Michael Aring Scheme 1: Unknown 1 Flame test: Bushy yellow orange: Na+ (K+ and NH4+ possible) Purple:

K+ (No Na+ but NH4+ maybe) No color: NH4+ (No Na+ or K+) Solution Preparation: Prepare the neutral water by adding a counted number of drops of deionized water to a clean test-tube. Treat with 1-2 drops of HBtB. Should be yellow. Add tap water, and count the number of basic tap water needed to produce a green color, indicating a pH of 7.0. The ratio of deionized water/tap water will give you neutral water. Dissolve half the solution in 10-15 mL in deionized water. Test on original sample: Test pH: Use indicators to determine the pH ~2: HSO4 ~5 to 6.0: NH4+ ~7: Cl, NO3, SO42, K+, Na+ 13: OH Solution Tests: - NH4+ test test pH of unknown substance with pH indicators if acidic, NH4+ could be present place about 2-5 mL of solution into a vial and add an equal amount of 1 M NaOH NH3 will form if NH4- is present Suspend a piece of damp red litmus paper above each solution, but make sure it doesnt touch. If litmus paper turns blue then NH4+ is present. Warming the solution will allow this to occur faster If unknown given is NH4Cl, then when a small solid sample is heated, it should turn into 2 gases (NH3 and HCl) and nothing should be left inside the crucible. -K+ test if NH4+ is present, be sure to remove it (with heat, as all the NH4+ will evaporate) before testing for K+ this test will also form a precipitate if just NH4+ is present in a small vial, place the remains of the above test add 1 drop 6M HAc and 2-3 drops of colbaltnitrite reagent if a yellow precipitate appears, K+ is present

-Cl- test place several drops of sample solution in a vial and add 1 M HNO3 until solution is acidic (test this with blue litmus paper...it should turn red when acidic) add 1 drop of 0.02 M AgNO3 if cloudy white solution/precipitate forms, then Cl- is present -SO4-2/HSO4- test place 10-20 drops of sample solution in a vial and add 1 M HNO3 until acidic (test this with blue litmus paper, it should turn red when acidic) add 1 drop of 0.25 M Ba(NO3)2- if cloudy-white precipitate forms, SO4-2 is present To see if it also has HSO4-, then test the pH of the solution close to a pH=2 then it contains HSO4-NO3- test place small crystals of Fe(OH2)6(NH4)2(SO4) 2 in a spot plate. cover crystals with a few drops of sample solution, then add 2 drops of 18M HSO4 if brown solution forms (not a precipitate!), NO3- is present *this test will still be reliable for testing the presence of NO3- even if it is in the presence of Cl-, NH4+, and SO4-2. Methyl Violent (HMV) Methyl Orange (HMO) Bromcresol Green (HBG) Bromthymol Blue (HBtB) Thymol Blue (HTB) Alizarin Yellow (HAY) Indigo Carmine (HIC) 0.0(YG)1.0(BG)2.0(B)3.0 (BV) 3.5 (V) 3.0(R) 4.0(O)5.0(Y) 3.8 (Y) 4.6 (G) 5.4 (B) 6.0(Y) 7.0(G)8.0(B) 8.0(Y) 9.0(G)10.0(B) 10.0 (Y) 11.0 (O) 12.0 (RO) 12.0 (B) 13.0 (G) 14.0 (Y)