There are several different kinds of nouns.

Common Nouns
A common noun is the word used for a class of person, place or thing. Examples: Car Man Bridge Town Water Metal Ammonia

Proper Nouns
A proper noun is the name of a person, place or thing (i.e., its own name). A proper noun always starts with a capital letter. Examples: Michael Africa Peking Dayton Peace Accord United Nations The Tower of London Uncle George ("Uncle" is written with a capital letter because it is part of his name.) My favourite auntie is Auntie Sally. (In this example, the first "auntie" is a common noun; whereas, the second "Auntie" is part of a proper noun.)

The Red Lion

Collective Nouns
A collective noun is the word used for a group of people or things. Examples: Choir Team Jury Shoal Cabinet (of ministers) Regiment

Pronouns
A pronoun is a word used to replace a noun. James is the first choice for the post. He has applied for it twice already. ("He" is a pronoun. In this example, it replaces the proper noun "James".) ("It" is a pronoun. Here, it replaces the common noun "post".) Some / Who / This (The term 'pronoun' covers lots of words, and all three words above are classified as pronouns. There is whole section dedicated to pronouns.

Verbal Nouns
Verbal nouns are formed from verbs. They are a type of common noun. I love swimming. ("swimming" - the name of an activity; it is formed from the verb 'to swim'.)

Lateral thinking is required to solve this problem. ("thinking" - the name of an activity; it is formed from the verb 'to think'.)

Compound Nouns
Compound nouns are nouns made up of two or more words. Some compound nouns are hyphenated. (This is covered in the lesson Hyphens in Compound Nouns.) Mother-in-law Board of members Court-martial Forget-me-not Manservant Paper-clip

kinds of pronouns

Pronouns
A pronoun is used in place of a noun or nouns. Common pronouns include he, her, him, I, it, me, she, them, they, us,and we. Here are some examples: INSTEAD OF: Luma is a good athlete. She is a good athlete. (The pronoun she replacesLuma.) INSTEAD OF: The beans and tomatoes are fresh-picked. They are fresh-picked. (The pronoun they replacesthe beans and tomatoes.) Often a pronoun takes the place of a particular noun. This noun is known as the antecedent. A pronoun

"refers to," or directs your thoughts toward, its antecedent. Let's call Luma and ask her to join the team. (Her is a pronoun; Luma is its antecedent.) To find a pronoun's antecedent, ask yourself what that pronoun refers to. What does her refer to in the sentence abovethat is, who is the her? The her in the sentence is Luma; therefore, Luma is the antecedent. Subjective Pronouns A subjective pronoun acts as the subject of a sentenceit performs the action of the verb. The subjective pronouns are he, I, it, she, they, we, and you. He spends ages looking out the window. After lunch, she and I went to the planetarium. Objective Pronouns An objective pronoun acts as the object of a sentence it receives the action of the verb. The objective pronouns areher, him, it, me, them, us, and you. Cousin Eldred gave me a trombone. Take a picture of him, not us!

Possessive Pronouns A possessive pronoun tells you who owns something. The possessive pronouns are hers, his, its, mine, ours, theirs, andyours. The red basket is mine. Yours is on the coffee table. Demonstrative Pronouns A demonstrative pronoun points out a noun. The demonstrative pronouns are that, these, this, and those. That is a good idea. These are hilarious cartoons. A demonstrative pronoun may look like a demonstrative adjective, but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the place of a noun. Interrogative Pronouns An interrogative pronoun is used in a question. It helps to ask about something. The interrogative pronouns are what, which, who, whom, and compound words ending in "ever," such as whatever, whichever, whoever, and whomever.

What on earth is that? Who ate the last Fig Newton? An interrogative pronoun may look like an interrogative adjective, but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the place of a noun. Indefinite Pronouns An indefinite pronoun refers to an indefinite, or general, person or thing. Indefinite pronouns include all, any, both, each, everyone, few, many, neither, none, nothing, several, some, and somebody. Something smells good. Many like salsa with their chips. An indefinite pronoun may look like an indefinite adjective, but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the place of a noun. Relative Pronouns A relative pronoun introduces a clause, or part of a sentence, that describes a noun. The relative pronouns are that, which, who, and whom. You should bring the book that you love most.

That introduces "you love most," which describes the book. Hector is a photographer who does great work. Who introduces "does great work," which describes Hector. Reflexive Pronouns A reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject of a sentence. The reflexive pronouns are herself, himself, itself, myself, ourselves, themselves, and yourselves. Each of these words can also act as an intensive pronoun (see below). I learned a lot about myself at summer camp. (Myself refers back to I.) They should divide the berries among themselves.(Themselves refers back to they.) Intensive Pronouns An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent (the noun that comes before it). The intensive pronouns are herself, himself, itself, myself, ourselves, themselves, and yourselves.Each of these words can also act as a reflective pronoun (see above).

I myself don't like eggs. The queen herself visited our class. source: www.factmosnter.com

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1. Transitive Verb
The transitive verb has two voices: active and passive. Study the following examples: Subject Active Passive Active Passive Active Passive John A car He teaches English. English is taught by him. The speaker presented a new idea. A new idea was presented by the speaker. drives is driven Verb a car. by John. Complement

The transitive verb in the passive voice does not always show who performed the action. For example:

Subject English The exam A movie is taught will be given was shown

Verb in the Language School. tomorrow. last week.

Complement

A variety of patterns may be formed with the transitive verb. Study the following examples:

ACTIVE
Subject The teacher The teacher taught taught Verb English to the students. the students English. Complement

PASSIVE
Subject English English The students Some verbs are almost always used transitively. Examples: To set set, set, set He set the book on the table. To raise raise, raised, raised He raised the window. was taught was taught were taught Verb by the teacher to the students. to the students by the teacher. English by the teacher. Complement

To lay lay, laid, laid She laid the coat on the chair.

Exception: The sun sets in the West.

2. Intransitive Verb
Some verbs can only be used intransitively. Examples: To sit - sit, sat, sat He sits in the front row. To rise rise, rose, risen The sun rises in the East. To lie lie, lay, lain He lay in bed all day.

Many verbs in English may be used intransitively or transitively. Notice the verb is not followed by an object when it is used intransitively. Subject I I He He They They drive. drive plays. plays read. read books. the piano. a car. Verb Complement

3. Linking Verb
The linking verb is used to connect the subject with two kind of complements:

1) An adjective that describes the subject; 2) A noun or noun equivalent that means the same as the subject. The linking verb patterns as follows:

Pattern 1. Subject linked with adjective.

Subject She The cake He I The student I Verbs commonly used in this construction: Act Appear Be Become Feel Get Look Prove Seem Smell is tastes became feel seemed am getting Verb beautiful. good ill. bad. angry. hungry. Complement

Sound Taste

Pattern 2. Subject linked with noun or noun equivalent.

The verb most commonly used in this construction are be and become, and the verb phrases appear to be and get to be. Of similar construction also are the verb phrases feel like, look like, smell like, taste like and act like, which express a partial or doubtful between subject and complement. Subject John He He This It That It He is appears to be became is getting to be was tastes like was acts like Verb a student. a student. a pilot. a problem. I that suggested it. sugar. we who said that. a decent person. Complement

1. Types of Adverbs Adverb of Time This shows when an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question "When?" It is either placed at thebeginning or at the end of a sentence. When they are at the beginning, they are often emphasized. Example: I phoned you yesterday. Example: I saw her a few months ago.

Example: Last week I saw them walking together.

Adverb of Place This shows where an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question "Where?" Such adverbs are placed after the verb.

Example: I live here. / He fell down. / They are talking outside. / He walkedin. Example: We met her in the zoo. Example: They like to walk along the river.

Adverb of Manner This shows how an action or something is done. It answers the question "How?" The adverb is placed just after the verb when it is used in a sentence.

Example: She cried loudly. / He drives quickly. / She speaks softly.

Adverb of Degree or Quantity This answers the questions, "To what degree?" or "How much?" It is usually placed before the adjective and the adverb.

Example: It is too dark for us to see anything. (Before adjective) Example: Last night it rained very heavily. (Before adverb)

Adverb of Frequency This answers the question "How often?"Adverbs of frequency are very important because we often use them. Examples of these adverbs include: never, rarely, seldom, hardly ever, occasionally, sometimes, generally, usually, frequently, nearly always, often and ever. Also included are: quite, just, already, almost and nearly.

Example: He will never have finished in time. Example: Jane is rarely late for work. Example: Peter seldom reads the Bible. Example: Sue hardly ever wore lipstick. Example: We only write to each other very occasionally. Example: Sometimes he stays late in the office to complete his work. Example: The proposal is not generally acceptable to the public. Example: It is usually the man who proposes marriage. Example: While overseas, he frequently phoned home. Example: She's not nearly always right although she thinks she's always right. Example: We always go to school by bus. Example: Sharon has often forgotten her books. Example: Does he ever come to play chess?

Affirmative Adverb (yes) and Adverb of negation (No) - examples of this adverb includes: yes, surely, certainly, indeed, by all means, no,not at all, by no means.

Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Example:

I hope my parent just for once will say yes to my latest idea. You must have heard about the haunted house surely? Certainly we'll try to rid this place of the foul odour. It would indeed help if I had a bodyguard. By all means eat whatever you want, but I think you will not be able to finish all the food. Oh no, not another breakdown at the traffic lights? It is not at all certain that the match will take place. It is by no means easy that we will finish it soon.

Interrogative Adverb (Question): When? Where? How? Why? How much/often? When was the last time you saw the accused? Where have you been all the while? How could you have overlooked all these mistakes? Why do you have to do such a stupid thing?

Example: Example: Example: Example:

Relative Adverb: when, where, how, why These words are the same in form as Interrogative Adverbs; but they are not questions.

Example: The time when he arrived is still unknown. Example: The scene where the accident occurred is close to the hospital. Example: He is the only one who knows how to do it.

Example: Nobody knows why he left in such a hurry.

Kinds of Conjunctions
There are two main kinds of conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions join two clauses or sentences of equal rank. Here both clauses are capable of being principal clauses if they appear as such in separate sentences. A subordinating conjunction joins a principal or main clause and a subordinate clause. Note that a subordinate clause cannot stand on its own and doesnt make complete sense. Coordinating conjunctions The most common coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, or, nor, eitheror, neithernor, yet, not only but also, bothand. Coordinating conjunctions are of four kinds: Additive (cumulative or copulative) conjunctions An additive conjunction merely adds one statement to another. It doesnt express ideas such as contrast, choice or inference. Examples are: and, also, too, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also He walked into the room and sat on the sofa. (Here the additive conjunction and merely adds the clauses he walked into the room and he sat on the sofa.) He was not only abused but also beaten. (Here the additive conjunction not onlybut also joins the two clauses he was abused and he

was beaten.) These lessons are both free and useful. Adversative coordinating conjunctions They express a contrast between two statements in a sentence. Examples are: but, nevertheless, however, whereas, only, still etc. He is poor but he is honest. Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it. The captain was annoyed, still he kept quiet. She was late, still she was not punished. Alternative conjunctions Alternative conjunctions express a choice between two alternatives. Examples are: or, nor, eitheror, neithernor, otherwise, else etc. He is either a fool or a rogue. You must leave this place at once or you will have to face the consequences. Neither a borrower, nor a lender be. He knows nothing about this work, neither does he try to learn anything about it. Inferential or illative conjunctions These conjunctions introduce some inference. Examples are: therefore, for, so etc. Work hard, for nobody can succeed without hard work.