Mobile WiMAX Release 1 (IEEE 802.

16e):
Physical Layer Aspects

Jose Puthenkulam
DirectorWiMAXStandards, ViceChair,IEEE802.16WorkingGroupfor BroadbandWirelessStandards, MobileWirelessGroup,IntelCorporation Email: jose.p.puthenkulam@intel.com twitter: JosePuthenkulam
5/17/2010 Copyright Intel Corporation 2009 1

Mobile M bil WiMAX Release 1 (802.16e) R l (802 16 ) OFDMA Physical Layer Aspects
BroadbandChannelChallenges OFDMABasics OFDMAFrameStructure O A S Subchannelization (Permutations),Zones AdaptiveModulation FrequencyReuseSchemes Frequency Re use Schemes SmartAntennas:MIMO,Beamforming MobileWiMAXSystemProfilePHYfeatures

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BroadbandChannelChallenges
Frequency variation:

Multipath delay spread at Receiver

Time variation:

Mobile stations

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OFDMASignal
OFDMA:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess OFDMA O h lF Di i i M l i l A

AvailablebandwidthisdividedintoN(largenumberof) orthogonalsubcarriers y (Q ) / Eachsubcarrierindividuallymodulated(QAM)at1/Ntotal datarate FFTimplementation(fastandefficient) Subcarrierlevelmultipleuseraccess

OFDMAprovidesinherentresistancetomultipath OFDMA id i h t i t t lti th

Eachsubcarrier(narrowband)incursflatfading(app.) Lowdataratepersubcarrier>lowintersymbol interference ( ) (ISI) Useofcycleprefixguardinterval(withGI>maxdelayspread)

Nointersymbolinterference Retainssubcarrierorthogonality

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Po ower

OFDMA and Multipath Performance

Paths

Area of ISI Previous Symbol Present Symbol Time Echo of Previous T = Delay Spread Symbol

Base Station
Subscriber

Signals follow several propagation paths Multiple copies of signal arrive at the receiver, offset in time
Signal distortion and inter-symbol interference (ISI)

F di Ch Fading Channel l
Frequency selective fading (delay spread) Time selective fading ( pp ) g (Doppler)

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OFDMA:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess

Users/burstsarescheduledacrossbothfrequency (subchannels)andtime(symbols)

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Perburstmodulation,codingandTXpower Per burst modulation coding and TX power Highergranularityinresourceallocation Moredegreesoffreedominscheduling ImprovedfairnessandQoS Improved fairness and QoS
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Subchannelization

Sub-channel #1 Guard Bands

DC Sub-carrier

Sub-channel #N Guard Bands

Active sub-carriers are divided into subsets called sub-channels. Subscriber S b ib may b assigned one or more sub-channels, several subscribers may transmit simultaneously hi h be i d b h l l b ib t it i lt l higher capacity & better QoS Subchannelization Gain If subscriber uses only one subchannel it concentrates all transmitting power in the subchannel g p additional link margin on uplink Maximum UL Subchannelization Gain (dB) PUSC 12.3 15.4 AMC (2x3 slot) 13.8 16.8

Number of UL Subchannels FFT 512 1024 PUSC 17 35 AMC (2x3 slot) 24 48

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OFDMAStructure

Pilots used for channel estimation and tracking g Interleaving (bits distributed across tones) and error correcting facilitates recovery under frequency selective fading or narrow-band interference

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TDD vs. FDD: Frame Structure

Time-Division Duplex (TDD)

Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD)

DL & UL time-share the same RF channel Downlink and Uplink on separate RF channels Static asymmetry Dynamic asymmetry Half duplex MS does not transmit/receive simultaneously Half-duplex MSs supported HFDD MS does transmit/receive simultaneously (low cost)
Frequenc cy

DL Subframe

DL Frequency F1 UL Frequency F2

FDD
UL Subframe Frame n-1 Frame n

Frame n+1 UL S bf Subframe

UL Timeslot T1

Frame n+2

TDD

DL S bf Subframe
DL Timeslot T1

DL & UL on same Frequency

Time
UL=Uplink, DL=Downlink, MS=Mobile Station

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TDDvs.FDDComparison
TDDAdvantages g
Enablesasymmetricbandwidthusage Allowsflexiblebandwidthsplitbetweenuplinkanddownlink TDD Channels are reciprocal and hence allow a larger and more TDDChannelsarereciprocalandhenceallowalargerandmore efficientsetofMIMOtechniques TDDtransceiverdesignischeaperandlesscomplex

FDDAdvantages A
SomeregulatorsallocatedonlyFDDspectrum TDDandFDDdonotmixwell Easiercoexistencewithexistingtechnologiesandbetween operators(noneedfornetworksync)

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OFDMA Frame Structure (TDD)

C CQICHs
S S+1 S+2
FCH

DLDL-MAP

FCH

UL Burst #1

Sub Channels Logica Number C al

DL Burst #3 ULUL-MAP AC CKCHs Burst #4 CD DMA Ranging DL Burst #1 PR REAMBLE DL Burst #5

Per riodic Ranging g

UL Burst #2

DL-MAP L

DL Burst #2

UL Burst #3

S+L

k+1 k+3 Time OFDMA Symbols (Ts)

k+i

Sou unding

PR REAMBLE

DL
Possible Modulations

TTG
QPSK 1/2 QPSK 16QAM 1/2 16QAM 3/4

UL
64QAM 2/3 64QAM 3/4

RTG

DL
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QPSK 1/4

MultizoneFrameStructure

Eachzonecanhavedifferentpermutation Eachzonecanhavedifferentfrequencyreuse E h h d ff f Zonecanbeconfiguredframebyframe

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MBSandHARQZones
1 st PUSC Zone
FCH

PUSC STC Zone

M BS PUSC STC Zone

PUSC Zone

MBS MAP

PREAM MBLE

COM PRESSED DL M AP

H-ARQ REGION (VoIP)

ACK

RANGING

M BS REGION

H-ARQ REGION (VoIP)

CQICH

DL Sub-Frame

UL Sub-Frame

Framepartitionedintomultiplezonesintime Differentsubchannelization scheme/applicationcanbe supported t d

Source: WiMAX Forum Whitepaper

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802.16 Adapts Modulation for Each Subscriber

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Smart Antennas : MIMO & Beamforming

Receive Spatial Diversity Reduce fade margin, improve link budget Transmit Spatial Diversity STC (Space time code) Reduce fade margin Higher level modulation for same SINR Downlink Spatial Multiplexing (SM) Improve capacity by transmitting parallel streams Uplink Collaborative (Virtual) MIMO Improves uplink capacity by simultaneous uplink transmission from 2 different users Beamforming Improve link budget Reduce interference

2x1 STC 2x2 Spatial Multiplexing

4x1 Beamforming 4 1B f i

Smart antennas increase coverage and capacity & g p y are key enablers of continued wireless advancement
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Transmit Spatial Diversity (STC)

[S0 , -S1*]
Serial to Parallel Tx Diversity Coding IFFT IFFT DAC / RF DAC / RF

Tx 1 Tx 2

[S1 , S0*] Alamouti Code

Diversity y Combining

FFT

RF / ADC

Rx

STC Transmit diversity reduces the Rx fade margin by 5 10 dB. 5-10 Transmit diversity requires extra antenna at the BS instead of the MS Lower-cost subscriber terminal

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MIMOSpatialMultiplexing(SM)
MultipleInputMultipleOutput(MIMO) Multipleantennasatbothtransmitterandreceiver MIMOusesmultipathtoadvantagetomultiplydatarate T Transmitsdifferentdataalongdifferentpaths(simplifiedview) it diff td t l diff t th ( i lifi d i ) MxN MIMOcanmultiplydataratebyMorN(whicheverisless)ifthereis enoughmultipath. Bestinurbanhighmultipathenvironment(andindoors) g p ( ) Lesseffectiveinsuburbanandrurallowmultipathenvironments Multi-Antenna Transmitter
MIMO Sub-ch Mapping h

Multi-Antenna Receiver

FFT T

IFFT IFFT IFFT

. . .

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MIMO Dec coder

MIMO En ncoder

IFFT

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ULCollaborativeMIMO (VirtualMIMO)
MultipleMSstransmitsimultaneouslycreatingavirtualmultiantenna transmitter MSshaveoneortwoantennas,BShasmultipleantennas p Increasednetworkcapacity
Multiple Single-Antenna Transmitters
MS1

MIMO Encoder

IFFT

Multi-Antenna Receiver
MIM Decode MO er

MS2 MS2

MIMO Encoder

IFFT

FFT
MS3

. . .

MIMO Encoder

IFFT

MS4

MIMO Encoder

IFFT

BS

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Beamforming
Narrow directed beam with higher antenna gain Reduce interference to and from other sectors and cells Null interferers Improves channel capacity & spectral efficiency Base station only (Tx and Rx)

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Mobile WiMAX Rel. 1 Profile (PHY)*

Feature
Duplexing and Channel Bandwidths (MHz) Frame Size, Cyclic Prefix Sub-carrier Allocation Mode Error Correction Codes & HARQ Modulation Uplink Control channels MIMO Beam Forming

Support Description
TDD 10 MHz: 1024 FFT, 5 MHz: 512 FFT 8.75MHz: 1024 FFT (For Korea WiBro) 5 msec, 1/8 Downlink : PUSC, FUSC, AMC Uplink : PUSC, AMC CC Tail Biting w/o H-ARQ CTC with Chase Combining H-ARQ or w/o H-ARQ Downlink : QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Uplink : QPSK, 16QAM Ranging (Initial:2 symbol, Periodic:1 symbol) CQICH (enhanced), ACKCH Downlink: 2x2 (switched SM / STC) using PUSC Uplink: 1x2 Virtual SM (2 users multiplexed) using PUSC Using PUSC or AMC in STC zone UL channel sounding no AAS Zone support

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* Snapshot of important features. Not exhaustive list. Please refer WiMAX Forum Specifications.

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MobileWiMAXPhysicalLayerSummary
OFDMAPhysicalLayerisOptimizedforMobile Broadband:
Robust against multipath ISI Robustagainstmulti pathISI Robustagainstfrequencyselectivefading Frequency,SpaceandTimeDiversity MultiuseraccessAndEfficientScheduling SupportofSmartAntennas RF planning flexibility with Frequency Reuse Schemes RFplanningflexibilitywithFrequencyReuseSchemes TDDadvantages

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