ELEC1103 Semester 1

Chapter 2. Introduction

Dr. Craig Jin 12 March 2012

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BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ch2. I. Ideal Basic Circuit Elements Five Ideal Basic Circuit Elements + Ideal Wire:
- Ideal Wire - Ideal Resistor - Ideal Current Source - Ideal Voltage Source - Ideal Capacitor - Ideal Inductor We will study these first.

We will first study resistive networks, leaving capacitors and inductors for the second half of the semester because their operation is governed by differential equations.

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BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ch2. I. Ideal Basic Circuit Elements Ideal Wire:
- In an ideal wire, electrons can move freely without any change in energy. In a real wire there will be some resistance, but this resistance is usually negligible when designing or analysing the circuit. - Voltage difference is a measure of energy difference between two points in a circuit. Because there can be no change in energy along an ideal wire, the entire wire must be at the same voltage.

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BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ch2. I. Ideal Basic Circuit Elements Ideal Independent Voltage Source:
- An ideal independent voltage source maintains a specified voltage across its terminals regardless of the current flowing through it and other elements connected to it. - The current flowing through an ideal independent voltage source is determined by the rest of the circuit.

12 V

+ _

5 cos(2t)

+ _

dc voltage source

ac voltage source
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Batteries can be modeled as a dc voltage source

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BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ch2. I. Ideal Basic Circuit Elements Ideal Independent Current Source:
- An ideal independent current source maintains a specified current flow through its terminals regardless of the voltage across it and other elements connected to it. - The voltage across an ideal independent current source is determined by the rest of the circuit.

2A

3 sin(100t)

Keithley current source dc current source ac current source

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BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ch2. I. Ideal Basic Circuit Elements Ideal Dependent Sources or Controlled Sources:
- Drawn with a diamond shape around it. - Come in four varieties, discussed in following slides. Independent Sources Dependent Sources

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BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ch2. I. Ideal Basic Circuit Elements Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)
A VCVS maintains a voltage across its terminals that is proportional to the voltage across a pair of terminals elsewhere in the circuit. In general the voltage across a VCVS is vx where (V/V) so it is really unitless.

is a gain with units

VCVS
2 vx + _

+ vx _

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BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ch2. I. Ideal Basic Circuit Elements Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)
A CCVS maintains a voltage across its terminals that is proportional to the current through a circuit element elsewhere in the circuit. In general the voltage across a VCVS is (V/A).

ix

where

is a gain with units

3 ix ix

+ _

CCVS

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BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ch2. I. Ideal Basic Circuit Elements Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS)
A VCCS maintains a current through its terminals that is proportional to the voltage across a pair of terminals elsewhere in the circuit. In general the current through a VCCS is vx where is a gain with units (A/V).

VCCS

+ vx _

3 vx

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BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ch2. I. Ideal Basic Circuit Elements Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS)
A CCCS maintains a current through its terminals that is proportional to the current through an element elsewhere in the circuit. In general the current through a CCCS is ix where is a gain with units (A/A) so it is unitless.

CCCS
2 iy iy

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BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ch2. I. Ideal Basic Circuit Elements
Valid or Not Valid ? Yes No

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BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ch2. I. Ideal Basic Circuit Elements
Valid or Not Valid ? No Yes

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BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ch2. I. Ideal Basic Circuit Elements
Valid or Not Valid ? No Yes

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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Ohms Law: The voltage across an ideal resistor is proportional to the current through it. v i(t) The circuit symbol for a resistor is: v=iR The constant of proportionality is the resistance R. The units of resistance are V/A, which are called ohms ().
+ v(t) _ R

Ohms Law

i-v characteristic of an ideal resistor

v (t ) = i (t ) R = v= G v (t ) i (t ) (t ) / R

1 G= R

G is called the conductance G. The units of conductance are A/V, which are called siemens (S).
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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Passive sign convention and Ohms Law: (Current flows into the positive terminal of the device, then use + sign to right Ohms law.)

v = iR

v = - iR

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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Real Resistors:

Resistivity
Area

R=

L
Area

Resistance increases with length, but decreases with cross-sectional area.

The units of resistivity are m.

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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Resistivity of Materials at 300 K:
Conductors Aluminium Carbon (amorphous) Copper Gold Nichrome Silver Tungsten Semiconductors Silicon (device grade) 105 to 1 depends on impurity concentration Insulators Fused quartz Glass (typical) Teflon

2.73 108 3.5 105 1.72 108 2.27 108 1.12 106 1.63 108 5.44 108

> 1021 1 1012 1 1019

Smaller the resistivity, the better the conductor. Resistivity depends on the temperature. A short circuit (i.e. an ideal conductor) is a resistor of 0 resistance (no such material exists, but a thick copper wire can be a good approximation). An open circuit is a resistor of 0 S conductance (or equivalently resistance). Again no such material exists, but some insulators can be a good approximation.
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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Resistance Calculation: Calculate the resistance of a copper wire having a diameter of 2.05 mm and a length of 10 m.

= A

d2

= 4

(2.05 103 )2
4

= 3.3 106 m 2

R=

(1.72 108 )(10) = = 0.052 6 A (3.3 10 )

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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Real Resistors:

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/resistor/res_1.html
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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Real Resistors:

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/resistor/res_1.html
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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Chip Resistors:

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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Chip Resistors:

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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Power in a Resistor: We can calculate the power in a resistor in terms of voltage using Ohms Law (v=iR) and the expression for power (p=vi).
2 v v = = P vi v = R R

We can calculate the power in a resistor in terms of current using Ohms Law (v=iR) and the expression for power (p=vi).

P vi = =

i ( iR )=

i2 R

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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Using Ohms Law:

Given current and resistance Find the voltage

Given current and resistance Find the voltage

I = 2A R = 5

I = 2A R = 5

+ V = 10[V ]

v = iR

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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Using Ohms Law:
Given Current and Voltage Find Resistance Given Current and Voltage Find Resistance

+ 20[V ]

I = 4[ A]

+ 20[V ]

I = 4[ A]

R = 5 v R= i

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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Using Ohms Law:

Given Voltage and Resistance Compute Current

Given Voltage and Resistance Compute Current

+ 12[V ]

R = 3

12[V ]
I = 4[ A]

R = 3

v i= R

Note: we determine the direction of current (blue arrow) using the passive sign convention.

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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
Using Ohms Law and Keeping Units Straight:
Table 1 Keeping Units Straight

Voltage Volts Volts mV mV

Current Amps mA A mA

Resistance Ohms

k
m

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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
More Ohms Law: Find the current and power absorbed by the resistor ? Use passive sign convention. +

= I

12 [ V ] = 6 [ mA ] 2 [ k ]

= VI P =

= (12 [ V ]) ( 6 [ mA ])

72 [ mW ]

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RESISTOR AND OHMS LAW

Ch2. II. Resistor and Ohms Law
More Ohms Law: Find the voltage of the voltage source and power absorbed by the resistor ? Use passive sign convention.
I 0.5mA 0.5 103 A = = = = 10V VS IR = 6 G 50 S 50 10 S

I2 P=I R= G
2

( 0.5 10 P=

[ A]

50 10 [ S ]

= 102 [W ] = ] 0.5 5[mW

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NODES, LOOPS, AND BRANCHES

Ch2. III. Nodes, Loops, and Branches
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor. A node is the point of connection between two or more branches. A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

A network with b branches, n nodes, and L independent loops will satisfy the fundamental theorem of network topology: b=L+n-1 How many branches, nodes, loops ?

3 Nodes 3 Loops 5 Branches 5=3+3-1

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NODES, LOOPS, AND BRANCHES

Ch2. III. Nodes, Loops, and Branches
How many branches, nodes and loops are there ?

3 Nodes 3 Loops 5 Branches 5=3+3-1

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NODES, LOOPS, AND BRANCHES

Ch2. III. Nodes, Loops, and Branches
An essential node is a node where three or more circuit elements join. An essential branch is a branch path connecting two essential nodes. A network with bE branches, nE nodes, and L independent loops will satisfy the fundamental theorem of network topology: bE = L + nE - 1 How many essential branches, essential nodes, loops ? Node 3 is not an essential node.

2 Essential Nodes 3 Loops 4 Essential Branches 4=3+2-1

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KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

Ch2. IV. Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
Charge is not created nor destroyed in electric circuits. For this physical reason, we have Kirchoffs Current Law. Kirchhoffs Current Law states that the algebraic sum of currents entering (or leaving) a node (or a closed boundary) is zero. i2 i3 i1 i4 Sum currents entering node: i5 Sum currents leaving boundary:
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i1 i2 + i3 + i4 i5 = 0

i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 i5 = 0
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KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

Ch2. IV. Kirchhoffs Current Law
KCL can be applied to supernodes. A supernode is obtained by defining a boundary that enclosed more than one node.
i1 B
ic ie

Supernode

i.e. KCL at supernode: i1 i2 + i3 =

E D

C A F i2

id

To verify the claim note that: (now just add these equations)

i1= ic + ie ic id + i2 = id + ie = i3

G i3

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KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

Ch2. IV. Kirchhoffs Current Law
Find I1 I1 = 50mA Find I T IT = 10mA + 40mA + 20mA

Find I1

10mA 4mA I1 = 0

Find I1 and I2
I 2 + 3mA I1 = 0 I1 + 4mA 12mA = 0

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KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

Ch2. V. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Electric circuits obey the principle of conservation of energy. Similar to a gravitational field, the electric field is conservative. This means that if a charge moves around a loop and comes back to the same point, the net energy gain or loss must be zero. Recall that W = qV
W = qV AB

B VB
+V B
AB
C

+V

+
VCA VA +-VCA + W = qVCA

W = qVBC

VC

Total Energy Gain Around Loop = q(VAB + VBC + VCD )= 0

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KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

Ch2. V. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Electric circuits obey the principle of conservation of energy, for this physical reason we have Kirchoffs Voltage Law. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around a closed path, or loop, is zero.

v
m =1

=0
80

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KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

Ch2. V. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
+ vb _ B + A va Loop 2 _ + _ v + d D +
Note that in obtaining loop equations, we sum the voltage drops around the loop (could also sum voltage rise). In the circuit analysis you are free to choose the direction of the KVL loop. KVL for loop 3 can be obtained by taking the difference of KVL for loop 2 and 1, i.e. it does not contain any new information.

C vc Loop 1 ve E _ _

Loop 3
KVL for loop 1: KVL for loop 2: KVL for loop 3:

ve vc vd = 0

va vc vb = 0
va ve + vd vb = 0
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KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

Ch2. V. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Find Vae and Vec?

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KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

Ch2. V. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Find Vae and Vec?

GIVEN THE CHOICE USE THE SIMPLEST LOOP

Vae + 10 24 = 0 Vae = 14[V]

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KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

Ch2. V. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Find Vae and Vec?

Vec + 4 + 6 = 0 Vec = 10[V]

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KIRCHOFFS LAWS & OHMS LAW

Ch2. VI. Kirchhoffs Laws and Ohms Law
Find io ?

io i1 + 6 = 0 io10 120 50i1 =

120 50 ( 6 + io ) = io10

180 = io 60
0 KCL at node b: io i1 + 6 = io10 Ohms Law for 10 Resistor: 120 Vb =
Ohms Law for 50 Resistor:

io = 3 [ A ]

Vb = i1 50
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KIRCHOFFS LAWS & OHMS LAW

Ch2. VI. Kirchhoffs Laws, Ohms Law, and Dependent Sources
Find vo ? (Note vo = Vb)

= Vb

6i ) 20 (=

120i

Vb 500 Vb = 5 120

12000 24Vb = Vb

Vb = 480 [ V ]
0 KCL at node b: i i0 + 5i =
Ohms Law for 5 Resistor: Ohms Law for 20 Resistor:

500 Vb = i 5 Vb = i0 20
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KIRCHOFFS LAWS & OHMS LAW

Ch2. VI. Kirchhoffs Laws, Ohms Law, and Dependent Sources
Find vo ?

KCL at Boundary means no current here!

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KIRCHOFFS LAWS & OHMS LAW

Ch2. VI. Kirchhoffs Laws, Ohms Law, and Dependent Sources
Find vo ?

i0 = 1[ A ]
v0 = 3 [ V ]

5 Ohms Law for 6 Resistor: is = [ A ] 3

Ohms Law for 2 and 3 Resistor: 3 = i0 ( 2 + 3)
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Ch2. VII. Electrical Safety
How to electrically model the human body: Rskin (dry)=15 k, Rskin (wet)=150 Rlimb=100 Rtrunk=200

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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Ch2. VII. Electrical Safety
First, consider electrostatic shock on a dry day: Around 20,000 to 40,000 V and 40 A but only for a few microseconds. Current flow is mainly over the body surface Annoying to you, deadly for electrical components Consider 50 Hz, 230 V electrical outlets, danger is shown to the right. 0.1 to 0.2 A is fatal causing ventricular fibrillation. 60 Hz current penetrates the body more deeply and electrical outlet sustains the current.

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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Ch2. VII. Electrical Safety

Man working in damp basement using a drill. Insulation on wire nicked and touches casing of drill. Damp concrete relatively good conductor. If the case is not grounded, man could receive fatal shock. If case is grounded, the circuit breaker shorts and lights go out. Which do you prefer ?

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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Ch2. VII. Electrical Safety

Boys in and near a pool. Ground fault in pool lighting. Vinyl lining of pool means water is electrically insulated. One boy in pool and one outside. If they touch and outside boy is grounded, who is more likely to die? Outside boy, because current more likely to go through the heart.

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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Ch2. VII. Electrical Safety

A crane operator touches highvoltage line at 7200 V. The crane is about 10 m from the pole which is earthed. He jumps out of the crane runs toward the pole and dies why? There is a 7200 V/10 m or 720 V/m potential gradient between the crane and the pole. If the mans running stride is 1 m, his body experiences 720 V. He dies, but a man standing still survives.

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