ASPECTE GENERALE PRIVIND EXECUTAREA SILIT.

MASTERAND: MONICA NICULAE

2009

CUPRINS

1. NOIUNEA, NATURA JURIDIC I SCOPUL EXECUTRII SILITE.........................3 1.1. Noiunea executrii silite.................................................................................................3 1.2. Natura juridic i scopul executrii silite........................................................................5 2. SPECIFICUL NORMELOR DE PROCEDUR CIVIL CARE REGLEMENTEAZ EXECUTAREA SILIT............................................................................................................8 BIBLIOGRAFIE.........................................................................................................................9 1. CONCEPT, NATURE AND PURPOSE OF LEGAL enforcement .................................13 1.1. Concept enforcement ..................................................................................................13 1.2. Legal nature and purpose of enforcement. .................................................................14 2. SPECIFIC RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE GOVERNING Enforcement ...................17 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................18

JURISPRUDENTA ........................................................................................11

1. NOIUNEA, NATURA JURIDIC I SCOPUL EXECUTRII SILITE 1.1. Noiunea executrii silite Hotrrea judectoreasc confer posibilitatea celui care a ctigat procesul de a solicita s valorifice drepturile ce rezult din aceasta, pe cale silit, dac cel care a pierdut procesul nu-i execut obligaia de bunvoie.1 Executarea silit reprezint ultima faz a procesului civil i una din formele de manifestare a aciunii civile2; aadar, scopul activitii judiciare nu se poate limita doar la obinerea unei hotrri judectoreti favorabile ntruct simpla recunoatere a dreptului sau obligarea debitorului de a restabili dreptul nclcat ori contestat nu este, adeseori suficient3. Astfel, executarea silit poate fi definit ca fiind procedura prin mijlocirea creia debitorul, titular al dreptului recunoscut printr-o hotrre judectoreasc sau printr-un alt titlu executoriu, constrnge cu concursul organelor de stat competente, pe debitorul su, care nu-i execut de bun voie obligaiile decurgnd dintr-un asemenea titlu, de a i le aduce la ndeplinire, n mod silit4. ntruct, n masa titlurilor executorii ponderea cea mai mare revine titlurilor constituie prin hotrri judectoreti, legislaia a consacrat procedura execuional ca parte a procesului civil. Imperativul de a integra procesului civil faza executrii rezid din nsi raiunea de a fi a aciunii civile, care tinde s asigure realizarea dreptului ca scop i nu numai obinerea hotrrii judectoreti care consfinete prii dreptul dedus judecii. n aceste condiii, recurgerea la fora de constrngere a statului pentru aducerea la ndeplinire a msurilor dispuse printr-o hotrre judectoreasc apare ca fiind judicioas i necesar atunci cnd executarea acesteia nu se face n mod voluntar (art. 371 C. proc. civ.). Ca form a constrngerii de stat, executarea realizat prin procedura de executare silit5 are caracter judiciar, ntruct se integreaz n cmpul aciunii civile i prin aceasta operei justiiei, funciei jurisdicionale a statului. Realizarea dreptului pe calea constrngerii are n vedere nu numai dreptul subiectiv (sau interesul legitim nclcat) dar i dreptul obiectiv,
FLOREA MGUREANU, Executarea creanelor bugetare, Analele Academiei de Poliie Alexandru Ioan Cuza, anul IV, 1996, p. 56 i urm.; E. HEROVEANU, Editura executrii silite, Editura Cioflec, Bucureti, 1942; FLOREA MGUREANU, Executarea creanelor bugetare potrivit Ordonanei Guvernului nr. 11/1996 n contextul armonizrii cu legislaia European, Simpozion de comunicri tiinifice, I.N.I., Bucureti, 1997; D. NEGULESCU, Execuiunea silit. Principiile generale, Vol. I, Tipografia Guttenberg, Bucureti, 1910. 2 IOAN LE, Tratat de drept procesual civil ,Ediia 4, Editura C.H.Beck, Bucureti,2008, p. 939. 3 IOAN LE, Legislaia executrii silite.Comentarii i explicaii, Editura C.H.Beck, Bucureti, 2008,p. 811. 4 FLOREA MGUREANU, Drept procesual civil, op. cit., p. 402. 5 A se consulta , pentru o deplin aprofundare: Mircea N Costin, Ioan Le, Mircea tefan Minea, Clin M Costin, Sebastian Spinei, Dicionar de drept procesual civil, Ediia a 2 a, Editura Hamangiu, Bucureti, 2007.
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ordinea de drept care a fost deopotriv nesocotit o dat cu atingerea adus dreptului subiectiv al titularului6. Trebuie reinut c executarea silit nu este ns obligatorie, dar ea este ntotdeauna posibil, ntruct de ele mai multe ori, debitorul, n faa unei hotrri nzestrate cu for executorie i putere de lucru judecat, contientizeaz justeea hotrrii date, motiv pentru care ca proceda de bun voie la realizarea obligaiei dispuse n sarcina sa. Dar, ntruct pot exista i situaii n care debitorul nu-i execut voluntar obligaiile, legiuitorul a instituit un ansamblu de mijloace procedurale de natur a face posibil realizarea efectiv a dreptului n cazurile de opunere ale debitorului la ndeplinirea obligaiilor statuate prin hotrrea judectoreasc pronunat mpotriva sa. Atunci cnd cel condamnat printr-o hotrre judectoreasc i ndeplinete de bunvoie obligaiile reinute n sarcina sa de ctre instan, se realizeaz o executare voluntar i orice alt procedur pentru finalizarea constrngerii devine inutil; dac ns partea obligat prin hotrre nu o execut de bunvoie, atunci cealalt partea - care a avut ctig de cauz - va putea cere executarea silit, situaie ce i gsete justificarea n faptul c atta vreme ct legea recunoate i garanteaz persoanelor drepturi subiective i interese legitime, ea trebuie s le pun la dispoziie i mijlocul legal pentru realizarea lor. n lipsa constrngerii, realizat ca mijloc legal prin urmrirea silit a debitorului, dreptul recunoscut printr-o hotrre trecut n puterea lucrului judecat ar fi o simpl aparen, iar hotrrea judectoreasc ar deveni inutil. Reinem astfel, c aceast faz procedural - executarea silit - se caracterizeaz prin existena unor norme procedurale destinate a institui mijloace eficiente pentru realizarea dispoziiilor cuprinse ntr-un titlu executoriu. Denumirea este consacrat i n alte legislaii, n termeni identici sau asemntori. Astfel, n Frana, vechiul Cod de procedur civil consacra Titlul al VI-lea din Cartea a V-a (intitulat De lexecution des jugements) tocmai regulilor generale privitoare la executarea silit (Regles generales sur lexcution force des jugements et actes)7. Legea nr. 91-650 din 9 iulie 1991, care a intrat n vigoare la 1 ianuarie 1993 - noua reglementare procesual din Frana - se refer chiar n primul articol la conceptul de executare forat sau silit. Legislaia provinciei canadiene Quebec se refer i ea n termeni exprei la instituia executrii silite: n acest sens, pot fi date ca exemplu dispoziiile cuprinse n Cartea a IV-a a Codului de procedur civil din Quebec, consacrate executrii hotrrilor (Excution des jugements). Primul titlu din aceast carte a execuiei voluntare este denumit De lexcution voluntaire, iar cel de-al doilea titlu este rezervat instituiei denumite n
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FLOREA MGUREANU, Drept procesual civil, op. cit., p. 402. IOAN LE, op. cit., p. 812.

dreptul romn - executare silit (n dreptul francez: De lexcution force des jugements). n aceeai ordine de idei, exemplificm i aspecte din Codul de procedur civil italian, care consacr Cartea a III-a procedurii de executare (Del Prcocesso di executione). n primul articol din aceast carte - art. 474 alin. 1 se arat c executarea silit (esecuzione forzata) nu poate avea loc dect n temeiul unui titlu executor (titulo executivo). 1.2. Natura juridic i scopul executrii silite. Ori de cte ori titlul executor l constituie o hotrre judectoreasc, executarea silit este ultima parte a procesului civil, care ncepe o dat cu introducerea cererii de chemare n judecat i sfrete n momentul n care hotrrea dat n cauz a fost efectiv executat - moment de obicei marcat prin ncheierea ultimului act de executare prin care, instana care a ordonat urmrirea confirm sfrirea executrii. Faza de judecat i cea de executare nu sunt, deci, rupte una de cealalt, ci sunt numai dou forme ale aceleiai activiti, fiecare avnd, totui, caractere specifice8. n literatura juridic mai veche s-a susinut concepia potrivit creia executarea silit nu ar reprezenta o activitate jurisdicional, ci doar o simpl activitate administrativ, situaie n care activitatea de judecat ar depinde de funcia judectoreasc iar executarea silit de funcia executiv9. Potrivit acestei concepii, executarea silit ar fi o activitate cu caracter administrativ, n care rolul instanei de judecat ar ine de aa numitul imperium deosebit de dreptul de jurisdicie care s-ar epuiza n momentul n care instana a pronunat hotrrea n cauza judecat i prin aceasta s-a dezinvestit. Problema naiunii juridice a executrii silite nu este una de dat recent, ea a format obiect de preocupare att n doctrina francez mai veche, ct i n literatura romn antebelic, aa cum am artat. Astfel n doctrin10 s-a subliniat c executarea silit nu constituie o instituie diferit de aciunea civil, ci ea ne apare ca o faz succesiv a procesului civil pentru obinerea realizrii hotrrii definitive; astfel c a considera executarea silit ca o instituie distinct de aciunea civil nseamn a goli coninutul aciunii civile de mijlocul concret de realizare efectiv a drepturilor recunoscute...; ar nsemna a lipsi aciunea civil de elementul constrngerii, necesar realizrii efective a dreptului recunoscut n cauz .... n acelai timp nu se poate ignora faptul c activitatea execuional are i unele componente care se apropie de activitatea executiv i care prezint trsturi particulare fa de judecata propriu-zis. Poate acest motiv, a justificat de fapt, n doctrina mai veche, acreditarea opiniei potrivit creia
CONSTANTIN DRAGO POPA, Executarea silit a creanelor financiar bugetare, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2000, p. 75. 9 V. CDERE, Tratat de procedur civil, ediia a II-a, Bucureti, 1935, p. 463 i urm. 10 GR. PORUMB, Codul de procedur civil comentat i adnotat, vol. II, p. 144 i urm.; GR. PORUMB, Teoria general a executrii silite i unele proceduri speciale, op. cit., p. 22 i urm.
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executarea silit ar avea mai degrab un caracter mixt, att jurisdicional, ct i administrativ11. Activitatea desfurat de organele de urmrire silit nu poate fi totui identificat, n toate detaliile sale, cu activitatea de judecat 12. n primul rnd, este de observat c executarea silit nu se caracterizeaz prin existena unei instrucii propriu-zise, materializat n administrarea unor dovezi pentru stabilirea dreptului urmrit a fi realizat n justiie. Pe de alt parte, executarea apare, n principiu, ca o faz ulterioar recunoaterii judectoreti a dreptului afirmat prin aciune. Intervenia instanei n cursul executrii silite este uneori necesar. Este ceea ce se realizeaz n mod deosebit n sistemul execuional reglementat prin dispoziiile Codului de procedur civil. n unele din procedurile execuionale reglementate n Codul de procedur civil - urmrirea bunurilor imobile, poprirea, urmtirea veniturilor unor bunuri i urmrirea fructelor prinse de rdcini - executarea se fcea, pn la modificarea acestuia prin Ordonana de urgen nr. 138/2000, prin intermediul instanei. Aceast mprejurare a justificat exprimarea opiniei potrivit creia aceste forme de executare se nfieaz ca proceduri execuionale judiciare, care se realizeaz sub forma unui adevrat proces civil, public i contradictoriu, n care instana decide printr-o hotrre, supus cilor de atac13. Totodat, trebuie reinut c n sistemul actual, executorul judectoresc este un organ auxiliar al justiiei: lucreaz din ordinul acesteia i sub controlul ei14. n literatura juridic de specialitate se vorbete de un adevrat proces de execuie mai exact execuia este o faz, n continuarea procesului civil, care urmeaz aceleia de judecat15. Ea ine i de dreptul de jurisdicie al instanei i nu este n sistemul codului o activitate exclusiv administrativ. Se consider 16 ns c aceast caracterizare nu mai poate fi aplicat, n totalitatea ei, executrii silite reglementat prin unele dispoziii speciale cum este cazul procedurii execuionale pentru realizarea creanelor bugetare, reglementat prin Ordonana Guvernului nr. 62/1996. Executarea silit de drept comun17, ca urmare a noilor prevederi din Ordonana de Urgen a Guvernului nr. 138/2000, se nfieaz ca o activitate complex, cu caracter mixt, n care trebuie distins ntre latura jurisdicional, reprezentat prin activitatea instanei de executare i latura administrativ, constnd n activitatea execuional a executorului
V. CDERE, op. cit., p. 435. I. DELEANU, Tratat de procedur civil, Vol. III, Editura Servo-Sat, 2000, p. 123. 13 S. ZILBERSTEIN, V. M. CIOBANU, Drept procesual civil. Executarea silit, vol. II, op. cit., p. 18. 14 Participarea unor organe administrative la executare nu poate conduce la concluzia c activitatea desfurat de acestea are un caracter administrativ - G. BOROI, op. cit., p. 638. 15 E. HEROVEANU, Teoria execuiunii silite, Editura Cioflec, Bucureti, 1942, p. 7. 16 SAVELLY ZILBERSTEIN, VIOREL MIHAI CIOBANU, op. cit., p. 31. 17 PAUL PETRESCU, Contestaia la executarea silit imobiliar, Editura Oscar Print, Bucureti, 2002, p. 22 i urm.
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judectoresc. Se consider c acest caracter mixt rezult n cadrul noii reglementri prin nsi condiia prealabil, stabilit de art. 374 C. proc. civ.18, care prevede c nici o hotrre judectoreasc nu se va putea executa dac nu este investit cu formul executorie prevzut de art. 269 alin. 2 C. proc. civ., nvestire ce se face de prima instan, textul stabilind totui c ncheierile executorii, hotrrile executorii provizorii i alte hotrri prevzute de lege se execut fr formul executorie. n completare, art. 372 C. proc. civ. stabilete c executarea silit se va efectua numai n temeiul unei hotrri judectoreti ori a unui alt nscris care, potrivit legii, constituie titlu executoriu. Hotrrile judectoreti i celelalte titluri executorii se execut de ctre executorul judectoresc din circumscripia judectoriei n care urmeaz s se efectueze executarea, iar n cazul urmririi bunurilor, de ctre executorul judectoresc din circumscripia judectoriei n care se afl bunurile urmrite. Instana de executare este judectoria n circumscripia creia se va face executarea. Totodat, acest caracter mixt al executrii silite rezult i din mecanismul procedural al pornirii acesteia, respectiv, sesizarea executorului judectoresc, sesizare ce implic totodat obligaia acestuia de a solicita instanei de executare ncuviinarea executrii, instana fiind aceea care, dup ncuviinare prin ncheiere data n camera de consiliu, alctuiete i dosarul de executare, pies fundamental n asigurarea legalitii activitii execuionale. n finalul acestor aspecte se impune astfel a reine c noile reglementri execuionale, consacrate n urma adoptrii Ordonanei de urgen nr. 138/2000, au redus n mod considerabil formalitile caracteristice procedurii de executare reglementate n Codul de procedur civil. Intervenia instanei n unele proceduri execuionale, cum este cazul popririi i al urmririi silite imobiliare, a fost diminuat n mod considerabil19. Cu toate acestea, instana pstreaz un rol important n cadrul executrii silite, fiind chemat adeseori s soluioneze diferitele incidente ivite n cursul urmririi. Astfel, n doctrin 20 se consider c executarea silit, n prezent, are un caracter mixt administrativjurisdicional, latura administrativ fiind ns preponderent. Executarea silit, dup cum rezult din nsi denumirea sa21, este destinat s intervin numai n cazul neexecutrii de bunvoie a msurilor dispuse de judector. n acest fel se poate desprinde ideea c scopul executrii silite este acela de a face posibil realizarea efectiv a dreptului subiectiv i, n cazurile de mpotrivire a debitorului, ndeplinirea obligaiei cuprinse ntr-un titlu executoriu. Nendeplinirea de bunvoie a obligaiei asumate atrage executarea
18 Codul de procedur civil, cu modificrile aduse prin Ordonana de Urgen a Guvernului nr. 138/2000, Editura All Beck, Bucureti, 2000. 19 IOAN LE, op. cit., p. 816. 20 I. DELEANU, op. cit., p. 123. 21 IOAN LE, op. cit. p. 812.

silit n cazul n care debitorul nu execut de bunvoie obligaia sa, aceasta se aduce la ndeplinire prin executare silit, potrivit dispoziiilor prezentei cri, dac legea nu prevede altfel22. Executarea silit prezint o importan deosebit pentru creditor, ntruct reprezint ultima cale de valorificare a dreptului n caz de opunere din partea debitorului. Faza executrii silite, prezint, de altfel, importan i pe planul mai general al dreptului obiectiv. n acest sens, se impune precizarea c, constrngerea statal nu intervine doar pentru restabilirea unui drept subiectiv privat, ci si n scopul salvgardrii ordinii de drept; din aceast optic, instituia executrii silite prezint i un caracter preventiv, deoarece avertizeaz participanii la viaa juridic despre consecinele patrimoniale ale neexecutrii obligaiilor asumate23. 2. SPECIFICUL NORMELOR DE PROCEDUR CIVIL CARE REGLEMENTEAZ EXECUTAREA SILIT Ordonana de Urgen a Guvernului nr. 138/200024 a adus importante modificri Codului de procedur civil, inclusiv Crii a V-a a Codului de procedur civil, intitulat Despre executarea silit. Capitolul I al Crii a V-a, Despre executarea silit. Dispoziii generale, a fost completat prin Ordonana de Urgen cu o nou materie, intitulat Scopul i obiectul executrii silite25. Ordonana de Urgen nr. 138 din 14/IX/2000, a introdus n Capitolul I al Crii a V-a o materie nou. Sediul acestei materii se afl n art. 3711 i conine 8 articole care n ordonan sunt numerotate cu 3711-3718. Noua reglementare ine seama de regulile specifice comerului, cum ar fi stricta executare a obligaiilor comerciale, buna-credin n executarea obligaiilor, precum i norme referitoare la natura sau calitatea bunurilor, precum i norme referitoare la natura sau la calitatea bunurilor ce fac obiectul actului de comer26. Acest sediu normativ se completeaz cu un complex de acte normative de grad diferit: legi, ordonane i hotrri de guvern, ordine administrative, care pot fi sistematizate dup criteriul raporturilor execuionale pe care le reglementeaz, la care se adaug tratatele i conveniile internaionale la care
Noile prevederi privind executarea silit cuprinse n Seciunea I-a Capitolului I, al Crii a V-a sub titlu Scopul i obiectul executrii silite, pot fi apreciate ca fiind norme inedite - RAUL PETRESCU, op. cit., p. 30 i urm. 23 GH. DOBRICAN, Obiectul executrii silite i procedura de executare n cazul debitorilor regii autonome i societi comerciale, n Revista Dreptul nr. 2/1994, p. 57; Curtea Suprem de Justiie, secia contencios administrativ, decizia nr. 586/1993, n Buletinul Jurisprudenei Curii Supreme de Justiie, Culegere de decizii pe anul 1993, p. 396 i urm.. 24 Ordonana a fost publicat n Monitorul Oficial la 2.X.2000, nr. 479/02.10.2000. 25 Capitolul IV al Crii a V-a a fost completat cu prevederi specifice Urmririi silite asupra bunurilor imobile. 26 Exemplificativ este articolul 371 care are un caracter inedit. Astfel, este prevzut c obligaia stabilit prin hotrrea unei instane sau printr-un alt titlu se aduce la ndeplinire de bunvoie.
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Romnia este parte i care cuprind norme referitoare la executarea silit27. n literatura juridic de specialitate28 se face distincie ntre urmtoarele categorii de raporturi juridice execuionale: ambele pri - creditorul i debitorul - sunt persoane fizice, sau ambele pri - creditorul i debitorul - sunt persoane juridice de drept privat; debitorul este o persoan juridic de drept privat, iar debitorul o persoan fizic, sau creditorul este o persoan fizic, iar debitorul o persoan juridic de drept privat; creditorul este statul sau o persoan juridic de drept public, iar debitorul este o persoan fizic (pentru o crean interesnd patrimoniul public); creditorul este o persoan fizic sau o persoan juridic de drept privat, iar debitorul este statul sau o persoan juridic de drept public; creditorul este statul, Banca Naional ori alt banc comercial ntr-un raport bazat pe un contract de credit n cadrul aciunii de compensare, iar debitorul este un agent economic, indiferent de forma de organizare i forma de proprietate, care a beneficiat de credit; creditorul i debitorul sunt titulari de conturi bancare, raporturile juridice dintre ei implicnd obligaii de plat de la debitor la creditor, realizabile prin decontare bancar executorie. Dup cmpul de aplicare, general sau restrns, normele execuionale sunt norme generale sau norme speciale. Astfel, Codul de procedur civil, dreptul comun n materia executrii silite, conine normele generale, iar diversele acte normative de reglementare special a unor forme de executare silit conin normele speciale, care derog de la dreptul comun, aa cum este i cazul Ordonanei nr. 61/2003 privind executarea silit a creanelor bugetare29. Ca instituii ale executrii silite, dreptul comun, Cartea a V-a a Codului de procedur civil, reglementeaz ase tipuri de executare silit, prin urmrirea debitorului asupra banilor, bunurilor mobile i imobile.

BIBLIOGRAFIE
FLOREA MGUREANU, Drept procesual civil, op. cit., p. 406. SAVELLY ZILBERSTEIN, VIOREL MIHAI CIOBANU, op. cit., p. 28. 29 Legea general sau de drept comun este aceea care se aplic n orice materie i n toate cazurile, n afar de cele pentru care legea stabilete un regim derogatoriu.
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1.

CONSTANTIN DRAGO POPA, Executarea silit a creanelor financiar bugetare, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2000; D. NEGULESCU, Execuiunea silit. Principiile generale, Vol. I, Tipografia Guttenberg, Bucureti, 1910; I. DELEANU, Tratat de procedur civil, Vol. III, Editura Servo-Sat, 2000; E. HEROVEANU, Teoria execuiunii silite, Editura Cioflec, Bucureti, 1942; GR. PORUMB, Codul de procedur civil comentat i adnotat, vol. II, Editura tiinific, Bucureti, 1962; GR. PORUMB, Teoria general a executrii silite i unele proceduri speciale, Editura tiinific, Bucureti, 1964;

2.

3.

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7. IOAN LE, Codul de procedur civil. Comentariu pe articole, Editura

C.H.Beck, Bucureti, 2007;

8.

IOAN LE, Legislaia executrii silite.Comentarii i explicaii, Editura C.H.Beck, Bucureti, 2008; IOAN LE, Tratat de drept procesual civil , Ediia 4, Editura C.H.Beck, Bucureti, 2008; N COSTIN, IOAN LE, MIRCEA TEFAN MINEA,

9.

10. MIRCEA

CLIN M COSTIN, SEBASTIAN SPINEI, Dicionar de drept procesual civil, Ediia a 2 a, Editura Hamangiu, Bucureti, 2007.
11. PAUL

PETRESCU, Contestaia la executarea silit imobiliar, Editura

Oscar Print, Bucureti, 2002;

12. S.

ZILBERSTEIN, V. M. CIOBANU, Drept procesual civil. CDERE, Tratat de procedur civil, ediia a II-a, Bucureti, 1935.

Executarea silit, vol. I, II, Editura Lumina Lex, bucureti,2001;

13. V.

JURISPRUDENTA Secia comercial, decizia nr.3915 din 24 iunie 2005 n cazul rspunderii solidare, creditorul cere urmrirea silit a debitorului
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solvabil pentru ntreaga sum, urmnd ca ulterior debitorii s se desocoteasc, pe calea unei aciuni separate. Totodat, n ceea ce privete, executarea silit i procedura necontencioas, instana fondului este obligat s examineze numai condiiile de form ale titlului executoriu, n timp ce criticile de fond privind nelesul, ntinderea i aplicarea titlului executoriu, se pot face de prile nemulumite, numai n faza contestaiei la executare, n condiiile art.399 C.proc.civ. Prin ncheierea pronunat n Camera de Consiliu de la 18 iunie 2004 a Judectoriei Sectorului 4 Bucureti, a fost ncuviinat executarea silit a debitorului C. S. A. BUCURETI Bucureti, la cererea creditorului S.C. R. T. SRL cu sediul social n Bucureti, prin poprire, n minile terului TREZORERIA MUNICIPIULUI BUCURETI cu sediul n Bucureti. Pentru a hotr astfel, instana de fond a reinut c prin adresa din 17 iunie 2004, Biroul Executorului Judectoresc R. I. C. a naintat spre ncuviinarea executrii silite titlul executoriu, sentina civil nr.479 din 10 martie 2004 a Judectoriei Tecuci, prin care debitorul a fost obligat la plata despgubirilor i cheltuieli de judecat. Curtea de Apel Bucureti, Secia a VI-a Comercial, prin decizia nr.20 din 14 ianuarie 2005 pronunat n Camera de Consiliu, a respins ca nefondat apelul declarat de C. S. A. Bucureti mpotriva ncheierii din 18 iunie 2004 pronunat de Judectoria Sector 4 Bucureti, n contradictoriu cu intimaii, creditoarea S.C. R.T. SRL Bucureti i terul poprit TREZORERIA MUNICIPIULUI BUCURETI. Instana de apel a stabilit c n cauz apelanta a fcut aprri pe fondul cauzei, pe care trebuia s le fac n faa Judectoriei Tecuci sau s atace cu recurs sentina nr.479/ 2004, devenit titlu executoriu. S-a apreciat c n cazul executrii silite, fiind o procedur necontencioas, instana de fond este obligat s analizeze numai condiiile de form ale titlului executoriu, condiii care n cauz au fost ndeplinite. Analizri pe fond a titlului executoriu, respectiv lmuriri cu privire la nelesul, ntinderea i aplicarea titlului executoriu se pot face de prile nemumumite, numai n faza contestaiei la executare, n condiiile prevzute de art.399 i urm. C.proc.civ. mpotriva deciziei comerciale nr.20 din 14 ianuarie 2005, pronunate de Curtea de Apel Bucureti, Secia a VI-a comercial debitoarea C.S.A BUCURETI a declarat recurs, sub aspectele c s-a fcut o greit aplicare a legii prin nlturarea dovezilor administrate cu privire la ilegalitatea vdit a executrii silite, precum i mprejurarea c nu s-a luat n considerare i nu s-a pronunat asupra unui mijloc de prob, hotrtor n soluionarea corect a pricinii, fiind invocat ca temei de drept al cererii de recurs dispoziiile art.304 pct.9 i 10 C.proc. civ.

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nalta Curte, analiznd materialul probator administrat n cauz, n raport cu criticile formulate n recurs, a constatat c acestea sunt nentemeiate, i a respins ca nefondat recursul. Printr-o corect i integral apreciere a probelor, instanele judectoreti anterioare au stabilit adevratele raporturi juridice dintre pri, reinnd c prin sentina civil nr.479 din 10 martie 2004 pronunat de Judectoria Tecuci, care a fost investit cu formul executorie, devenit astfel titlu executoriu, s-a stabilit c ntre creditoare i cei doi pri garani, C. S. A. i G. A. R. cu sediul n Bucureti, exist anumite raporturi juridice, n sensul c acetia au fost obligai n solidar, s plteasc despgubirile. Potrivit rspunderii solidare, creditorul poate cere executarea silit a ntregii creane mpotriva numai a unuia dintre debitori, cel care este solvabil, cu ntreaga sum, urmnd ca ulterior debitorii rspunztori solidar s i reglementeze ntre ei orice datorie pe calea unei aciuni separate. Prin ncuviinarea cererii de ncepere a procedurii de executare silit, au fost respectate toate normele legale care guverneaz materia executrii silite, obligaia fiind cert, lichid i exigibil i stabilit printr- un titlu executoriu. Raportat la aceste exigene legale, invocarea tezei c preteniile creditoarei S.C. R. T. SRL nu pot fi satisfcute pe calea unei executri silite a conturilor administratorului Fondului de Garantare (CSA) i a sumelor existente n cadrul acestui fond, nu prezint relevan juridic, aprrile de aceast natur fiind specifice fondului cauzei. n consecin, recursul a fost respins.

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GENERAL ISSUES Enforcement.

1. CONCEPT, NATURE AND PURPOSE OF LEGAL enforcement 1.1. Concept enforcement Decision shall give opportunity to the successful one to request claims arising from it, by Levy, who has lost if the process fails to execute the obligation voluntarily. 1 Enforcement is the last phase of the civil trial and one of their forms of civil action 2, therefore, to judicial work is not limited to obtaining a favorable court decision as a simple recognition of the right or order the debtor to restore the right violated or challenged not often enough 3. Thus, enforcement can be defined as "the procedure by means of the debtor, the holder of the rights recognized by a court or by other enforceable, compel the competent state bodies contest on his debtor, who does not run voluntary obligations arising from such title to and shall enforce them, the forced "4. Since the mass of executive orders is the highest share of titles is by judicial decision, legislation has enshrined the procedure execution as part of the civil trial. Imperative to integrate civil trial implementation phase lies in the very reason of being a civil action, which tends to ensure the right purpose and not only obtaining court decision which confirms the party right before the Court. In these circumstances, the use of force to coerce the state to comply with the measures ordered by a court decision appears to be judicious and necessary when its execution is not voluntary (Art. 371 C. Proc. Civ.) . As a form of state coercion, the performance achieved by the procedure of 5 is a non-judicial enforcement, as it integrates into the field of civil action and the work of justice, judicial functions of the state. Making the right path to the coercion is not only subjective right (or legitimate interests infringed) but also the objective, the legal order which was also harmed unadvised with a subjective right of the holder 6. It should be noted however, that enforcement is not mandatory, but it is always possible because of them several times, the debtor, before a decision endowed with enforceable and force of res judicata, conscious wisdom judgment, which is why the conduct of voluntarily to achieve the obligation placed in charge. But, since there may be situations where the debtor fails to voluntarily implement the obligations, the legislature has established a set of procedural means such as to enable effective implementation of law where the debtor's opposition to the obligations stipulated by court pronounced against him .

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When the sentenced by a court order to fulfill its obligations voluntarily accepted by the court in its task is made a voluntary implementation and to complete any further constraint is unnecessary if the party ordered by court but not executed voluntarily, then the other side - which had prevailed - may require enforcement, a situation which finds its justification in the fact that as long as the law recognizes and guarantees the subjective rights and legitimate interests of persons, it must make available and legal means to achieve them. In the absence of constraint, as legal achieved by pursuing forced the debtor, its right by a decision passed in the power of final work should be a simple appearance and judicial decision would become unnecessary. So remember that this phase procedure - enforcement - is characterized by the existence of procedural rules designed to establish effective means to achieve the provisions contained in an enforcement. The name is enshrined in other legislation, in terms identical or similar. Thus, in France, the old Code of Civil Procedure devote Title VI of Book V (entitled "De l'execution des jugements") just general rules relating to enforcement ( "Rgles generales sur l'excution des jugements et force actes ") 7. Law no. 91-650 of July 9, 1991, which came into force on January 1, 1993 New regulatory proceedings in France - the very first article concerns the concept of execution or forced. Canadian province of Quebec legislation includes it in terms of expression of the enforcement institution: in this respect can be given that such provisions of Book IV of the Code of Civil Procedure of Quebec, to implementing the decisions ( "excution des jugements" ). The first title of the book of voluntary implementation is called "De l'excution voluntaire" and the second title is reserved for the institution named in Romanian law - enforcement (in French law: "De l'excution force des jugements") . In the same vein, illustrate aspects of the Italian Civil Procedure Code, which Paper III establishes the procedure for execution ( "Del Prcocesso di execution"). In the first article in this book art. 474 para. 1 shows that enforcement ( "esecuzione forzata") can only take place under a title executor ( "titulo executivo"). 1.2. Legal nature and purpose of enforcement. Whenever the title is to a court bailiff, enforcement is the last part of the civil trial, which began with an application for the proceedings and ends when every decision that was actually performed - usually time marked by the conclusion of the last act of execution by which the court ordered the prosecution confirmed sfrirea execution. Phase of implementation costs and are thus severed from each other, but are only two forms of the same activities, each of which, however, specific characters 8. The oldest legal literature has supported the vision that enforcement would not be a judicial activity, but a simple administrative task, in which activity costs would depend on the function of judicial and executive enforcement 9. According to this view, enforcement would be an activity of an administrative nature, the role of the court would take the so-called "Imperium" particularly the

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right of jurisdiction which were exhausted when the court delivered the ruling in court case and thereby to dezinvestit. The problem of the nation's legal enforcement is not one of recent date, it has formed the object of concern in older French doctrine and pre-war Romanian literature, as shown. So in theory 10 emphasized that "Enforcement is a different institution of civil action, but it appears as a successive phase of the civil proceedings to obtain completion of final decision" so that "to consider enforcement action as a distinct institution civil civil action is to clear the contents of the middle concrete realization of the rights recognized ... actually, would mean depriving the civil action of the element of coercion necessary to achieve recognition of the right concerned ...". At the same time can not ignore the fact that the activity execution has some components approaching work and feature private executive to court itself. It therefore justified in fact, the old doctrine, accreditation opinion that that enforcement would be rather a mixed character, both judicial and administrative
11.

The work undertaken by prosecution bodies may still be forced identified in all its details, the work of court 12. First, it is noted that enforcement is not characterized by the existence of a proper Instructions, reflected in the administration of evidence for determining entitlement to be pursued in the courts. On the other hand, the execution is, in principle, as a later stage of judicial recognition of the right claimed by action. Court intervention in the enforcement is sometimes necessary. This is what is done particularly in the execution system governed by the Code of Civil Procedure. In some of the execution procedures covered in the Code of Civil Procedure tracking real property, attachment, urmtirea revenue tracking of goods and fruit attached to the roots - the execution was done to amend it by Emergency Ordinance no. 138/2000, through court. This fact justified the expression of opinion that these forms of execution appears as "judicial execution procedure that is performed as a true civil, public and contradictory, the court decided by a decision subject to appeal '13. It must also be noted that the current system, the bailiff is an auxiliary organ of justice "works in its order and under its control '14. In the specialized legal speaking of a real "implementation process" is exactly the implementation phase, the continuation of civil cases, following that court 15. She holds law and jurisdiction of the court and not into the administrative code an exclusive activity. 16 but it is considered that this characterization can not be applied in its entirety enforcement governed by special provisions as necessary to achieve budgetary claims execution procedure, regulated by Government Ordinance no. 62/1996. 17 common law enforcement because of the new provisions of Government Emergency Ordinance no. 138/2000, appears as a complex, mixed character, which must distinguish between the judicial side, represented by court

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enforcement activity and administrative side, consisting of execution of bailiff activity. It is considered that the mixed character resulting in the new regulations by itself the precondition set by Art. 374 C. Proc. civ. 18, which provides that no court could not run if not appended to the binding set of art. 269 para. 2 C. Proc. civ., investing what is the first instance, however, that the conclusion of the text setting enforceable interim enforcement decisions and other decisions under the law is executed without binding formula. In addition, Art. 372 C. Proc. civ. determines that enforcement will be made only by a court decision or another document that, by law, be enforceable. Enforceable Judgments and other run by the bailiff of the district court to be made enforcement and prosecution if the goods by the bailiff of the district court in which the goods are pursued. Enforcement court is the court in whose jurisdiction will be execution. However, the mixed nature of results from enforcement of procedural mechanism to start it, that a referral to the bailiff, also involving the referral of its obligation to seek court enforcement declaration of enforceability, the court was that, after closing date of the declaration by Board the board, draw up and file performance, fundamental part in ensuring the legality of the activity execution. Ultimately, these issues should therefore be held that new rules execution, established following the adoption of Emergency Ordinance no. 138/2000, have significantly reduced formalities characteristic enforcement proceedings covered by the Code of Civil Procedure. The intervention of the court in some execution procedures, such as attachment and prosecuting real estate levy was reduced significantly 19. However, the court retains an important role in enforcement, is often called upon to resolve various incidents arising during prosecution. Thus, in theory 20 it is considered that enforcement currently has a joint administrativejudicial nature, but the administrative side prevails. Enforcement, as shown by the very name 21 is designed to intervene only when voluntarily non-implementation of the measures ordered by the judge. This way they can come off the idea that the purpose of enforcement is to make possible the realization of the right people and, in cases of resistance to the debtor, the obligation contained in an enforcement. Failure of the obligation assumed voluntarily attract enforcement if the debtor does not voluntarily implement its obligation, it shall be fulfilled through execution, according to this Charter, if the law provides otherwise 22. Enforcement of particular importance for the creditor, as is the last way of turning to the right in case of opposition by the debtor. Enforcement phase, is, indeed, important and more general plane of the object. In this regard, it should be mentioned that state coercion is involved not only to restore a private subjective right, but in order to safeguard the rule of law, in this optic, the institution and enforcement have a preventive nature, as warn participants about the legal life economic consequences of the failure obligations
23.

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2. SPECIFIC RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE GOVERNING Enforcement Government Emergency Ordinance no. 138/2000 24 has made important changes in the Code of Civil Procedure, including the Book V of the Code of Civil Procedure, entitled "On enforcement. Chapter I of Book V, "On enforcement. General provisions, supplemented by Emergency Ordinance with a new material, entitled "The aim and purpose of enforcement" 25. The decree no. 138 of 14/IX/2000, introduced in Chapter I of Book of the nine will matter. The headquarters of this material is in art. 1 and 8 contain 371 articles are numbered in the order 371 1 -371 8. The new regulations take account of specific trade rules such as strict enforcement of commercial obligations, good faith the obligations and rules relating to nature or quality of goods, and rules relating to the nature or quality of goods subject to the act of commerce 26. This legislative office complex is completed with a grade different laws: laws, orders and decisions of government, administrative orders, which can be summarized by the criterion that governs relations execution, plus international treaties and conventions to which Romania party and include rules relating to enforcement 27. In the specialized legal 28 distinguishing the following categories of legal relations Execution: both parties - the creditor and debtor - are individuals, or both parties the creditor and debtor - are private legal persons; debtor is a legal entity of private law and the debtor a person physical, or is an individual creditor and the debtor has a legal entity under private law; creditor is the state or a legal person of public law and the debtor is an individual (for a debt interest to the public patrimony); creditor is a person or a legal entity under private law and the debtor is the state or a legal person of public law; creditor is the National Bank or another commercial bank in a report based on a credit agreement for compensation under the scheme and the debtor is a trader in any form of organization and type of ownership, which has received credit; creditor and debtor hold bank accounts, legal relations between them involving liabilities of the debtor to the creditor, achievable through bank settlement enforceable. After the scope, general or restricted execution rules are general rules or special rules. Thus, the Civil Procedure Code, common law enforcement, contains general rules and the various special regulatory acts and providing execution contain special rules which derogate from the common law, as is the case with Ordinance No. 61/2003 on the enforcement of budgetary claims 29. The enforcement institutions, law, book V of the Code of Civil Procedure regulates six types of enforcement by the debtor tracing the money, movable and immovable property.

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REFERENCES
DRAGO CONSTANTIN POPA, enforcement of financial claims budget publications on Lex, Bucharest, 2000; 2. D. Negulescu, Execuiunea recovery. General Principles, Vol I Tipografia "Guttenberg", Bucharest, 1910; 3. I DELEANU, Treatise of Civil Procedure, Vol III, Ed Power Village, 2000; 4. E. HEROVEANU Theory execuiunii forced Cioflec Publisher, Bucharest, 1942; 5. GR. Maize, the Code of Civil Procedure commented and annotated, vol II, Scientific Publishing House, Bucharest, 1962; 6. GR. Maize, General Theory of enforcement and some special procedures, Scientific Publishing House, Bucharest, 1964; 7. JOHN LES, Code of Civil Procedure. Comment on articles, CHBeck Publisher, Bucharest, 2007; 8. JOHN LES, law enforcement and silite.Comentarii explanation CHBeck Publisher, Bucharest, 2008; 9. JOHN LES, Treatise of Civil, Issue 4, CHBeck Publisher, Bucharest, 2008; 10. Mircea N COSTIN, JOHN LES, Mircea STEFAN me CLIN M COSTIN, SEBASTIAN SPINEI, Dictionary of Civil, Edition 2, Publisher Hamangiu, Bucharest, 2007. 11. Paul Petrescu, appeal to enforcement estate, Oscar Print Publishing House, Bucharest, 2002; 12. S. ZILBERSTEIN, VM CIOBANU, Civil. Enforcement, vol I, II, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucharest, 2001; 13. V. Fall, Treaty of Civil Procedure, second edition, Bucharest, 1935.
1.

CASE LAW Commercial sectors, nr.3915 decision of June 24, 2005 If joint liability, the lender requires the borrower creditworthy forced to follow the full amount, then the debtors will be desocoteasc by means of a separate action. However, in terms, enforcement and court procedures, court fund is required to examine only the formal requirements of the writ of execution, while the substantive criticisms of the meaning, scope and implementation of the enforcement, the parties may be dissatisfied, but challenging the execution phase, under art.399 C.proc.civ. The conclusion given in closed session from June 18, 2004 the Court Sector 4 Bucharest, was unacceptable to the debtor CSA enforcement BUCHAREST Bucharest, at the request of the creditor SCRT Ltd. with registered office in Bucharest, by attachment, in the hands of third party TREASURY BUCHAREST MUNICIPALITY Bucharest.

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In deciding so, the court held that the substantive address of June 17, 2004, RIC bailiff's office has submitted to the title enforceable consent enforcement, civil sentence nr.479 of March 10, 2004 the Court Tecuci, the debtor was required to pay damages and costs. Bucharest Court of Appeal, Commercial Section VI, the No.20 of January 14, 2005 decision rendered in the Council Chamber, dismissed as unfounded the appeal said the CSA Bucharest against the conclusion of the Court rendered June 18, 2004 Sector 4 Bucharest, inconsistent with intimaii, creditoarea SCRT SRL Bucharest and third attachment TREASURY Bucharest. Appeal court decided that defense was concerned caller on the merits of the case, which had to do before the Court Tecuci or to appeal the sentence nr.479 / 2004, which became enforceable. It has been estimated that for enforcement, is a non-adversarial proceeding, the court is required to fund only the formal review of the enforcement of, conditions that have been achieved. Analyzing the merits of the writ of execution, namely clarification of the meaning, scope and implementation of the enforcement can be made by the parties nemumumite only challenging execution phase, as specified in art.399 and later. C.proc.civ. Against commercial decision No.20 of January 14, 2005, adjudged by the Court of Appeal in Bucharest, Section VI commercial debtor BUCHAREST said CSA Appeal, the issues that was an incorrect application of law by removing the evidence given on the manifest illegality the enforcement and the fact that it has been considered and not ruled on an evidence, crucial in resolving correctly pricinii being invoked as grounds for the appeal rights of art.304 provisions of Para 9 and 10 C . Proc. civ. High Court, analyzing evidentiary material given that, in relation to criticisms raised in the appeal, finding that they are groundless, and dismissed the appeal as unfounded. In a fair and full appraisal of the evidence, previous courts have established the true legal relationship between the parties, bearing in mind that by civil sentence nr.479 of March 10, 2004 rendered by the court Tecuci, which was invested with the decision, became enforceable was established that the two defendants creditor and guarantor, CSA and GAR headquartered in Bucharest, there are legal relationships, meaning that they were jointly and severally liable to pay compensation. Under joint liability, the creditor may request enforcement of all claims against only one of the debtors, who is solvent, with the full amount, then the debtors will jointly responsible to regulate each other any debt via a separate action. The consent application to commence enforcement proceedings have been completed all the legal rules governing enforcement matters, the obligation is certain, liquid and due and determined by an enforcement. Related to these legal requirements, invoking the thesis that claims creditoarei SCRT LLC can not be satisfied by way of enforcement of the Guarantee Fund accounts administrator (CSA) and the amounts available under the Fund, no legal relevance, the defenses of this kind is Fund specific case. Accordingly, the appeal was dismissed.
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