.l e. j : SO
15
12 - 12- 1:'0
I i I I

1CYT 12 - 1=. -
pi
,,'
I - rr; r
f.- ILd- I_ _

5 TlC - lG:> - :'00
o
i A1
5\10- 11- 3 0 0
. ! i1",
IJu '1J
J;-
l
l
I
FUGHI '0'
2.1, 10 -7
A- A.
J
3 T10-2-300
.4 .
ca,j2--;'+G11'2. --4
- 12.S ol.t.<.m ate
A- \ 10 - 2. - 3CCl

ILW
!
, ,
10, 12 - i-ISO
I I
Ij 5Cj
, sd j l

1--
3
11 I I
I
I
@
I
<AI 10- 1 - 2.S0
1 /
1/
I r
i I
! I
I I
, I
-
i
5,10-10-
/
10112 -s- j")o,
I
4- T 10 -'3 -::'00
If0
- 1':>0 U.-ber ' 11 1- ,
C o ve::,- :. 4 0 I 11.1
3 IJO-'3-3:;o I
Co mmen ta ry on bar arrangement
BS 8110 ref
Ba r marks
Tahle J . :9
1.5.6
T;Jhll'
l .S.1)
Fi:! 3. 15 J.J
T:.lble 3. 17 7
Tahl e 3. :' 7
10. 11
Notes
'vl uin tension reinfor cemen t. LJp lengt hs ar. l -nchor aee bond lengths = 32;.:: 12 _ )84 mrn. sav J 50 mm.
Laps are located to fucrluat e likelv consrr-.. " "n Sirmla r for bar marks 12. [J a nd 15.
Seconda ry Mi ni mum a rea - ,I '< 1000:<.. 175 = ::3 mrnv rn.
Use TID @ :00 = mmvm.
\olain te ns ion relnfo rce:nent o ver sup port . '" , ; cur t.uled at Q. 3 span. remainder at 0 - 15 span.
both meas ured fro m fac e o f su ppor t. Si mi " lo r ba r mark 14.
Uvba rs prov ide 50"7, rnrd-span rei nfo rcc rne.a n Nt h t op and bottom at end support =1)5 x 623
=: J 11 mm- zm.
Use TI O@ 150 = 52..: mrn-vm to match ,' I span ba rs. say -L SOmm.
Opt ional relOforceml:nr. .\1in lm llm 3.rea =: " ' , mill: . Similar lOr ba r ma rk 16.
27
..
. ",
.I
I
,
0
1 2 3 3 ~
3
4 30
4 :
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
~ ,
M/ b h 2 - N/ mm
2
Rec t angular co l umns
f eu
40
f Y
460
d j h 0'80
50
45
- - - -
40
t- b--j
T
1
. As e.
2
35
d
I
h
N
Ase
1
E
E
30
L
2

<,
z
25
-_.
..c
1:)
201
-
<,
z
"'I
0
c,
15
1t2f
-c
5
28
..
,
.1
~ -,
.'
T he Cement and
Concrete Association
The Cement and Concrete Ass ociati on is an indepe ndent non-profit-
making body financed ent irely by the British manufacturers of
Portland cement to provide a service of advice and informatio n to
designe rs, specifiers an d cont ractors and al l other users of British-
made cement and concrete in the United Kingdom. All aspects of the
Association's work are based on the wide practical experience of It s
staff and on the accumulated knowledge gained fr om t he nati onal and
international exchange of technical information and from its OWi1
research and development activity, The Association pr ovi des an
extensive range of courses and shorter event s at it s own residential
trai ning centre and elsewhere, and dissemmates info r mat ion th rou gh
publications. repo rts and papers, meet ings and seminars. fil ms and
th rough its tech meal i nfo rmati on services. The on ly member s o f the
Association are the manufactu rer s of Port l and cement in the Un i ted
Kingdom: Bl ue Circ le Industries PLC 0 RTZ Cement Ltd 0 The Rugby
Portland Cemen t PLC,

'.
He a d q uarters
Cement and Concrete Assoc iat ion
Wexham Sp rings
Slough SL3 5PL
Teleph one Fulmer (028 15) 2727
Telex 848352
Facsimile Fulmer (028 15) 2251
Re gi onal Offi ces
Scot land
Cement and Concrete Associati on
2 Rutland Square
Edinburgh EH1 2AS
Tele phone 031 -229 5085
2 West Midlands and North West
Cement and Concrete Associati on
Copthall House
.King Street
Newcastle, Stalfs ST5 1SR
Teleph one Newcast le (0782) 512317
. 3 East Midlands and North East
Cement and Concrete Assoc iation
Wadworth Hall
Wadworth
Doncas ter , S. Yo rkshire ON11 9BL
Telephone Doncaster (0302) 850970
4 South Wale s and South West Engl and
Cement and Concrete Assoc iation
2 Cathedral Road
Cardi ff CF1 9RZ
Teleph one Cardi ff (0222) 40840
5 Londo n and South East
Cement and Conc ret e Associati on
PO Box 459
Sl ough SL3 5PL
Telephone Fulmer (028 15) 3553
Trai ni ng Cent r e
Ce men t and Concrete Association
Fulmer Grange
Fulmer, Slough SL2 40S
Telephone Fulmer (028 15) 2727
Telex 848352
Facsimile Fulmer (028 t5) 2251
6 Nor thern Irel and
The Direct or - Re gional Se rvices
Cem ent and Concrete Associat ion
Wexham Springs
Slough SL3 5PL
Telephone Fulmer (028 15) 2727
Telex 848352