FOXPRO

FoxPro is a DBMS most commonly used in earlier days. organizational databases most efficiently used. FEATURES OF FOXPRO
1 We can link up multiple databases to give rise a pyramidal structure of databases. 2 Queries can be made on a single or multiple databases, databases being grouped by some field, sorted on fields, meeting user defined criteria. 3 We can generate Reports with fields of choice from a single or multiple databases grouped by some column and with suitable headings. 4 We can make use of View windows to see selected fields from a single or multiple databases. 5 We can design customized Menu systems for organizing the entire function and subroutines of our program with Popup prompting fields, files and structures with the FoxPro Menu designer tool. 6 We can design customized Windows for display of suitable messages and screen activities. 7 We can design customized Screens with FoxPro Screen Designer. We can save these and retrieve repetitively afterwards. 8 We can generate our own Application and Projects with FoxPro Application Generator. 9 We can organize our application through catalog manager. 10 We can import data from other database and can export FoxPro databases to others FoxPro for Windows communicates data with other Windows applications.

It is an

enhanced and updated version of the FoxBASE+ software. Its strong

CATALOG MANAGER:- The Catalog Manager is a graphical interface. It

enables you to manage catalogs easily. The catalog allows you to group various kinds of files, such as tables (database), screens, queries, reports, labels and programs.

FOXPRO WINDOW

When you will start FoxPro on your systems you will see the screen and this window consists of three sub areas and these are: 1 Command Window:- This is the area with caption Command. When you will start FoxPro you will find the small Command Window at the right hand corner with blinking cursor for the command to input. We can apply commands either by typing or by selecting the right command in the Command window. 2 Menu:- This is the area to the upper side of the window. This is the toolbar which contains further submenus and these are File, Edit, View, Format, Tools, Program, Windows and Help.

3 Display Area:- This is the remaining area of the Window which is generally in the form of white.

TERMINOLOGIES USED IN FOXPRO

1 DATABASE:- A database is a collection of related data organized in a tabular

form. Different subject areas are organized into fields along columns. Records, consisting of all field values organized along rows. So, a database is a collection of fields into a tabular form. 2 FILE/TABLE:- A database file is a collection of related information. It is also called a table, as it is a two-dimensional structure. For example, a database files containing the Employee Name, Employee Number, Employee dates of birth etc.

3 RECORD:- All data pertaining to a employee in the above example would constitute a record in the database. A file is a collection of such records. 4 FIELDS:-A field is the smallest part of a record that can be accessed. In the above example Employee name, Employee numbers are all fields. A group of such related fields forms a record.

Example:

Record.dbf
NAME Naunita Manjinder AGE 20 21 ADDRESS Bathinda Jalandhar

In the above example Record.dbf is the name of the File. Name, Age and Address are the name of the field. Manjinder 21 Jalandhar is a complete Record.

CONVENTIONS USED FOR NAMING FIELDS

Following are the conventions to be followed while naming the fields:1 Maximum 10 characters long. 2 Must begin with an alphabet. 3 There should not be any blank space in the fieldname or special chars. 4 Alphabets, Numbers and Hyphens are allowed.

DATA TYPES USED IN FOXPRO

1 CHARACTER FIELDS:- They are used for short textual data items such as name, address, and tel no. The maximum width of a character field is 256 characters and can contain alphabets, numbers or any characters that can be entered through keyboard. All characters fields are left justified.

2 NUMERIC FIELDS:- They are used to store numbers. You can perform calculations on the data stored in these fields. They can contain whole numbers or decimal numbers. In addition to the numbers they can contain decimal point and a negative sign. 3 FLOAT:- The float data type is designed for scientific calculations, since it can store more significant digits internally. But it is not commonly used. 4 LOGICAL:- This field is used when there are only two possibilities for the data, i.e. Yes/No, True/False. For example, bills have been paid or not. Logical fields have predefined width of one. 5 DATE:- Date fields are used to store dates. They have a predefined width of eight. Date fields will accept only valid dates, which are normally entered and displayed in mm/dd/yy format.

6 MEMO:- This field is normally used to store large amount of text such as abstracts, short documents, etc. Memo field data is not stored in the database file, but it is stored in a separate database text file. 7 GENERAL:- The general data type can store OLE objects that allows you embed objects created in one application within another application.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DATA TYPES USED IN FOXPRO

S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TYPE Character Numeric Date Logical Float Memo General

MAX.WIDTH 256 Up to 16 decimal places 8[fixed] 1

VARIABLES TO STORE Character or string Integers or numbers Dates T or F Stores the number in scientific form

10 bytes[by default]

Text description Bit Map images, Binary Codes or any type of data.

UNDERSTANDING DATABASES
OBJECTIVES
Creating a database/table Working with database/table Closing a table/database

INTRODUCTION TO CREATION OF DATABASES

We can create any database in two ways - either by typing the command in the command window or by selecting the command from the menu.

COMMAND FOR CREATING A TABLE OR DATABASE

1 In command window Create <filename> FoxPro assumes an extension of .dbf of every table or database.

CREATING TABLE CUST_M

2 Same command can be executed through the menu by selecting following command Choose File > New > Table from the FoxPro menu system.

If u will write only create in the FoxPro command window, then after executing u will see a window which will ask u to save the table and that window is as shown below:-

After saving the database or table there will be a dialog box as shown below:-

This is a window in which u can enter the following things:1 Enter the field name under the caption NAME. 2 Enter the data type of the field name under caption TYPE. 3 Enter the width of the field. 4 Enter the decimal point width value of the field. 5 Enter the index for the field that is whether u wants to be the value in ascending or descending order.

FoxPro saves the structure in a file by the name specified by the user and displays the dialog box as shown below:-

Enter records right now by clicking yes, or save the structure only, so as to Append records afterwards by clicking No.

ENTRIES IN Student_325 After u clicked Yes then there will be a dialog box in which u can enter the records of the created database as shown above.

OPENING A TABLE/DATABASE

If you need to open a database that already exists, within the command window provide the name of the database after USE. Use without any database name following it closes the currently opened database. USE <Filename>

EXAMPLE
USE "c:\documents and settings\student\my documents\isha.dbf" The USE command instructs FoxPro to open the specified database file. When this command is given, you return to the next line in the command window which means that the command has been successfully executed and the db you want to work on is ready to use.

If the specified database file does not exists FoxPro displays an appropriate error message which helps you in rectifying the error. The same command can be executed through menu by selecting: FILE > OPEN and choose the database from the dialog box.

OPENING THE DATABASE BOOK

ADDING RECORDS IN A TABLE

The APPEND command is used to add records to a database in use. The keyword APPEND can be written as such in the command window. When the command is keyed in from the command window, FoxPro will open the box in which you can open the database in which you want to append the records.

CLOSING OF DATABASE / TABLE

By pressing Ctrl + W you can save the data as well as you can close the original window.

EXERCISE NO 1
1) Create a database named STUDENT with the following structure:
FIELD NAME Stud_id Stud_name Branch Stud_sem Stud_per TYPE Character Character Character Character Character WIDTH 4 50 10 8 5

CREATION OF DATABASE NAMED BOOK :

2 Add the following records into the database

Stud_id 325 322 323 333 340 330 Stud_ Name naunita mudita neha navjeet pallavi neetika Branch cse ece ee bt it cse Stud_sem 6th 6th 6th 6th 5th 6th Stud_per 70.0000 72.0000 65.0000 66.0000 77.0000 73.0000

Stud_id 323 890 894 267 265 320

Stud_ Name nandini krishma kirti akshika anu madhuri

Branch ece ece it cse ee cse

Stud_sem 5th 6th 4th 6th 4th 6th

Stud_per 70.0000 65.0000 72.0000 66.0000 75.0000 70.0000

ADDING THE RECORDS IN A DATABASE 3 Append the following records to the database 101 rajni ee 5th 66.0000

APPENDING THE RECORDS IN DATABASE

RETRIEVING AND EDITING THE DATA

OBJECTIVES
Different ways to retrieve data stored in a database

Editing data

INTRODUCTION
Once the data has been entered into the tables entered in, you can retrieve the data using list and display commands. Data can be retrieved on conditional basis depending on your requirements. These commands provide you with the options of viewing data on the screen or sending output on to the printer.

LIST
The LIST command displays the records of the current database. If used without any option this command displays all the records of the current database. If a scope option such as RECORD, NEXT or REST is included, the display is limited to the number of records specified to the scope.

Syntax:LIST [<scope>] [<field list>] [FOR<criteria>] [WHILE<criteria>] [OFF] [TO PRINT]

SCOPE -- Scope refers to the number of records that FoxPro searches in the course of performing a command. Some of the keywords used as Scope are NEXT, REST and ALL.

NEXT -- Next specifies number of records (starting from the current one) to be listed. This clause is optional.

DISPLAY
It displays the current record of the current database. This command is same as that of list command. All the option used in the LIST command can be used with the Display command. The basic difference between the two commands is that the LIST command when typed will display all the records of the database irrespective of the record pointer. But Display command displays the record where the record pointer is.

Syntax :Display[<scope>][<field list>] [FOR<Criteria>] [WHILE<Criteria>] [OFF] [TO PRINT] Display command without parameter displays the current record. With All clauses it displays all the records. The difference between LIST and DISPLAY ALL is that LIST command scrolls away but DISPLAY ALL pauses after one screen.

RECORD POINTER
Every record in your database file has a record number. Records are numbered sequentially as they are entered. The record number of the current record and the total numbers of records are displayed on the status bar. A pointer keeps track of the current record when you are browsing a file. The position of the record pointer can be seen on the status bar. When a database file is opened the record pointer is automatically set to record number 1 initially. Whenever a command that accesses the records is given, the record pointer is appropriately moved.

MOVING THE RECORD POINTER

To move the record pointer to a particular record number you just need to type the record number within the command window. It can also be done with the Goto command.

GOTO
We use Goto command to jump to a particular record in the file without scrolling through all the records. It proves beneficial in case of large records and saves time in searching a record. Syntax:

Goto <record number>

MODIFYING DATA
Once the data is entered and if you wish to change some part of the data, FoxPro provides us with two commands, EDIT and BROWSE. Both the commands allows us to modify the data, the basic difference between both of them is that the Edit command displays one record at a time, and allows you change the information of that record. Browse displays many records at a time, and allows you to change information in multiple records.

EDIT

To use the Edit command it is essential that a database file be in use. If you just type Edit in the Command window, FoxPro displays the current record with the data for editing. In case if you have to change the data of a particular record, you can use scope or the conditional statement.

Syntax :EDIT [Scope] [FIELDS<field list>] [FOR<criteria>] [WHILE<criteria>] <field list> -- You can specify the list of fields of choice. FOR -- For specifies the criteria of selecting records for editing. editing. EXAMPLE:Edit record 4 Edit for name-navjeet Edit fields stud_name WHILE -- While specifies the criteria of selecting records for

CHANGING THE NAME

EDIT FOR Stud_name=naunita

EDIT FOR Stud_id=330

BROWSE
When you type BROWSE in the command window it opens a window and displays contents of the active database file. The name of the database appears as the same window title. While in browse mode you can spilt the window into two partitions and can examine the data. This provides the facility to edit and view field entries of the multiple records column wise.

Syntax:BROWSE[<fields>][FONT<fontname<fontsize> [FREEZE <fields> ] [LOCK <fields>] [FOR <criteria>] [WHILE<criteria>]

REMOVING THE DATA

OBJECTIVES
Marking records for deletion. Recalling records, marked for deletion Deleting records permanently. Replacing value in records.

DELETE RECORDS
One of the commands to delete the data is Delete command. The major advantage of using this command is when you execute this command data is not physically deleted from your database file. When the command is executed, instead of deleting the records it marks the record for deletion. The advantage of this is in case you want to revert back your original decision you can.

Syntax:-

DELETE [RECORD <record no>] [Scope] [FOR <condition>] <condition>] SCOPE In case you want to delete few records from the current record pointer you can use the words NEXT, REST, ALL as scope words. Delete Delete all Delete next 2 Marks the current record for deletion Marks all records of the database for deletion

[WHILE

Marks 2 records for deletion from the current record pointer position.

Delete record for It will mark all those records for deletion where Student Name is stud_name='rajni RAJNI.

MARKS 16th RECORD FOR DELETION

RECALL
Some times you might have deleted some useful data using delete command. Since delete commands actually marks the records for deletion you have a chance to revert your decision. The command that allows you to get back the data that are marked for

deletion is RECALL.

Syntax :RECALL [Scope][FOR <criteria>] [ WHILE <criteria>] SCOPE -- In case you have to recall some records from the current record pointer position you can use Scope. The words used as scope are NEXT, REST, ALL.

EXAMPLES Recall Recall all -- Recall unmark the current record if it is marked for deletion. -- Unmark all records of the database that are marked for deletion.

Recallnext 2 -- Unmark 2 records that are marked for deletion from the current record pointer position. Recall record for stud_name = 'naunita' It will unmark all those records that are marked for deletion for name=Naunita.

UNMARKS 16th RECORD WHICH IS MARKED FOR DELETION

PACK
The PACK command is responsible for physically removing records that were, until now, logically flagged as deleted. The Pack command has no parameters. Once we have packed a database, there is no way of bringing back records that have been removed. After the pack operation the database will be reduced by, the number of deleted records. The record numbers will also be readjusted to provide for consecutive numbering, from 1.

Syntax :Pack

PERMANENTLY DELETING MARKED RECORD

ZAP
If you have to delete all the records of a database, the only known way of doing this job is to use DELETE ALL and the PACK commands. All the records from the database would now be removed. If, however we had several thousand records in file, deleting all the records and then packing the file is time- consuming. An instant delete of all records is possible through the use of ZAP command. Zap will remove all records from the database.

Syntax :Zap

REPLACE
The replace command is used to replace the contents of one or more fields either in the current record or all records. You can selectively update information/data of the field(s), for selective records in the database by using For and While conditions. The replace command is a very powerful command, i.e., with this command you can search for a particular record(s), and you can update selective field(s) of that record(s). Replace command can be executed from command window or from the menu. If you wish to execute this command through command window the general syntax of replace command is given below:

Syntax :REPLACE <field> WITH <new expression> [FOR<condition>] [WHILE<condition>]

EXAMPLE
REPLACE stud_id WITH stud_id*100 all.

REPLACE Stud_id WITH Stud_id*100 ALL.

MANAGING DATABASES
OBJECTIVES
Sorting, Indexing. Searching for the records on certain criteria.

SORTING & INDEXING

INTRODUCTION
Whenever data is entered into the database, it is appended at the end of the database. If you have a big database say more than 1000 records and you wish to search for a specific record in such a case you have to go through all the records of the database. It is time consuming and a tedious job. So to find a specific record in less time you need to arrange your data in a specific order. For that purpose FoxPro has provided with you two commands SORT and INDEX. Basically, both the commands arrange the data in the order of your choice.

SORTING
Sorting involves the physical rearranging of records in the database. That is, each of the record in the database is physically moved around so that they are organized in the required sequence. The command which does this is SORT. With the sort command, specify the field name on which you have to arrange your database. It creates a new database with the same structure and copies all the records of the current database into the new database and arranges either on alphabetical, numeric or alphanumeric order. The sort can be performed on one or more named fields within the active database. When sort command is executed records that are marked for deletion are also marked.

Syntax :SORT TO<file> ON <field 1>[/A | /D], [<field 2>[/A | /D] [<scope>] [FOR<expL 1>] [FIELDS<field list>] File -- New Filename which holds the sorted data. /A -- This option lets you specify ascending order although it is done by default if it is not specifying. /D -- Sorts in descending order.

For Example:First open the database in which u want to perform sorting. Then write the following command into the command window. Sort to "c:\documents and settings\ student\ my documents\ stud_name.dbf" on rollno /d The above command will sort the opened database in descending order with respect to the field name ROLLNO and save the sorted data into cust1.dbf The major disadvantages of this command are :1) It requires same amount of disk space as that of the original file. 2) When a new record is added it will be added at the end of the database. So the database has to be sorted again in order to have an ordered database.

INDEXING
Unlike Sort command, Index will not move your records physically from one place to another in the new database. Instead, when you give Index command it creates a new file which contains information on where things are located in the database file. Foxpro stores records in the database file sequentially, as they are entered. The last record entered is appended to the bottom of the database. Like Sort command Index command also creates a new file, but the file size is smaller compared to that of Sort command. To index a database file, you can use Index command or take the help of the index dialog box. FoxPro can create two types of index files :- SINGLE and COMMAND.

A database can be indexed in order to facilitate searching on the basis of single key field or a number of key fields. The indexed file is compact. It contains only the index number for the key field value and the corresponding record number.

SEARCHING FOR THE RECORDS ON CERTAIN CRITERIA

INTRODUCTION
It has been mentioned earlier that FoxPro can search information in the database faster. There is a commands to position the record pointer in your database; if your database is not indexed then you can use the Locate command

The three commands are listed below:1. LOCATE

LOCATE

With the non-indexed file you can position the record pointer in the database according to some criteria for field values. To execute this command it is necessary that the database is in use. The syntax of the LOCATE Command is given below:LOCATE FOR <field1> = <value1> [,<field2> = <value2> ,....] EXAMPLE Locate for name = 'naunita'

CLOSING THE FOXPRO :

Using the QUIT command, the Foxpro window will be closed. The syntax of the QUIT Command is given below:QUIT

PROGRAM TO ADD TWO NUMBERS

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID ADD69. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. DATA DIVISION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 A PICTURE IS 99. 01 B PICTURE IS 99. 01 C PICTURE IS 999. PROCEDURE DIVISION. MAIN-PARA. DISPLAY "ENTER THE FIRST NUMBER". ACCEPT A. DISPLAY "ENTER THE SECOND NUMBER". ACCEPT B. ADD A B GIVING C. DISPLAY "RESULT IS " C. STOP RUN.

PROGRAM TO SUBTRACT TWO NUMBERS

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. SUB69. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. DATA DIVISION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 A PICTURE IS 99. 01 B PICTURE IS 99. 01 C PICTURE IS 999. PROCEDURE DIVISION. MAIN-PARA. DISPLAY "ENTER THE FIRST NUMBER". ACCEPT A. DISPLAY "ENTER THE SECOND NUMBER". ACCEPT B. SUBTRACT B FROM A GIVING C. DISPLAY " RESULT IS " C. STOP RUN.

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO NUMBERS

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. MU69L. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. DATA DIVISION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 A PICTURE IS 99. 01 B PICTURE IS 99. 01 C PICTURE IS 999. PROCEDURE DIVISION. MAIN-PARA. DISPLAY "ENTER THE FIRST NUMBER". ACCEPT A. DISPLAY "ENTER THE SECOND NUMBER". ACCEPT B. DIVIDE B INTO A GIVING C. DISPLAY " RESULT IS C ". STOP RUN.

DIVISION OF TWO NUMBERS

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. DIVIDE69. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. DATA DIVISION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 A PICTURE IS 99. 01 B PICTURE IS 99. 01 C PICTURE IS 999. PROCEDURE DIVISION. MAIN-PARA. DISPLAY "ENTER THE FIRST NUMBER". ACCEPT A. DISPLAY "ENTER THE SECOND NUMBER". ACCEPT B. DIVIDE A INTO B GIVING C. DISPLAY "THE RESULT IS " C. STOP RUN.

PROGRAM TO FIND WHETHER GIVEN NUMBER IS EVEN OR ODD

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID EVENODD69. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. DATA DIVISION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 A 99. 01 B 99. 01 C 99. PROCEDURE DIVISION. PARA1. DISPLAY "ENTER A NUMBER". ACCEPT A. DIVIDE A BY 2 GIVING B REMAINDER C. IF C=0 DISPLAY"A IS EVEN NUMBER". IF NOT C=0 DISPLAY"A IS ODD NUMBER". STOP RUN.

PROGRAM TO MAKE A CALCULATOR

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. CALCULATOR. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. DATA DIVISION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 A PIC IS 999. 01 B PIC IS 999. 01 C PIC IS 999. 01 OPT PIC IS X. PROCEDURE DIVISION. MAIN-PARA. DISPLAY "ENTER THE 1ST NUMBER" A. ACCEPT A. DISPLAY "ENTER THE 2ND NUMBER" B. ACCEPT B. DISPLAY "ENTER THE CHOICE" OPT. ACCEPT OPT. IF OPT="+" ADD A B GIVING C. IF OPT="-" SUBTRACT A FROM B GIVING C. IF OPT="*" MULTIPLY A BY B GIVING C. IF OPT="/" DIVIDE A BY B GIVING C. DISPLAY "THE RESULT IS" C. STOP RUN.

PROGRAM TO SHOW PERFORM STATEMENT

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. PERFORM. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. DATA DIVISION. PROCEDURE DIVISION. TOPLEVEL. DISPLAY "HI THERE!!!!". PERFORM BOTTOM. DISPLAY "BACK IN TOP" STOP RUN. BOTTOM. DISPLAY "HI AGAIN!!!!!".

PROGRAM TO SHOW PERFORM STATEMENTS USING LOOP

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID TIMES. DATA DIVISION. PROCEDURE DIVISION. TOPLEVEL. DISPLAY "GO TO MIDDLE". PERFORM MIDDLELEVEL 6 TIMES. DISPLAY "BACK TO TOP". STOP RUN. MIDDLELEVEL. DISPLAY"RIGHT NOW U ARE IN MIDDLE". PERFORM BOTTOMLEVEL. BOTTOMLEVEL. DISPLAY"RIGHT NOW U ARE IN BOTTOM".

PROGRAM TO PERFORM TEMPRATURE CONVERSION

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID.TEMP.

ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION. DATA DIVISION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 A PIC 99. 01 B PIC 99V99. 01 C PIC 999. 01 D PIC 999.99. PROCEDURE DIVISION. MAIN-PARA. DISPLAY"ENTER TEMPRATURE IN CELCIUS". ACCEPT A. DIVIDE 9 BY 5 GIVING B. ADD A TO 32 GIVING C. MULTIPLY B BY C GIVING D. DISPLAY"RESULT IS"D. STOP RUN.

INTRODUCTION
A Word processor is an S/w Package that helps to create and edit a document. Creating a document involves writing it into the internal memory of computer and saving it by writing in disk. Editing a document involves correcting spelling mistakes, inserting or deleting the words, sentences and styles. We can underline a text, can make it bold or italic or can change its font size and can vary the font also.

After writing the document, spell checker is available in the s/w that will check its spelling and will correct if any mistake is there. We can have as many number of copies of that text as desired by user.

STARTING OF MS-WORD
The steps to activate or to starting MS- Words are as: Click on the start button in the task bar. Select the Programs option from the start menu. Click on the Microsoft Word {MS- Word}.

COMPONENTS OF WORD DOCUMENT

1. Title Bar 2. Menu Bar 3. Tool Bars 4. Scroll Bar 5. Status Bar 6. Ruler Bar 7. Work Area

Title Bar It shows the title, which contains the symbol & name
of active word document at the left side of title bar. In right side it contains minimize/ maximize, restore & close buttons.

Menu Bar It is similar to the menu bar like in other Microsoft

applications having. E.g. File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Table, Window & Help. File : It contains New, Open, close, save, save as, page setup, print, print preview, properties, and template. Edit : It contains cut, copy, paste, undo, redo, clear, select all, find, replace, go to and auto text. View : It contains normal, web layout, print layout, outline, full screen, toolbars, ruler, Header & footer, zoom, footnotes, comments etc. Insert : It Contains Symbols, Footnotes, Caption, CrossReference, Picture, Text Box, Hyperlink, Object, etc. Format : It contains font, paragraph, tabs, border & shading, columns, change case, drop cap, bullets & numbering, auto format, style etc. Tools : It contains Spelling & grammar, Language, Auto

correct options, Mail merge, Envelope & labels, Macro, Options etc. Table : It includes insert table, delete cells, split cell, select rows, select column, formula, sort, select table, merge cell, table auto format. Window : It includes new windows, arrange all & split. Help : It contains help for every problem. Its shortcut key is F1. Then it displays a screen for typing our question or for specific topic.

Tool Bar It is the collections of buttons that we can click on to

activate some of the common commands in words. These commands can also be achieved from menu bar. Steps are as follows: Click on view. Click on toolbars and then select which types of tools are needed. Tool bars also can be say that it holds shortcut button, which can be directly taken from it. There can be more toolbar, which have there own functions.

Scroll Bar It helps to scroll through the pages also to go next or

previous page. It holds elevator, previous page button, next page button and select browse button for scrolling.

Status Bar It is placed at the bottom. It displays information about

the document. It includes information about currently page no., column no, line no, section etc.

Ruler Bar The ruler bar allow us to format the vertical alignment
of the text in the document. Tab setting can be done using ruler bar.