Battery electric vehicle

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The Nissan Leaf, with global sales of more than 22,000 units, is the world's top selling highwaycapable battery electric vehicle by February 2012.[1] A battery electric vehicle, or BEV, is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. A battery-only electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle derives all its power from its battery packs and thus has no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. BEVs are also referred to as all-electric vehicles.

Contents
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1 Terminology 2 Vehicles o 2.1 Electric bus 2.1.1 Thunder Sky 2.1.2 Valence 2.1.3 Free Tindo 2.1.4 First electric commercial bus 2.1.5 First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus o 2.2 Trucks 2.2.1 Semi-trailer trucks 2.2.2 Electric tractors 2.2.3 Milk float 2.2.4 Garbage truck 2.2.5 Pickup trucks o 2.3 Electric cars

2.4 Special purpose vehicles 2.5 Rail 2.5.1 Locomotives 2.5.2 Electric Rail Trolley o 2.6 Electrathon o 2.7 Two wheels 2.7.1 Electric motorcycles and scooters 2.7.2 Electric bicycles 2.7.3 Segway 3 Technology o 3.1 Motors o 3.2 Motor controllers o 3.3 Batteries 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

o o

[edit] Terminology
See also: Hybrid electric vehicle, Plug-in hybrid, and Plug-in electric vehicle Vehicles using both electric motors and internal combustion engines are examples of hybrid electric vehicles, and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles because they cannot be externally charged (operate in charge-sustaining mode) and instead they are continually recharged with power from the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking.[2] Hybrid vehicles with batteries that can be charged externally to displace some or all of their internal combustion engine power and gasoline fuel are called plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and run as BEVs during their charge-depleting mode. PHEVs with a series powertrain are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such as the Chevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma. Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), and electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.[2][3] In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs).[4]

[edit] Vehicles
The concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged batteries on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the advancement of new

battery technology (Lithium Ion) that have higher power and energy density (i.e. greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries) and higher oil prices.[5] BEVs include automobiles, light trucks, and neighborhood electric vehicles.

[edit] Electric bus

Further information: Electric bus

A battery-electric minibus in St Helens, England Chattanooga, Tennessee operates nine zero-fare electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of 3,100,000 kilometres (1,900,000 mi), They were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.[6][7] Wrightbus has a new a hybrid-electric driveline for the StreetCar RTV which has been developed in conjunction with the ISE Corporation of California and incorporates Siemens ELFA traction components and a Cummins ISL engine. The chassis is built to Wright Group specifications by Swiss trolleybus specialists Carosserie Hess and is powered by Valence Technology lithium phosphate batteries . Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a 16-passenger Mitsubishi Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66passenger battery-powered school bus, an all electric version of the Blue Bird TC/2000.[8] A similar bus was operated in Napa Valley, California for 14 months ending in April, 2004.[9] The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi) with the air conditioning on. They use Lithium-ion batteries, and consume about 1 kWh/mi (0.62 kWh/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach Co. Ltd.[10] The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24 hour operation of the buses.[11] In France, the bus electric phenomenon is in development, but we already can find some of them in operation in numerous cities of France.[12] PVI, a medium company located in the Paris region, is one of the leader of the market with its brand Gepebus (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X).[13]

In the United States, the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California since September 2010 at Foothill Tranist. The Proterra Inc EcoRide BE35 uses lithium-titanate batteries and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes.[14] [edit] Thunder Sky Thunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of 280 km (170 mi) under 20 mins quick-charge, the EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of 300 km (190 mi) under quick-charge (20 mins to 80%), and 350 km (220 mi) under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.[15] [edit] Valence Valence Technology has entered into a contract with The Tanfield Group Plc [16] to manufacture and supply Lithium Phosphate energy storage systems to power Tanfields all-electric commercial delivery vehicles. The Valence battery systems will be installed in vans and trucks produced by Tanfields UK-based trading division, Smith Electric Vehicles, the worlds largest manufacturer of electric vans and trucks. [edit] Free Tindo Tindo is an all-electric bus from Adelaide, Australia. The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by Designline International[17] in New Zealand and gets its electricity from a solar PV system on Adelaide's central bus station. Rides are zero-fare as part of Adelaide's public transport system.[18] [edit] First electric commercial bus Seoul Metropolitan Government runs the world's first commercial all-electric bus service. The bus was developed by Hyundai Heavy Industries and Hankuk Fiber which make body as light as possible from carbon composite material. Provided by Li-on battery and Regenerative Braking Systems, the bus may run to 52 miles in a single 30 minutes charge. The maximum speed is 62 miles/hour.[19] [edit] First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus Proterra Inc's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is the worlds first heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative breaking that captures 90% of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31-35%. It can travel 3040 miles on a single charge, is up to 600% more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44% less carbon than CNG.[20]

[edit] Trucks
Drive Star is a CalCars plan to cut our oil use in half by 2020. U.S. 100 million trucks, vans, and buses now gulp down one third of the oil. About half stay on the road a surprisingly long time: 15 to 35 years. That is long enough for CalCars to merit a makeover. Retrofitting these gas guzzlers will pay off. Mass conversions will cost under $10$15,000. Retrofitters can partner with energy service companies to finance these costs, backed by federal loan guarantees. Since an electric mile is up to five times cheaper than a petroleum mile, retrofits will cost less to drive right away, benefitting vehicle fleets and individual drivers.[21] This section requires expansion. [edit] Semi-trailer trucks The Port of Los Angeles and South Coast Air Quality Management District have demonstrated a short-range heavy-duty all electric truck capable of hauling a fully loaded 40-foot (12 m) cargo container. The current design is capable of pulling a 60,000 lb (27 t) cargo container at speeds up to 40 mph (64 km/h) and has a range of between 30 and 60 miles (48 and 97 km). It uses 2 kilowatt-hours per mile (1.2 kWh/km; 4.5 MJ/km), compared to 5 miles per US gallon (47 L/100 km; 6.0 mpg-imp) for the hostler semi tractors it replaces.[22] [edit] Electric tractors Electric tractors have been built since the 1990s.[23][24][25] [edit] Milk float

A Dairy Crest Smith's Elizabethan milk float A common example of the battery electric trucks is the milk float. Since it makes many stops in delivering milk it is more practical to use an electric vehicle than a combustion truck, which would be idling much of the time; it also reduces noise in residential areas. For most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.[26] [edit] Garbage truck

With a similar driving pattern of a delivery vehicle like the milk float above, garbage trucks are excellent candidates for electric drive. Most of their time is spent stopping, starting or idling. These activities are where internal combustion engines are their least efficient. In preparation for the 2008 Olympic Games, 3,000 of the internal combustion engine garbage trucks in Beijing were replaced with lithium ion polymer battery pack electric drive trucks.[27] The batteries were procured for about $3,300 each.[28] [edit] Pickup trucks In early 2009, Phoenix Motorcars will be shipping a test fleet of their all-electric SUT (Sports Utility Truck) to Maui. One of the surviving electric vehicles from the late 1990s is the Chevy S10 electric pickup truck. Many other vehicles from this era, such as the General Motors EV1 were recalled and destroyed. A newcomer is the Miles Electric Vehicles ZX40ST electric truck now available in the United States. Miles Electric Vehicles is based in Santa Monica, California.[29] The Big Bike Company Limited, in Gloucestershire, England, is now offering fully electric pick up trucks for sale. Powered by an impressive bank of batteries, these small utility vehicles are able to deliver a payload of approximately 500 kg, and have a range of up to 80 miles. Using a 3 wheel configuration, the rolling and aerodynamic drag is reduced. As a tricycle it can also be driven on a motorcycle licence. They are marketed on the internet, and can be viewed on a temporary web site at www.electrux.net.

[edit] Electric cars

Main article: Electric car An electric car is a plug-in battery powered automobile which is propelled by electric motor(s). Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the lower specific energy of production batteries available in 2010 compared with Carbon-based fuels means that electric cars need batteries that are fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For shorter range commuter type journeys, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical forms of transportation and can be inexpensively recharged overnight. Longer range journey options are currently being pursued by installing battery swapping station infrastructure throughout several pilot cities such as Tokyo.[30] Electric cars have the potential of significantly reducing city pollution by having zero tail pipe emissions.[31][32][33] Vehicle greenhouse gas savings depend on how the electricity is generated. With the current U.S. energy mix, using an electric car would result in a 30% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.[34][35][36][37] Given the current energy mixes in other countries, it has been predicted that such emissions would decrease by 40% in the UK,[38] 19% in China,[39] and as little as 1% in Germany.[40][41]

Electric cars are expected to have a major impact in the auto industry[42][43] given advantages in city pollution, less dependence on oil, and expected rise in gasoline prices.[44][45][46] World governments are pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components. The U.S. has pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants for electric cars and batteries.[47] China has announced it will provide US$15 billion to initiate an electric car industry.[48] Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn has predicted that one in 10 cars globally will run on battery power alone by 2020.[49] Additionally a recent report claims that by 2020 electric cars and other "green" cars will take a third of the total of global car sales.[50]

[edit] Special purpose vehicles

Special purpose vehicles come in a wide range of types, ranging from relatively common such as Golf carts, things like Electric golf trolleys, Milk floats, All-terrain vehicles, Neighborhood Electric Vehicles, and a wide range of other devices. Certain manufacturers specialize in electric powered "in plant" work machines. Milk floats are supposedly the reason that electronic control systems for electric vehicles were introduced. The story is that Milk float manufacturer Smith Electric Vehicles founded Smith Electric Vehicle Controls (Sevcon) to commercialize the technology.

[edit] Rail
[edit] Locomotives Main article: Battery-electric locomotive [edit] Electric Rail Trolley Main article: Cater MetroTrolley

[edit] Electrathon
Main article: Electrathon

[edit] Two wheels

[edit] Electric motorcycles and scooters Main article: Electric motorcycles and scooters [edit] Electric bicycles Main article: Electric bicycles [edit] Segway

Main article: Segway PT

[edit] Technology
This section requires expansion. Fuel use in vehicle designs

Vehicle type All-petroleum vehicle

Fuel used Most use of petroleum

Regular hybrid electric vehicle Less use of petroleum, but non-pluginable Plug-in hybrid vehicle Residual use of petroleum. More use of electricity Most use of electricity

All-electric vehicle

[edit] Motors
Main article: Traction motor Electric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form of brushed DC electric motor. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually induction motors or brushless AC electric motors which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including the brushless DC electric motor.

[edit] Motor controllers

Main article: Motor controller The motor controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type, DC or AC. Note. There are different types of DC and AC motors. SepEx and PM (Permanent Magnet)are just 2 of the types of DC motors available.

[edit] Batteries
Main article: Electric vehicle battery

[edit] See also

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Automotive battery Battery balancer Cater MetroTrolley Car battery Dump charging Electric boat Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA) Electric vehicle conversion Global Electric Motorcars Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles Hybrid vehicle List of production battery electric vehicles List of electric vehicle battery manufacturers Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent Milk float RPEV Road Powered Electric Vehicles Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries Project Better Place Plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) Plug-in hybrid (PHEV) Supercapacitor Short Commute Vehicles Think Global Tokyo Electric Power Wireless charging Zero-emissions vehicle

[edit] References

1. ^ "Nissan LEAF now available in all 50 states". Green Car Congress. 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2012-03-01. 2. ^ a b David B. Sandalow, ed. (2009). Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington? (1st. ed.). The Brookings Institution. pp. 25. ISBN 978-0-8157-0305-1.See definition on pp. 2. 3. ^ "Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)". Center for Sustainable Energy, California. Retrieved 2010-03-31. 4. ^ PRTM Management Consultants, Inc (April 2011). "The China New Energy Vehicles Program - Challenges and Opportunities". World Bank. Retrieved 2012-02-29. See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v 5. ^ ,2008 6. ^ Downtown Electric Shuttle. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 7. ^ Success Stories. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 8. ^ Solectria Develops an All Electric Version of the Blue Bird TC2000. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 9. ^ Electric School Bus. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 10. ^ UNDP donates electric buses to Beijing Olympic Games. Retrieved 15 August 2008. 11. ^ BIT Attends the Delivery Ceremony of the 2008 Olympic Games Alternative Fuel Vehicles with its Pure Electric Bus. Retrieved 15 August 2008. 12. ^ (French) http://avem.fr/index.php?page=bus 13. ^ http://www.pvi.fr/?lang=en 14. ^ Proterra Launches First Deployment of All-Electric, Zero-Emission Buses by Major Transit Agency. Retrieved October 2011. 15. ^ Thunder Sky website 16. ^ Valence Technology to Provide Lithium Phosphate Battery Packs to The Tanfield Group 17. ^ Andrew Posner (December 19, 2007). "When The Sun Shines Down Under. . .It Powers a Bus". TreeHugger. Retrieved March 11, 2012. 18. ^ All-Electric, Solar-Powered, Free Bus!!! 19. ^ http://inhabitat.com/south-korea-unveils-worlds-first-commerical-electric-bus/ 20. ^ http://www.proterra.com/index.php/mediacenter/companynews/proterra_launches_first_d eployment_of_all-electric_zero-emission_buses/ 21. ^ http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1103.html 22. ^ Theresa Adams Lopez (2008). "Electric Truck Demonstration Project Fact Sheet" (PDF). Port of Los Angeles. Retrieved 2009-01-04. 23. ^ Electric tractors 24. ^ Steve Heckeroth's tractors 25. ^ Yanmar tractor conversion 26. ^ Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle 27. ^ Electric Drive Garbage Trucks in Beijing 28. ^ Advanced Battery Technologies, Inc. Signs Contract to Supply PLI Battery Cells for Electric Sanitation Trucks for 2008 Olympics 29. ^ David Levine (June 17, 2009). "Creating a Buzz; A Sullivan County firm leads the way by selling alternative-power cars and trucks". Hudson Valley. Retrieved March 11, 2012.

30. ^ "Better Places debuts EV fleet of taxis and opening of battery swap stations". betterplaces.com. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 31. ^ "Should Pollution Factor Into Electric Car Rollout Plans?". Earth2tech.com. 2010-0317. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 32. ^ "Electro Automotive: FAQ on Electric Car Efficiency & Pollution". Electroauto.com. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 33. ^ http://www.cleanairnet.org/baq2003/1496/articles-58076_resource_1.doc 34. ^ "Plug-in Hybrid Cars: Chart of CO2 Emissions Ranked by Power Source". TreeHugger. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 35. ^ "D:\MYDOCS\WPDOCS\1605B\EFACTO~1.WPD" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-16. 36. ^ "Electric Power Monthly - Table 1.1. Net Generation by Energy Source". Eia.doe.gov. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 37. ^ United_States_emission_standards#Electricity_generation 38. ^ "Less CO2". My Electric Car. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 39. ^ http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/greaterchina/mckonchina/pdfs/China_Charges_Up.p df 40. ^ ...the four electric vehicles analysed in this study consume around 1.7 times less primary energy and generate less than half the CO2 of a Toyota Prius... http://www.going-electric.org/docs/studies/CO2-energy-electric-vehicles.pdf 41. ^ Palm, Erik (2009-05-01). "Study: Electric cars not as green as you think | Green Tech CNET News". News.cnet.com. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 42. ^ "Ford says auto future hinges on electric car | freep.com | Detroit Free Press". freep.com. Retrieved 2010-04-18.[dead link] 43. ^ By Martin LaMonica (2009-02-02). "Plotting the long road to one million electric cars". CNN.com. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 44. ^ Terry Macalister (2010-04-11). "US military warns oil output may dip causing massive shortages by 2015 | Business". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 45. ^ Terry Macalister (2010-02-07). "Branson warns of oil crunch within five years | Business". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 46. ^ Loveday, Eric (2010-06-08). "ALG predicts gas at $4.13 by 2013; residual values for compacts, hybrids to climb Autoblog Green". Green.autoblog.com. Retrieved 201007-16. 47. ^ "Obama pushes electric cars, battery power this week". USA Today. 2010-07-14. 48. ^ "Freidman OpEd: China's 'Moon Shot' Versus America's". 49. ^ "/ Reports - Electric and hybrid: Sales feed off hype and subsidy". Ft.com. 2010-10-01. Retrieved 2010-10-15. 50. ^ "Electric Vehicles to represent a third of global sales by 2020: Deloitte".

[edit] External links

Alternative Fueling Station Locator, charging stations (EERE). Automotive DesignLine Europe, electric and hybrid vehicle design resource for engineers and engineering managers. Zero Emission Workspace, electric vehicles in an off-grid commercial building project.

Patents

U.S. Patent 523,354, Emil E. Keller, Electrically Propelled Perambulator, 1894 U.S. Patent 594,805, Hiram Percy Maxim, Motor vehicle, 1897 U.S. Patent 772,571, Hiram Percy Maxim et al., Electric motor vehicle, 1904

Organizations

Battery Vehicle Society (UK) and EV Network the UK national directory of recharging points. The European Association for Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (AVERE). The European Association for Battery Electric Vehicles (Going-Electric). EVCanada Promoting the uptake of Electric Vehicles in Canada. Czech EV Club (CZ) Eng. section in photogallery. Alternative Technology Association Electric Vehicle Interest Group. Australian Electric Vehicle Association. Electric Car Society.

News

5 electric cars you can buy now (CNNMoney.com) AeroVironment Awarded U.S. Patent For Electric Vehicle Energy Data Management And Control (Green Car Congress) Solar charging station for Ford Focus Electric Vehicle

Studies

Will Electric Cars Transform the U.S. Vehicle Market? Belfer Center, Harvard University [hide]

v t e

Alternative fuel vehicles

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