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b'h]n, dfs{ lx:6«L ckm cgnfOg hg{lnHd, @))#
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sfn{;g, 8]le8, cgnfOg 6fOdnfOg http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/carlson/1990s.shtml
4
http://www.nepalhomepage.com/information/information.html website accessed on 1 December 2007
5
hf]G;, l:6E;, OG;fOSnf]lkl8of ckm Go' ldl8of -@))#_
6
Lisa Gitelman and Geoffrey B. Pingree (Eds), New Media 1740-1915, MIT Press, 2003.
7
McQuail, Denis. 2005. McQuail's Mass Communication Theory, New Delhi, Sage Publication
8
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9
McQuail, Denis. 2005. McQuail's Mass Communication Theory, New Delhi, Sage Publication

2
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10
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_journalism website accessed on 29 November 2008.
11
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d"nwf/] kqsfl/tfnfO{ g} kl5 kfg]{ u/L o;n] gf}nf] kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; ug{ ;S516 . cgnfOg
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pbfx/0f 5f8]/ cgnfOgdf gful/s kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; Tolt ePsf] b]lvFb}g .
12
;f]nf] hg{lni6sf] 5f]6f] ?k . o;df Ps} kqsf/n] w]/} hgfsf] sfd ug]{ cEof; ul/G5 .
13
l/kf]l6{ªsf nflu cfjZos ;a} ;fdfgx? Aofudf /fv]/ ;dfrf/ pTkfbgb]lv ljt/0f;Ddsf] k|lqmofdf ;+jfbbftf ;xefuL x'g] k|lqmof
14
ustream.tv
15
mogulus.com
16
>]i7, pd]z . j}slNks kqsfl/tfMAnu . lxdfn va/klqsf http://www.nepalihimal.com/2062/magh-1-
15/suchana_prabidhi.html j]a;fO6 PS;]; ul/Psf] ! l8;]Da/ @))* .
17
clwsf/L, /fw]Zofd, ;+of]hs . lj ;+ @)^# . pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg .
18
o;df df; ldl8ofdf /x]sf] ;fdfu|L zlQm ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;fl/Psf] x'G5 . o;n] d ldl8ofsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 .
19
Joyce, Mary. 2007. The Citizen Journalism Web Site 'OhmyNews' and the 2002 South Korean
Presidential Election.
http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2007/The_Citizen_Journalism_Web_Site_Oh_My_News_an
d_the_South_Korean_Presidential_Election website accessed on: December 1, 2008

4
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qmfp8;f]l;{ªdf Ps s]lGb|s[t ;Dkfbsn] ;fdfu|Lsf] cg'udg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . Jofj;flos kqsf/ /
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g]kfndf o:tf] cEof; eO;s]sf] 5}g .

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cfd ;~rf/sf ;fwgx?sf] Psf]xf]/f], ;Lldt ;~rf/k|lt ;~rf/ljb\x?n] c;Gt'li6 b]vfpFb} cfPsf
5g\ . ;~rf/ l;4fGtsf/x? B. Brecht, W. Benjamin, / H. M. Enzensberger n]
cfd;~rf/sf] cfkm\gf] :jfy{ cg';f/ rt'/fOk"j{s k|efj kfl/Psf] -manipulate_ jf
Jofj;flos/0f ul/Psf ;fdfu|Lsf] dflg;x? lgl:qmo pkef]Qmf aGb} uPsf]df rf;f] JoQm u/]sf
5g\ . 20 k/Dk/fut ldl8ofdf /x]sf o:tf] cGtlqm{ofsf] cefjnfO{ cgnfOg kqsfl/tfn] k"/fu5{ .
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k|ljlwdf eO/x]sf] lg/Gt/ ljsf;n] lxhf]eGbf cfh cgnfOg kqsfl/tfsf] 9fFrf / z}ln kl/jt{g
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20
Tanjev Schultz, Interactive Options in Online Journalism: A Content Analysis of 100 U.S.
Newspapers http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol5/issue1/schultz.html website accessed on: 30 November 2008
21
Gilmour, Dan. 2004. We, The Media.

5
22
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• ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf ;fIf/ / sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tfsf] sdL
• ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df OG6/g]6sf] kx'Frdf sld / sd ultsf] OG6/g]6
• lg/+s'z / lgolGqt k|hftGq ePsf b]zdf lgoGq0fsf] k|of;
• u}/ Jofj;flos kqsf/x? ;dfrf/ ;|f]tdfq geO{ ;dfrf/ n]vgdf cu|;/ x'g] x'Fbf
ltgLx?n] kqsfl/tfsf] d"No dfGotfnfO{ r'gf}lt lbg] vt/f
• u}/ Jofj;flos kqsf/x?sf] ;"rgfnfO{ k'li6 ug{ ufx|f] x'g], k"jf{u|x x'g;Sg]
• hf];'s}n] ;dfrf/ /fVg ;Sg] x'Fbf ljZj;gLotfsf] k|Zg p7\g ;S5

lgisz{
k/Dk/fut ldl8ofsf ;a} ljz]iftf ;d]l6Psf] gofF ldl8ofsf ?kdf cgnfOg kqsfl/tf pbfPsf]
5 . k/Dk/fut ldl8ofsf sdL sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ x6fpFb} cfd ;~rf/nfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg]
sfd cgnfOg kqsfl/tfn] u5{ . cgnfOg kqsfl/tfdf b]vf k/]sf gofF 6«]G8x?
h:t} ;xeflutfd"ns kqsfl/tf, qmfp8;f]l;{ª, gful/s kqsfl/tf xfn k|f/lDes cEof; s} qmddf
/x]sf] x'Fbf o;sf k|efj / pkfb]otfaf/] lj:t[t cWoogx? x'g afFsL g} 5g\ . k/Dk/fut
kqsfl/tfsf kIfw/x?n] o;nfO{ k|ltåGåLsf ?kdf glnO{ ;xof]uLsf ?kdf lng'k5{ . u}/
Jofj;flos kqsf/x?n] kqsfl/tfsf] d"No dfGotfnfO{ Wj:t kfg{ nfu] eg]/ lrGtf ug'{eGbf klg
Jofj;flos / u}/ Jofj;flos kqsf/x?n] xftdf xft ldnfP/ ;~rf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg ;S5g\ . u}/ Jofj;flos kqsf/x?sf] k|fylds ;"rgfnfO{ ljleGg ;|f]tx?af6 k'li6
ub}{ k"0f{ ;dfrf/sf] ?k lbg Jofj;flos kqsf/ cu|;/ x'g'k5{ . ljsl;t b]zx?df eO/x]sf o:tf
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k|efj kfg{ ;S5 .

22
clk|msfdf ;g\ @))) b]lv @))* sf] aLrdf k|of]ustf{x?sf] ;+Vof !)#!=@ k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 eg] Pl;ofdf j[l4b/ $)^=! k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkL ?kdf klg OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{sf] ;+Vof #)%=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . x]g'{;\
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

6
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
k':ts
ldl8of cWoog efu–! -dfl6{g rf}tf/L ;g\ @))^_ ;+= b]j/fh x'dfufO{, k|To"if jGt, z]v/ k/fh'nL, sf]dn e§ / s[i0f
clwsf/L .
ldl8of cWoog efu–@ -dfl6{g rf}tf/L ;g\ @))&_ ;+= b]j/fh x'dfufO{, k|To"if jGt, z]v/ k/fh'nL, sf]dn e§ / s[i0f
clwsf/L .
ldl8of cg';GwfgM k|fl1s k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf s]xL cEof; -dfl6{g rf}tf/L ;g\ @))&_ ;+= b]j/fh x'dfufO{, sf]dn e§ /
s[i0f clwsf/L .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg–@)^#, -sfg"g lstfa Joj:yfkg sld6L ;g\ @))&_, sf7df8f}+ .
Dujjel, Mark. History of Online Journalism. 2003
Gilmour, Dan. We, The Media. 2004
Jones, Steves, Encyclopedia of New Media, 2003
Lisa Gitelman and Geoffrey B. Pingree (Eds), New Media 1740-1915, MIT Press, 2003.
McQual, Denis. McQuail's Mass Communication Theory. 5th ed. New Delhi. Sage, 2001.

k|ltj]bg÷sfo{kq
clwsf/L, /fw]Zofd, ;+of]hs . @)^# . pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, g]kfn ;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
dGqfno .
9'+ufgf, s[i0fk|;fb / pd]z >]i7 . g]kfndf cgnfOgsf] cj:yf, kqsfl/tf tyf cfd;~rf/ s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lqljdf k|:t't
sfo{kq, !$ clk|n, @))& .
Manandhar, Sanjaya. 2003. Inter Networking in Nepal. Unpublished report.

cgnfOg n]v÷;dfrf/
>]i7, pd]z . j}slNks kqsfl/tfMAnu . lxdfn va/klqsf
http://www.nepalihimal.com/2062/magh-1-15/suchana_prabidhi.html
Carlson, David Online Timeline http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/carlson/1990s.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_journalism
http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/2007/narrative_online_intro.asp?cat=1&media=4
Joyce, Mary. 2007. The Citizen Journalism Web Site 'OhmyNews' and the 2002 South
Korean Presidential Election.
http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2007/The_Citizen_Journalism_Web_Site_Oh_My_
News_and_the_South_Korean_Presidential_Election website accessed on: December 1, 2008
Tanjev Schultz, Interactive Options in Online Journalism: A Content Analysis of 100 U.S.
Newspapers http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol5/issue1/schultz.html
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

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