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HEAT TRANSFER
To T`
Ti T`
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
o =
k
hL = 1
Bi =
1.0
0.6
0.7 0.5
35
25
40
30
16
2 1.8
1.6 1.4
1.2
0.05
2.5
0
2
50
20
18
0.2
0.1
45
0.4
0.3
12
10
0.
8
0.01
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
4 6 8 10
14
18
22
26
30 50
= t/L2
70
100
120
150
T`
h
300
Initially
T = Ti
0
T T`
To T`
x/L = 0.2
1.0
Q
Qmax
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.4
2L
Bi = hL/k
0.4
0.8
50
10
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.00
5
0.01
0.02
0.3
0.9
0.1
1.0
0
0.01
0.1
0.00
1
0.00
2
0.5
0.2
Bi =
0.6
0.5
0.3
T`
h
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.4
600 700
0.8
0.8
0.7
400 500
20
0.001
100
80 90
60 70
14
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
Plate
0.2
Plate
1.0
10
100
0.1
0
105
Plate
10 4
103
102
1
k
=
Bi
hL
(b) Temperature distribution (from M. P. Heisler)
101
1
Bi 2 = h2 t/k 2
10
102
103
104
FIGURE 413
Transient temperature and heat transfer charts for a plane wall of thickness 2L initially at a uniform temperature Ti
subjected to convection from both sides to an environment at temperature T` with a convection coefficient of h.
where m is the mass, V is the volume, r is the density, and Cp is the specific
heat of the body. Thus, Qmax represents the amount of heat transfer for t `.
The amount of heat transfer Q at a finite time t will obviously be less than this
221
CHAPTER 4
o =
To T`
Ti T`
1.0
0.7
Cylinder
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
2.
8
1.
1.6
90
18
70
14
10
0
80
60
1.2
50
10
0.8
0.6
8
45
35
30
0.3
0.1
0.5
40
0.4
0.2
0.01
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.003
16
1.4
1.0
0.02
25
20
12
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03
k
hr = 1
o
Bi =
0.002
0.001
4 6 8 10
14
18
22
26
30
50
70
100
120
140 150
250
350
= t /ro2
(a) Centerline temperature (from M. P. Heisler)
T` Initially T`
h
T = Ti h
0
T T`
=
To T`
1.0 r/ro = 0.2
Q
Qmax
1.0
0.9
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.8
50
20
10
0.3
0.2
0.9
0.1
1.0
0
0.1
0.01
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
.001
0.00
2
0.00
5
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.6
Bi = hro /k
Bi =
0
0.8
0.9
ro r
Cylinder
1.0
1
k
=
Bi
hro
10
100
0.1
0
105
Cylinder
10 4
103
102
101
1
Bi 2 = h2 t/k 2
10
102
103
104
FIGURE 414
Transient temperature and heat transfer charts for a long cylinder of radius ro initially at a uniform temperature Ti
subjected to convection from all sides to an environment at temperature T` with a convection coefficient of h.
222
HEAT TRANSFER
To T`
Ti T`
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
12 14
2.
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20
= t/ro2
30
40
50
100
150
T T`
T`
h
To T`
r/ro = 0.2
1.0
Q
Qmax
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.4
ro
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.9
0.2
0.1
1.0
1.0
1 = k
Bi hro
10
50
20
10
0.1
Sphere
0.1
0.5
1
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.00
5
0.01
0.02
0.7
0.5
0
0.01
T`
h
0.8
0.7
0.6
Initially
T = Ti
Bi = hro /k
0.00
1
0.00
2
0.8
250
Bi =
200
0.75
0.5
.35
0
0.2 0.1 .05
0
0
0.01
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
4
3.5
1.0
0.02
2.0
2.2
1.6
1.8
.2
1.4 1
6 2.8
2.
4
50
40
45
0
35 3
25 20
18 16
10
9 8
7 6
5
3.0
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.001
100
80 90
60 70
Sphere
k
hr = 1
o
Bi =
o =
100
0
105
Sphere
10 4
103
102
101
1
Bi 2 = h2 t/k 2
10
102
103
104
FIGURE 415
Transient temperature and heat transfer charts for a sphere of radius ro initially at a uniform temperature Ti subjected to
convection from all sides to an environment at temperature T` with a convection coefficient of h.
maximum. The ratio Q/Qmax is plotted in Figures 413c, 414c, and 415c
against the variables Bi and h2at/k2 for the large plane wall, long cylinder, and