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1. INTRODUCTION
Digital printing refers to methods of printing from a digital based image directly to a variety of media. It usually refers to professional printing where small run jobs from desktop publishing and other digital sources are printed using large format and/or high volume laser or inkjet printers. Digital printing has a higher cost per page than more traditional offset printing methods but this price is usually offset by the cost saving in avoiding all the technical steps in between needed to make printing plates. It also allows for on demand printing, short turn around, and even a modification of the image (variable data) with each impression. The savings in labor and ever increasing capability of digital presses means digital printing is reaching a point where it will match or supersede offset printing technology's ability to produce larger print runs at a low price. The main difference between digital printing and traditional methods such as lithography, flexography, gravure, or letterpress is that no printing plates are used, resulting in a quicker and less expensive turnaround time. The most popular methods include inkjet or laser printers that deposit pigment or toner onto a wide variety of substrates including paper, photo paper, canvas, glass, metal, marble and other substances. Consumer and professional printers such as inkjet or laser printers use the most common examples of digital printing. Professional companies now use those practices to go green by using better quality ink and better laser etching to get a more crisp picture that is displayed through digital printing. In many of the processes the ink or toner does not permeate the substrate, as does conventional ink, but forms a thin layer on the surface and may in some systems be additionally adhered to the substrate by using a fuser fluid with heat process (toner) or UV curing process (ink).

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2. DIGITAL PRINTING METHODS

2.1 INKJET PRINTING

Fine art digital printing evolved from digital proofing technology in the printing industry. As the printing industry became digital, traditional film-based proofing became cumbersome and cost prohibitive. Kodak, 3M, and other major manufacturers stepped up to the plate and large format inkjet printers were developed using dye based inks or archival, lightfast pigment based inks. Initially, these printers were limited to glossy papers, but the IRIS Graphics printer allowed the use of a variety of papers that included traditional and non-traditional media. Graham Nash, of Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, was one of the early pioneers of experimental digital printmaking, and he began using the new proofing technology from IRIS Graphics to print his own photographs and digitally manipulated images. Nash and his associate Mac Holbert opened Nash Editions in 1991 and adapted an IRIS printer to meet the needs of artists. Challenges in fine art printmaking include the need for exceptionally accurate highresolution scanning and/or photographing of original artwork, managing large file sizes, viewing and interpreting image files onscreen, and artist-printmaker communication. Key software and computer providers have been Adobe Photoshop and Apple Computer, along with Silicon Graphics, who were on the forefront of color image management for both graphic arts and fine art printmaking. Longevity is always an important consideration in fine art, whether in reproductions (such as serigraphs or lithographs) or in an original work. It is a well-accepted fact that paintings, especially watercolors, must be protected from the elements, therefore the light fastness of digital inks was a critical issue. The original proofing inks were not archival, but printmakers experimented with coatings and substrates to achieve greater longevity. A collaborative effort by artists, including the group known as Unique Editions, worked with printmakers to produce archival quality on a variety of substrates. The IRIS printer was the standard for fine art digital printmaking for many years, and is still in use today, but as the field grew, printmakers, and printer manufacturers began to offer alternative equipment for printmaking. More powerful computers,

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improved software, and viewing technologies have expanded possibilities for artists and printmakers. Substrates in gicle printmaking include traditional fine art papers such as Rives BFK, Arches watercolor paper, treated and untreated canvas, experimental substrates (such as metal and plastic), and fabric. This has allowed for the creation of limited and unlimited reproductions of artworks.[4] Depending on the printing inks and substrate, longevity of the digital print may be limited. Although the color range of the digital process cannot always match an original pigment, artists and fine art digital printmakers can work together for exceptional quality with repeatability. Digital printing also allows for the output of digital art of all types as finished pieces or as an element in a further art piece. Experimental artists often add texture or other media to the surface of the final prints, or use them as part of a mixed-media work. Many terms for the process have been used over the years, including digigraph, but fine art digital printmaking is generally known as gicle, and, although there are still a few exceptions, gicles is widely accepted as a fine art medium by museums and galleries. Thousands of digital printmakers now offer services to painters, photographers, and digital artists around the world. Inkjet printing technologies Basic Inkjet Printing Technologies i) Continuous Flow ii) Thermal (Bubble Jet) iii) Piezo Electric

Now we may be wondering about the non-mentioning of memory space meant for the program storage, the most important part of any embedded controller. Originally this 8051

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architecture was introduced

with on-chip, one time programmable version of Program these microcontrollers (8051) with users mapped at the lower end of the change anything in

Memory of size 4K X 8. Intel delivered all

program fused inside the device. The memory portion was

Program Memory area. But, after getting devices, customers couldnt fabrication.

their program code, which was already made available inside during device

Fig 2.1 Block Diagram of 8051 So, very soon Intel introduced the 8051 devices with re-programmable type of Program Memory using built-in EPROM of size 4K X 8. Like a regular EPROM, this memory can be re-programmed many times. Later on Intel started manufacturing these 8031 devices without any on chip Program Memory.

Microcontroller Logic Symbol:

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Fig 2.2 Microcontroller logic symbol

ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 of the oscillator frequency, for external timing or clocking purposes, even when there are no accesses to external memory. (However, one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.) This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during EPROM programming. PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external Program Memory. When the device is executing out of external Program Memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle (except that two PSEN activations are skipped during accesses to external Data Memory). PSEN is not activated when the device is executing out of internal Program Memory.

EA/VPP

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EA is held high the CPU executes out of internal Program Memory (unless the Program Counter exceeds 0FFFH in the 80C51). Holding EA low forces the CPU to execute out of external memory regardless of the Program Counter value. In the 80C31, EA must be externally wired low. In the EPROM devices, this pin also receives the programming supply voltage (VPP) during EPROM programming. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Disadvantages of Existing System: They are not safe since they are located outside the bank hall. If one forgets the pin number he or she will not be able to withdraw money from their accounts. If one makes mistakes three times in entering the pin number the card will be swallowed down the machine and it takes time to retrieve it.

3. PROPOSED MODEL
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Power Supply

LCD

Micro Controller (LPC2148)

Keyboard

Buzzer

GSM Modem

Finger Print Module

Max 232

EEPROM

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram 3.2 EXPLANATION OF EACH BLOCK In this section we will be discussing about complete block diagram and its functional description of our project. And also brief description about each block of the block diagram.

Micro Controller
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In this project work the micro-controller is plays major role. Micro-controllers were originally used as components in complicated process-control systems. However, because of their small size and low price, Micro-controllers are now also being used in regulators for individual control loops. In several areas Micro-controllers are now outperforming their analog counterparts and are cheaper as well. Power Supply This section is meant for supplying Power to all the sections mentioned above. It basically consists of a Transformer to step down the 230V ac to 18V ac followed by diodes. Here diodes are used to rectify the ac to dc. After rectification the obtained rippled dc is filtered using a capacitor Filter. A positive voltage regulator is used to regulate the obtained dc voltage. LCD Display This section is basically meant to show up the status of the project. This project makes use of Liquid Crystal Display to display / prompt for necessary information. GSM Modem Here we are using GSM modem to communicate with the mobile phone to which we are going to send the message. When ever an authorized person wants to know the status of parameter or whenever parameters values increases above the threshold value then a message will be sent through modem.This fault is indicated by displaying in LCD. This project will facilitates us to monitor as well as control different parameters at a time which increase accuracy and speed. Buzzer Section This section consists of a Buzzer. The buzzer is used to alert / indicate the completion of process. It is some times used to indicate the start of the embedded system by alerting during startup. Finger Print Scanner

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A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live scan. This live scan is digitally processed to create a biometric template (a collection of extracted features) which is stored and used for matching. It supports wide range of fingerprint sensor interoperability giving you a freedom to select suitable sensor that most fits to your application. Furthermore, the fingerprint data for enrollment and verification are compatible among different sensors, even if they are based on different technologies. This feature of unification presents application manufacturers and system integrators with much more flexibility than ever before. EEPROM This section acts as a backend database for the project. This section is realized using an EEPROM integrated circuit chip.

4.IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 ARM PROCESSOR ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machines. It is a 32 bit processor core, used for high end application. It is widely used in Advanced Robotic Applications. History and Development

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ARM was developed at Acron Computers ltd of Cambridge, England between 1983 and 1985.

RISC concept was introduced in 1980 at Stanford and Berkley. ARM ltd was found in 1990. ARM cores are licensed to partners so as to develop and fabricate new microcontrollers around same processor cores.

Features 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package. 8 kB to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 kB to 512 kB of on-chip flash memory. 128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation. In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot loader software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256 bytes in 1 ms. EmbeddedICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with the on-chip RealMonitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction execution. USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM. In addition, the LPC2146/48 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by DMA. One or two (LPC2141/42 vs. LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of 6/14 analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 s per channel. Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2142/44/46/48 only). Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog. Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock input. Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400 kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.

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Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) with configurable priorities and vector addresses. Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package. Up to 21 external interrupt pins available. 60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with settling time of 100 s. On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal from 1 MHz to 25 MHz. Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down. Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling for additional power optimization. Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt or BOD. Single power supply chip with POR and BOD circuits: CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V 10 %) with 5 V tolerant I/O

pads.

4.2 LPC2148 MICRO CONTROLLER

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Fig 4.1 LPC2148 Pin Description

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Architecture Of LPC 2148 Micro Controller

Fig 4.2 Architecture of LPC2148 Microcontroller

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Table 4.1 Pin functions of Port 0

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Register Bank

ARM 7 uses load and store Architecture. Data has to be moved from memory location to a central set of registers. Data processing is done and is stored back into memory. Register bank contains, general purpose registers to hold either data or address. It is a bank of 16 user registers R0-R15 and 2 status registers. Each of these registers is 32 bit wide.

Data Registers- R0-R15

R0-R12 - General Purpose Registers R13-R15 - Special function registers of which, R13 - Stack Pointer, refers to entry pointer of Stack. R14 - Link Register, Return address is put to this when ever a subroutine is called. R15 - Program Counter

Depending upon application R13 and R14 can also be used as GPR. But not commonly used.

Table 4.2 Register bank

In addition there are 2 status registers.

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CPSR - Current program status register, status of current execution is stored. SPSR - Saved program Status register, includes status of program as well as processor.

CPSR CPSR contains a number of flags which report and control the operation of ARM7 CPU.

Fig 4.3 CPSR Register Format Conditional Code Flags N - Negative Result from ALU Z - Zero result from ALU C - ALU operation carried out V - ALU operation overflowed Interrupt Enable Bits I - IRQ, Interrupt Disable F - FIQ, Disable Fast Interrupt T- Bit If T=0, Processor in ARM Mode. T=1, Processor in THUMB Mode Mode Bits Specifies the processor Modes.

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Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter 0 Features 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs Register locations conform to 550 industry standard Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities. Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation

Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter 1 Features UART1 is identical to UART0, with the addition of a modem interface. 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs Register locations conform to 550 industry standard Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities. Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation Standard modem interface signals included with flow control (auto-CTS/RTS) fully supported in hardware (LPC2144/6/8 only).

Real Time Clock Features

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Measures the passage of time to maintain a calendar and clock. Ultra Low Power design to support battery powered systems Provides Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Day of Month, Month, Year, Day of Week, and Day of Year Dedicated 32 kHz oscillator or programmable prescaler from VPB clock. Dedicated power supply pin can be connected to a battery or to the main 3.3 V

4.3 GSM TECHNOLOGY An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few pre-defined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of ETSI standards specifying the infrastructure for a digital cellular service. The standard is used in approx. 85 countries in the world including such locations as Europe, Japan and Australia1. GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used in many parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. GSM operates in the 900MHz, 1800MHz, or 1900 MHz frequency bands. GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in mobile telecoms over the last decade. Now, at the dawn of the era of true broadband services, GSM continues to evolve to meet new demands. One of GSM's great strengths is its international roaming capability, giving

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consumers a seamless service. This has been a vital driver in growth, with around 300 million. In the Americas, today's 7 million subscribers are set to grow rapidly, with market potential of 500 million in population, due to the introduction of GSM 800, which allows operators using the 800 MHz band to have access to GSM technology too. GSM security issues such as theft of service, privacy, and legal interception continue to raise significant interest in the GSM community. The purpose of this portal is to raise awareness of these issues with GSM security. The mobile communications has become one of the driving forces of the digital revolution. Everyday, millions of people are making phone calls by pressing a few buttons. Little is known about how one person's voice reaches the other person's phone that is thousands of miles away. Even less is known about the security measures and protection behind the system. The complexity of the cell phone is increasing as people begin sending text messages and digital pictures to their friends and family. The cell phone is slowly turning into a handheld computer. All the features and advancements in cell phone technology require a backbone to support it. The system has to provide security and the capability for growth to accommodate future enhancements. General System for Mobile Communications, GSM, is one of the many solutions out there. GSM has been dubbed the "Wireless Revolution" and it doesn't take much to realize why GSM provides a secure and confidential method of communication. GSM Modems A GSM modem can be an external modem device, such as the Wavecom FASTRACK Modem. Insert a GSM SIM card into this modem, and connect the modem to an available serial port on your computer. A GSM modem can be a PC Card installed in a notebook computer, such as the Nokia Card Phone. A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and software driver to connect to a serial port on your computer. Phones such as the Nokia 7110 with a DLR-3 cable, or various Ericsson phones, are often used for this purpose.

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A dedicated GSM modem (external or PC Card) is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone. This is because of some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones. For example, if you wish to be able to receive inbound MMS messages with your gateway, and you are using a mobile phone as your modem, you must utilize a mobile phone that does not support WAP push or MMS. This is because the mobile phone automatically processes these messages, without forwarding them via the modem interface. Similarly some mobile phones will not allow you to correctly receive SMS text messages longer than 160 bytes (known as concatenated SMS or long SMS). This is because these long messages are actually sent as separate SMS messages, and the phone attempts to reassemble the message before forwarding via the modem interface. (Weve observed this latter problem utilizing the Ericsson R380, while it does not appear to be a problem with many other Ericsson models.) When you install your GSM modem, or connect your GSM mobile phone to the computer, be sure to install the appropriate Windows modem driver from the device manufacturer. To simplify configuration, the Now SMS/MMS Gateway will communicate with the device via this driver. An additional benefit of utilizing this driver is that you can use Windows diagnostics to ensure that the modem is communicating properly with the computer. The Now SMS/MMS gateway can simultaneously support multiple modems, provided that your computer hardware has the available communications port resources.

Fig 4.4 GSM Smart Modem Smart Modem (GSM/GPRS)

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Analogics GSM Smart Modem is a multi-functional, ready to use, rugged and versatile modem that can be embedded or plugged into any application. The Smart Modem can be customized to various applications by using the standard AT commands. The modem is fully typeapproved and can directly be integrated into your projects with any or all the features of Voice, Data, Fax, SMS, and Internet etc.Smart Modem kit contain the following items: Analogics GSM/GPRS Smart Modem SMPS based power supply adapter. 3 dBi antenna with cable (optional: other types) Data cable (RS232) User Manual

Installing the Modem To install the modem, plug the device on to the supplied SMPS Adapter. For Automotive applications fix the modem permanently using the mounting slots (optional as per your requirement dimensions).

Inserting/ Removing the SIM Card To insert or Remove the SIM Card, it is necessary to press the SIM holder ejector button with Sharp edged object like a pen or a needle. With this, the SIM holder comes out a little, then pulls it out and insert or remove the SIM Card

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Fig 4.5 Inserting/Removing the SIM card into the Modem Make sure that the ejector is pushed out completely before accessing the SIM Card holder do not remove the SIM card holder by force or tamper it (it may permanently damage). Place the SIM Card Properly as per the direction of the installation. It is very important that the SIM is placed in the right direction for its proper working condition Connecting External Antenna Connect GSM Smart Modem to the external antenna with cable end with SMA male. The Frequency of the antenna may be GSM 900/1800 MHz. The antenna may be ( 0 dbi, 3 dbi or short length L-type antenna) as per the field conditions and signal conditions.

Services provided by GSM GSM was designed having interoperability with ISDN in mind, and the services provided by GSM are a subset of the standard ISDN services. Speech is the most basic, and most important, teleservice provided by GSM.

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In addition, various data services are supported, with user bit rates up to 9600 bps. Specially equipped GSM terminals can connect with PSTN, ISDN, Packet Switched and Circuit Switched Public Data Networks, through several possible methods, using synchronous or asynchronous transmission. Also supported are Group 3 facsimile service, videotex, and teletex. Other GSM services include a cell broadcast service, where messages such as traffic reports, are broadcast to users in particular cells. A service unique to GSM, the Short Message Service, allows users to send and receive point-to-point alphanumeric messages up to a few tens of bytes. It is similar to paging services, but much more comprehensive, allowing bi-directional messages, store-and-forward delivery, and acknowledgement of successful delivery. Supplementary services enhance the set of basic teleservices. In the Phase I specifications, supplementary services include variations of call forwarding and call barring, such as Call Forward on Busy or Barring of Outgoing International Calls. Many more supplementary services, including multiparty calls, advice of charge, call waiting, and calling line identification presentation will be offered in the Phase 2 specifications. 4.4 LCD Liquid crystal displays (LCD) have materials which combine the properties of both liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to a crystal. An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle.

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One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarisers would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular direction When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarisers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent. When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarisers, which would result in activating / highlighting the desired characters. The LCDs are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the LCDs consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and can be powered for long durations. The LCD s wont generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCDs have long life and a wide operating temperature range.Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple which makes the LCDs more customer friendly. The LCD s used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments is the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The recent advances in technology have resulted in better legibility, more information displaying capability and a wider temperature range. These have resulted in the LCD s being extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The LCD s has even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text and graphics, and also in small TV applications. LCD operation In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs (seven-segment LEDs or other multisegment (LEDs). This is due to the following reasons:

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The declining prices of LCDs. The ability of display numbers, characters, and graphics. This is ain contrast to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU (or in some other way) to keep displaying the data.

Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

LCD Pin Description The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins. The function of each pin is given in table.

Fig 4.7 LCD pin diagram

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Table 4.6 LCD Pin Description Vcc, Vss, and VEE While Vcc and Vss provide +5V and ground, respectively, VEE is used for controlling LCD contrast. RS register select There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. If RS = 0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home, etc. If RS = 1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD. R/W read/write R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it. R/W = 1 when reading; R/W =0 when writing. E Enable

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The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450 ns wide. D0 D7 The 8 bit data pins, D0 D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of the LCDs internal registers. To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A Z, a z, and numbers 0 9 to these pins while making RS = 1.There are also instructions command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor. Table below lists the instruction command codes. LCD Interfacing Sending commands and data to LCDs with a time delay

To send any command from table 2 to the LCD, make pin RS=0. For data, make RS=1.Then place a high to low pulse on the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD.

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4.5 BUZZER The "Piezoelectric sound components" introduced herein operate on an innovative principle utilizing natural oscillation of piezoelectric ceramics. These buzzers are offered in lightweight compact sizes from the smallest diameter of 12mm to large Piezo electric sounders. Today, piezoelectric sound components are used in many ways such as home appliances, OA equipment, audio equipment telephones, etc. And they are applied widely, for example, in alarms, speakers, telephone ringers, receivers, transmitters, beep sounds, etc.

Fig4.7 Types of Buzzers

4.6 EEPROM EEPROM (also written E2PROM and pronounced e-e-prom or simply e-squared), which stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed, e.g., calibration tables or device configuration. When larger amounts of more static data are to be stored (such as in USB flash drives) other memory types like flash memory are more economical. EEPROMs are realized as arrays of floating-gate transistors.

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4.7 MAX-232 The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no longer need to design and build a power supply with three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just provide one +5V power supply, e.g. with the help of a simple 78x05 voltage converter. The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs are almost identical, however, the MAX232A is much more often used (and easier to get) than the original MAX232, and the MAX232A only needs external capacitors 1/10th the capacity of what the original MAX232 needs. It should be noted that the MAX 232(A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS232 signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to convert signal voltage levels. Generating serial data with the right timing and decoding serial data has to be done by additional circuitry, e.g. by a 16550 UART or one of these small micro controllers (e.g. Atmel AVR, Microchip PIC) getting more and more popular. 4.8 FINGER PRINT SCANNER NITGEN FIM 3030 A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live scan. This live scan is digitally processed to create a biometric template (a collection of extracted features) which is stored and used for matching.

General Descriptions
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FIM30 is an evolutionary standalone fingerprint recognition module consisted of optic sensor and processing board. As CPU and highly upgraded algorithm are embedded into a module, it provides high recognition ratio even to small size, wet, dry, calloused fingerprint. High speed 1: N identification and 1: N verification. FIM 30 has functions of fingerprint enrollment, identification, partial and entire deletion and reset in a single board, it does not require connection with a separate PC, thereby offering convenient development environment. Off-line functionality stores logs on the equipment memory (up to 100 fingerprints) and its identified using search engine from the internal algorithm. Evolutionary standalone fingerprint recognition module FIM30 is ideal for on-line applications, because allows ASCII commands to manage the device from the host. On-line functionality, fingerprints to verify (1:1) or identify (1: N) can be stored on non volatile memory, or be sent by RS-232 port. Features

On-line and off-line fingerprint identification incorporated Identification rate 1:1 and 1:N; FAR: 1/100.000 y FRR: 1/1.000 Algorithm and high hardness optical sensor It provides high recognition ratio even to small size, wet, dry, calloused fingerprint. Fast acquisition of difficult finger types under virtually any condition. Memory capacity for 100 fingerprints Memory events: up to 2,000 authentications Access host can be protected by fingerprint or password It offers convenient development environment. Two communication ports: RS-232 or host ( on-line applications ) ASCII protocol Supply voltage: 5V This FIM 3030 is going to have the Optical Sensor to Enroll and Identify the Finger Print.

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Optical sensor Optical fingerprint imaging involves capturing a digital image of the print using visible light. This type of sensor is, in essence, a specialized digital camera. The top layer of the sensor, where the finger is placed, is known as the touch surface. Beneath this layer is a light-emitting phosphor layer which illuminates the surface of the finger. The light reflected from the finger passes through the phosphor layer to an array of solid state pixels (a charge-coupled device) which captures a visual image of the fingerprint. A scratched or dirty touch surface can cause a bad image of the fingerprint. A disadvantage of this type of sensor is the fact that the imaging capabilities are affected by the quality of skin on the finger. It can also be easily fooled by an image of a fingerprint if not coupled with a "live finger" detector. However, unlike capacitive sensors, this sensor technology is not susceptible to electrostatic discharge damage. Fingerprint biometry High Universality A majority of the population (>96%) have legible fingerprints. More than the number of people who possess passports, license and IDs. High Distinctiveness Even identical twins have different fingerprints (most biometrics fail). Individuality of fingerprints established through empirical evidence High Performance One of the most accurate forms of biometrics available. Best trade off between convenience and security. High Acceptability Fingerprint acquisition is non intrusive. Requires no training.

Advantages Uniqueness

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password Fingerprint Patterns Loops Arches

Surety over the Cards and Keypads Against to Cards Duplication, misplacement and improper disclosure of No excuses for RF/Magnetic Cards forget ness No need to further invest on the Cards Cost No need to further manage the Cards Writing Devices

Ridge lines enter from one side and curve around to exit from the same side 60-65% of population Rounded or circular ridge pattern 30-35% of population Ridge lines enter from one side of print and exit out the other 5% of population

Whorls

4.9 POWER SUPPLY

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as Regulated D.C Power Supply

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Fig 4.8 Power Supply Transformer Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Stepup transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

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An Electrical Transformer Rectifier The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

Fig 4.9

Bridge Rectifier

The circuit, ac voltage to both half

Bridge rectifier is a which converts an dc voltage using cycles of the input

ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

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For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave. Filter Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage. Regulator Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.

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Fig 4.10 Voltage Regulator 78XX The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages. Features Output Current of 1.5A Output Voltage Tolerance of 5% Internal thermal overload protection Internal Short-Circuit Limited No External Component Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V,12V, 15V, 18V, 24V

4.10 LINEAR KEYPAD

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This section basically consists of a Linear Keypad. Basically a Keypad can be classified into 2 categories. One is Linear Keypad and the other is Matrix keypad. Matrix Keypad This Keypad got keys arranged in the form of Rows and Columns. That is why the name Matrix Keypad. According to this keypad, In order to find the key being pressed the keypad need to be scanned by making rows as i/p and columns as output or vice versa. This Keypad is used in places where one needs to connect more no. of keys with less no. of data lines. Linear Keypad This Keypad got n no. of keys connected to n data lines of microcontroller. This Keypad is used in places where one needs to connect less no. of keys. Generally, in Linear Keypads one end of the switch is connected to Microcontroller (Configured as i/p) and other end of the switch is connected to the common ground. So whenever a key of Linear Keypad is pressed the logic on the microcontroller pin will go LOW. Here in this project, a linear keypad is used with switches connected in a serial manner. Linear keypad is used in this project because it takes less no. of port pins. The Linear Keypad with 4 Keys is shown below.

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Fig 4.11 Linear Keypad Working process

The project Design of ATM terminal based on finger print recognition is used to provide

the high security for ATM access. The project will use ARM7 TDMI-S based NXPs (national semiconductors and Philips) LPC 2148 microcontroller in LQFP (Liquid Quad Flat package) with 64 pins. The Power requirement of LPC2148 Microcontroller is 3.3VDC and VSS ground. The power supply for the LPC2148 is produced by using available 1 230VAC with the help of conversion AC to DC supply which includes four most basic steps of step down the available power to required level of power supply, Rectification of 1 supply to the pulsated DC supply, filtering of Pulsated DC supply to non regulated DC supply and then through regulator a pure regulated DC supply is produced. This project mainly consists of the LPC2148 microcontroller, GSM modem, and Fingerprint Module and ATM terminal with key pad. The fingerprint module is used to enroll the

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fingerprint and verification of the finger tips of that person. This can also be used to identify the persons fingerprint, which is already stored in the database. The fingerprint module is connected to the microcontroller using the serial communication port UART0.GSM module is connected to the microcontroller using the serial communication port UART1. The fingerprint module consists of the finger print scanner and the driver circuit for the fingerprint. Every person is given with a unique account number and password for that account. Each and every person has to enter the account number which is stored in the database (EEPROM). If the entered account number is matched with the existed account, it will request for the password to access that account. If the entered account number is wrong, it will buzz the buzzer. If the entered account number and the entered password are correct, it will request for the finger print verification. If the entered password and the account number are not matched then microcontroller will send a message to the account holder with the GSM technology. If the finger print of that person is matched with the details of that account, then that person will be able to do the ATM transactions like balance check, mini statement, deposit and withdrawal. If the finger print of that person is not matched then microcontroller will send a message to the account holder with the GSM technology. The ATM terminal is constructed as in general. The balance checking, Deposit required amount, the withdrawal amount and mini statement. The result of that transaction is stored in the EEPROM for the further transactions. This project useful for the advanced security for the ATM transactions and also for the Locker system.

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5 SOFTWARE
5.1 KEIL SOFTWARE It is possible to create the source files in a text editor such as Notepad, run the Compiler on each C source file, specifying a list of controls, run the Assembler on each Assembler source file, specifying another list of controls, run either the Library Manager or Linker (again specifying a list of controls) and finally running the Object-HEX Converter to convert the Linker output file to an Intel Hex File. Once that has been completed the Hex File can be downloaded to the target hardware and debugged. Alternatively KEIL can be used to create source files; automatically compile, link and covert using options set with an easy to use user interface and finally simulate or perform debugging on the hardware with access to C variables and memory. Unless you have to use the tolls on the command line, the choice is clear. KEIL Greatly simplifies the process of creating and testing an embedded application. Simulator/Debugger The simulator/ debugger in KEIL can perform a very detailed simulation of a micro controller along with external signals. It is possible to view the precise execution time of a single assembly instruction, or a single line of C code, all the way up to the entire application, simply by entering the crystal frequency. A window can be opened for each peripheral on the device, showing the state of the peripheral. This enables quick trouble shooting of mis-configured peripherals. Breakpoints may be set on either assembly instructions or lines of C code, and execution may be stepped through one instruction or C line at a time. The contents of all the memory areas may be viewed along with ability to find specific variables. In addition the registers may be viewed allowing a detailed view of what the microcontroller is doing at any point in time.

ARM Software About Keil ARM

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1. 2.

Click on the Keil u Vision3 Icon on Desktop The following fig will appear

3.Click on the Project menu from the title bar 4.Then Click on New Project

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5. Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder sited in either C:\ or D:\

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6. Then Click on Save button above. 7. Select the component for u r project. i.e.NXP 8. Click on the + Symbol beside of NXP

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9.Select LPC2148 as shown below.

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10.Then Click on OK 11.The Following fig will appear

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12. Then Click YES 13. Now your project is ready to USE 14. Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source group 1 as shown in next page.

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15. Click on the file option from menu bar and select new

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16.The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double clicking on its blue boarder.

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17.Now start writing program in either in C or ASM 18.For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm and for C based program save it with extension .C

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19.Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group Source

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20.Now you will get another window, on which by default C files will appear

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21. Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file 22. Click only one time on option ADD 23. Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.

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24. If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously. 25. The new window is as follows

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26. Then Click OK

27. Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as shown in

Fig below

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29.Drag the port a side and click in the program file

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29.Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe. 30.You are running your program successfully

6.CONCLUSION
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The project Design of ATM Terminal Based On Fingerprint Recognition has been successfully designed and tested. Integrating features of all the hardware components used have developed it. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the project has been successfully implemented.

7.REFERENCES

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The 8051 Micro controller and EmbeddedSystems -Muhammad Ali Mazidi Janice Gillispie Mazidi

The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, Programming & Applications -Kenneth J.Ayala

Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications -Ramesh S.Gaonkar

Wireless Communications Theodore S. Rappaport Mobile Tele Communications William C.Y. Lee

References on the Web

http://www.garmin.com/products/gps35
http://www.alldatasheet.com

http://www.mathworks.com http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM35.pdf
http://www.nxp.com/documents/user_manual/UM10139.pdf

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APPENDIX
A.Source Code
/***** HEADER FILES ****/ #include <LPC214x.H> #include"lcdheader.h" #include"new_finger.h" /*****functions declaration*****/ void init_serial2 (void); void init_serial (void); /****variables****/ unsigned int mask1=0x00000000; unsigned char a,flag,ID,ID_H,ID_L,D_LEN,CMD,scan_flag; unsigned char byte1[50],value; char *accno,*passwd,person; /*****interrupts******/ /***GSM MODEM***/ void serialint1 (void)__irq { if(U1IIR==0x00000004 ){byt[u]=U1RBR;u=u+1; } VICVectAddr=0X00000000;

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Anurag Engineering College } /*****FINGER PRINT MODULE****/ void serialint2 (void)__irq { if(U0IIR==0x00000004 | U0IIR==0x00000005 ) { byte1[a]=U0RBR;a=a+1;

} flag=1; VICVectAddr=0X00000000; } /*****main program*****/ int main(void) { unsigned char i='1';

PINSEL0|= 0x00050005; IODIR0|=0x001F0000; IOSET0|=0x001F0000;

init();i2cInit(); init_serial2 (); init_serial ();

a=0;u=0;

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Anurag Engineering College LCDstr("FINGERPRINT BASE",0x80); LCDstr(" BANKING SYSTEM ",0xC0); gap(300); mask=IOPIN0 & 0x00080000; mask1=IOPIN0 & 0x00020000; if(mask1==0x00000000) { lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("ENROLLING ",0x80);a=0;flag=0; GSM_IMAGE();//enrolling gap(100); while(flag!=1); {flag=0;a=0; if(byte1[9]==0x00)LCDstr("sucess image",0xc0); else if(byte1[9]==0x01)LCDstr("receive error",0xc0); else if(byte1[9]==0x02)LCDstr("no image",0xc0); else if(byte1[9]==0x03)LCDstr("input not success",0xc0); memset(byte1,'\0',sizeof(byte1)); } gap(400);lcdcmd(0x01); GSM_CHAR(); //convert to character gap(200); if(flag==1 ){flag=0;a=0; //delete sw-p0.19 //enrolling sw-p0.17

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Anurag Engineering College if (byte1[9] == 0x00){ ID_NO:",0xc0); while(1){ mask=IOPIN0 & 0x00060000; if(mask==0x00040000){lcdcmd(0xcd);i++;if(i>0x35)i=0x31;lcddata(i);gap1(9000);} if(mask==0x00020000){value=i-0x30;break;} }STORE_CHAR(value);gap(200);flag=0;a=0;} else{lcdcmd(0x01); LCDstr(" INVALID ",0xc0);} }gap(30);} if(mask==0x00000000) {flag=0;a=0;DELETE_ALL();//to delete all id's lcdcmd(0x01); LCDstr("DELETING...",0x80);gap(200); if(flag==1 ){flag=0;a=0; if (byte1[9] == 0x00){ LCDstr("ALL DATA DELETED",0xc0);gap(500);lcdcmd(0x01); } }} memset(byte1,'\0',sizeof(byte1)); a=0; flag=0; while(1) { lable:LCDstr("BANKING SYSTEM: ",0x80);gap(200);lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("ENTER ACCNO:",0x80); accno=switches(); lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("ENTER

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Anurag Engineering College if(!(strcmp(accno,"123"))){person='1';} else if(!(strcmp(accno,"234"))){person='2';} else if(!(strcmp(accno,"345"))){person='3';} else {lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr(accno,0x80);LCDstr("WRONG ACC-NO",0xc0);gap(500); init_b ;BUZZER_ON();gap(200);BUZZER_OFF(); gsm_send("WRONG ACC_NO","919885379047");lcdcmd(0x01);goto lable;} lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("ENTER PASSWORD:",0x80); passwd=switches(); if((!(strcmp(passwd,"111")))& person=='1'){LCDstr("PERSON1",0xc0);} else if((!(strcmp(passwd,"222")))& person=='2'){LCDstr("PERSON2",0xc0);} else if((!(strcmp(passwd,"333")))& person=='3'){LCDstr("PERSON3",0xc0);} else {lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr(passwd,0x80);LCDstr("WRONG PASSWD",0xc0);gap(500); init_b ;BUZZER_ON();gap(200);BUZZER_OFF(); gsm_send("WRONG PASSWORD","919885379047");lcdcmd(0x01);goto lable;} finger:LCDstr(" KEEP FINGER & ",0x80);LCDstr(" PRESS THE ENT ",0xc0); mask1=0x00100000 &IOPIN0; gap(20); if(mask1==0x00000000){ lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("TO IDENTIFY",0x80);a=0;flag=0; IDENTIFY();//finger identification gap(100); while(flag!=1);flag=0;a=0; if(byte1[9]==0x00){

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Anurag Engineering College if( byte1[11]==0x01 & person=='1')LCDstr("PERSON1",0xc0); else if( byte1[11]==0x02& person=='2')LCDstr("PERSON2",0xc0); else if( byte1[11]==0x03& person=='3')LCDstr("PERSON3",0xc0); else {lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("INVALID PERSON",0x80);gap(500); init_b ;BUZZER_ON();gap(200);BUZZER_OFF(); lcddata(byte1[11]+0x30);gap(200); gsm_send("INVALID PERSON","919885379047"); memset(byte1,'\0',sizeof(byte1));goto lable; } memset(byte1,'\0',sizeof(byte1));

} else init_b ;

{lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("INVALID FINGER",0x80);gap(500);

BUZZER_ON();gap(200);BUZZER_OFF();

lcddata(byte1[11]+0x30);gap(200); gsm_send("INVALID finger","919885379047"); memset(byte1,'\0',sizeof(byte1));goto lable; } }

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Anurag Engineering College else goto finger; lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("SELECT OPTIONS:",0x80);gap(500); lcdcmd(0x01);LCDstr("MINISTA WITHDRA",0x80); LCDstr("DEPOSIT BALANCE",0xc0); while(1){ mask=IOPIN0 &0x001E0000; if(mask==0x001c0000){lcdcmd(0x01);mini_statement(person);break;} if(mask==0x001a0000){lcdcmd(0x01);withdral(person); if(mask==0x00160000){lcdcmd(0x01);deposit(person); if(mask==0x000E0000){lcdcmd(0x01);balance(person); } gap(100);lcdcmd(0x01); }} break;} break;} break;}

/****sub programs****/ void init_serial2 (void) { U0LCR = 0x83; U0DLL =97;//here bard rate 9600 U0LCR = 0x03; VICIntEnable|=0x00000040; U0IER=0x01; //for bard rate 4800 (U1DLL=0xc3 )

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Anurag Engineering College VICVectCntl1|=0x00000026; VICVectAddr1|=(unsigned)serialint2; } void init_serial (void) { //PINSEL0 = 0x00040000; U1LCR = 0x83; U1DLL =97;//here bard rate 9600 U1LCR = 0x03; VICIntEnable=0x00000080; U1IER=0x01; VICVectCntl2 =0x00000027; VICVectAddr2=(unsigned)serialint1; } //for bard rate 4800 (U1DLL=0xc3 )

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