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  • DC Unit 4

    Încărcat de

    Siddharth Ramnath
    225 vizualizări19 pagini
    Synchronization is required in digital communication systems to allow the clocks at the transmitter and receiver to match. There are three main types of synchronization: 1) carrier synchronization ensures coherent reference signals are generated at the receiver, 2) symbol/bit synchronization identifies symbol and bit boundaries, and 3) frame synchronization identifies the start and structure of messages. Synchronization is achieved through techniques like adding synchronization bits and using closed-loop and early-late gate synchronization methods.

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    Synchronization is required in digital communication systems to allow the clocks at the transmitter and receiver to match. There are three main types of synchronization: 1) carrier synchronization ensures coherent reference signals are generated at the receiver, 2) symbol/bit synchronization identifies symbol and bit boundaries, and 3) frame synchronization identifies the start and structure of messages. Synchronization is achieved through techniques like adding synchronization bits and using closed-loop and early-late gate synchronization methods.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    225 vizualizări19 pagini

    DC Unit 4

    Încărcat de

    Siddharth Ramnath
    Synchronization is required in digital communication systems to allow the clocks at the transmitter and receiver to match. There are three main types of synchronization: 1) carrier synchronization ensures coherent reference signals are generated at the receiver, 2) symbol/bit synchronization identifies symbol and bit boundaries, and 3) frame synchronization identifies the start and structure of messages. Synchronization is achieved through techniques like adding synchronization bits and using closed-loop and early-late gate synchronization methods.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 19

    A.S.

    K Notes - RGCET
    UNIT- IV (soft copy available at http://easyonlinejob4u.50webs.com) Synchronization: Receiver synchronization- Coherent systems - Symbol and frame synchronization - Network synchronization - Open and closed loop transmitter synchronization - Tracking and acquisition in spread spectrum system Synchronization is in essence the art of making clocks tick together. The clocks in a digital communication system are at the transmitter and receiver, and allowance must be made for the transmission time delay between them. Besides symbol synchronization, most systems also require frame synchronization to identify the start of a message or various subdivisions within the message sequence. Additionally, carrier synchronization is essential for digital transmission with coherent carrier modulation

    Why synchronization is required ? The signals from various sources are transmitted on the single channel by multiplexing. This requires synchronization between transmitter and receiver. Special synchronization bits are added in the transmitted signal for the purpose. Synchronization is also required for detectors to recover the digital data properly from the modulated signal. What are the three broad types of synchronization ? 1. Carrier synchronization 2. Symbol & Bit synchronization 3. Frame synchronization.

    A.S.K Notes - RGCET1

    A.S.K Notes - RGCET


    What is carrier synchronization ? The carrier synchronization is required in coherent detection methods to generate a coherent reference at the receiver. In this method the data bearing signal is modulated on the carrier in such a way that the power spectrum of the modulated carrier signal contains a discrete component at the carrier frequency. What is called symbol or bit synchronization ? In a matched filter or correlation receiver, the incoming signal is sampled at the end of one bit or symbol duration. Therefore the receiver has to know the instants of time at which a symbol or bit is transmitted. That is the instants at which a particular bit or symbol status and when it is ended. The estimation of these times of bit or symbol is called symbol or bit synchronization. What are the two methods of bit and symbol synchronization. 1) Closed loop bit synchronization 2) Early late gate synchronizer What are the disadvantages of closed loop bit synchronization. 1) If there is a long string of 1s and os then y(t) has no zero crossings and synchronization may be lost. 2) If zero crossing of y(t) are not placed at integer multiples of Tb, the synchronization suffers from timing Jitter. What is called frame synchronization ? Depending on bits used for encoding, the word length is defined. Thus each word contains some fixed number of bits. The receiver has to know when a particular frame status and when its individual message bits status. This type of synchronization is called frame synchronization.

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