Anatomy of the liver

Internal Structure
The liver lobes are made up of microscopic units called lobules which are roughly
hexagonal in shape

These lobules comprise of rows of liver cells (hepatocytes) which radiate out from a central
point. The hepatic cells are in close contact with blood-filled sinusoids and also lie adjacent
to canaliculi .
Situated around the perimeter of the lobule are branches of the hepatic artery, hepatic
portal vein and bile duct. These cluster together at the "corners" of the lobule forming what
is called the portal triad. At the mid-point of the lobule is the central vein. Blood flows out of
the sinusoids into the central vein and is transported out of the liver

The liver receives a blood supply from two sources. The first is the hepatic artery which
delivers oxygenated blood from the general circulation. The second is the hepatic portal vein
delivering deoxygenated blood from the small intestine containing nutrients.

Definition
Ballooning degeneration Alteraion of the intracellular architecture with edema

Apoptosis : It is a type of cell death induced by regulated intracellular suicide program

Programmed cell death

Necrosis : local death of group of cells inside the living tissue.

Eclampsia: Convulsions (seizures) occurring with pregnancy-associated

high blood pressure and having no other cause

Hepatic encephalopathy: Brain dysfunction directly due to liver

dysfunction, most often recognized in advanced liver disease

PCR, In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or

RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of
short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). . The reaction is
efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include
disease diagnosis.
Carrier State ,The condition of harboring an infective organism without
manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable
to another susceptible host.

A liver sinusoid is a type of sinusoidal blood vessel (with

fenestrated, discontinuous endothelium) that serves as a location
for the oxygen-rich blood from the hepatic artery and the nutrientrich blood from the portal vein

A. types of mastaitis are,------and------Definition of acute:----------------------------.Causative organisms:.---------------------Grossly:

- The breast show signs of inflammation -------------------------(- The
breast.
Microscopically: -------------------------Fat and complication: -------------------------------------

Types of chronic mastitis

1--------e.g--------2---------e.g,----------C- FAT NECROSIS
Causes: 1-----------------------------2---------------------3--------Grossly: ----------------------------------------------

Microscopically: 1-------------2------------3------------4-----------------5-------------

D- MAMMARY DUCT ECTASIA

Etiology-----------------------------------Mechanism of mammary duct ectasia:1-------------------------------2----------------------------3---------------------------------4---------------------------------------------

Clinically---------------------------------------------------Grossly-----------------------------------------------Microscopically-------------------------------------------------------------------

BENIGN EPITHELIAL LESIONS are 1-------------------------------

2---------------------------------3-----------------------------------NON PROLIFERATIVE BREAST CHANG

Etiology---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Age---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Grossly--------------------------------------------------------------------Microscopically1------------------------------------------------------------2---------------------------------------------------------3--------------------------------------------PROLIFERATIVE BREAST CHANG without atypiaEpithelial hyperplasia-------------------------------------------------------------------------Sclerosing adenosis----------------------------------------------------------------------Mamamary duct ectesia-------------------------------------------------------

Duct papilloma, site----------------------------grossly-----------------------------Microscopically-----------------------------PROLIFERATIVE BREAST CHANG with atypia----------------------------------------------------------Atypical ductal hyperplasia------------------------------------------------------------------------Atypical lobular hyperplasia--------------------------------------------------------------------Types of fibroadenoma are1-----------------2------------------------------------------3--------------Grossely---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Microscopically------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PHYLLOIDES TUMORS , age
Gross--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Microscopic1-Low grade phylloides --------------------------------------------------------------------------2----high Low grade phylloides -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A- NON INVASIVE CARCINOMA (CARCINOMA IN- SITU)
a. Ductal carcinoma in situ:
gross-----------------------------------------------------------------------Microscopic 1- comedo carcinoma-----------------------------------------------------------2- cribriform--==============================================----------------------------------------------------------------------Papillary patteren---------------------------------------------------------------------Clinical features of invasive carcinomas:
1--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Infiltrating duct carcinoma, not otherwise specific (NOSGross----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Microscopic------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Infiltrating lobular carcinoma:----------------------------------------------------------Gross-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Microscopic--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Colloid (mucinous) carcinoma:

Age---------------------------------------prognosis-------------------------------------Gross--------------------------------------------------------------------------Microscopicpure-----------------------------------------mixed-------------------------------------------------------

-Medullary carcinoma: age------------------------------------------Gross------------------------------------------------------------------Microscopic----------------------------------------------------Paget's disease of the breast:

gross , nipple----------------------------------------------------------------------breast-----------------------------miroscopic
epidermis------------------------------------------dermis---------------------------------------------

THE MALE BREAST

Gynecomastia, definition------------------------------------------------------Causes------1-----------------------------2------------------------------------3---------------------------Microscopic ,ducts-----------------------------------------Stroma------------------------------------------------------------------------------