Vyakr[m!

Salutation to you O Goddess Sarasvati, who is giver of boons, and who has a beautiful form!
I begin my studies. Let there be success for me always.

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!

Prepared by
Dr. Kumud Singhal
ksinghal@ieee.org
408-934-9747
Version #2
Version #1 available at http://www.arshavidyacenter.org/sanskrit_sahakarin.pdf

Presented by
Arsha Vidya Center
Many thanks to our Sanskrit Teacher r Vijay Kapoor

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!

Table of Contents
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2. The Sanskrit Alphabet ........................................................................................................................ 6
3. Sandhi Rules ........................................................................................................................................ 7
3.1 Vowel Sandhi .................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Visarga Sandhi .................................................................................................................................. 8
3.3 Consonant Sandhi ........................................................................................................................... 10
4. Nouns.................................................................................................................................................. 13
4.1 Usage & Examples.......................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Nouns ending in vowels .................................................................................................................. 17
4.2.1 Masculine Nouns ..................................................................................................................... 17
4.2.2 Feminine Nouns ....................................................................................................................... 18
4.2.3 Neuter Nouns ........................................................................................................................... 19
4.3 Nouns ending in consonants ........................................................................................................... 20
4.3.1 Nouns with one stem ................................................................................................................ 20
4.3.2 Nouns with two stems .............................................................................................................. 21
4.3.3 Nouns with three stems ............................................................................................................ 23
5. Adjectives ............................................................................................................................................ 24
5.1 Adjectives ending in vowels .......................................................................................................... 24
5.2 Adjectives of quantity .................................................................................................................... 24
5.3 Degrees of comparison-Comparative & Superlative ...................................................................... 24
6. Pronouns ............................................................................................................................................ 26
6.1 Personal Pronouns........................................................................................................................... 26
6.2 Demonstrative Pronouns ................................................................................................................. 27
6.3 Interrogative & Relative Pronouns ................................................................................................. 29
7. Indeclinables ...................................................................................................................................... 30
8. The Subordinate Clause .................................................................................................................... 31
8.1The Noun, Adjective and Adverb Clause ........................................................................................ 31
8.2 List of Adverbs ............................................................................................................................... 31
8.3 Interrogative Sentences ................................................................................................................... 32
9. Verbs ................................................................................................................................................... 33
9.1 Tenses and Moods .......................................................................................................................... 33
9.2 Conjugations .................................................................................................................................. 34
9.3 Voice ............................................................................................................................................... 35
9.4 Suffixes for Conjugational Tenses and Moods ............................................................................... 36
9.5 Suffixes for Non Conjugational Tenses and Moods ....................................................................... 37
9.6 Suffixes for Strong and Weak form endings ................................................................................. 38
9.7 Examples ......................................................................................................................................... 41
9.8 Prepositions .................................................................................................................................... 43
s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
10. Verbal Derivatives .......................................................................................................................... 44
10.1 k&t! Tyya> ...................................................................................................................................... 45
10.1.1 General Rules ......................................................................................................................... 45
10.1.2 Participles ............................................................................................................................... 46
10.1.3 Verbal Nouns ......................................................................................................................... 48
10.2 tit Tyya> ................................................................................................................................... 55
10.2.1 General Rules ......................................................................................................................... 55
10.2.2 List of tit affixes covered ................................................................................................. 55
11. Derivative Conjugations ................................................................................................................ 60
11.1 Causative ....................................................................................................................................... 60
11.2 Desiderative .................................................................................................................................. 61
11.3 Frequentative ................................................................................................................................ 62
11.4 Denominative ................................................................................................................................ 62
12. smasa> ................................................................................................................................................ 64
12.1 N ................................................................................................................................................ 64
12.2 kmRxary .......................................................................................................................................... 65
12.3 tTpu;> ........................................................................................................................................... 67
12.4 bhuIih ............................................................................................................................................ 69
12.5 AVyyIav> ...................................................................................................................................... 70
12.6 %ppd .............................................................................................................................................. 72
12.7 git ................................................................................................................................................. 72
12.8 aid ................................................................................................................................................ 72
12.9 Examples from Bhagavad Gita Chapter 12 ................................................................................. 72
13. Analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 74
13.1 m<gaek ........................................................................................................................................ 74
13.2 Bhagavad Gita Chapter 2, Verse 47.............................................................................................. 75
13.3 Bhagavad Gita Chapter 3, Verse 3................................................................................................ 76

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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1. Introduction
s<Sk&tm! is derived from the past participle of the root k& , to do, with the prefix sm! , well. The word
thus means that which is well done. The uniqueness of the language is that it uses 2200 verbal roots
(xatu), to generate an entire vocabulary of millions of words. The words are formed from these roots by
the addition of prefixes and suffixes (affixes; Tyy) according to well-defined rules. s<Sk&tm! is
phonetically precise, that is, every sound is represented by a unique symbol. When two sounds come
together in s<Sk&tm! , they combine with one another according to welldefined set of rules called
euphonic combination, or siNx rules.
All the words in s<Sk&tm! may be classified into three basic types. They are:
1. Declinable word (subNt) is a word that varies according to gender (p<ui, SIil, and
npu<skil) number (@kvcn, ivcn, bhuvcn) and case (wma, itIya, t&tIya, ctuwIR, pmI, ;I,
sPtmI, sMbaexn). Declinable words include nouns (nam; eg. ram>, gu>), pronouns (svRnam; eg. s>)
and adjectives (ivze;[; eg. %:[> hot)
2. Indeclinable word (AVyy) is a word that never varies, except when affected by phonetic rules
(siNx). Indeclibales words include adverbs (inTym! , kevlm! , icrm! , dUrm! ), prepositions or prefixes
(, Anu, iv, it, %p), conjunctions (Awva) and interjections (h, va)
3. Verb (iyapdm!) is a word that varies according to the number, person, tense, mood and voice.
xatu, the original form of the verb, is conjugated in six tenses and four moods. In each tense and
mood there are three persons (wm (third), mXym (second), %m (first)).
In s<Sk&tm! , any word has two elements:
1. k&it known as xatu, is the original form of the finite verb.
2. Tyy is the termination which is added to the xatu; k&it + Tyy = pdm! (word)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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2. The Sanskrit Alphabet

Ac> (Svra>) Vowels

Simple Vowels
Diphthongs

Aa

@e

Aae

AaE

hl> (Vynain ) Consonants

Hard

Hard
Aspirate

Soft

Soft
Aspirate

Soft
Nasal

Soft
Semivowels

Hard
Sibilants

Guttural

"

'

>

Palatal

Lingual

Dental

Labial

>

gu[ and v&i Table

A Aa

# $

% ^

gu[

Aae

Ar!

Al!

v&i

Aa

@e

AaE

Aar!

Aal!

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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3. Sandhi Rules
3.1 Vowel Sandhi
Rule Name
dIxR siNx>

gu[ siNx>

Rule

Example(s)

A or Aa + A or Aa Aa

muinna Aqaim = muinnaqaim

# or $ + # or $ $

nmis $rm! = nmsIrm!

% or ^ + % or ^ ^

ikNtu %vac = ikNtUvac

\ or + \ or

kt&R \ju> = kt&Rju>

A or Aa + # or $ @

ram $rm! = ramerm

A or Aa + % or ^ Aae

gCDw %*anm! = gCDwae*anm!

A or Aa + \ or Ar!

muinna \i;> = muinni;R>

A or Aa + l& Al!
v&i siNx>

y[! siNx>

A or Aa + @ @e

itw @v = itwEv

A or Aa + Aae AaE

oadw Aaednm! = oadwaEdnm!

A or Aa + @e @e

#N> c @eravt> c = #NEravt

A or Aa + AaE AaE

pZyw AaE"m! = pZywaE"m!

# or $ + any dissimilar vowel y!

xavit A = xavTy>

% or ^ + any dissimilar vowel v!

nnu @v = nNvev

\ or + any dissimilar vowel r!

kt&R #it = kiRit

l& or l + any dissimilar vowel l!

Ayaid siNx

s<Sk&t shkairn!

@ + any vowel except A Ay!

kve #Cdis = kviyCDis

or Ay! may optionally drop y!

or kv #CDis

@e + any vowel except A Aay!

tSmE #;u< yCDit = tSmaiy;u< yCDit

or Aay! may optionally drop y!

or tSma #;u< yCDit

Aae + any vowel except A Av!

gurae #it = gurivit

or Av! may optionally drop v!

or gur #it

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Vyakr[m!

Exceptions

AaE + any vowel except A Aav!

AaE #Nxnm! = AaivNxnm!

or Aav! mayoptionally drop v!

or Aa #Nxnm!

@ and Aae followed by A remain

munyee A< yCDaim = munye=< yCDaim

unchanged while the A is elided.

ae Axuna = ae=xuna

-Interjections like Aa he Ahae do not

vne Aitiw> pZyit; vne=itiwvRsit.

combine with the following word.

kvI #CDt> ; bNxU Aitiw< nyt>

$ ^ and @, when i terminations,

remain unchanged before vowels.
-The final @ of a i v form followed
by any vowel remains unchanged.

lavhe Aism!; $]ewe #Nm!

3.2 Visarga Sandhi

Name

Rule
A + > + A A> changes to Aae

Example(s)
xavt> AaE = xavtae=aE

and the following A is elided

A + > + any vowel except A ivsgR

xavt> AaklaE = xavt AaklaE

is dropped
A + > + soft consonant ivsgR

pu> xavit = puae xavit

changes to Aae
Aa + > + any vowel or soft consonant

bala> xaviNt = bala xaviNt

ivsgR is dropped

jna> AqiNt = jna AqiNt

-Any vowel except A or Aa + > + any

balE> xavit = balExaRvit

vowel or soft consonant the ivsgR is

imE> Aqit = imErqit

replaced by r!
-Any vowel + > + hard consonant
s<Sk&t shkairn!

pu> onit,
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Vyakr[m!
remains unchanged before
k! o! p! )! Z! ;! s!

Final r!

jna> ptiNt, bal> srit,

Any vowel + > + c! or D! z!

jna> cliNt = jnaliNt

Any vowel + > + q! or Q! ;!

pQt> iqkam! = pQtikam!

Any vowel + > + t! or w! s!

pu> trit = puStrit

Any vowel + > + z! z! or a ivsgR

ram> zr[m! or ramZzr[m!

Any vowel + > + ;! ;! or a ivsgR

nm> ;{muoay or nm:;{muoay

Any vowel + > + s! s! or a ivsgR

bal> srit or balSsrit

Final s! and r turn into visarga

nmws! = nmw>, netr! = net>

so also in the adverb

punr = pun>, atr = at>

Exception: Visarga standing for the

pun> Aip = punrip, ipt>

final r!
even when preceded by A or Aa and
followed by a vowel or a soft

vdis = iptvRdis, mat> #N< pZyis =

matirN< pZyis,

consonant is changed to r!.

s> & @;>

s> and @;> drop their visarga before

s> #CDit s #CDit

any consonant and before any vowel

@;> vIr> @; vIr>

except A.
Before A, they become sae and @;ae

@;> AjuRn> @;ae=juRn>

while the following A is elided.

for AmI

The final $ of AmI (nom. pl. masc. of

AmI Aa>, AmI $]Nte

Ads! ) never combines with following

vowels.

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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3.3 Consonant Sandhi

Name
Change of
n! to [!

Rule

Examples

If in the same word n! is

pa-in = pi[, nre-in = nre[

preceded by r! , ;! ,\ or and

ramay-n = ramay[; nran! because n! is

followed by a vowel, n! , m! ,y! ,

followed by nothing; pu:yiNt because n! is

v! it is changed to [! The rule

followed by t!; AjuRnen because the

applies even when the n! , is

intervening j! is neither a vowel, a

seperated from the preceding r!

gutteral, a labiel nor y! , v! , h , anusvara

,;! or \ by several letters,

provided those intervening
letters be vowels, gutterals,
labials, or y! , v! , h and
anusvara.
No Sanskrit word can end with
more than one consonant. A
final compound consonant
must be reduced to its first
member
Exception is made for a final
double consonant the first

mt!s! mt!

^j!R ^kR

member of which is r and the

mXym a consonant which is not
a termination.
A Sanskrit word (i.e. a verb
with its termination or a
nominal stem with its caseending) can end only with one
of the eight following

s<Sk&t shkairn!

consonants: k q t! p! ' n! m! or

vac! vak

visarga. All other final

consonants must be reduced to
one of these eight.

saj! saq
av&;! av&q
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Vyakr[m!
h! and Palatels are reduced
to k! or q!
Celebrals are reduced to q

sud! sut
kk! kkp!
kivs! kiv> iptr! ipt>

Dentals are reduced to t!

Labials are reduced to p!
s! and r! are reduced to
visarga
A final hard consonant
n&pat! Alt = n&padlt
becomes soft before a vowel or
a soft consonant.
amat! gCDaim = amad! gCDaim
This rule does not apply to the
final hard consonant of a
verbal base or a nominal stem
followed by a termination or a
case-ending beginning with a
vowel or a semi-vowel. It does
apply, however, when the final
consonant of a verbal base or
of a nominal stem is followed
by a termination beginning
with a soft consonant (except a
semi-vowel)
A soft consonant becomes hard
before a hard consonant.

pt!+AiNt=ptiNt mt!+@=mte
i]p!+y+te=i]Pyte
mt!+i=mi>

sud! + su = suTsu @td! + ptit =

@tTptit,

This rule does not apply to the

final soft aspirate of a verbal
root followed by a termination

l! + t = lBx

beginning with t! or w!. In that

case, the final consonant of the
root loses its aspiration, and
the t! or w! of the termination is
changed to x
When "! x! ! and h! lose their

kamh! becomes kamxuk

aspiration owing to
combination with the
s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
following consonants, the
preceding consonant becomes
aspirate, if possible.
Final n!

Final n! preceded by a short

vowel and followed by any
vowel is doubled.

hsn! AagCDit = hsagCDit

biln! Ajy> = biljy>

Final n!

tan! c = ta<

followed by c! or D is replaced

xIman! qIka< pQit = xIma<:qIka< pQit

by anusvara and z!

ArIn! tfayit = ArIStfayit

followed by q or Q is replaced
by anusvara and ;!
followed by t! or w! is replaced
by anusvara and s!
Dentals in
contact with
palatals,
celebrals

Any dental coming into

conatct with a palatal is
changed to the corresponding
palatal.

sut! clit = sulit, Aanyt! jlm! =

Initial z! preceded by any of

tc! uTva optionally becomes tCTva

and l!

Aanyd! jlm! = Aanylm!

tt! uTva = tc! uTva

the first four letters of a class is

optionally changed to D!
Any dental coming into
conatact with a celebral is
changed to the corresponding
celebral
The preceding rule does not
apply when a dental is

Aipvt! qam! = Aipvq qam!

pu;! + t = pu
Ayt! ;afvm!

followed by ;!
A dental followed by l! is

@td lte = @tLte

changed to l

v&]an! luMpit = v&]al!~ luMpit

n! followed by l! is changed to
nasalized l!~

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!

4. Nouns
Meanings

Case (ivi)
wma (Nominative)

ktRa (subject)

itIya (Accusative)

kmR (object)

t&tIya (Instrumental)

kr[m! (Instrument) by/with/through

ctuwIR (Dative)

sMdanm! (Indirect object) for/to

pmI (Ablative)

Apadanm! from/than

;I (Genitive)

sMbNx

sPtmI (Locative)

Aixkr[m! (Location)

sMbaexn (Vocative)

sMbaexn (Address) Oh/ye

of/among
in/on/at

The following lokas show the usage of all cases in ram, k&:[ and gu zBd> in @kvcn

ivi

ram zBd>

k&:[ zBd>

gu zBd>

wma

Iram> zr[< smStjgta<

ram> rajmi[> sda ivjyte

k&:[> r]tu ma< cracrgu>

gu> @v git>

itIya

ram< ivna ka git>

ram< rmez< je,

k&:[< nmSyaMyh<

gu< @v je

t&tIya

rame[ ithNyte kilml<

rame[ Aihta inzacrcmU>

k&:[enamrzvae ivinhta>

gu[a @v shaiSm

ctuwIR

ramay kayR< nm> ,

ramay tSmE nm> .1.

k&:[ay tSmE nm>,

nmae gurve,

pmI

ramat! Syit kalImujgae

ramat! naiSt pray[< prtr<

k&:[at! @v smuiTwt< jgidd<

n gurae> prm<

;I

ramSy svR< vze

ramSy das> AiSm Ahm!,

k&:[Sy dasae=SMyh<

izzuriSm gurae>

sPtmI

rame iroi{fta vtu me

rame icly> sda vtu me

k&:[e ircla=Stu gvn!

mitriSt guraE mm

sMbaexn

ram ! Tvmevay>.

he ram mam! %ar.2.

he k&:[ tu_y< nm>.

paih gurae.

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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4.1 Usage & Examples

Used to Indicate

ivi
wma

itIya

%psgaR>

t&tIya

particle
%psgaR>

ctuwIR

Examples

-the subject of a finite verb

$r> r]it, vara protects.

-the subjective complement

bala> viNt ctura>, The boys are intelligent.

-as an adjective in apposition to the subject

cur> devd> vdit, The intelligent Devdatta speaks.

-direct object of transitive verb

$r> jnan! r]it, vara protects the people.

-objective complement

ram> vIr< baexam>, We know Rma (to be) hero.

-after verbs indicating movement

das> kUp< gCDit, The servant goes to the well

Ait (above), Anu (after/long), %p(below/near),

Ait knk< suom!, Anu n&p< nr> jit, %p dez< n&p> (vit),

Ait> (near/in front of), pirt> (around), svRt>

Swan< Ait> bal> )lain oadit, pvRt< pirt> v&]a> raehiNt, am<

(on all sides of), %yt> (on both sides of), ixk!>

svRt> kmlain raehiNt, pvRt< %yt> v&]a> raehiNt, ixk! kakan!, vn<

(fie on), ANtre[ (without/concerning), ANtr (in

smya vsam>, A< ANtre[ km< raehit, vne ANtr am> vit, pvRt<

between), %yt> (on both sides of), smya/ink;a/

it bal> xavit, g&h< Ai Ifam>, knk< ivna zrIr< jIvit, pvRt<

Ai (near), ivna (without), it (towards)

it bal> crit,

-agent of passive verb

rame[ m&g< zyt, A deer is seen by Rma.

-instrument or means by which action is done.

bal> muo< hSta_ya< gUhit, The boy hides face with (his) hands.

-person or thing accompanying the action

k&:[en gCDaim, I go with Ka.

-cause or reason (i.e to translate expressions:

owing to, on account of, out of, because of)

du>oen am< Tyjaim, On account of misery, I leave the village.

-translate expressions like: by name, by

nature, by family, by birth, etc.

Svaven ram> vIr> vit, Rma is a hero by nature.

-time and sapce in which the action is performed

adzivR;ERVyaRkr[< Uyte, Grammer is learnt within twelve years.

Alm! (enough)

Al< zaeken, Enough with grief.

k&tm! (enough).

k&t< kaelahllen, Enough with noise.

sh (with)

k&:[en sh gCDaim, I go with Ka.

ivna (without)

%pnee[ ivna n pZyit, He does not see without glasses.

-indirect object of verbs meaning to give, to

send, to promise, to show

AacayR> iz:ye_y> puSkain yCDit, The preceptor gives the books

-govern the verbs meaning to be angry with, to

desire, to long for.

jnk> puay kuPyit, The father is angry with the son.

-to express the purpose of action.

yuay gCDit, He goes for war (with a purpose to fight).

s<Sk&t shkairn!

to the students.

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Vyakr[m!
-purpse or thing for whom the action is done

kUp< pue_y> onit, He digs well for (his) sons.

-after the verbs indicating action

dasae amay gCDit , The servant goes to the village.

nm:

Iramay nm>, Salutations to r Rma.

particle

SviSt

n&pay SviSt, Hail to the king.

pmI

-thing from which something is seperated

)l< v&]at! ptit, The fruit falls from the tree.

-source or place from which action begins

\i;> vnat! gCDit, The sage goes from the forest.

-govern verbs to resist from, to protect, to be

afraid from
-cause or motive of an action

bal> caere_y> ibeit, The boy is afraid of thieves.

sMmaehat! Sm&it ivm> vit, Out of delusion arises loss of
memory.

%psgaR>

ak! (before, to the east of), \te> (without), ivna

ak! igre #Ndu< pZyit, He sees the moon to the east of the

(without) pUvRm! (before), bih> (outside), AnNtrm!

mountain.

(after), Aa &it (until/since/beginning from)

;I

-the relation of one noun to another, usually

rendered into english by the preposition of
-translate to have

jlat! ivna v&]> n jIvit, The tree does not live without water.
dzrwSy pu>, Son of Daratha.
Daa[a< puSkain viNt, Of the students there are books.
n&pSy pu> AiSt, Of the king there is son.

%psgaR>

-with verbs meaning to be master of, to have

mercy, to remember, to favor, to trust in
-often, instead of dative, after verbs meaning to
give, to tell, to promise, to show, to send
-with nouns derived by means of primary suffix

matu> Smraim, I remember my mother.

-instead of the instr., with ppp used the present

ramSy or rame[ pUijt>, Honoured by Rma.

-after superlatives

nra[a< e>, The best of men.

-with adjectives meaning dear, dependent on,

versed in , equal to
-express a sense of since

s ra} iy AasIt!, He was dear to the king .

%pir (above), Ax> (below), purt> (in front of)

mexana< %pir riv> clit, The sun moves above the clouds.

pat! (behind), prt> (beyond), Ae sm]< (in the

t&[Sy raze> A> kiv> #;u< ivNdit, The poet finds the arrow

presence of), k&te (for the sake of)

under a heap of grass.

-use as Genitive Absolute

-used when the absolute phrase is equivalent to a
concessive clause, implying disregard or
contempt,

rav[Sy pZyt> Aip ram> ra]san! hiNt, Rma killed the demons,

te;a< dIyta< zr[m!, Let shelter be given to them.

senaya neta, Leader of the army.

munre agtSy pmae idvs>, The sage came five days ago.

g&hSy purt> v&]a> viNt, There are trees in front of the house.

inspite of the fact that Rvaa was looking on.

mat&> vdTya> Aip pu> gCDit, While the mother is speaking, the
son goes out (despite of mother speaking)
iptu> pZyt> Aip bal> atr< tudit, Even though his father is

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
looking on, the boy strikes his brother.
sPtmI

-the place where the action takes place

Ifa[e Ifaim, I play in the playground.

-time when the action takes place

I:me ngr< gCDaim, In summer I go to the city.

-imdicating movement such as to fall, to

place, to throw, to send, to enter.

bal> g&he ivxit, The boy enters the house.

-expressions likeconcerning, matter of

ivnye gaeivNd> wmiStit, In the matter of modesty Govinda

stands first

-object of emotion and feelings

rame iSnait, I feel affection for Rma.

-object owards which an action is directed

mULye ivvdete, The two are disputing about the price.

-nouns denoting lordship or claim

ame SvamI, Master of (over) the village.

-adjectives meaning skilful, well-versed etc,

yue inpu[>, Skillful in war.

-sometimes instead of dative with verbs meaning

to give, to bestow, to promise, etc

xn< dire;u ivtrit, He gives money to the poor.

-render the meaning of among

nre;u Tv< e>, Thou are best among men.

-use in locative absolute (sit sPtmI )

sUyeR AStte smye vy< AgCDam,

-used to show time or circumstances of action

denoted by while, after, when, etc.
_______________________________________

The sun havig set, we went home.

(When the sun set, we went home)
___________________________________________________

Active -Simutaneous (Present acrive particple)

rame vn< gCDit sveR jna> duiota>,

While Rma was going to the forest, all people were unhappy.
sItaya< t< pZyNTya< kEkeyI Ahst!,
When St was wathing him, Kaikeyi laughed.
sveR;u jne;u du>iote;u (sTsu) deva> Aip iv;{[a viNt,
When all the people are unhappy, even the gods become dejected.

______________________________________
Passive -Simutaneous (Present passive particple)

__________________________________________________
pe ilOymane (sit) s> ivzit,
When the letter is being written, he enters.
AaTma n hNyte hNymane zrIre,

______________________________________
Active Non Simutaneous (Present passive
particple)
Passive Non Simutaneous (Present passive
particple)
sMbaexn

-case of address

s<Sk&t shkairn!

tm is not killed, when the body is being killed

___________________________________________________
iptir ANn< Oaidtvit (sit) paQahpQm!,
My father having eaten the food (after my father had eaten
food), I read my lessons.
malaya< daya< (sTya<) bala> Agayn!, The garland having been
given, (after the garland) was given) the boys sang.
he izzae !, O baby!

Page 16

Vyakr[m!

4.2 Nouns ending in vowels

4.2.1 Masculine Nouns
ram
@k

muin

bhu

@k

izzu
bhu

@k

bhu

wma

ram>

ramaE

rama>

muin>

munI

muny>

izzu>

izzU

izzv>

itIya

ramm!

ramaE

raman!

munIm!

munI

munIn!

izzum!

izzU

izzUn!

t&tIya

rame[

rama_yam!

ramE>

muinna

muin_ym!

muini>

izzuna

izzu_yam!

izzui>

ctuwIR

ramay

rama_yam!

rame_y>

munye

muin_yam!

muin_y>

izzbe

izzu_yam!

izzu_y>

pmI

ramat!

rama_ym!

rame_y>

mun>e

muin_yam!

muin_y>

izzae>

izzu_yam!

izzu_y>

;I

ramSy

ramyae>

rama[am!

mune>

muNyae>

munInam!

izzae>

izae>

izzUnam!

sPtmI

rame

ramyae>

rame;u

munaE

muNyae>

muin;u

izzaE

izae>

izzu;u

sMbaexn

ram

ramaE

rama>

mune

munI

muny>

izzae

izzU

izzv>

net&

ipt&

wma

neta

nataraE

netar>

ipta

iptraE

ipetr>

itIya

netarm!

netaraE

netn!

iptrm!

iptraE

ipetn!

t&tIya

nea

net&_yam!

net&i>

ipa

ipt&_yam!

ipt&i>

ctuwIR

nee

net&_yam!

net&_y>

ipe

ipt&_yam!

t&_y>

pmI

netu>

net&_yam!

net&_y>

iptu>

ipt&_yam!

ipet&_y>

;I

netu>

neae>

net&[am!

iptu>

ipeae>

ipt&[am!

sPtmI

netir

neae>

net&;u

iptir

ipae>

ipt&;u

sMbaexn

netr!

netaraE

netar>

iptr!

iptaraE

iptar>

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 17

Vyakr[m!

4.2.2 Feminine Nouns

lta
@k

mit
bhu

@k

ndI
bhu

@k

bhu

wma

lta

lte

lta>

mit>

mtI

mty>

ndI

n*aE

n*>

itIya

ltam!

lte

lta>

mitm!

mtI

mtI>

ndIm!

n*aE

ndI>

t&tIya

ltya

lta_yam!

ltai>

mTya

mit_yam!

miti>

n*a

ndI_yam!

ndIi>

ctuwIR

ltayE

lta_yam!

lta_y>

mTyE-mtye

mit_yam!

mit_y>

n*E

ndI_yam!

ndI_y>

pmI

ltaya>

lta_yam!

lta_y>

mTya> - mte>

mit_yam!

mit_y>

n*a>

ndI_yam!

ndI_y>

;I

ltaya>

ltyae>

ltanam!

mTya> - mte>

mTyae>

mtInam!

n*a>

n*ae>

ndInam!

sPtmI

ltayam!

ltyae>

ltasu

mTyam! - mtaE

mTyae>

mit;u

n*am!

n*ae>

ndI;u

sMbaexn

lte

lte

lta>

mte

mtI

mty>

nid

n*aE

n*>

xenu

vxU

mat&

wma

xen>u

xenU

xenv>

vxU>

vXvaE

vXv>

mata

matraE

matr>

itIya

xenm
u !

xenU

xen>U

vxUm!

vXvaE

vxU>

mam!

matraE

mat>

t&tIya

xeNva

xen_u yam!

xeniu >

vXva

vxU_yam!

vxUi>

maa

mat&_yam!

mat&i>

ctuwIR

xeNv -xenve

xen_u yam!

xen_u y>

vXvE

vxU_yam!

vxU_y>

mae

mat&_yam!

mat&_y>

pmI

xeNva> - xenae>

xen_u yam!

xen_u y>

vXva>

vxU_yam!

vxU_y>

matu>

mat&_yam!

mat&_y>

;I

xeNva> - xenae>

xeNvae>

xenn
U am!

vXva>

vXvae>

vxUnam!

matu>

maae>

mat&[am!

sPtmI

xeNvam! - xenaE

xeNvae>

xenu;u

vXvam!

vXvae>

vxU;u

matir

maae>

mat&;u

sMbaexn

xenaee

xenU

xenv>

vxu

vXvaE

vXv>

mat>

matraE

matr>

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 18

Vyakr[m!

4.2.3 Neuter Nouns

vn
@k

vair
bhu

@k

mxu

bhu

@k

bhu

wma

vnm!

vne

vnain

vair

vair[I

vairi[

mxu

mxunI

mxUin

itIya

vnm!

vne

vnain

vair

vair[I

vairi[

mxu

mxunI

mixin

t&tIya

vnen

vna_yam!

vnE>

vair[a

vair_yam!

vairi>

mxuna

mxu_yam!

mxui>

ctuwIR

vnay

vna_yam!

vne_y>

vair[e

vair_yam!

vair_y>

mxune

mxu_yam!

mxu_y>

pmI

vnat!

vna_yam!

vne_y>

vair[>

vair_yam!

vair_y>

mxun>

mxu_yam!

mxu_y>

;I

vnSy

vnyae>

vnanam!

vair[>

vair[ae>

vair[am!

mxun>

mxunae>

mxUnam!

sPtmI

vne

vnyae>

vne;u

vairi[

vair[ae>

vair;u

mxinu

mxunae>

mxu;u

sMbaexn

vn

vne

vnain

vair-vare

vair[I

vairi[

mxu-mxae

mxunI

mxUin

xat&
wma

xat&

xat&[I

xati[

itIya

xat&

xat&[I

xati[

t&tIya

xat&[a

xat&_yam!

xat&i>

ctuwIR

xat&[e

xat&_yam!

xat&_y>

pmI

xat&[>

xat&_yam!

xat&_y>

;I

xat&[>

xat&[ae>

xat[am!

sPtmI

xat&i[

xat&[ae>

xat&;u

sMbaexn

xat&-xatr!

xat&[I

xati[

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 19

Vyakr[m!

4.3 Nouns ending in consonants

4.3.1 Nouns with one stem

pu<il and Iil

@k

npu<skil
bhu

@k

bhu

wma

s!

AaE

As!

itIya

Am!

AaE

As!

t&tIya

Aa

_yam!

is!

ctuwIR

_yam!

_ys!

pmI

As!

_yam!

_ys!

;I

As!

Aaes!

Aam!

sPtmI

Aaes!

su

sMbaexn

AaE

As!

mt! (M)

Like the
pu<il
and
Iil
-

vac! (F)

@k

bhu

@k

wma

mt!

mtaE

mt>

vak!

itIya

mtm!

mtaE

mt>

t&tIya

mta

md!_yam!

ctuwIR

mte

pmI

jgt! (N)
bhu

@k

bhu

vacaE

vac>

jgt!

jgtaE

jgiNt

vacm!

vacaE

vac>

jgt!

jgtaE

jgiNt

md!i>

vaca

vaG_yam!

vaGi>

jgta

jgd!_yam!

jgi>

md!_yam!

md!_y>

vace

vaG_yam!

vaG_y>

jgte

jgd!_yam!

jgd!_y>

mt>

md!_yam!

md!_y>

vac>

vaG_yam!

vaG_y>

jgt>

jgd!_yam!

jgd!_y>

;I

mt>

mtae>

mtam!

vac>

vacae>

vacam!

jgt>

jgtae>

jgtam!

sPtmI

mit

mtae>

mTsu

vaic

vacae>

va]u

jgit

jgtae>

jgTsu

sMbaexn

mt!

mtaE

mt>

vak!

vacaE

vac>

jgt!

jgtaE

jgt>

The main varieties of nouns with one stem are:

(1) Nouns with stems ending in palatels (2) Nouns with stems ending in cerebrals
(3) Nouns with stems ending in dentals (4) Nouns with stems ending in labials
(5) Nouns with stems ending in r! (6) Nouns with stems ending in s!

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 20

Vyakr[m!
(7) Nouns with stems ending in h

4.3.2 Nouns with two stems

The main varieties of nouns with two stems are
1. With stem ending in the suffix At! , They comprise
a. formed with suffix mt! (mtup!) and vt! (vtup!)
b. present active participles (parasmaipada) in At! (zt&). declined like xImt! with the
following modifications
i. nom. sing. masc. does not lengthen the A
ii. the nom., accus and voc. dual neuter takes the strong stem in ANt!, necessarly in
the 1st, 4th and 10th conjugations, and optionally in the sixth conjugation.
c. past active particples (vt!) in vt!
2. With stems ending in #n!. They are formed with suffixes #n!, ivn! and imn!
mt! (mtup!) and vt! (vtup!)
Shaded areas are strong stem; xImt! (At! ending; week); xImNt! ( ANt! ending; strong )
pu<il
@k

npu<skil

bhu

@k

bhu

pu<il
@k

npu<skil
bhu

@k

bhu

wma

s!

AaE

As!

xIman!

xImNtaE

xImNt>

xImt!

xImtI

xImiNt

itIya

Am!

AaE

As!

xImNtm!

xImNtaE

xImt>

xImt!

xImtI

xImiNt

t&tIya

Aa

_yam!

is!

xImta

xImd!_yam!

xImd!i>

ctuwIR

_yam!

_ys!

xImte

xImd!_yam!

xImd!_y>

pmI

As!

_yam!

_ys!

xImt>

xImd!_yam!

xImd!_y>

;I

As!

Aaes!

Aam!

xImt>

xImtae>

xImtam!

sPtmI

Aaes!

su

xImit

xImtae>

xImTsu

sMbaexn

AaE

As!

xImn!

xImNtaE

xImNt>

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Like the
pu<il

Like the
pu<il

xImtI

xImiNt

Page 21

Vyakr[m!

At! (zt&)
1P- pct!- cooking

4P- dIVyt!- playing

pu<il
@k

npu<skil

bhu

@k

pu<il
bhu

@k

npu<skil

bhu

@k

bhu

wma

pcn!

pcNtaE

pcNt>

pct!

pcNtI

pciNt

dIVyn!

dIVyNtaE

dIVyNt>

dIVyt!

dIVyNtI

dIVyiNt

itIya

pcNtm!

pcNtaE

pct>

pct!!

pcNtI

pciNt

dIVyNtm!

dIVyNtaE

dIVyt>

dIVyt!!

dIVyNtI

dIVyiNt

dIVyNtaE

dIVyNt>

dIVyt!!

dIVyNtI

dIVyiNt

decline like xImt!

sMbaexn

pcn!

pcNtaE

pcNt>

pcn!

pcNtI

pciNt

dIVyn!

6P- ivzt!- entering

10P- caeryt!- stealing

wma

ivzn!

ivzNtaE

ivzNt>

ivzt!

ivzNtI

ivziNt

caeryn!

caeryNtaE

caeryNt>

caeryt!

caeryNtI

caeryiNt

itIya

pcNtm!

pcNtaE

pct>

ivzt!!

ivzNtI

ivziNt

caeryNtm!

caeryNtaE

caeryt>

caeryt!!

caeryNtI

caeryiNt

caeryNtaE

caeryt>

caeryt!!

caeryNtI

caeryiNt

decline like xImt!

sMbaexn

ivzn!

ivzNtaE

ivzNt>

ivzn!

ivzNtI

pciNt

caeryNtm!

(vt!) in vt! ijtvt! declined like xImt!

Stems ending in #n! ivn! imn!

Shaded areas are strong stem occurs before all case endings beginning with a vowel;
bil (week) ; biln! (strong )
pu<il
@k

npu<skil
bhu

@k

bhu

pu<il
@k

npu<skil

bhu

@k

bhu

wma

s!

AaE

As!

blI

bilnaE

biln>

bil

bilnI

blIin

itIya

Am!

AaE

As!

bilnm!

bilnaE

biln>

bil

bilnI

blIin

t&tIya

Aa

_yam!

is!

bilna

bil_yam!

bili>

ctuwIR

_yam!

_ys!

bilne

bil_yam!

bil_y>

pmI

As!

_yam!

_ys!

biln>

bil_yam!

bil_y>

;I

As!

Aaes!

Aam!

biln>

bilnae>

bilnam!

sPtmI

Aaes!

su

bilin

bilnae>

bil;u

sMbaexn

AaE

As!

bilnaE

biln>

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Like the
pu<il

Like the
pu<il

bil

bilnI

blIin

Page 22

Vyakr[m!

4.3.3 Nouns with three stems

The main varieties of nouns with three stems are
1. The reduplicated perfect participle active in vs!
2. With stem ending in An! mn! and vn!
stems ending in vs!: Shaded areas are strong stem; thick box is middle stem;
ck&vs! (the one who didi it) ck&va<s (strong); ck&vt! (middle): cu;! (weak)
pu<il
@k

npu<skil

pu<il

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

npu<skil

bhu

@k

bhu

wma

s!

AaE

As!

ck&van!

ck&va<saE

ck&va<s>

ck&vt!

cu;I

ck&va<is

itIya

Am!

AaE

As!

ck&vasm!

ck&va<saE

cu;>

ck&vt!

cu;I

ck&va<is

t&tIya

Aa

_yam!

is!

cu;a

ck&vd!_yam!

ck&vd!i>

ctuwIR

_yam!

_ys!

cu;e

ck&vd!_yam!

ck&vd!_y>

pmI

As!

_yam!

_ys!

cu;>

ck&vd!_yam!

ck&vd!_y>

;I

As!

Aaes!

Aam!

cu;>

cu;ae>

cu;am!

sPtmI

Aaes!

su

cui;

cu;ae>

ck&vTsu

sMbaexn

AaE

As!

ck&vn!

ck&va<saE

ck&va<s>

Like the
pu<il

Like the
pu<il

ck&vt!

cu;I

ck&va<is

stems ending in An! : rajn! (strong); raj (middle): ra}! (weak)

pu<il
@k

s<Sk&t shkairn!

npu<skil
bhu

@k

bhu

wma

raja

rajanaE

rajan>

raja

rajanaE

rajan>

itIya

rajanam!

rajanaE

rajan>

rajanam!

rajanaE

rajan>

t&tIya

ra}a

raj_yam!

raji>

ctuwIR

ra}e

raj_yam!

raj_y>

pmI

ra}>

raj_yam!

raj_y>

;I

ra}>

ra}ae>

ra}am!

sPtmI

rai}-rajin

ra}ae>

rajsu

sMbaexn

rajn!

rajanaE

rajan>

Like the
pu<il

rajn!

rajanaE

rajan>

Page 23

Vyakr[m!

5. Adjectives
The adjective (ivze;[) agrees with the nouns it qualifies in gender, number and case. In other words, as
the noun changes in gender, number and case, its adjective also changes accordingly.
yi< ycn< ya c iviivRze:ySy , ti< tcn< sa c iviivRze;[SySyaip.

5.1 Adjectives ending in vowels

ivze;[

AwR

pu<il

zu

white

zu> zu> pq>

zuic

pure

the white cloth

ca
v&

beautiful
eloquent

SIil
zua; zua JyaeTSna
the white moonlight

npu<skil
zum! ; zum! vSm!
the white garment

zuic> ; zuicna pqen

zuic> zuCya (a

zuic; zuicna AMbuna

with the pure cloth

with the pure devotion

with pure water

ca> ; caraE cNe

ca> , cavIR; cai> ltai>

ca; ca vStu

in the beautiful moon

with the beautiful creepers

beautiful thing

vKta; vNe ime

vKI>R; vKya> matu>

vKt&; vKt& xat&

for the eloquent father

from the eloquent mother

the eloquent creator

5.2 Adjectives of quantity

ikyt! (how much, how great), yt! (so much, so many); yavt!-tavt! (as much, as many as); @tavt! (so
much, so great) are declined in the masculine and neuter like xImt!

5.3 Degrees of comparison-Comparative & Superlative

Comparative degree : When comparing two objects or persons, to indicate the superiority of one over
the other, tr and $ys! affixes are used.
Superlative degree: To show the excellence of one object or person over many objects or persons tm and
# affixes are used.

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 24

Vyakr[m!

Adjectives

Comp.
tr

Superl.
$ys!

tm

iy (dear)

iytr

eys!

iytm

dI"R (long)

dI"Rtr

dI"Rtm

a"Iys!

a"I

gu (heavy, great)

gutr

grIys!

gutm

gir

blvt! (strong)

blvTtr

blIys!

blvTtm

ibil

bhu (much)

bhutr

Uys!

bhutm

Uiy

pqu (clever)

pqutr

pqIys!

pqutm

piq

SwUl (big)

SwUltr

SwvIys!

SwUltm

Swiv

myUr> zukat! suNdtr>,

Examples
Comparison : Ablative case is used
The peacock is more beautiful than the parrot.

ngrat! am> zuictr>,

The village is cleaner than the city.

Imad! blIysa zu[a n&pae=jIyt,

The king was defeated by an enemy stronger than Bhima .

ramat! rt> knIyan!,

Bharat is younger than Rma.

Superlative: Genitive or Locative case is used

Among the students Govinda is the cleverest.
Daa[am! mXye or Dae;u gaeivNd> pqutm,
ASmak< mXye or ASmasu s> %Ttm>,

Among us, he is the best.

ima[am! eay malamyCDm!,

I gave a garland to the dearest of my friends.

vIra[am! or vIre;u ram> e>,

Among heros, Rma is the best.

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 25

Vyakr[m!

6. Pronouns
The pronouns are classified:
Personal

ASmd! (I ) , yu:md! (You), vt! (Your honour) ,Sv (Ones ow

Demonstrative

td! (farther away) that, @td! (nearer) this, #dm! (near) this, Ads! (far) that, svR (all), iv (all), ANy
(another), ANytr(either of two), #tr (other), Tvt! (other), Tv (other), nem (half), sm (all), ism(all), Tyd! (that)

Interrogative

ikm! (who)

Relative

yd! (who)

Numeral

@k (one), i (two), % (both), %y (both)

Directional

pUvR (eastern), pr (other),Avr (western),di][ (south),%TTr (northern), Apr (other), Axr (inferior), ANtr(outer)

6.1 Personal Pronouns

ASmd!
@k

yuSmd! (Tvm! - you)

(Ahm! I)
i

wma

Ahm!

Aavam!

itIya

mam! ma

Aavam! - naE

t&tIya

mya

Aava_yam!

ctuwIR

mm! - me

pmI

bhu
vym!

@k

bhu

Tvm!

yuvam!

Tvam! Tva

yuvam! vam!

ASmai>

Tvya

yuva_yam!

yu:mai>

Aava_yam! naE

ASm_ym! n>

tu_ym! - te

yuva_yam! vam!

yu:m_ym! v>

mt!

Aava_yam!

ASmt!

Tvt!

yuva_yam!

yu:mt!

;I

mm - me

Aavyae> - naE

ASmakm! n>

tv - te

yuvyae> - vam!

yu:makm! v>

sPtmI

miy

Aavyae>

Tviy

yuvyae>

ASman! n>

ASmasu

yUym!
yu:man! v>

yu:masu

vt! declines in Masc. and Neut. like xImt! and in Fem. like ndI , The word vt! is used as a polite or
respectful equivalent of the mXympu; pronoun; but the verb is always in bhuvcnm! (third person)
Examples
vy< n janIm>, We do not know

tv dasae=hm!, I am your servant

mm ayaR vn< gCDit, My wife is going to the forest

Tv< paQ< Smris, You remember the lesson

puStk< n> pQit, He reads our book

yvta k&t< tNmmtIv raecte, What your honour has done pleases me

van! StuitmhRit,Your Majesty deserves praise

very much.

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 26

Vyakr[m!

6.2 Demonstrative Pronouns

#dm> Ty]gt< smIptrvitR cEtdae pm!, AdsStu ivk&:qe tidit pra]e ivjanIyat!.
#dm!

refers to a person or a thing nearer at hand and @td! , to one still nearer, Ads! refers to a person or a

thing at a distance, while td! refers to one that is farther, beyond perception.
These pronouns can be used as demonstrative adjectives also.
td!
s> (He)

sa (She)

td! (it)

p<ui

SIil

npu<skil

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

wma

s>

taE

te

sa

te

ta>

tt!

te

tain

itIya

tm!

taE

tan!

tam!

te

ta>

tt!

te

tain

t&tIya

ten

ta_yam!

tE>

tya

ta_yam!

tai>

ten

ta_yam!

tE>

ctuwIR

tSmE

ta_yam!

te_y>

tSyE

ta_yam!

ta_y>

tSmE

ta_yam!

te_y>

pmI

tSmat!

ta_yam!

te_y>

tSya>

ta_yam!

ta_y>

tSmat!

ta_yam!

te_y>

;I

tSy

tyae>

te;am!

tSya>

tyae>

tasam!

tSy

tyae>

te;am!

sPtmI

tiSmn!

tyae>

te;u

tSyam!

tyae>

tasu

tiSmn!

tyae>

te;u

@;> (He)

@;a (She)

@tt! (it)

wma

@;>

@taE

@te

@;a

@te

@ta>

@tt!

@te

@tain

itIya

@tm!

@taE

@tan!

@tam!

@te

@ta>

@tt!

@te

@tain

t&tIya

@ten

@ta_yam!

@tE>

@tya

@ta_yam!

@tai>

@ten

@ta_yam!

@tE>

ctuwIR

@tSmE

@ta_yam!

@te_y>

@tSyE

@ta_yam!

@ta_y>

@tSmE

@ta_yam!

@te_y>

pmI

@tSmat!

@ta_yam!

@te_y>

@tSya>

@ta_yam!

@ta_y>

@tSmat!

@ta_yam!

@te_y>

;I

@tSy

@tyae>

@te;am!

@tSya>

@tyae>

@tasam!

@tSy

@tyae>

@te;am!

sPtmI

@tiSmn!

@tyae>

@te;u

@tSyam!

@tyae>

@tasu

@tiSmn!

@tyae>

@te;u

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!

#dm! and Ads!

Aym! (He)

#ym! (She)

#dm! (it)

wma

Aym!

#maE

#me

#ym!

#maE

#me

#dm!

#me

#main

itIya

#mm! @nm!

#maE @naE

#man! @nan!

#mam! @nam!

#maE @naE

#man! @nan!

#dm! @nt!

#me @ne

#main @nain

t&tIya

Anen @nen

Aa_yam!

@i>

Anya @nya

Aa_yam!

Aai>

ctuwIR

ASmE

Aa_yam!

@_y>

ASyE

Aa_yam!

Aa_y>

pmI

ASmat!

Aa_yam!

@_y>

ASya>

Aa_yam!

Aa_y>

;I

ASy

Anyae> @nyae>

@;am!

ASya>

Anyae>@nyae>

Aasam!

sPtmI

AiSmn!

Anyae> @nyae>

@;u

ASyam!

Anyae> @nyae>

Aasu

AsaE (He)

Like
the
p<ui

AsaE (She)

Ads! (it)

wma

AsaE

Am!

AmaE

AsaE

Am!

AmU>

Ad>

Am!

AmUin

itIya

Amum!

Am!

AmUn!

AmUm!

AmU

AmU>

Ad>

Am!

AmUin

t&tIya

Amuna

AmU_yam!

AmIi>

Amuya

AmU_yam!

AmUi>

ctuwIR

Amu:mE

AmU_yam!

AmI_y>

Amu:yE

AmU_yam!

AmU_y>

pmI

Amu:mat!

AmU_yam!

AmI_y>

Amu:ya>

AmU_yam!

AmU_y>

;I

Amu:y

Amuyae>

AmI;am!

Amu:ya>

Amuyae>

Amu;am!

sPtmI

Amui:mn!

Amuyae>

AmI;u

Amu:yam!

Amuyae>

AmU;u

Like
the
p<ui

svR (all) is a pronoun and it is declined in Masc., Fem., and Neut. like s> (m), sa (f), and tt! (n)
p<ui
@k

SIil

bhu

@k

npu<skil
bhu

@k

bhu

wma

svR>

svRaE

svRe

svRa

svRe

svRa>

svRm!

sveR

svRai[

itIya

svRm!

svRaE

svRan!

svRam!

svRe

svRa>

svRm!

sveR

svRai[

t&tIya

svRe[

svRa_yam!

svRE>

svRya

svRa_yam!

svRi>

ctuwIR

svRSmE

svRa_yam!

sveR_y>

svRSyE

svRa_yam!

svRa_y>

pmI

svRSmat!

svRa_yam!

svRe_y>

svRSya>

svRa_yam!

svRa_y>

;I

svRSy

svRyae>

svRe;am!

svRSya>

svRyae>

svRsam!

sPtmI

svRiSmn!

svRyae>

svRe;u

svRSyam!

svRyae>

svRasu

sMbaexn

svR>

svaeR

sveR

sveR

svaeR

svRa>

Like
the
p<ui

svRm!

sveR

svRai[

Examples
tiSmNvne vsit s> (He lives in that forest); @tanan pZym! (I saw these horses); tSya< n*amptt! (He fell into that river);
ta_ya< ima_ya< kuPyaim (I am angry with those two friends); #me n&pa> jyiNt (These kings conquer); Amuya ayaR nIyte bal> (The
boy is led by that woman; AmUin )lain m< racNte (Those fruits please me)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 28

Vyakr[m!

6.3 Interrogative & Relative Pronouns

ikm! Interrogative Pronoun ) (which?, what?)
p<ui
@k

npu<skil

SIil

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

wma

k>

kaE

ke

ka

ke

ka>

ikm!

ke

kain

itIya

km!

kaE

kan!

kam!

ke

ka>

ikm!

ke

kain

t&tIya

ken

ka_yam!

kE>

kya

ka_yam!

kai>

ken

ka_yam!

kE>

ctuwIR

kSmE

ka_yam!

ke_y>

kSyE

ka_yam!

ka_y>

kSmE

ka_yam!

ke_y>

pmI

kSmat!

ka_yam!

ke_y>

kSya>

ka_yam!

ka_y>

kSmat!

ka_yam!

ke_y>

;I

kSy

kyae>

ke;am!

kSya>

kyae>

kasam!

kSy

kyae>

ke;am!

sPtmI

kiSmn!

kyae>

ke;u

kSyam!

kyae>

kasu

kiSmn!

kyae>

ke;u

yd! (Relative Pronoun ) which?, who?)

wma

y>

yaE

ye

ya

ye

ya>

yt!

ye

yain

itIya

ym!

yaE

yan!

yam!

ye

ya>

yt!

ye

yain

t&tIya

yen

ya_yam!

yE>

yya

ya_yam!

yai>

yen

ya_yam!

yE>

ctuwIR

ySmE

ya_yam!

ye_y>

ySyE

ya_yam!

ya_y>

ySmE

ya_yam!

ye_y>

pmI

ySmat!

ya_yam!

ye_y>

ySya>

ya_yam!

ya_y>

ySmat!

ya_yam!

ye_y>

;I

ySy

yyae>

ye;am!

ySya>

yyae>

yasam!

ySy

yyae>

ye;am!

sPtmI

yiSmn!

yyae>

ye;u

ySyam!

yyae>

yasu

yiSmn!

yyae>

ye;u

The interrogative pronoun ikm! (in all three genders) followed by the indeclinable particles ict!, cn, or
Aip becomes an indefinite pronoun meaning some a certain. yd! when used with the interogative
pronouns with or without the participles (ict!, cn) expresses the sense of whatever, anywhatsoever.eg.
ySy kSy (of whomsoever); ySmE kSmEict! (to anybody whatsoever); y> k> (whosoever)
p<ui wma ivi @k vcn -

k> + ict! = kit! ; k> + cn = kn ; k> + Aip = kae=ip

SIil wma ivi @k vcn -

ka + ict! = kaict! ; ka + cn = kacn ; ka+ Aip = kaip

npu<skil wma ivi @k vcn - ikm! + ict! = ikit! ; ikm! + cn = ikn ; ikm! + Aip =

ikmip

m< ik<icdit (He tells me something); tt! kn [ae vsit (Some Brhmaa lives there.);
kiSmigre vsit Sm n&p> (The king lived in some city); n kyaip kNyya sh s<vdit (He is not speakng with any girl)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!

7. Indeclinables
AVyy is a word which has no gender, case, number and which undergoes no change.
List of Indeclinables derived from pronouns
svRnam
yt!

AVyy

svRnam

yda (when), y (where), ywa (as),

tt!

tda or tdanIm! (then, at that time), t (there),

yt> (whence, since, because)

@tt!

AVyy

twa, tihR (then,therefore)

yda (when), y (where), ywa (as),

#dm!

#danIm! (now), A (here), #Twm! (thus), At> (hence)

ikm!

kda (when), ku or Kk (where), kwm! (how),

yt> (whence, since, because)

Ads!!

Amu (there in the next word),

Amut> (from that place or person)

svR

kut> (why, whence)

svRda or sda (always),svR (everywhere),

ANy

svRt> (everywhere, on all sides)

@k

(otherwise in a different manner), ANyt> (from elsewhere)

@kda (once, once upon a time), @k (in

pr

pr (in the next word, in another place), prt> (further or

beyond)

one place), @kt> (from one place)

Apr

Apr (in another place), Aprwa (in

pUvR

pUvR (previously), pUvRt> (from the previous place, in front

of)

another manner), Aprt> (from another place)

%y

AVyy

ANyda (in other times), ANy (elsewhere), ANywa

%y (in both places), %ywa (in both

%Ttr

%Ttrt> (from the north), %Ttre[ (to the north)

ways), %yt> (from both sides)

di][

di][t> (from the south), %Ttre[ (to the south)

Meaning

AVyy

At>

therefore

Aw

Anekda

many times

AnNtrm!

nEv

hardly

kdaict!

Meaning

Frequently used Indeclinables

Meaning
AVyy

AVyy

Meaning

AVyy

Meaning

after this,
now
soon after

Aw>

afterward

Aw ikm!

what else

Aip

also, even

Aam!

yes

@vm!

thus, so

@v

ik<ict! @v

a little

#t>

from here

#t> prm!

before this

kdaip

indeed,
only, just
anytime

sometimes

n kdaict!

never

yda kdaict!

whenever

#h

here

kwmip

somehow

n kwmip

not at all

ikl

indeed

nEv ikl

no

n ikl

is it not so

ikmwRm!

for what

pirt>

around

pun>

again

twEv AStu

let it be so

twEv

similarly,

tt!

similarly

ttStt>

after that

tdwRm!

fot that

tdnNtrm!

after that

twaip

even so

Uy>

often,
again

Examples
> tv prI]a AiSt At> A_yas< ku, #danI< raixka aejn< kraeit, dev Tv< @v mm mata Ais, kdaict! sa Aagim:yit, kdaip AsTy< ma vd,
ywa sa kayR< kraeit tt! Tv< Aip ku, riv> Uy> paQ< n pQit, yda kdaict! smy> AiSt tda mm g&h< AagCDtu, #t> dUr< ma gCD,

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!

8. The Subordinate Clause

8.1The Noun, Adjective and Adverb Clause
Use by conjuction that
(double accusative)
Use of Conjuction pronoun
(equivalent to adjective clause)
Use of #it to convert inderect
speech intodirect speech
Use by a relative pronoun

Precedes the main clause and

is introdced by a conjugate
adverb to which a simple
adverb corresponds in the
main clause.

The Noun Clause

He thinks that Rma is a hero
(= He thinks Rma to be a hero)
What he says is true
(= that which he says is true)
He told me that he had conquered the enemies
(=I have conquered the enemies so he told me)
The Adjective-Clause
The man to whom the book was given has gone
away from the house.
Adj. Cla: to whom the book was given
The Adjverb-Clause
You came when the guests had gone

ram< vIr< icNtyit,

yt! vdit tt! sTym! ,
Ah< zUn! ijtvain sae=vdt!,

ySmE nray puStk> d< s g&hat! gt>,

ydaitwyae gataStda TvmagCD,

Sit down while I fetch water.

yavdh< jlmanyaim tavdupivz,

Virtues adorn the heart as flowers adorn the tree.

ywa pu:pai[ v&]< twa gu[a h&dy< U;yiNt,

He does not speak, because his friends have left

him.

ytae imai[ tmTyjn! s n a;te,

If your mother comes, you should wait upon her.

yid matagCDt! tihR ta< sevewa>,

8.2 List of Adverbs

Time

Interrogative

Conjuctive

Simple

Indefinite

kda (when?)

yda (when,whenever)

tda (then)

kdaict! (at times)

yavt! (while; as long as; to the

tavt! (-; so long; to

svRda (always)

extent that)

that extent)

Place

ku Kv (where?)

yda (when,whenever)

tda (then)

svR (everywhere)

Manner

kwm! (how?;

ywa (just as;

twa (so; thus; in that

kwit! (somehow)

in what way?)

in the manner in which)

way)

Cause

ikm! (why?)

yt> (because;

tt> (from that;

Source-origin

kut> (whence?; why?;

since; from the point that)

therefore; after that)

Condition

yid (if)

tihR (then)

Concession

y*ip (although)

twaip (yet)

since when?)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!

Examples

Question

Answer

kw< xmR< janais Tvm! ,

ywa Tv< janais twah< janaim,

How do you know what is right?

I know in the same way as you.

kut> [Zyit pu;>,

ytae buinRZyit tt @v [Zyit pu;>,

From what does man perish?

Whence the intellect is destroyed, from that very thing a man perishes.

kda vn< gCDiNt muny>,

yda pua[a< puaNpZyiNt tda g&h< TyjiNt vn< gCDiNt,

When do the sages go the forest?

When they see their sons sons, they abandon home and go to the forest.

tda ku vsiNt,

y rm{Iya> zaNta> Aama vtRNte tEv te;a< invas>,

Then where do they live?

They have their dwelling where there are charming and tranquil ashrams.

yavd+amae vn< n gCDit tavd+a]saSt nNdNte, As long as Rma does not go to the forest, the demons rejoice there.
y y ramae gaCDit t t sItanugCDit, To whichever place Rma goes, ther St follows.
yen pu;e[ sh a;te n&p> s muin>, The man with whom the king is speaking he is a sage.
yiSmNvne vsit ramStiSmNvne n iv*Nte ra]sa>, In the forest where Rma lives, in that forest there are no demons.
ySmaaeijte laekae laekaaeijte c y> s me iy #it vdit Ik&:[>, On account of whom the world does not
tremble, and who does not not tremble on account of the world, he is dear to me, so says r Krna.

8.3 Interrogative Sentences

Use of Aip
Use of Interrogative
pronouns, adverbs and
adjectives
(all begin with k)

Declarative Sentence

Interrogative

ram> sItya sh vn< gCDit,

Aip ram> sItya sh vn< gCDit,

Rma go to the forest with St

Does Rma go to the forest with St ?

ram> sItya sh vn< gCDit,

k> sItya sh vn< gCDit ,

Who goes to the forest with St ?
ram> ik< kraeit ,
What does Rma do ?
ram> kya sh vn< gCDit ,
With whom does Rma go to the forest?

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 32

Vyakr[m!

9. Verbs

Primitive
(roots which originaaly exist in Sanskrit)

Divided into 10 g[

Derivatives
(verbs derived from original roots or nouns)

Derived from Verbs

(Group 1) 1,4,6,10 g[

1. Causal

(Group 2) 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 g[

2. Desiderative

Denominative

3. Frequentative

9.1 Tenses and Moods

Name

Sanskrit

English

;q! kalvacka> (Six Tenses)

lq!

vtRmankal>

Present

savRxatuka>

l'!

An*tn-Utkal>

Imperfect

(Conjugational Tenses)

ilq!

prae]-Utkal>

Perfect; remote past

AaxRxatuka>
(Non-Conjugational Tenses)

1. iTvilq (Reduplicative)
2. Anuyaegilq (Periphrastic)
lu'!

samaNy-Utkal>

Aorist; simple past

luq!

An*tn-iv:yTkal>

Periphrastic Future

l&q!

samaNy-iv:yTkal>

Simple Future

cTvar> karbaexka> (Four moods)

laeq!

Aa}a

Imperative

savRxatuka>

ivixil'!

ivix , Aa}a

Potential

(Conjugational Moods)

AazIilR'!

Aaza

Benedictive

AaxRxatuka>

Conditional

(Non-Conjugational Moods)

l&'!

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 33

Vyakr[m!

Past Tenses (l'! - ilq! - lu'!)

l'!

ilq!

Denotes past action,

not done today, i.e.
done at some time
prior to the current
day.

lu'!

Denotes past action, not done today, Generally used Denotes past action,
to denote actions done at a very remote past time.
without reference to
-The reduplicative perfect is common to all
any particular time.
monosyllabic roots beginning with a consonant or
with A, Aa and #, %, \. The periphrastic perfect is
used with roots beginning with a long vowel except
Aa and with the roots of the 10th conjugation.

Future Tenses (luq! l&q!)

1. The Periphrastic Future (luq!) expresses remote future events.
2. The Simple Future (l&q!) expresses any future events whether immediate or remote.
luq!

l&q!

he sIte ramlm[aE ae vn< gNtaraE,

ik< iv:ytIit ik< iv:ytIit icNtyNt> sveR iz:ya>

Tvmip gNtais va n va,

prI]azalamuijNt Aagim:yiNt,

Oh St, Rma and Lakmaa will go to

the forest tomorrow. Will you too go or
not?

Thinking What will be? what will be?, all the

students will come, trembling, to the examination
hall.

9.2 Conjugations
The 10 conjugations in Sanskrit are divided into two groups. The first group consists of the 1st, 4th, 6th
and the 10th conjugations and the second group consists of the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th conjugations.
The division of verbs into 10 conjugations do not apply to all the 10 tenses and moods. It applies only to
the active voice, both parasmaipada and atmanepada of savRxatuka>. In the passive voice, and in all other
tenses of the active voice, all verbs are treated alike without distinction of conjugations. Thus the name
conjugational tenses and moods.
With respect to non-conjugational tenses and moods, verbal roots are divided into three classes:

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 34

Vyakr[m!

Roots

Description

Example

seq! (s+#q!)

insert a # before the terminations

U ivta; AcR! AicRta

Ainq! (An!+#q!)

do not insert a #

lBx lBxa

veq! (va+#q!)

insert a # optionally

SyNd! SyiNdta; SyNta

g[

nam

g[ivkr[

xatunam>

lq!

1. wmg[>

_vaid

vit He is; becomes

2. itIyg[>

Adaid

Ad!

3. t&tIyg[>

juhaeTyaid

hu

juhaeit He offers

4. ctuwRg[>

idvaid

idv!

dIVyit He plays

5. pmg[>

Svaid

nu

su

sunaeit He presses

6. ;:Qg[>

tudaid

tux!

tudit He presses

7. sPtmg[>

xaid

x!

[ai He blocks

8. A:qmg[>

tnaid

tn!

tnaeit He stretches

9. nvg[>

(aidg[>

I[it He buys

10. dzmg[>

curaidg[>

Ay

cur!

caeryit He steals

Ai He eats

9.3 Voice
1. Active Voice (ktRir yaeg): The ktRa of any iyapdm! is in the wma ivi. The iyapdm! of any
sentence or clause always agrees in number and person with the ktRa
2. Passive Voice (kmRi[ yaeg): The iyapdm! refers to or agrees with kmR, instead of the ktRa. The
verbal ending specifies the number and person of the kmR
3. Passive Impersonal (ave yaeg): In s<Sk&m! , not only transitive verbs (skmRkxatu), but intransitive
verbs (AkmRkxatu), also can be conjugated in the passive voice.

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 35

Vyakr[m!

xatu

yaeg

%dahr[

skmRkxatu ktRir yaeg

balk> Nw< pQit, The boy reads the book.

kmRi[ yaeg

balken Nw> pQ(te, The book is read by the boy

AkmRkxatu ktRir yaeg

balk> hsit, The boy laughs.

ave yaeg

balken hSyte , Laughing is done by the boy.

9.4 Suffixes for Conjugational Tenses and Moods

lq! (Present tense)
prSmEpd
@k

l'! (Past tense)

AaTmnepd

bhu

@k

prSmEpd

bhu

@k

AaTmnepd

bhu

@k

bhu

im

v>

m>

vhe

mhe

Am!

vih

mih

is

w>

se

$we

Xve

s!

tm!

wa>

$wam!

Xvm!

it

t>

AiNt

te

$te

ANte

t!

tam!

An!

#tam!

ANt

Laaeq! (Imperative mood)

Aain

m
tu

ivixil'! (Potential mood)

Aav

Aam!

@e

AavhE

AamhE

$ym!

$v

$m

$y

$vih

tm!

Sv

$wam!

Xvm!

$s!

$tm!

$t

$was!

$yawam! $Xvm!

tam!

ANtu

tam!

$tam!

ANtam!

$t!

$tam

$yu>

$t

$yatam! $rn!

s<Sk&t shkairn!

$mih

Page 36

Vyakr[m!

9.5 Suffixes for Non Conjugational Tenses and Moods

luq (Periphrastic Future)
prSmEpd

l&q (Simple Future)

AaTmnepd

prSmEpd

AaTmnepd

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

%m

taiSm

taSv>

taSm>

tahe

taSvhe

taSmhe

Syaim

Syav>

Syam>

Sye

Syavhe

Syamhe

mXym

tais

taSw>

taSw

tasee

tasaw

taXv

Syis

Syw>

Syw

Syse

Syewe

SyXve

wm

ta

taraE

tar>

ta

taraE

tar>

Syit

Syt>

SyiNt

Syte

Syete

SyNte

l&' (Conditional)

@k

bhu

AazIilR' (Benedictive Mood)

%m

Sym!

Syav

Syam

Sye

Syavih

Syamih

yasm!

yaSv

yaSm

sIy

sIvih

sImih

mXym

Sy>

Sytm!

Syt

Sywa>

Syewam!

SyXvm!

ya>

yaStm!

yaSt

sIa>

sIyaSwam!

sIXvm!

wm

Syt!

Sytam!

Syn!

Syt

Syetam!

SyNt

yat!

yaStam!

yasu>

sI

sIyaStam!

sIrn!

iTvilq (Reduplicative Perfect)

Anuyaegilq (Periphrastic Perfect)

%m

vhe

mhe

To form the Periphrastic Perfect, a verbal noun in

the accusative is derived from the verbal base by

mXym

Awu>

se

Aawe

Xve

addition of Aam!. To that verbal noun the

wm

Atu>

%>

Aate

#re

reduplicative of k&,U& , or As! is added.

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!

9.6 Suffixes for Strong and Weak form endings

As in the case of nouns with two or three stems, so also in the case of verbs of the 2nd, 3rd, 5th,7th,8th and
9th conjugations, there are strong and weak forms. Stong forms are shaded and he differences are
indicated in bold. The terminations in non-conjugational forms are all weak except for iTvilq
(Reduplicative Perfect) prSmEpd in first. second, and third person singular.

lq! (Present tense)

prSmEpd

l'! (Past tense)

AaTmnepd

prSmEpd

AaTmnepd

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

%m

im

v>

m>

vhe

mhe

Am!

vih

mih

mXym

is

w>

se

Aawe

Xve

s!

tm!

wa>

Aawam!

Xvm!

wm

it

t>

AiNt te

$te

Ate

t!

tam!

An!

#tam!

At

Laaeq! (Imperative mood)

ivixil'! (Potential mood)

%m

Aain Aav

Aam!

@e

AavhE

mXym

ih

tm!

Sv

Aawam! Xvm!

wm

tu

tam!

ANtu

tam!

$tam!

s<Sk&t shkairn!

AamhE $ym! $v
$s!

Atam! $t!

$tm!

$m

$y

$t

$was! $yawam! $Xvm!

$tam $yus! $t

$vih

$yatam!

$mih

$rn!

Page 38

Vyakr[m!

U (_vaidg[>) prSmEpd
lq!

l'!

laeq

ivixil'!

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

%m

vaim

vav>

vam>

Avm!

Avav

Avam

vain

vav

vam

veym!

vev

vem

mXym

vis

vw>

vw

Av>

Avtm!

Avt

vtm!

vt

ve>

vetm!

vet

wm

vit

vt>

viNt

Avt!

Avtam!

Avn!

vtu

vtam!

vNtu

vet!

vetam!

veyu>

luq

l&q

l&'

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

%m

ivtaiSm

ivtaSv>

ivtaSm>

iv:yaim

iv:yav>

iv:yam>

Aiv:ym!

Aiv:yav

Aiv:yam

mXym

ivtais

ivtaSw>

ivtaSw

iv:yis

iv:yw>

iv:yw

Aiv:Sy>

Aiv:ytm!

Aiv:Syt

wm

ivta

ivtaraE

ivtar>

iv:yit

iv:yt>

iv:yiNt

Aiv:Syt!

Aiv:ytam!

Aiv:yn!

AazIilR'

iTvilq

Anuyaegilq

%m

Uyasm!

UyaSv

UyaSm

bUv

bUivv

bUivm

mXym

Uya>

UyaStm!

UyaSt

bUivw

bUvwu>

bUv

wm

Uyat!

UyaStam!

Uyasu>

bUv

bUvtu>

bUv>u

(?)

l! (_vaidg[>) AaTmnepd
lq!

l'!

laeq

ivixil'!

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

%m

le

lavhe

lamhe

Ale

Alavih

Alamih

lE

lavhE

lamhE

ley

levih

lemih

mXym

lse

lewe

lXve

Alwas!

Alewam!

AlXvm!

lSv

lewam!

lXvm!

lewa>

leyawam!

leXvm!

wm

lte

lete

lNte

Alt

Aletam!

AlNt

ltam!

letam!

lNtam!

let

leyatam!

lern!

luq

l&q

l&'

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

%m

lBxahe

lBxaSvhe

lBxaSmhe

lPSye

lPSyavhe

lPSyamhe

AlPSye

AlPSyavih

AlPSyamih

mXym

lBxasee

lBxasaw

lBxaXv

lPSyse

lPSyewe

lPSyXve

AlPSywa>

AlPSyewam!

AlPSyXvm!

wm

lBxa

lBxaraE

lBxar>

lPSyte

lPSyete

lPSyNte

AlPSytam!

AlPSyetam!

AlPSyNt

AazIilR'

iTvilq

Anuyaegilq

%m

lPsIy

lPsIvih

lPsImih

lee

leivhe

leimhe

mXym

lPsIa>

lPsIyaSwam!

lPsIXvm!

le;e

leawe

leiXve

wm

lPsI

lPsIyaStam!

lPsIrn!

lee

leate

leire

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
su (Svaidg[>) prSmEpd Strong base (shaded) sunae weak base sunu
lq!

l'!

laeq

ivixil'!

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

sunaeim

sunuv>

sunm
u >

Asunvm!

Asunuv

Asunm
u

sunvain

sunvav

suuvam!

suny
u am!

suny
u av

suny
u am!

suNv>

suNm>

AsuNv

AsuNm

sunuw>

sunaei;

Asunt
u m!

Asunt
u

sunu

sunt
u m!

sunt
u

suny
u a>

suny
u atm!

suny
u at

sunt
u am!

suNvNtu

suny
u at!

suny
u atam!

suny
u u>

sunai;

Asunae>

sunt
u at!
sunaeit

sunt
u >

sNviNt

Asunaet!

Asunt
u am!

AsuuNvn!

sunaetu
sunt
u at!

luq

%m

mXym

wm

l&q

l&'

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

saetaiSm

saetaSv>

saetaSm>

sae:yim

sae:yav>

sae:yam>

sivtaiSm

sivtaSv>

sivtaSm>

siv:yaim

siv:yav>

siv:yam>

saetais

saetaSw>

saetaSw

sae:yis

sae:yw>

sae:yw

sivtais

sivataSw>

sivtaSw

siv:yis

siv:yw>

siv:yw

saeta

saetaraE

saetar>

sae:yit

sae:yt>

sae:yiNt

sivta

sivtaraE

sivtar>

siv:yit

siv:yt>

siv:yiNt

AazIilR'

%m

iTvilq
su;av

@k

bhu

Anuyaegilq

su;uv

su;um

su;uvwu>

su;uv

su;uvtu>

su;uvu>

su;v
mXym

su;aew
su;ivw

wm

s<Sk&t shkairn!

su;av

Page 40

Vyakr[m!
su (Svaidg[>) AaTmnepd Strong base (shaded) sunae weak base sunu
lq!

%m

l'!

laeq

ivixil'!

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

@k

bhu

sunuve

sunuvhe

sunm
u he

Asunuiv

Asunuvih

Asunm
u ih

sunvE

sunvavhE

sunvamhE

suNvIy!

suNvIvih

suNvImih

suNvhe

suNmhe

AsuNvih

AsuNmih

mXym

sun;
u e

suNvawe

sunuXve

Asunuwa>

AsuNvawam!

AsunXu vm!

sun:u v

suNvawam!

sunuXvm!

suNvIwa>

suNvIyawam!!

suNvIXvm!

wm

sunt
u e

suNvate

sunuvte

Asunut!

AsuNvatam!

AsuNvt

sunt
u am!

suNvatam!

suNvtam!

suNvIt

suNvIyatam!

suNvIrn!

luq
@k

%m

mXym

wm

l&q
bhu

@k

l&'

bhu

sae:ye

sae:yavhe

sae:yamhe

siv:ye

siv:yavhe

siv:yamhe

sae:yse

sae:yewe

sae:yXve

siv:yse

siv:yewe

siv:yXve

sae:yte

sae:yete

sae:yNte

siv:yte

siv:yete

siv:yNte

AazIilR'

@k

iTvilq

bhu

Anuyaegilq

%m

su;uve

su;uvhe

su;umhe

mXym

su;u;e

su;uvawe

su;uXve

wm

su;uve

su;uvate

su;uivre

9.7 Examples
Tense

Used as

Examples

lq!

bal> ptit, The boy falls

l'!

ivaim> visSy xenu< blat! Ahrt!, Vishwamitra took Vashistas cow by force.
n&p> a[an! aejnay NymNyt! ,The king invited the Brahmin for food.

laeq!

-ivix: command or advice

Tyj dujRns<sg< j saxusmagmm!, Give up association with the wrong people and to
seek the company of saintly people.

-AxI (wish) or awRna

ipt&g&he itain, I may (I wish to) stay in my fathers house.

(prayer)

Vyakr[m! AXyyt, This is my prayer, I want to study grammer with you.

s<Sk&t shkairn!

Page 41

Vyakr[m!
-AazIvaRd (blessing)

gCD ivjyI v, Go and be victorious.

-AamN[m! (permission),

A* van! A AagCDtu, You may come here today.

Anumit (consent) and also

A* van! A ]ytu, I request (invite) you to take food here today.

inmN[m! (invitation)
-s<Zn (question),

ik< ae vedaNtm! AXyyE %t s<Sk&tm!, Sir what shall I learn? Vednta or Sasktam?

s<avna(possibility, doubt)

iv;< vtu, There may be poison.

-ma (prohibtion)

ma gCD ngrm!, Do not go to the city.

samWyRm! (ability)

isNxu< Aip zae;yaim, I can dry up even the sea.

ivixil'!

-ivix: command or advice

nr> sda sTy< vdet, Man should always speak the truth.

-ivixil'!

-AxI (wish) or

matr< bala> pZye;u, May the children see their mother.

awRna (prayer)

ae aejn< ley, Sir, will you kindly give me food.

-AamN[m! (permission),

#y AasIt van!, Your honour may sit here.

Anumit (consent) and also

igir< Aixvse>, You may dwell on the mountain..

inmN[m! (invitation)
-s<Zn (question), s<avna

ik< ae ved< AxIyey %t tkRm!, Sir what shall I learn? Veda or logic?

(possibility, doubt)

pairtaei;k n leXvm!, You may not get the reward.

-is used in conditional

clauses, to express what is
contrary to the fact or what
is probable, not certain.

yid mata nagCDet! tihR izzu> ivlpet,

If the mother should not come, the child would cry.
yid ram> vnat! Hiqit n nagCDet! tihR Ah< ymlaek< gCDeym!,
If Rma quickly shold not return from the forest, (then) I would go to Yamaloka.

lu'!
ilq

iTvilq

I gvanuvac, r Bhagavna said.

tdnNtrmNyn< jgam r"upit>, t c mhatpStepe s<, Then Rma went to another wood.
There he performed great austerities.

Anuyaegilq

luq!

he sIte ramlm[aE ae vn> gNtaraE, Tvmip gNtais va n va, Oh St, Rma and
Lakmaa will go to the forest tomorrow. Will you too go or not?

l&q!

ik< iv:yit ik< iv:ytIit icNtyt> sveR iz:ya> prI]azalamuijNt Aagim:yiNt, Thinking
What will be? what will be? all the students will come, trembling, to the
examination hall.

AazIilR'!

-AxI (wish) and AazIvaRd

Iman! uyat!, May he be happy.

(blessing)

icr< jIVyat!, May he live long.

l&'!

s<Sk&t shkairn!

yid ipta Agim:yt! sveR Ataeyn!, Were my father to come, all would be pleased.

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Vyakr[m!

9.8 Prepositions
Prepositions are used before verbs. They stress the original sense of the roots in some cases but they
modify the sense of the roots in most cases.
%psgeR[ xaTvwaeR bladNy nIyte, har-Aahar-s<har-ivhar-pirhar-vt!.

(hr! ) - to take away. The original meaning of this root is changed by prepositions as given below

har> beating; Aahar> food; s<har> killing; ivhar> playing; pirhar> remedy
The prepositions (%psgaR> ) mostly in use are:
Prepositions
Ait

Meaning
over, beyond

Example
Ait-m! (AitaMyit); to go beyond; to cross

Aix

near; unto

Aix-gm! (AixgCDit); to go unto; to obtain

Anu

after; to follow; ; along

Anu-s& (Anusrit); to move after; to follow

Ap

after; to follow; ; along

Anu-s& (Anusrit); to move after; to follow

Ai

away from

Ap-cr! (Apcrit); to move away; to depart

Av

down; of

Av-dh! (Avdhit); to burn down; to destroy

Aa

unto; back

Aa-nI (Aanyit); to take unto; to bring

%d!

up; above

%d! -U (%vit); to arise; to be produced

%p

near

Ait-ivz! (%pivzit); to sit

in

under; down; in; on

in-i]p! (ini]pit); to throw under; to put down

ins! inr!

away; out

ins!-vh! (invRhit); to carry out

pir

around; about

pir-pt! (pitptit); to fall around; to fly around

forward

-cl! (clit); to move forward; to set out

it

towards; against

it-gm! (itgCDit); to go towards; to return

iv

apart; seperation

iv-As! (VySyit); to throw apart; to scatter

sm!

together; fully

sm!-i]p! (s<i]pit); to throw together; to summarize

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!

10. Verbal Derivatives

The affixes are added to roots, or their modified forms, to form nouns, adjectives, and indeclinables.
xatv>
2200 xatu
6 Tenses (lq! , l'! , ilq! , lu'! , luq! , l&q! )
4 Moods (l&'! , laeq! , ivixil'! , AaizilR'! )
Causal (i[jNt)
Desiderative (sNnNt )
Freqnentative (y'!Nt )
Denominative (namxatu)

TyyaNt xatv>
2400 Derived Verbs

k&t! Tyya> (130 Primary Suffixes)

k&dNta>
3,120,000 Nominal bases for
Primary Nouns

tit Tyya> (130 secondary Suffixes)

titNta>
Nominal bases for Secondary
Nouns

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
In representing the various suffixes, Sanskrit grammarians use the following device. Before or after the
suffix proper, they add one or two letters which are meant to indicate the changes which the original root
or word must undergo before it takes the suffix. Those extra letters are called AnubNx or indicatory sign.

10.1 k&t! Tyya>

k&t! tyya are used to form:
1. Participles (declinables and Indeclinables)
2. Verbal nouns.

10.1.1 General Rules

Rules

%dahr[

Before primary suffixes the final

vowel/short medial vowel of a root
take gu[
If AnubNx is k! or ', gu[ is blocked.

k& + k&t
(suffix is t and AnubNx is k! )

If AnubNx is |! or [! , final

U + %k|! aE + %k av! + %k avuk

vowel/short medial A of a root

(suffix is %k and AnubNx is |!)

takes v&i, while final Aa

xa + [k xayk

becomes Aay!

(suffix is k and AnubNx is [!!)

If AnubNx is "! the final

zuc! + "|! zaek (AnubNx is "! )

c k! and j g!

yuj! + "|! yaeg (AnubNx is "! )

Anu-k& + Lyp! Anuk&Ty
(suffix is y and AnubNx is p!)

If AnubNx is p! , t! is added to a

Anu-k& + Lyp! Anuk&Ty

root ending in short vowel

(suffix is y and AnubNx is p!)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!

10.1.2 Participles

10.1.2.1 Declinable Participles

1. vtRman k&dNt Participles of the perfect tense
Participle

Rules

Tyy

%dahr[

Present active

At!

AiNt ( pu bhu v) of the

ivz! ivziNt ivzt! ( entering)

(zt&)

prSmEpd

present active is replaced

ram> vn< ivzn! muin< Apzyt!,

Present passive

by At!

Rma, while entering the forest saw a sage

man

te ( pu @k v) of

AaTmnepd

present is replaced by man mn! mNyte mNyman (thinking)

man

te ( pu @k v) of

gm! gMyte gMyman (being gone to)

present passive is

da dIyt e dIyman (being given)

(zanc!)

replaced by man

l! lte lman (obtaining)

cur! caeyRte caeyRma[ (being stolen)

2. Ute k&dNt Participles of the perfect tense

Past passive
()
Past active
(vtu)

t
vt!

adding t to the verbal

k& + t k&t eg. rame[ kayR< k&tm!

roots

(The work was done by Rma)

adding vt! to the past

k& k&t + vt! k&tvt!

passive participle

s> kayR< k&tvan! (He did the work)

3. iv:yt! k&dNt Participles of the Future Tense

Syt&

SyiNt ( pu bhu v) is

}a }aSyiNt }aSyt!

prSmEpd

replaced by Syt!

pt! pit:yiNt pit:yt!

Syman

SyNte ( pu bhu v) is

}a }aSyNte }aSyman

AaTmnepd

replaced by Syman

pt! pit:yNte pit:yma[

4. Potential Passive Participles

tVy

final vowel (except Aa)

u aetVy (which should be heard)

and short medial vowel

gm! gNtVy (which should be gone to)

take gu[

s<Sk&t shkairn!

z! Vy (which should be seen)

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Vyakr[m!
h! hItVy (which should be seized)
AnIy

final vowel and short

medial vowel take gu[

Sm& Smr[Iy (to be remembered)

pUj! pUjnIy (to be of worship)
z! dzRnIy (to be seen; worth seen)

{yt!

for roots ending in \ or a k& kayR (to be done)

onsonant. The AnubNx [!

pQ! paQ( (to be read)

orders the v&i of final

vc! vaC( (to be said)

vowel and of penultimate

hs! haSy (to be laughed at)

Aa, t! is also AnubNx

iDd! De* (to be cut)

isc! seCy (to be sprinkled)

yt!

for roots ending with a

vowel or labial & to zk!
and sh!. Before yt! a final
vowel takes gu[, and the
final Aa is changed to @

ij jy (conquerable)
pa pey (drinkable)
u Vy (audible)
zk! zKy (possible )
l! l_y (obtainable)
sh! s (to be bearable)

Kyp!

reserved for few roots

The AnubNx k! debars all
gu[; the AnubNx p! ordains
addition of t! to roote
ending with a short
vowel.

# #Ty (to be gone to)

zas! iz:y (to be taught)
Stu StuTy (to be praised)
Ty (to be respected )
& &Ty (to be supported;servant)
k & k&Ty (to be done)

Uses

-Impersonal/Neuter Sing.

mya gNtVym! (It has to be gone by me; I

have to go)

-As an adj, or pronoun

raja miNi> StuTy> (The king to be praised

by the ministers.)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
-Conveys the meaning of
obligation,of fitness or of
the future

@td! dzRnIy (This is worth seeing)

Tvya Vym! (you will see)

10.1.2.2 Indeclinable Participles

Participle
Past Active
(Gerund)

Tva

kTva
y

Lyp!

Rules

Tyy

%dahr[

-fomed by adding Tva

AyaeXya< TyKTva ram> vnm! AgCDt!,

to the roots.

Having abandoned Ayodhy,

Rma went to the forest

-If the verbs are

preceded by an %psgR,

The infinite
tumun!

tum!

AagMy nTva c Avdt!

the suffix y is added

Having come, having saluted,

he spoke.

-formed by adding tum!

ram> Nw< piQtum! #CDit, (active)

to the roots.

Rma wishes to read the book.

rame[> Nw> piQtum! #:yte, (passive)
It is wished by Rma to read the
book.

10.1.3 Verbal Nouns

The k&t! affixes forming verbal nouns are of two types :
(1) ktRir k&t! (Agent noun) eg. gNta
(2) ave k&t! (Action/Abstract Noun) eg. git> , gmnm!

10.1.3.1 List of ktRir k&t! affixes covered

k&t!
A[!

A>
A

Rules

%dahr[

-Appended to nouns

kuM< kraeit #it kuMkar> (kuM +k& )

-3-fold kmR is

%Tpa*m! created as in kuMkar>

governed by A[!

vkayRm! changes as in ka{flav>

(ka{f< lunit cuts branches of tree)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
aPym! Reaches (no change in object)
(as in vedaXyay> vedan! AxIte)
(s<SkayRm! is not governed by A[!)
k

-Roots ending with Aa jl< ddait (jlda + k ) jld> (cloud)

and without a prefix
(final Aa of the root is
dropped)
-Roots with #, %, \

}a }> / }> (one who knows)

mxu ipbit (mxupa + k ) mxup> (bee)
bux! + k bux> (one who knows)

or l& as penultimate
Ac!

-Agent to pc! , etc

pcit #it pc> (one who cooks)

cur! caer> ; U v>

-Lying in Location

igraE zete #it igirz>

paZvRa_ya< zete #it paZvRzy>
(one who lies on the sides)

-Affixed to gm!

ANt< gCDit ANtg> (one who goes to the

preceded by ANt, par,

end)

svR etc.
-Before this the final
consonant with the
preceding vowel, or
the final vowel of a
root is dropped

du>oen gCDit dugR> (fortress)

p< gCDit pg> (on the ground
creeping; snake);
svR< gCDit svRg> (one who goes
everywhere)
par< gCDit parg> (?);

iKvp

-the AnubNx v!

sd! to sit

disappears after
performing a function
(like er after cook
in English

ANtir]st! (heavenly beings);

-Applies to Sp&z and

z! after nouns

kQaepin;d! ,

suicst!(dwelling in purity), n&;t! (humans

beings); %pin;d! /t!
sU sU> (to bring forth one who
brings forth; a mother )

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
i;! i;! (to hate a powerful
enemy)
uh! uk! (to hate a powerful
enemy)
uh! kamxuk! ,xuk! (to milk/extract
milker)
ivd! vedivt (to know knower of ved)
id! kait! (to cut woodcutter)
iDd! iCDt! (to cut a good cutter)
ij #Nijt! (to conquer conqueror
of Indra), zuijt! (conqueror of enemy)
nI senanI (to lead one who leads an
army); A[I(one who leads in the
front;leader)
raj! ivraq! (to shineivze;e[ rajte #it
ivraq!

(ivraj! ivra;! ivraq! )

k& qIkak&t! ; a;ak&t! (to do

iKvn!

i[in

#n!

-like iKvp the AnubNx

%dkSp&z> (one who touches water)

v! disappears after

taz !(tak! ) of that type

performing a
function.

sz! (sk! ) like this

-Applies to Sp&z and

kIz! (kIk! ) of what nature

z! after nouns

Tvaz! (Tvak! ) like you

-Is added to the roots

g&ait #it aihn! (onewho takes)

of the h group in the

sense of the agent

Swa Swaiyn! (one who stays)

rax! with Ap Apraixn! (one who is
guilty)
pirU piraivn! (one who defeats)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
%:[< aeu< zIlmSy %:[aeijn! (one who
eats hot things)
saxukairn! (one who acts well)
vaidn! (one who expounds the nature of
); saemyaijn! (one who has performed
the saem sacrifice)
AvZy<aivn!! (one that certainly happens)
{vul!

Ak!

-AnubNx [! mantains

nI nayk (to lead one who leads)

v&i; Ak! imparts

k& kark (to do the doer)

agency

XyE Xyayk (to think thinker)

da dayk (to give giver)
s&j! sjRk (to create creator)
bux! baexk (to know knower)

t&c!

net&

-[! mantains v&i; t&

nI net& (neta) (to lead one who leads)

imparts agency

k& kt& (ktaR) (to do the doer)

XyE Xyat& (Xyata) (to think thinker)
da dat& (data) (to give giver)
s&j! : (v&i is blocked) (to create
creator)
bux! bad!x& (baea) (to know knower)

qap! &

Aa

- Creates Feminine
Nouns

fIp!

yj! seva (service); a;!

a;a

(language); If! Ifa (sport); icNt!

-For sNt stems

icNta (worry)
mn! imma<sa(enquiry, analysis)
muc! mumu]a (the desire to be free)

qap!

naiyka not nayka

with
s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
{pul

kairka not karka (a concise statement)

paicka (a female cook)

fIp!

net& neI

ktR& kIR;

dat& daI

with t&c!
:q+n!

-indicates instrument,
or means of action;

pa pam! (to drink drinking vessel)

generally npu<skil

nI nem! (to lead eye-means of

leading)
u aem! (to hear ear-means of
hearing)
vs! vSm! (to clothe clothing)
pt! pm! (to fall, to fly leaves;
wings-means of flying)
zas! zaSm! (to rule, to instruct one
that rules - due to truth or instructs)

10.1.3.2 List of ave k&t! affixes covered

av> itself formed by "|! from the root U
k&t!
"|!

A>
A

Rules

%dahr[

-|! makes any final vowel or short

yuj! yaeg> (to join joining)

medial A to take v&i

zuc! zaek> (to grieve grief)

-"! mandates c k! and

ux! aex> (to be angry anger )

j g! respectively

km! kam> (to desire desire )

SpzR! SpzR> (to touch touch)
Tyj! Tyag> (to abandon renunciation)
lu lae> (to be greedy greed)
ivd! ved> (to know complete knowledge)
v& vr> (to choose boon; choice) Svy<vr>

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
iv+iz;! ivze;> (to distinguish distinction)
Ac!

-for # ending nouns

ij jy> (to conquer victory)

ic cy> (to collect collection)
i] ]y> (to waste away decay)
# Ay> (to go going)
%d! + # %dy> (to go up; to rise rising up)

Ap!

-Added to roots ending in %,^,\, St Stv> (to praise praise)

-forms abstract nouns; also
instrument or place denoted by the
root.
Note:
1. Many roots preceded by prefix,

k& kr> (to do hand; inst. for doing)

take "|! instead of Ap!.

jp! jp> (to say in soft voice prayer)

Sometimes, some prefixes

%p + jp! %pjap> (whisper in (someones)

mandate Ap! or "|! with different

meaning.
2. Sometime, roots with or without
prefixes can take eitther Ap! or "|!
with the same meaning

g& gr> (to poison poison)

U v> (to be being, state)

ear; secretly telling)

md! with or sm! md>; s<md>
(to intoxicate with joy)
but mad> ; s<mad> (carelessness, blunder)
ym! with or w/o %p, in, iv and sm! take
either ym> or yam>
(to restraint; to control restraint, control)
inym> or inyam>; %pym> or %pyam>

in!

it

-Forms feminine abstract nouns

-AnubNx k! blocks gu[

Stu Stuit> (to praise praise)

mn! Stuit> (to praise praise)
gm! git> (to go gait)
Aap! AaiPt> (to acquire accquistion)
muc! mui> (to release gait)
u uit> (to hear what is heard)
z! i> (to see vision)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
Stp! suiPt> (to sleep sleep)
s&j! s&i> (to create creation)
vc! %i> (to say what is said)
k& k&it> (to do a piece of work)
yj! #i> (to worship act of worship)
Swa iSwit> (to stand/say position)

tm!

-n! is substituted for t! after some

GlE Glain (to fall fall)

roots

ha hain (to give up loss)

-Especially after -ending roots

k kIi[R (to scatter scatterng)

-For iv or sm! with pd! either in!

ivpd! ivpi or ivpd (to reach adversty)

or iKvp is added

ivpd! s<pi or s<pt!! (to reach prosperity)

-Forms neuter nouns

hs! histm! (to laugh laughter)

-adds tm!

jLp jiLptm! (to quarrel quarrel)

sh! sihtm! (to bear tolerence)

Lyuq!

nm!

-Forms neuter nouns

-adds An!

gm! gmnm! (to go going)

hn! hnnm! (to kill killing)
vc! vcnm! (to speak speech)
da danm! (to give gift)
zI zynm! (to lie lying down; sleeping)
Swa Swanm! (to stand place)
Aas! Aasnm! (to sit seat; posture)
z!! dzRnm! (to see act of seeing)
sax! saxnm! (to make itact of mking good)
uj! aejnm! (to eat eating)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!

10.2 tit Tyya>

The underlying nominal forms in tit Tyya> are called k&it, Just as gu[ of a root vowel is a frequent
characteristic of k&t! derivation, a characteristic mark of tit derivation is v&i.

10.2.1 General Rules

Rules

Examples

The first vowel of the word takes it v&i before

the terminations A, y, #k, $n!, @y, Ty
Before termination beginning with a vowel or y!
-the final A, Aa, #, $ are rejected

Aapit + A = Aapt (belonging to Asvapati)

-% and ^ take their gu[ substitute

mnu + A = manv> (descendant of Manu)

-Aae and AaE obey the ordinary rules of sandhi

gae + y = gVym! (belonging to a cow)

-If the initial vowel of a word be preceded by the

Vyakr[m! (iv - Aa - kr[m! ) + A

y! and v! of a preposition the y! or v! is first

changed to #y! or %v! before substitute can take
place.
-When the semi vowel preceeding an initial
vowel is not the result of siNx, regular rule apply

= ivyakr[m! + A = vEyakr[> (grammarian)

Sv (su - A) + A = saEv (son of Svasva)
Svy<U> (Svy<- U) Svay<v> (Brahmason of )

10.2.2 List of tit affixes covered

A>

Rules

A & $ (F)

-They require v&i of the first

%dahr[

syllable of the k&it. They

are added to the nominal
stems as follows:
1. replace final A or Aa

pu> paE> (son grandoson)

ymuna yamun> (River son of river)
pvRt> pavRtI (mountain daughter of)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
2. replace final $

srSvit sarSvt> (Sarasvati son of)

3. are added to gu[ of %

r"u> ra"v> (Raghu descendent of )

4. are added to \ which is

Tv:q&> Tva:q&> (Tvastr son of)

not strengthened
5. are added directly to
consonant stem finals.

mn> mans (mind mental)

ihmvNt! hEmvt (himalaya pertaing to)
n! a[> (Brahman knower of)

-Additional Examples

-ApTyavack (genealogical decent)

jnk> jankI (Janaka daughter of)
-avvack (abstraction)
gu> gaErvm! (heavy weight)
l"uu> la"v> (light lightness)
izzu> zEzvm! (child childhood)
yuvn! yaEvnm! (young youth)
-tSyedm! (possesion)
izv> zEv (belonging to Siva)
iv:[u> vE:[v (belonging to Vishnu)
bu > baE (belonging to Buddha)
- ted (knowledge)
Vyakr[m! vEyakr[> (grammer grammarian)

-The sufix replaces any stem-ApTyavack

final vowel and is added to
any-stem-final consonant
Aidit> AaidTy (Aditi Sun)
kiv> kaVy> (sage Kavi son of)
-avvack
zUr> zaEyRm! ( hero heroism)
%ict AaEicTym! (proper propriety)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
pi{ft> pai{fTym! (wise man state of being)
%Tsuk AaETsuKym! (eager eagerness)
Als AalSym! (lazy laziness)
%dasIn AaEdasINym! (indifferent indifference)
mUoR> maEOyRm! (fool foolishness)
muom! muOy (face forefont) (No v&i)
vIr> vIyRm! (heroism)
dNt> dNTy (tooth dental) (t av)
talu talVy (palate palatal) (t av)
#y

-occurs where the suffix y

]em! ]iey (field pertaing to a field)

]em! ]iey> (kingly power princely class)

$y

would otherwise have to

follow a conjunct consonant
-is basically restricted to
forming possessive
adjectives from the pronouns

Ahm! mdIy (I my);

vym! ASmdIy (we our)
yUym! yu:mdIy (you your)
vNt! vdIy (you your)
s> sa tt! tdIy (he she it his hers its)

@y

-replaces final vowel and

requires v&i

-ApTyavack
kuNtI kaENtey> (Kunti son of)
ga gaey> (Ganga son of)
ivnta vEntey> (Gaduda son of )
-non- ApTyavack
\i; Aa;eRy (sage pertaining to)
pu;>paE;ey (man human as apposed to divine)
Aitiw> Aaitwey (guest pleasant to guests)

-requires v&i and replaces

-ApTyavack

final vowel
s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
dzrw> dazriw (Dashratha son of)
suima saEimi> (Sumitra son of)
Tva & ta

-They correspond to the

English suffixes ness and

kip> kipTvm! (monkey monkeyness )

hood. Nouns formed with Tva

mxur mxurta (sweet sweetness)

are neuter and those with ta

k

are feminine
-It requires no strength in the
k&it

ANt> ANt> (end ender, i.e. death)

pm! pkm! (form giving form )
pu> puk> (son little boy)
ma[v> ma[vk> (man youth)
#;u> #;uk> (arrow arrow)
nGn nGnk (naked naked)

#k

-requires v&i and replaces

-tSyedm!

final vowel and is added to

the final consonant

laek> laEikk (world worldly)

Svaav> Svaaivk (inherent nature pertaining to)
-ted
ved> vEidk (veda vedic) or vEidk> (vedic scholar)
xmR> xaimRk (dharma righteous)
Nyay> nEyaiyk> (logic logician )
pura[m! paErai[k> (puranas versed in puranas)
mn> manisk (mind mental)

Ak

my

s<Sk&t shkairn!

-requires v&i and replaces

imma<sa imma<sk> (a philsopical school a follower

final vowel and is added to

the final consonant
-is added directly to the
nominal stem without any
vowel strength, form
adjectives conveying the
sense of made of or

of ); Ahm! mamk (I mine )

vak! va'my (speech consisting of speech)
ict! icNmy (consciousness consisting of )

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Vyakr[m!
consisting of. Sandhi
before this suffix is external.

ka:Qm! ka:Qmy (wood made of wood )

ict! icNmy (mind, consciousness consisting of)
vak! va'!mym! (speech consisting of)

mNt! vNt!
#n! ivn!

-They indicate the possesor

of the k&it and are said to be
SvaimTvvack (expressive of
ownership)

-SvaimTvvack
pzu> pzumNt! (cattle rich in cattle)
p]> pi]n! ((wing bird)
tp> tpiSvn! (ascetic asceticism)
Sm&it Sm&itmNt! (memory having a good memory)

tr tm
$y #:Q

vt!
iCv

-They form comparative and

superlative grades of
adjectives and are called

k&it

comparative

superlative

tr

tm

%Tk;Rvack (expressive of

iy dear

iytr dearer

iytm dearest

superiority)

mhNt great

mhr greater

mhm greatest

$y

#:Q

zSy good ey> better

e:Q best

gu heavy

grIy> heavier

gir:Q heavier

yuvn! young

knIy> younger

kin:Q youngest

-They convey the sense of

like
-is attached to the nominal
stem in connection with

kip> kipvt! (monkey like a monkey)

verbs k& , U , As! to

Al"u> l"u> vit = l"Uvit

convey the idea that the

subject or the object of the
verb becomes what is
denoted by the nominal stem.
Before this suffix

Azuic< zuic kraeit = zucIkraeit

-final A & Aa changed to #

The king makes the boy into a soldier

AzuKl< zuKl< kraeit = zuKlIkraeit

Aneta neta vit = neIvit

n&pae balk< sEinkIkraeit

-final # & % are lengthened

-final \ becomes rI

s<Sk&t shkairn!

k&it

Derivative

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Vyakr[m!
k&:[ black k&:[IU to become black
k&:[Ik& to make black, to blacken
k&:[Iiv:yit It will become black
k&:[Ikr[m! blackened
k&:[Ik&Ty having blackened

11. Derivative Conjugations

The following four secondary conjugations, like the kmRi[ yaeg, indicate something about the action of
a verbal root other than its tense. The first three are derived from verbal roots, and fourth is derived from
nominal stems.

11.1 Causative
The Causative (i[jNt; ending in i[c!) indicates that the subject causes another to perform the action
signified by the verbal root. It is formed like the verbs of the 10th conjugation. The causative marker #/
Ay! is suffixed directly to the root which is usually strengthened.
xatu
gm! (to go)

i[jNt form

%dahr[

gmy

dzrw> ram< vn< gmyit

Daarata makes Rma go to the forest

Swa (to stand)

Swapy!

sevk> )l< Svaimn> hSte Swapyit

The servant places the fruit in his masters hand

hn! (to kill)

"aty!

suIv> rame[ vailn< "atyit

Sugriva had Rma kill Valin

k& (to do)

kary!

ram< rten raJy< karayamas

Rma had Bharata rule the kingdom

u (to hear) wm pu; @kvcn; avay! (cause to hear)

prSmEpd
Present

s<Sk&t shkairn!

avyit

AaTmnepd
Aavyte

Passive
aVyte

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Vyakr[m!
Imperfect

Aavyt!

Aavyt

AaVyt

Imperative

avyetu

avytam!

aVytam!

Potential

avyet!

avyet

aVyet

Perfect

avyamas

avyamase

avyamase

Perifh. future

aviyta

aviyta

aviyta

Simple future

aviy:yit

aviy:yte

aviy:yte

Conditional

Aavyiy:yt!

Aaviy:yt

Aaviy:yt

Benedictive

aVyat!

aviy;I

aviy;I

11.2 Desiderative
The Desiderative (st! ; ending in sn! ) expresses the notion that a person or thing wishes (or is about)
to perform the action, or to be in the condition, denoted by the root of the desiderative base. The subject
of the wish and of action conveyed by the verbal root must be the same. It may be paraphased by the
infintive of the simple root with an appropiate form of #;, etc.
eg. ram> vn< ijgim;it = ram> vn< gNtuimCDit (Rma wishes to go to the forest).
vta< seva< ickI;aRim = vta< seva< ktuRmCDaim (I want to serve you).
ippiQpit - He wishes to study; mumU;Rit - He is about to die.
Adjectives in % and Feminine nouns in Aa from th Desiderative base
xatu

s<Sk&t shkairn!

st! form

Adjective
ickI;Ru (wishing to do)

Noun

k& (to do)

ickI;R

ickI;Ra (the desire to do)

uj! (to eat)

bu]
u !

bu]
u u (hungry)

bu]
u a (hunger)

}a (to know)

ij}as!

ij}asu (inquisitive)

ij}asa (desire to know)

ij (to conquer)

ijgI;!

ijgI;u (contending with)

ijgI;a (rivalry)

pa (to drink)

ippas!

ippasu (thirsty)

ippasa (thirst)

l! (to obtain)

ilPs!

ilPsu (desirous of getting)

ilPsa (desire to get)

muc! (to release)

mumu]!

mumu]u (desirous of release)

mumu]a (desire of release)

m& (to die)

mumU]!

mumU;Ru (about to die)

mumU;Ra (desire of death)

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Vyakr[m!

bux! (to know) pu @k v; bubaex ( desire to know) lq!

Tense

prSmEpd

AaTmnepd

Passive

Present

bubaeixpit

bubaeix;te

bubaeix:yte

Imperfect

Abubaeix;t!

Abubaeix;t

Abubaeix:yt

Imperative

bubaeix;tu

bubaeix;tam!

bubaeix:ytam!

Potential

bubaeix;et!

bubaeix;et

bubaeix:yet

Perfect

bubaeix;amas

bubaeix;amas

bubaeix;amase

Perifh. future

bubaeixi;ta

bubaeixi;ta

bubaeixi;ta

Simple future

bubaeixi;:yit

bubaeixi;:yte

bubaeixi;:yte

Conditional

bubaeix:yt!

bubaeix:yt

bubaeix:yt

Benedictive

bubaeix:yat!

bubaeixi;;I:q

bubaeixi;;I:q

11.3 Frequentative
The Frequentative (Intensive) (y'Nt; ending in y'!!) conveys the idea of repetition or of intensity.
eg. ceiyte (he does repeatedly); dedIyte (he gives generously)
tp! pu @kv
Present

tatPyte

perfect

tatPSyte

Imperfect

AtatPyt

future

tatpae

Imperative

tatPytam!

benedictive

tat:sI

Potential

tatPyet

11.4 Denominative
The Denominative (namxatu) is a technique of deriving verbal forms from nouns by addition of specific
suffixes.

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
suffix

meaning

Examples

-usually conveys the idea of a personal

desire of the subject;

puIyit = pu< #CDit (He wishes for a son)

-conjugated in prSmEEpd

neIyit = netar< #CDit

-also conveys the idea of treating like

iz:yan! puIyit (He treats his pupil like sons)

kaMyc!

-conveys the idea of a personal desire

xnkaMyit = xn< #CDit

iKvp!

-conveys the idea of a acting like

Kyc!

of the subject; conjugated in prSmEEpd

k&:[it = k&:[ #v Aacrit

-conjugated in prSmEEpd
Ky'!

-usually conveys the idea of a acting

like

t[ayte = t[ #v Aacrit

-conjugated in AaTmnepd

asadizore=ip s kakae gfayte

Even though perched on the pinnacle of a
palace, a crow does not become an eagle (i.e.
No matter how high a fool may rise, he
remains a fool.)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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12. smasa>
Description

smas>
N - %ypdawRxan>

Both members have equal importance.

kmRxary

Both members in the same class.

tTpu;> - %rpdawRxan>

The second member is more important than the first.

bhuIih - ANypdawRxan>

Another word is more important than the members of the

compound itself

AVyyIav> - pUvRpdawRxan>

First member is more important than the mXym.

%ppd; git; aid

Additional types

12.1 N
smas>
#tretr N> In which various members

smStpdm!

ivh

suodu>oe

suo< c du>o< c

k<srav[aE

k<s> c rav[> c

sUyaRcNd+msaE

sUyR> c cNd+m

ramk&:[aE

ram> c k&:[> c

vapIkUptqakana< mhta< Swapnadip,

vapIkUptqaka>

vapI c kUp> c tqak> c

xmaRwRkammae]a isXyNTy n s<zy<.

xmaRwRkammae]a>

xmR> c AwR> c kam> c mae]> c

smahar N> Various members are taken

pai[padm!

pa[y pada

zItae:[< suo>duo< va shn! yae vtRte sda,

zItae:[m!

zIt< c %:[< c tyae> smahar>

inyMy vaKTvc< sMyk! s ih yaejIit kWyte.

suodu>om!

suo< c dU>o< c tyae> smahar>

vaKTvcm!

vak! c Tvk! c tyae> smahar>

Are considered separately.

The last members gender is retained
yyaebRln
e simtaE inhtaE k<srav[aE,
sUyaRcNd+msaevR<ZyaE ramk&:[aabh< je.

collectively. Singular ending neuter.

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Fam&d<gpqh< ySy dXvan miNdre,

Fam&d<gpqh<

Fa c m&d<g pqh te;a< smahar>

AhiStrw< caStu avuk tSy U&te.

AhiStrw<

Aa c hStI c rw te;a< smahar>

N-s may be included in extended

vIyRbuis<p

vIyRbui_ya< s<p endowed with

valor and intelligence.

smas-s
@kze; N> in closely connected

iptraE

mataiptraE

(obvious cases), only one remains.

12.2 kmRxary
kmRxary combines two words, one which is the adjective of the other. It is a combination of a iv;ez[
and a ivze:y, an %pmanm! ( the thing to which it is compared) and an %pmey< (the thing to be compared).
Since one is a ivze;[ of the other, when a ivh is formed , both the words will be in same ivi>
smas>

smStpdm!

ivze;[pUvRpd - Adjective qualifies a noun nIlaeTplm!

ivh>
%Tpl< nIlv[R< xaryit, nIl< becomes the
object of the sentence. (blue water lily)

iyimm!
suNdrm&g>

nIlaeTplain narI{aa< nynanIv reijre,

nIlaeTplain

nIlain c tain %Tplain c

kiMptaNyLpvaten sTsrSsu iSwaNyhae.

ALpvat>

ALpasaE vat

sra<is

siNt c tain sra<is c

myUrVy<ska>

myUr te Vy<ska

k&:[et>

k&:[ et

ivze:ypUvp
R d
%Iy ySy matan! "na #it mnI;ya,
myUrVy<ska a nn&tuSt< n&p< je.
ivze;[aeypd

:qa&:qm!

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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%pmanaerpd

raji;R

raja \i;> #v (king-sage; a royal sage)

nris<h>

nr> ish #v (man like lion)

pu;Vya>

pu;> Vya #v (man like a tiger)

ramae=y< pu;Vya> s<v&t> kipkujrE>,

kipkujrE>

kpy> kujra #v (monkeys like alephants)

hin:yit bla*ue rav[< ra]s;Rm!.

ra]s;Rm!

ra]s> \; #v (demons like bull)

%pmanpUvRpd

Anlae:[>

Anl #v %:[> (hot like fire)

kaEmudIivzda ait ya va[I ritsuNdrI,

kaEmudIivzda

kaEmudI #v ivzda (shining like moonlight)

ltatNvI sda d*at! sa d+a]amxura< igirm!,

ritsuNdrI

rit> #v suNdrI

ltatNvI

lta #v tNvI

d+a]amxura<

d+a[a #v mxura

tmalv&]rE it> s<v&tae ivNXypvRt>,

tmav&]a>

tmala #it v&]a> (Its tmala , thus a tree)

bMrE> sklE<d& ae dUrajmnI;ya.

ivNXypvRt>

ivNXy #it pvRt

gjmnI;a

gj #it mnI;a

gudev>

gu> @v dev> (gu> devSy pd< xaryit or dev>

s<avnapUvRpd

Avxar[apUvRpd

gurae> p< xaryit )

mnI;asillEyRuirTnEvaRLpnaeimRi>,

mnI;asill<

mnI;a @v sill<

yzSsiri> s<pae TYy< kivsagr>.

yuirTnain

yuy> @v rTnain (reasining like jewels)

kLpnaeRy>

kLpna @v ^mRy>

yzSsirt>

yz<ais @v sirt>

Note: smanaixkr[> (case agreement)

dzrwmharajae mhahiStn< mhavne hiNt,

With indeclinables ku (kuiTst; meaning

kupu>

kuiTst> pu>

bad) and A (negative)

Ak&tm!

n k&tm!

igu smas> Is a special form of kmRxary,

iuvnm!

y[a< uvnana<

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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wherein the first member is a numeral.

pvqI

pana< laekana<

12.3 tTpu;>
smas>

smStpdm!

ivh>

wma tTpu;>
Am&t< yae=ipbETy> t< vEk{u Qae ixa=iCDnt!,

%rkaySy

%r> kaySy

rahurkayae=Sy pUvRkayae=vt! Xvj>.

pUvRkay>

pUvR> kaySy

itIya tTpu;> attached to it, pitt,

zaekpitt>

AtIt, gt, ATySt, aPt, Aap, etc.

s<vTsrvas>

s<vTsr< vas> (residence for a year)

du>oatItae vTyev yid k&:[itae jn>,

du>oatIt>

du>om! AtIt>

Awva=bbuu]u> sn! muhUtRsuomnZte.

k&:[it>

k&:[< it> (one who has refuge in

Abuu]u>

Krshna )

Duration.

muhUtRsuom!
t&tIya tTpu;> Instr.
Causal.
Comparison

A< buu]u>
muhUtR< suom!

n&pht>

n&pe[ ht> (slain by the king)

inabaixt>

inya baixt> (oppressed by sleep)

mat&sz>

masavrSTv< olu maspUvRSTvh< tu iv*ainpu[ae

masavr>

maa sz> (like his mother)

\
masen Avr>

intaNtm!,

maspUvR>

masen pUvR>

#tIv s<s*ip bafvana< prSpr< valhae

iv*ainpu[>

iv*ya inpu[>

bUv.

valh>

vaca klh>

ctuwIR tTpu;>

padaedkm!

pada_yam! %dkm! (water for the feet)

Aluk smas> members do not loose

prSmEpdm!

case- endings

AaTmnepdm!

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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g&hI Utbil< de gaesuo< tu k&;Ibal>,

Utbil>

ute_y> bil>

gaesuom!

gbe suom!

yUpda

yUpay da

ku{flaapd<

ku{falay Aapdm!

pmI tTpu;>

mr[aym!

mr[at! ym! (Fear from death)

pUvR< caery< Py VYaaItStt> prm!,

caerym!

caerat! ym!

suoapetae jn> sMyk! Ar{ye invset! kwm!.

VYaaIt>

VYaaat! It>

suoapet>

suoat! Apet>

sItapuStkm!

sItaya> puStkm! (Sts book)

nraem>

nra[am! %m> (Best of mens)

Aatm}anm!

AaTmn> }anm! (Knowledge of Self)

Aixk< rajpu;> seVy> svRmhan! yt>,

rajpu;>

rajSy pu;>

v&[mUlmupaiTY jptae devpUjkat!.

svRmhan!

sveR;am! mhan!

v&]mUlm!

v&]Sy mUlm!

devpUjk>

devana< pUjk>

vnvas>

vne vas> (Dwelling in the forest)

jlIfa

jle Ifa (sport in the water)

azyamIraxIn< SwapIKv< tu manv>,

$raxIn<

$re AxIn<

vTmRNyatpzu:k> sn! danzaE{f> kw< vet.

!

SwalIpKv<

SwaLya< pKv<

Aatpzu:k>

Aatpe zu:k>

danzaE{f>

dane zaE{f>

AxmR>

n xmR>

Anudar>

n %dar>

n]m!

n ]rit #it

de ya yUpda ku{flaapd< bux>,

;I tTpu;>

smI tTpu;>

n|! tTpu;>

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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12.4 bhuIih
The bhuIih word itself means "a person who has plenty of rice". In other words, a wealthy man. bhuIih
smas> built on top of tTpu;> (incl kmRxary) but tTpu;> smas> may be noun or adjective, but bhuIih
smas> is always an adjective. Therefore the gender changes to match the noun.
smas>

smStpdm!

ivh>

kmRxary

dyaludy>

dyalum! dym!

dym! is neuter

dyaludy> nr>

dyalum! dym! (AiSt /vit) ySy s> (nr>)

gender; As a bhuIih

dyaludya narI

dyalum! dym! (AiSt /vit) ySy sa (narI)

dyaludy< imm!

dyalum! dym! (AiSt /vit) ySy s> (imm!)

Whose heart is very loving that person
(nr>/narI/imm!) often omitted

kmRxary

pItaMbrm!

pItm! AMbrm!

bhuIih

pItaMbr>

pItm! AMbrm! ySy s> pItaMbr> (iv:[u>)

pItaMbray nm>

pItaMbr< ySy tSmE nm> (salutations to iv:[u>)

ajlae am>

y< jl< am! s am>

itIya bhuIih

A village in which the water has reached.

t&tIya bhuIih

uharae bal>

yen Aahar> u> s bal>

The boy by whom food was eaten.

ctuwIR bhuIih

%ptaj> dev>

ySmE Aj> %pt> s dev>

The god to whom a goat was offered

pmI bhuIih

A&tizzu> tfag>

ySmat! izzu> A&t> s tfag>

The lake from which the child was rescued.

;I bhuIih

zaNtmna> muin>

ySy mn> zaNt< s muin>

The sage whose mind is at rest

smI bhuIih

bhuvIr> dez>

yiSmn! bhv> vIra> siNt s dez>

The country in which there are many heros

Comparision

cNzae>

cNSy #v zaea ySy s>

One whose splendour is like the moons

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vya>

VySy #v Aaa ySy s>

One who has the appearance of a tiger

second member in
locative

Aispai[>

Ais> pa[aE ySy s>

One having a sword in his hand

cNzeor>

cN> zeore ySy s>

One having the moon on his crest

n|! bhuIih

Apu>

pu> n iv*te ySy s>

(absence of a object)

One who does not have a son.

mn> n iv*te ySy s>

AmnSk>

One who is devoid of intellect.

sh bhuIih

shayaR> or sayRa>

ayaR sh (with his wife)

(presence of a object)

shpue[ or spu>

pue[ sh (with his son)

12.5 AVyyIav>
AVyypUvRpdaVyyIav> is formed by an indeclinable (AVyy) joined to a noun. Some rules are as follows:
1. Final long vowels are shortened and final A becomes Am!
2. Some words (zrd! , mns! , cets!, etc) add A at the end
3. After it, pr, sm, and Anu, A] becomes A]< (prae]m! , sm]m! , Ty]m!)
4. Masc. nouns in An! take Am!; Neuter nouns in An! do so optionally.
5. ndI optionally becomes ndm! and igir optionally becomes igrm!

AVyypUvRpdaVyyIav> (always neuter and indeclinable)

AVyy
Aix (sense of location)

Anu (nearness/suitability)
s<Sk&t shkairn!

smStpdm!

ivh>

Aixhir

hraE #it (in Hari)

AixUtm!

With respect to utain (iv;y sPtmI)

Anunid or

near the river

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Vyakr[m!
Anundm! Anupm!

in a suitable manner

Ap! , pir, bih> denoting direction

bihvRnm!

vnat! bih> outside the forest

with nouns in ablative

pirngrm!

pir ngrat! near the city

Ai, it denoting direction;

Aig&hm!

it has also a distributive sense.

itidnm!

idn< idnm!

Ait something which is past

Aitinm!

beyond sleep

s similarity and totality

szm!

similarly

st&[m!

down to the grass

ywazi

according to ones power

yavJjIvm!

for ones whole life

Aa limit

AajIvnm!

up to the end of life

%p proximity

%ptIrm!

near the shore

ae rajn! Tyh< Uyat! ywaZKTyixbafbm!,

Tyh<

Ahin Ahin (everyday)

iStwa[Stu s<d+< in:;apmulaecnm!.

ywaziKt

zim! AnitMy

Aixbafbm!

bafe;u

%plaecnm!

laecnyae> smIpe (near the eyes)

in:papm!

papanam! Aav>

s<d+m!

d+a[a< sm&i>

AXyatMm!

AaTmin #it (wrt or in AaTma)

ywa & yavt!

nampUvRpdaVyyIv>
SvSyaip aejne ySy sUpit n yuJyte,

sUpit

sUpSy lez>

zakTywva+Nye_y> kw< daSyit s u>.

zakit

zakSy lez>

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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12.6 %ppd
These Reduced Word Compond, mostly (but not always) itIya tTpu;> are reduced signifying the
agent of action.
smStpdm!

ivh>

vedivt!

vedaNt vei Knower of Vedas

du:k&itha

du:k&it hiNt Destroyer of pap kmR

SviStd>

SviSt ddait One who bestows m<glm!

Other than itIya

og>
padp>

oe gCDit (Bird)
paden ipbit (Tree)

12.7 git
Formed by git (with CvI Tyy) & verb form; eg. sa]aTk&Ty, zuKlIk&Ty, nmSk&Ty

12.8 aid
Combines a preposition with a noun. It stands for a participle + noun.
eg. Aimuo> = Aigt> muom! facing; Aitmay> = AitaNt> mayam!

12.9 Examples from Bhagavad Gita Chapter 12

smas gvIta adzaeXyay>

smStpdm!

ivh

smas

@v< sttyua ye aSTva< pyuRpaste,

A]m!

n A]m!

n|! tTpu;

ye caPy]mVy< te;a< ke yaegivma>. 12-1.

AVym!

n Vym!

n|! tTpu;

yaegivma>

yaege ivma>

;I tTpu;

siyMyeiNyam< svR smbuy>,

smbuy>

sma bui> ye;am! te

bhuIih

te auviNt mamev svRUtihte rta>. 12-4.

svRt
U ihte

seR;am! utanam! iht

;I tTpu;

ezae=ixktrSte;amVyascetsam!.

AVy Aascetsam!

AVye Aas< cetae ye;a< te

bhuIih

mTpra> - mt!-pra>

Ah< prae ye;a< te

bhuIih

AVya ih gitR>o< dehvirvaPyte. 12-5.

ye tu svaRi[ kmaRi[ miy s<NySy mTpra>,

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!
AnNyenv
E yaegen ma< XyayNt %paste. 12-6.
te;amh< smutaR m&Tyus<sarsagrat!,

Aaveiztcetsam!

vaim nicraTpawR mYyaveiztcetsam!. 12-7.

Aw ic< smaxatu< n zaei; miy iSwrm!,

Aaveizt< (smaiht<-veizt<)

bhuIih

cetae ye;a< te
A_yasyaegen

A_yasyaegen ttae maimCDau< xny. 12-9.

A_yasSy yaegen or

;I tTpu;

A_yasen yaege

AwEtdPyzae=is ktu m*aegmait>,

m*aegm!

mm! Yaaegm!

;I tTpu;

svRkmR)lTyag< tt> k ytaTmvan!. 12-11.

svRkmR)lTyag<

sveR;a< kmRna< )lana< Tyagm!

;I tTpu;

Aea svRUtana< mE> k[ @v c,

svRt
U anam!

sveR;a< Utanam!

;I tTpu;

inmRmae inrhar> sm>osuo> ]mI. 12-13.

inmRm> - inr!-mm>

ingtR> mmTv> ySmat! s>

aid bhuIih

inrhar> - inr!-Ahar>

ingtR> Ahar> ySmat! s>

aid bhuIih

>osuoe

>o< c suo< c

sm>osuo>

sm> >osuoyae> y> s>

bhuIih

sNtu> stt< yaegI ytaTma Finy>,

Finy>

F> iny> or

kmRxary

mYyipRtmnaebuiyaeR m> s me iy>. 12-14.

mnaebuI

ySmaaeijte laekae laekaaeijte c y>,

h;aRm;Ryaeega> Am;R -

h;R> c Am;R> c y< c %eg> c

h;aRm;RyaeegEmuRae y> s c me iy>. 12-15.

jeolosy

h;aRm;RyaeegE> mu> y> s>

mn> c bui> c

Anpe]>

svaRrMpirTyagI yae m> s me iy>. 12-16.

N
bhuIih

h;aRm;RyaeegEmuR>
zuicdR] %dasInae gtVyw>,

n iv*te Ape]a YiSmn! s>

bhuIih

Ape]a consideration
gtVyw>
svaRrMpirTyagI- svR-AarMpirTyagI

gta Vywa ySy s>

bhuIih

svaeR;am AarManam! pirTyagI

bhuIih

ySy s>

yae n :yit n ei n zaecit n ka']it,

zuazue - zu-Azue

zu< c Azu< c

zuazupirTyagI imaNy> s me iy>. 12-17.

zuazupirTyagI

zuazuyae> pirTyagI y> s>

bhuIih

sm> zaE c ime c twa manapmanyae>,

manapmanyae>

mane c ApmanE c

#tretr N

zItae:[suo>oe;u sm> sivvijRt>. 12-18.

zItae:[suo>oe;u - zIt-%:[-

zItae:[ae> c suo>oyae> c

#tretr N

sivvijRt> - s-ivvijRt>

sat! ivvijRt> y> s>

bhuIih

tuLyinNdaStuitmaERnI sNtuae yen kenict!,

tuLyinNdaStuit>

inNdaStutI te tuLye ySy s>

bhuIih

Ainket> iSwrmitRimaNme iyae nr>. 12-19.

iSwrmit>

iSwra mit> ySy s>

bhuIih

suo->oe;u

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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13. Analysis
13.1 m<gaek
vagwaRivv sMp&aE vagwRitpye,
jgt> iptraE vNde pavRtIprmeraE.
( from r"uv<zmhakaVye m<gaek>)
The analysis (Aaka'!]a) of the above Sloka os as follows:
1. vNde (iyapdm!) There is one verb (vNd to salute), vNde (% pu @ v; I salute )
2. kaE vNde? Whom do I salute? (kmR[> Aaka'!]a )
Ah< pavRtIprmeSvraE vNde , I salute Prvat and Paramevara. pavRtI-prmeSvraE (pavRtI c prmeSvr> c ; Nd)
3. kw<UtaE pavRtIprmeraE ? Of what kind are Prvat and Paramevara? (kmRivze;[Sy Aaka'!]a )
jgt> iptraE, Mother and father of the world . jgt> (;I iv @ v of jgt! ) iptraE (@kze; N)
4. pun> kw< UtaE ? Again of what kind? (itIykmRivze;[Sy Aaka'!]a )
vagwaRivv sMp&aE, United (inseparable) like a word and its meaning.
vagwaRivv ( vak! c AwR> c ; Nd #v), like word and meaning
sMp&aE (i iv of sMp&) ,combined, remaining together, united
5. ikmwR< vNde ? For what purpose I salute? (iyaivze;[aka'!]a )
vagwR-itpye, For the purpose of understanding words and their meanings)
itpye (cwuR iv of itpi (F))
Meaning:
I salute to Prvat and Parmevara who are the father and mother of the word, inseparable like word
and its meaning for the purpose of understanding words and their meanings (to gain command over the
language)

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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13.2 Bhagavad Gita Chapter 2, Verse 47

kmR{yevaixkarSte ma )le;u kdacn,
ma kmR)lhetuURmaR te sae=StvkmRi[.2-47.

kmRi[ + @v + Aixkar> + te + ma + )le;u + kdacn + ma + kmR-)lhetu> + U> + ma te s> + AStu + AkmRi[

kmRi[ (npu< ) k& + minn! (? Tyy) = kmRn! + sPt @ v = in action

@v (AVyy) = only
Aixkar> (pu< ) Aixk& + "|! = Aixkar + @ v = choice
te (svR) yu:md! + ;I @ v = your
ma (AVyy) ma + iKvp! (? Tyy)
)le;u (npu< ) )l + sPt b v = in the results
kdacn (AVyy) ikm! + da = kda + cn = ever
kmR-)l-hetu> (iv pu< ) kmR )lSy @v jNmn> hetu> ( @ v) = the cause of the results
[hetu = (pu< )ih (Svaid pr sk = to send) + tun! (? Tyy) = the cause ]
ma U> U + sn! + laeq! + m pu @ v = Us! = U> = do not be
s> (pu<) sj! (_vaid pr sk = to attach ) + "|! = s + @ v = attachment
AStu As! (Adaid pr sk = to be ) + laeq! + pu @ v = s + @ v = let it be
AkmRi[ (npu< ) n kmRi[ (n|! (? Tyy)) sPt @ v = in inaction
Your choice is in action only, never in the results thereof. Do not be the author of the results of action.
Let your attachment not be to inaction.

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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Vyakr[m!

13.3 Bhagavad Gita Chapter 3, Verse 3

I gvanuvac.
lake=iSmn! iivxa ina pura aea myan" ,
}anyaegen sa(ana< kmRyaegen yaeignam!.3-3.
I gvan! %vac
laeke + AiSmn! + i-ivxa + ina + pura + aea + mya + An" + }an-yaegen + sa(anam! + kmR-yaegen + yaeignam!

laeke (pu< ) laek! (_vaid AaTm sk = to see ) + "|! = laek + sPt @ v = in the world
AiSmn! (svR iv) #dm! + (pu<) sPt @ v = in this
i-ivxa (iv) SI @ v = two-fold
[ivx! (tudaid pr sk = to fold) + k + Aa = ivxa ]
ina (SI ) inSwa(_vaid pr Ak = to stand) + A'! qap! + @ v = comitted life-tyles
pura (AVyy) pur! (tudaid pr Ak = to be in front) + ka = pura = in the beginning
aea (iv) vc! (Adaid pr Ak = to speak) + (ppp) = + % = ae + (SI) @ v = was told
mya (svR) ASmd! t&tI@ v = by me
An" (iv) n AiSt A"< (pap<) du>o< Vysen kalu:y< va ySy (n|! bhuI) sMbaexn @ v = O! sinless one
(Arjuna) [ nA"! (curaid pr Ak = to sin) + Ac! = n + A"< yiSmn! = An"]
}an-yaegen (pu< ) }anm! @v yaeg> + t&tI @ v = in the form of of the pursuit of knowledge
sa(anam! (pu< )[ sm!Oya(Adaid pr Ak = to tell + A'! qap! = biu] = s<Oya + A[!= sa<Oy + ;I b v
= for the rununciates
kmR-yaegen (pu< ) t&tI @ v = in the form of of the pursuit of action
yaeignam! (pu< ) yaeign! + ;I b v = for those who pursue activity
O! Sinless One, the two-fold committed life style in this world, was told by Me in the beginning the
pursuit of knowledge for the renunciates and the pursuit of action for those who pursue activity

s<Sk&t shkairn!

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