Presentation PST - En, Bucharest

Siemens Workshop
Power Transmission and Distribution

Bucharest, March 2012
Bucharest, March 2012
Page 2 Power Transmission and Distribution Bucharest 2012
SIEMENS Transformers Austria, Weiz
Phase Shifting Transformers
Basics and Application
Phase Shifting Transformers
Contents
Purpose und function of PSTs
Categories and types
Operational considerations
Tap changer application
Testing
Recent PST units
Conclusion
Basi c f unc t i on of a PST
In principle, a phase shifting transformer creates a phase
shift between the primary (source) and the secondary
(load) side
Usually, this phase shift can be varied under load
Sometimes, it can be made advance or retard
What i s c al l ed a Phase Shi f t er ?
A phase shifting transformer is a tool to control the power
flow through specific lines in a complex power transmission
network
Pow er f l ow i n pow er syst ems needs t o be
c ont r ol l ed, due t o
technical reasons (e.g. line overloading)
economical reasons (e.g. committed power
transfer at network node)
The need is increasing because of liberalization effects
Thi s c an be ac hi eved w i t h a
Phase Shi f t i ng Tr ansf or mer (PST)
What does a Phase Shi f t er do?
It changes the effective phase displacement between the input
voltage and the output voltage of a transmission line, thus
controlling the amount of real power that can flow in the line.
Because of the mainly inductive line impedance, inserting a voltage
in phase or opposite to line voltage (changing magnitude of the
voltage) will have an impact on the reactive power flow only, while
a boost voltage with a phase angle perpendicular to the line voltage
(creating a phase shift) actually influences the real power flow.
How does t hi s phase shi f t i nf l uenc e t he pow er
f l ow ?
The natural current distribution is dependent on the
impedance of the lines
i
1
i
2
X
1
X
2
i
t ot al
V
S
V
L
AV
i
1
i
2
V
S
V
L
AV
AV
The natural distribution may be rather inefficient, if X
1
and
X
2
are extremely different.
For example if X
1
= 2*X
2
:
Equal i zat i on of c ur r ent s:
An addit ional voltage source must be int roduced
i
1
+ Ai
i
2
- Ai
X
1
X
2
i
t ot al
V
S
V
L
~
V
S
V
PST
AV
1
AV
2
This additional voltage source, perpendicular to the phase
voltage, generates a circulating current, increasing i
1
and
decreasing i
2
:
AV
1
i
1
+ Ai i
2
- Ai
V
PST
AV
2
AV
2
AV
1
V
L
V
S
V
S
V
PST
P P Q
V
X
N
o
o o o = +
0 0
2
cos sin sin
Pow er Tr ansf er t hrough Phase Shi f t i ng Tr ansf or mer
Precondition: The voltage at two system nodes which are connected by a line with the
PST in series is assumed to be independent from the PST phase angle
V
N
Nominal system voltage, phase - phase
X Impedance of PST + line (X = X
PST
+ X
line
)
o no load phase angle of the PST
P
0
active power flow through PST at phase angle o = 0
Q
0
reactive power flow through PST at phase angle o = 0
P
o
active power flow through PST at no load phase angle o
Q
o
reactive power flow through PST at no load phase angle o
( )
Q P Q
V
X
N
o
o o o = + +
0 0
2
1 sin cos cos
-0,75
-0,5
-0,25
0
0,25
0,5
0,75
1
-0,50 -0,25 0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50
P(p.u.)
Q

(
p
.
u
.
)
PST pow er f l ow r ange as f unc t i on of
t hr oughput l oad at zer o degr ee phase shi f t
Phase shi f t i ng t r ansf or mer s c an be c l assi f i ed
f or di f f er ent par amet er s:
symmetrical non symmetrical
quadrature - non quadrature
single core - two core
single tank - two tank
Non-symmet r i c al si ngl e
c or e sol ut i on:
Advantageous for small phase angle,
Voltage and rating (appr. 15 -20)
Reversing switch operation is critical
Delta-connected exciting
winding,
One tap winding
One LTC
One reversing change-over
switch
Phasor Diagram:
L1 S1
L2
S3
S2
L3
Winding Connection with Reversing Switch:
S3 L2 S1 L3 S2 L1
Symmet r i c al si ngl e c or e
sol ut i on:
Load tap changers exposed to system
disturbances
Rating strongly limited by LTC
Delta-connected
exciting winding
Two tap windings
Two tap changers
Two advance retard
switches

L1 S1
L2 S3
S2 L3
Phasor Diagram:
L1 S1 L2 S2 L3 S3
Winding Connection with two ARS Switches:
Zi g-zag st yl e sol ut i on
Common application in Central Europe
Voltage regulation with phase shifting
Double wound substation
transformer
Tap changer with phase
shifting option
Phasor diagram
max. +9.7
advance
= 0
zero
H
3
max. -12.1
H
2
H
1
retard
H
2
H
2
H
3
H
3
H
1
H
1
Winding arrangement and connections:
reversing
switch
Phase shift
select or
switch
H
1
H
2
H
3
X
1
X
2
X
3
Cl assi c sol ut i on:
Widely used for high voltages and ratings
Phase Shifting Transformer
Winding Arrangement and Connections:
S
1
L
1
S
2
L
2
S
3
L
3
a b c
Phasor Diagram:
a
b
c
Secondary (regulating) circuit
S
1
L
2
S
3
S
2
L
3
L
1
Primary circuit
Symmetrical two core
design
Series unit and exciting
unit
One LTC
Non-symmet r i c al opt i on:
Solution for small phase angles
Standard UK solution
Quadrature Booster
Phasor Diagram:
a
b
c
Secondary (regulating) circuit
S
1
L
2
S
3
S
2
L
3
L
1
Primary circuit
Winding Arrangement and Connections:
S
1
L
1 S
2
L
2
S
3
L
3
a b c
Dual core design
Series unit and
exciting unit
One LTC
simple HV
connection
Non-symmet r i c al opt i on:
Mainly used in Europe
Combination of autotransformer with PST
Dual core design
Autotransformer and
single core phase shifting
unit
Phase angle regulation
and in phase voltage
regulation
1U
3V 3W
2U 1V 2V 1W 2W
3U
1U
2U
1U
1V
2V
1W
2W
3U
3V
3W
1U
3V 3W
2U 1V 2V 1W 2W
3U
1U
3V 3W
2U 1V 2V 1W 2W
3U
1U
2U
1U
1V
2V
1W
2W
3U
3V
3W
1U
2U
1U
1V
2V
1W
2W
3U
3V
3W
Phase shi f t i ng t r ansf or mer s i n Oper at i on:
Variation of load voltage due to load current,
ohmic components neglected
i
L
X
PST
V
S
V
L
~
V
PST
V
L0
j X
PST
* i
L
o
i
L
V
L
V
S
V
L0
Ao
j X
PST
* i
L
V
PST

Vol t age ac r oss PST
Ao =
+
arctan
cos
sin
I
I
x
I
I
x
N
PST
N
PST
1
Var i at i on Ao of phase shi f t o due t o t he l oad c ur r ent
Ao variat ion of phase angle o due t o load current
I current through PST
I
N
nominal PST current
x
PST
impedance of PST (pu)
angle bet ween load volt age and load current
(cos = power fact or of load)
del t a al pha
al pha ( l oad) = a l pha( no- l oa d) + / - del t a al pha
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
9,00
10,00
11,00
12,00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
i mpedance ( %)
Rei he1 Rei he2
Reihe 1=p.f. 0.9, Reihe 2= p.f. 1.0
Effect of load on effective phase angle
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
-16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16
tap position
p
h
a
s
e

a
n
g
l
e

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
)
pf 0.8, 100% In pf 1.0, 100% In pf -0.8, 100% In no - load
Impedance as low as possible, minimum value
determined by short circuit requirements
With lower impedance, the no load phase angle can be
reduced
Lower no load phase angle means lower design rating,
lower weight, lower cost.
For a gi ven phase shi f t under l oad, desi gn
opt i mi zat i on i s possi bl e:
Bypass br eak er c onsi der at i ons
Due to the PSTs impedance, inserting the PST with
phase angle zero normally reduces the load flow
A minimum advance phase angle is necessary to restore
the original load flow condition
Therefore, by-passing the PST might be advantageous in
certain conditions
On the other hand, lightning strikes can also appear with
the PST by-passed
Internal stresses have to be investigated carefully for this
condition
PSTs can be designed with fixed or variable phase angle.
For a variable phase angle design, a load tap changer
(LTC) and a regulating winding is required.
In general, the regulating winding and therefore the LTC
must be designed for the maximum design rating of the
PST.
The maximum regulating capacity (switching capacity per
step times the number of steps) is limited by the capacity
of available tap changers.
Tap c hanger appl i c at i on
Tap Changer Application
Power needed to reach a certain displacement in phase angle
Palpha = 2 x Pthr x sin alpha/2
Is proportional to the throughput
power and almost proportional to the
phase angle
Palpha rating of the series winding resp. phase shifting power (MVA)
Pthr throughput power (MVA)
alpha no-load phase angle (degree)
Calculation of the max. possible throughput power at a given phase
angle
Assumption:
Approx. 5500kVA step capacity of the LTC (includes retard operation only advanced 6000kVA possible)
Palpha = 5.5 x k x 3 (phases) x 32 (steps) x / sin alpha/2
k.correction factor (function of max. phase angle)
Example: 48 degrees
Palpha = 5.5 x 0.914 x 3 x 32 x x sin 48/2 = 593 MVA
Difference to a transformer:
For a troughput rating of 600MVA and a in-phase voltage regulation of +/-15% only 0.15 x 600 = 90 MVA
have to be switched by the on-load tap changer.
Throughput power versus no-load phase angle
step capacity 5000 - 6000 kVA, +/32 steps
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
throughput power (MVA)
n
o
-
l
o
a
d

p
h
a
s
e

a
n
g
l
e

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
)
5500kVA
5000kVA
6000kVA
Testing
Test i ng phase shi f t i ng t r ansf or mer s :
Heat run
PST fully assembled
minimized deviation of loss distribution during short circuit condition
access to all windings for resistance measurement
Specific requirements:
Dielectric tests
PST fully assembled and connected necessary to get conditions
like in service
Induced voltage test
tests at zero and maximum phase shift
Testing
Heat r un t est :
For resistance measurement, all these connections can be opened
Temporary bushings inserted at all connections between series and exciting unit
~
Series Transformer
Exciting Transformer
Auxiliary
Bushings
Short circuit connection
Testing
I nduc ed vol t age t est :
Application of an additional step-up transformer is avoided by proper tap selection
Temporary bushings are connected to the regulating winding
S2 L2 S3 L3 S1 L1
Series Transformer
Exciting Transformer
~
Auxiliary bushings
Testing
Li ght ni ng i mpul se t est :
Recommended test if by-pass breaker is provided - at least for tap position zero (0)
Only the primary windings of one phase are shown
L
2
S
2
S
2
L
2
Standard LI test:
Source- and
load- terminal
connected
Special LI test:
Testing
-50
0
50
100
150
0 40 80 120 T(
s)
V(%)
Applied voltage and typical wave shape of voltage at crossover during lightning
impulse test with source and load side terminals connected
Li ght ni ng i mpul se st r esses i n t he ser i es w i ndi ng
Recent PST units
Phase Shi f t i ng Tr ansf or mer
Two-tank design
Two-core design
Classical design PST
700MVA, 230kV, 60Hz
32no load ( 24Taps); 22.2..-41.8load
uk: 11.1% Tap 0; 17.4% Tap 24
Noise Level < 74 dB(A) with fans
Recent PST units
Two-tank design
Two-core design
700MVA, 230kV, 60Hz
32no load (24 taps);
22.2at rated load - extreme advance
-6.3at rated load - mid tap (0)
-41.8at rated load - extreme retard
uk: 11.1% Tap 0; 17.4% Tap 24
Recent PST units
Two-tank design
Two-core design
800MVA, 230kV, 60Hz
35no load ( 32Taps); load 25.3..-44.9
uk: 11.4% Tap 0 ; 17.6% Tap 32
Noise Level < 77dB(A)
Recent PST units
300 MVA, 138 kV, 60 Hz
25.0at no load ( 16 taps);
-5.4at rated load - mid tap
uk: 9.5% Tap 0; 18.6% Tap 16
Noise level < 70 dB(A)
Single-tank design
Two-core design
Recent PST units
Two-tank design
Two-core design
575 MVA, 345 kV, 60 Hz
37,8no load (16 taps);
-4.9at rated load - mid tap
uk: 8.5% Tap 0 (NR); 17.94% Tap 32 (16R)
Noise level < 68 dB(A) @ 345 kV
Recent PST units
234 MVA, 138 kV, 60 Hz
25no load ( 16 taps)
uk: 7.62% Tap 0; 18.25% Tap 16
Noise limit - Octave Band
Limits M1-R New York
125 250 500 1000 2000 [Hz]
<74 <66 <59 <53 <47 [dB]
Single-tank design
Two-core design
Recent PST units
Single-tank design
Single-core design
Delta hexagonal PST
150MVA, 138kV, 60Hz
32.9no load ( 16 taps)
30.1at rated load tap 1
0.0at rated load tap 17
uk: 5% tap 1; 0% tap 17
Recent PST units
Two-tank design
Two-core design
1200MVA, 400kV, 50Hz
24no load (32 taps);
uk: 9.25% Tap 0; 13.0% Tap 32
Noise power level < 80 dB(A) - sound house
Conclusion
Phase shifting transformers look similar to normal
power transformers, and they are manufactured
using the same technology.
However, there are some aspects in design and
testing, which only appear in PSTs and therefore
require special consideration.
The classical two-tank two-core solution offers the
greatest security in operation at higher voltage
levels as the LTC is not directly exposed to system
disturbances.
The single-core solution offers economic
advantages at lower system voltage levels.
Thank you for
your attention !

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