Waste Water Treatment Reuse and Discharge 2006

power and water corporation
WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
REUSE AND DISCHARGE REPORT 2006
wastewater treatment, reuse and discharge report 2006 1
Contents
From the Managing Director .................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Section 1: Commitment to wastewater treatment, environmental protection and recycled water quality ............................................... 5
Section 2: Assessing the sewage treatment system ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Why we treat sewage ................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
How we treat sewage ................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
How we assess the sewage treatment system .................................................................................................................................................................8
Our major treatment facilities ................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Sewage treatment plant capacity ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Section 3: Proactive strategies for managing wastewater and controlling recycled water quality ..............................................................11
Bulk and trade waste management .................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Inow and inltration management................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Sewer overow management plan (abatement) ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
Buffer zones ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12
Darwin Sewerage Strategy......................................................................................................................................................................................................12
Alice Springs Soil Aquifer Treatment ....................................................................................................................................................................................12
Recycled water trials at Marrara ............................................................................................................................................................................................13
Section 4: Operational procedures and process control ......................................................................................................................................14
Operational procedures ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Operational monitoring and process control .................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Audits and management practices ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Section 5: Verifying wastewater and recycled water quality ............................................................................................................................. 15
Wastewater quality monitoring program..........................................................................................................................................................................15
Microbiological monitoring (assessment) .........................................................................................................................................................................15
Physical and chemical monitoring (assessment) ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
Waste discharge licence monitoring summary .............................................................................................................................................................. 19
Section 6: Incident reporting and response .......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Background ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
Recorded incidents sewerage systems ............................................................................................................................................................................21
Recorded incidents treatment system (facility) ............................................................................................................................................................21
Recorded incidents odour complaints .............................................................................................................................................................................24
Recorded incidents sewer overows ...............................................................................................................................................................................24
Section 7: Employee awareness and training ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
Awareness opportunities and strategies .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Training ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Section 8: Community engagement and awareness ......................................................................................................................................... 26
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Darwin Sewerage Strategy.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Water recycling in the Alice .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Darwin Harbour Regional Plan of Management ........................................................................................................................................................... 26
Bird watching ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Section 9: Supporting research and development ..............................................................................................................................................27
Chemical sedimentation trials at Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant ............................................................................................................ 27
Hydrodynamic and dispersion modelling of municipal efuent discharged into Darwin Harbour ............................................................. 27
power and water corporation 2
Contents
Section 10: Documentation and reporting ........................................................................................................................................................... 28
Wastewater quality database ...............................................................................................................................................................................................28
Documentation ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
Reporting ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
Section 11: Evaluation and audit ............................................................................................................................................................................. 28
Section 12: Review and continual improvement ................................................................................................................................................. 29
Review .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Improvement ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
References ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Appendices ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Appendix 1:Wastewater treatment performance (assessment) ........................................................................................................................ 31
A1.1: Wastewater stabilisation pond (WSP) performance evaluation methodology ........................................................................................31
A1.2: Monthly sewage inows (ML) for North Region (2005-2006) ...................................................................................................................... 32
A1.3 Monthly sewage inows (ML) for South Region (2005-2006) ...................................................................................................................... 33
A1.4: Design details for wastewater stabilisation ponds in North Region
19
........................................................................................................34
A1.5: Design details for wastewater stabilisation ponds in South Region
20
........................................................................................................36
A1.6: Sewage outow (discharge) quality in North Region ....................................................................................................................................... 37
A1.7: Sewage outow (discharge) quality in South Region .......................................................................................................................................43
A1.8: Performance assessment of wastewater stabilisation ponds against design criteria. .........................................................................45
A1.9: Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant performance ...................................................................................................................................... 46
A1.10: Yulara Wastewater Treatment Plant performance ............................................................................................................................................ 47
Appendix 2: Wastewater Discharge Assessment ................................................................................................................................................48
A2.1: Wastewater discharge licence evaluation and data presentation .............................................................................................................. 48
A2.2: Mass loading discharge data for Berrimah, Katherine, Larrakeyah, Leanyer/Sanderson,
Ludmilla and Palmerston Wastewater Treatment Plants ............................................................................................................................... 50
A2.3: Discharge concentration and mass loading data for Alice Springs Wastewater Treatment Plant. .................................................. 53
A2.4: Summary of the efuent discharge performance and discharge compliance for Alice Springs ...................................................... 55
A2.5: Comparative representation of discharge water quality. .............................................................................................................................. 56
Appendix 3: Recycled water .................................................................................................................................................................................... 76
A3.1: Recycled water site description ................................................................................................................................................................................76
A3.2: Recycled water quality assessment methodology and criteria .....................................................................................................................78
A3.3: Extract from Guidelines for the use of reclaimed water applicable to uses practised in the Northern Territory ..........................79
Urban non-potable ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 79
Urban non-potable ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 79
Agricultural ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 79
Agricultural ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................80
Industrial ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................80
A3.4: General guidelines for salinity of irrigation water............................................................................................................................................. 81
A3.4: Recycled water usage (kL) ...........................................................................................................................................................................................82
A3.5: Recycled water quality .................................................................................................................................................................................................83
A3.6: Salinity classes of recycled water ............................................................................................................................................................................ 84
Appendix 4: Rainfall ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 85
List of gures ............................................................................................................................................................................................................86
List of tables ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................86
Abbreviation and denitions (glossary) ...............................................................................................................................................................86
I am pleased to introduce Power and Waters 2006 Wastewater Treatment, Reuse and Discharge Report. This report summarises our
performance and achievements in 2005-2006, evaluates our wastewater discharges and water recycling initiatives and assesses the
quality of recycled water.
We are proud of our achievements to date, but we continue to improve the way we manage the wastewater generated by
Territorians. Increasing environmental pressures mean we are continually challenged to meet more stringent environmental
compliance. We have a responsibility to manage our water resources in a sustainable manner to ensure there is sufcient water and
its quality is protected.
While we are committed to conserving resources and protecting the environment through using recycled water, this can only occur
if it is done in a safe manner. Protection of public health and safety is and must remain our rst priority.
Our trade waste management system ensures that industrial wastewater discharged to our sewers does not limit our
opportunities for water recycling, or interfere with our treatment processes or cause environmental harm when we discharge to
the environment.
New national guidelines for recycled water were released during the preparation of this report. The principles of these guidelines
were considered when preparing this report.
I hope you nd this report of interest and value.
From the Managing Director
Kim Wood
Managing Director
Every community in the Northern Territory generates sewage. It can come from peoples houses, institutions, commercial premises
and industrial businesses and it includes human waste ushed down toilets, food scraps washed down sinks, and the water from
washing machines, bathtubs, and businesses. Most of the sewage in the Northern Territory is generated by domestic properties.
However an increasing amount of sewage is being generated by industry as a result of continued economic development in the
Northern Territory. During the Wet Season, inltration of rainwater and groundwater increases the volume of sewage.
The sewerage system is part of the urban water cycle. Water is collected from the natural water cycle and used for drinking,
cooking, and ushing away unwanted wastes. The resulting sewage is collected and treated before either being discharged
back to the environment or being reused. At some places the water is allowed to evaporate into the atmosphere.
Power and Water Corporation plays an important role in the urban water cycle. We harvest unused water from the natural water
cycle, distribute it to the community, collect the used water and ensure adequate treatment is applied before either returning the
water to the natural water cycle or reusing it.
This report focuses on the sewage component of the urban water cycle. It also fulls a requirement of our Waste Discharge Licences
issued under the Northern Territory Water Act (2004) to prepare an annual report to present information about monitoring and
compliance assessment related to environmental impacts that discharged wastewater may cause, and an assessment of water
recycling schemes.
This report assesses the wastewater quality information from July 2005 to June 2006 and subsequently the information is assessed
against the requirements of the licences at that time.
Introduction
Power and Water aims to provide a safe and reliable sewage
collection network, operate efcient treatment facilities,
release environmentally sound discharges and operate
sustainable recycled water systems. Our Customer Contract,
our Wastewater Management Policy and our Reclaimed Water
Policy outline this commitment. A copy of the Customer
Contract is available at any Power and Water ofce or at
www.powerwater.com.au.
We place a high value on protecting and enhancing public
health and the environment. Power and Water undertakes to:
Provide wastewater services appropriate to the
environment in which the community is located, to
standards in accordance with parameters set by
appropriate guidelines.
Develop a wastewater monitoring program in accordance
with the requirements of wastewater discharge licences,
monitor the quality of wastewater in accordance with the
agreed program, and report annually to the Environment
Protection Agency (EPA) program.
Implement and maintain a wastewater quality
management system, consistent with the requirements
of relevant national guidelines, to minimise risks to
public health and the environment at all points along the
collection chain from customer to the environment.
Ensure that all managers, employees and contractors
involved in the collection, treatment and disposal of
wastewater understand and implement the wastewater
management system.
Provide a public annual report outlining trade waste
management, wastewater treatment efciency,
reclaimed water quality and wastewater discharge
into the environment.
Develop and maintain a wastewater incident and customer
complaint register to benchmark performance and to help
identify and resolve wastewater issues.
Report pollution events associated with wastewater
discharges to the environment to the EPA.
Participate in cooperative research projects with external
agencies to identify issues and research priorities for
wastewater management in regional and rural areas.
Annually assess performance with respect to this policy,
review our practices in conjunction with the EPA and consult
with the community on wastewater management issues
requiring attention.
Power and Water promotes the safe, efcient and
environmentally sustainable use of reclaimed water through
our Reclaimed Water Policy. Under this policy:
All reclaimed water proposals are subject to the approval of
the Chief Health Ofcer of the Department of Health and
Community Services (DHCS).
The level of treatment, reclaimed water quality and
monitoring program will be in line with the National Water
Quality Management Strategy Guidelines for Sewerage
Systems Use of Reclaimed Water (2000).
In conjunction with DHCS, Power and Water will continue to
monitor research into the health risks associated with the
use of reclaimed water, in particular the results of research
associated with unrestricted and indirect potable reuse.
Direct potable use of reclaimed water is not considered.
Indirect potable use of reclaimed water is considered
possible in the longer term, particularly where water
supplies are based on non-renewable, groundwater
resources. Any proposal for aquifer storage and recovery
of reclaimed water will be developed in accordance
with the Guidelines on the Quality of Stormwater and
Treated Wastewater for Injection into Aquifers for Storage
and Reuse Urban Water Research Association of
Australian (1996).
The community will be informed and supportive of any
reclaimed water scheme.
Preference will be given to developing reclaimed water
systems that have the potential to result in new industries
and jobs for the local community, followed by those that
have social benets such as irrigating sporting elds.
Use of reclaimed water is an important component of
the total water cycle and will be considered as part of the
hydrological cycle.
Reclaimed water applications may be considered,
independently of commercial viability, where signicant
health, social and environmental benets can be realised
through reducing efuent discharges to the environment.
Reducing per capita sewage ows and substituting
reclaimed water for existing water supplies are integral
to achieving sustainable water management.
The supply of reclaimed water for irrigation purposes will
require the Department of Planning and Infrastructure and
the Department of Natural Resources, Environment and
the Arts to approve a land and water management plan
that addresses salinity, sodicity, nutrient management and
product safety.
Section 1: Commitment to wastewater treatment, environmental
protection and recycled water quality
Implementation of reclaimed water projects will be
individually assessed on a commercial basis.
Preference will be given to customers who can provide an
economically and environmentally sustainable demand and
be willing to pay for the service.
Reclaimed water will be supplied at a cost that reects the
costs in supply. The greater the level of treatment above
that required for safe discharge to the environment, the
higher the cost of reclaimed water.
Power and Water will continue to investigate commercial
options to overcome constraints to market development of
reclaimed water.
Over time, all existing reclaimed water agreements will be
standardised and made consistent with the requirements of
the Water Supply and Sewerage Services Act (2000).
A risk management strategy will be developed for Power
and Waters reclaimed water schemes incorporating product
monitoring and quality assurance procedures, as well as
monitoring customers compliance with reclaimed water
controls in accordance with the National Water Quality
Management Strategy Guidelines for Sewerage Systems
Use of Reclaimed Water (2000).
Diversity of reclaimed water use will be pursued as an
essential element of minimising commercial risk.
A number of government departments are closely involved
with managing wastewater and reusing reclaimed water,
working with Power and Water to protect the environment
and public health:
DHCS has a key role in providing direction and safeguards
for wastewater quality for reclaimed water schemes as well
as public health issues relating to environmental discharges.
The Northern Territory Environment Protection Agency
program grants and controls Waste Discharge Licences
and has a role in bulk and trade waste disposal.
The Department of Primary Industry, Fisheries and Mines
provides laboratory analytical services for wastewater and
reclaimed water testing in Darwin and Alice Springs.

Section 2: Assessing the sewage treatment system
Why we treat sewage
The purpose of treating sewage is to protect public health and
the environment. This is carried out in a manner that ts with
environmental, economical and social sustainability.
If the sewage is inadequately treated, it may contain:
Organic matter that decomposes, generating foul odours
and lowering the oxygen levels available to animals and
plants living in the water
Numerous pathogenic organisms that cause disease in
humans and animals
Nutrients that stimulate the growth of aquatic plants
Substances that are toxic to plants and creatures living in
the aquatic environment
Substances that restrict certain water recycling practices.
The sewage treatment system consists of a collection network
of pipes that separate the waste from its source to deliver the
sewage to the treatment facility, after which it is either reused
or discharged to the environment.
How we treat sewage
Power and Water treats sewage throughout the Northern
Territory using mostly pond treatment technology or waste
stabilisation ponds (WSPs). These are open ponds that use a
host of complex, diverse and interrelated natural biological
processes to treat the sewage. A combination of aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria puries the sewage. What sets WSPs apart
from other treatment technologies is the involvement of algae
that use photosynthesis to generate oxygen. Pond systems
are more efcient in the tropics than in temperate regions
and are therefore ideally suited to the Northern Territory.
Other treatment processes used in the NT include chemically
assisted sedimentation (CAS), dissolved air otation (DAF),
microltration and activated sludge.
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How we assess the sewage treatment system
To protect public health and the environment it is necessary
to know:
The constituents of concern in the sewage
The impacts these constituents have when discharged to
the environment
The transformations and long-term fate of these
constituents in treatment processes
Treatment methods that can be used to remove or modify
the constituents found in sewage
Methods for benecial water recycling of the treated water.
The physical, chemical and biological nature of the sewage
is determined through Power and Waters water quality
monitoring program (Power and Water 2006b). Many of
these measurements are interrelated. We assess process
performance and reliability of each treatment facility using
the knowledge gained from the water quality monitoring
program and measured inows and outows. This
information is also essential in the design and operation of the
treatment facilities. Finally an understanding of the treated
water quality is essential to assess the degree of pollution
or contamination.
Our major treatment facilities
Adelaide River
Sewage from the town of Adelaide
River is treated in a three-pond
system. Because of the small inow
and the high evaporation there
is little discharge. These ponds
occasionally discharge only during
high rainfall.
Alice Springs
Sewage from Alice Springs is treated
in four sets of ponds, each built at
different times. The oldest system
lies in the western end of the
Commonage. Newer ponds were
constructed progressively on the
west side of the original pond site.
Efuent is discharged through
evaporation, irrigation at a tree farm
and at Blatherskite Park. Excess
efuent overows to Ilparpa Swamp.
Overow to Ilparpa Swamp will
be signicantly reduced when the
soil aquifer treatment and storage
system is commissioned in late 2007.
Batchelor
Sewage from the town of
Batchelor is treated in a four-pond
system. Because of the storage
capacity of the ponds and high
evaporation rates, no discharge
occurs to the environment.
Berrimah
The Berrimah WSPs are a small
set of three ponds running in series.
Domestic sewage from the suburb
of Berrimah and industrial
wastewater from the Darwin
Business Park is treated here.
Discharge is to an estuary.
Borroloola
Sewage from the town of
Borroloola is treated in a set of three
ponds. The efuent is used to irrigate
pasture on site or is allowed to
evaporate.
Humpty Doo
The Humpty Doo WSPs treat sewage
from Humpty Doo. The treated
efuent is sprayed to land near to
the ponds.
Katherine
Sewage from Katherine is
treated in a set of nine ponds.
The treated water is discharged
either to land through irrigation or
to the Katherine River. No efuent
is discharged into the Katherine
River during the Dry. Discharge to
the river occurs only during the
Wet Season when it can be mixed
with oodwaters. The bacteriological
quality of the
treated water is excellent because
the water can remain in the nal
ponds for extended times. The
capacity of these ponds to treat
more sewage will be increased
through future pond and irrigation
extension schemes.
Kings Canyon
A four-pond set of WSPs at Kings
Canyon treat all the sewage from
the Kings Canyon Resort and
surrounding community. The treated
water is used to irrigate a tree lot on
the site. No efuent is discharged
outside the facility.
Leanyer Sanderson
The Leanyer Sanderson WSPs are the largest set of ponds in
the Northern Territory. They treat most of the sewage from
the northern suburbs of Darwin. Two sets of ve ponds each
operate in parallel. Some of the treated water is pumped to
Northlakes where, after more advanced treatment, it is used
to irrigate the Darwin Golf Course and the Marrara sporting
ovals. The remaining treated water is discharge into the
estuary of Buffalo Creek.
Ludmilla
Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant treats sewage coming
from Nightcliff, Winnellie and most of the inner city. The
treatment process includes grit removal and solids screening,
chlorination, and chemical assisted sedimentation. A furnace
incinerates the waste solids removed during the treatment
process. The furnace also burns sewage gases to minimise
odours. The treated water is discharged via a pipeline to
Darwin Harbour.
Larrakeyah
The sewage from the CBD and the suburb of Larrakeyah
is macerated; that is, larger solids are broken down, and
discharged at a deepwater outfall into Darwin Harbour.
The Darwin Sewerage Strategy includes plans to
decommission this outfall and transfer the sewage from this
catchment to another treatment facility.
Northlakes
The Northlakes Water Reclamation Plant takes water from
the Leanyer Sanderson WSPs for further treatment by more
advanced technologies. Chemicals are added to separate
solids, mostly algae, from the water. Dissolved air is used
to oat the solids to the surface of the water where they
are removed. Micro-ltration then removes ne particles
to produce water as clear as tap water. The water is used to
irrigate the Darwin Golf Course and Marrara sporting ovals.
Palmerston
Palmerston WSPs treat all the
sewage from the city of Palmerston.
This site also receives some trade
waste, mostly grease trap waste, and
much of the septic tank waste from
the rural and un-sewered areas. A
set of ve ponds operating in series
treats this waste before discharge
to the estuary. An additional small
pond was constructed to receive
and pre-treat the trade waste before
transfer to the main ponds.
Pine Creek
Sewage from Pine Creek is treated in a three-pond set. The
water left over after evaporation is discharged only during
high rainfall into the nearby creek.
Tennant Creek
Tennant Creeks sewage is
treated in a set of multiple
ponds. All the water evaporates
and consequently no efuent is
discharged from the site.
Yulara
The Yulara activated sludge plant treats the sewage from the
Ayers Rock Resort complex as well as the town. The plant uses
mechanical aeration (activated sludge process) to degrade
organic matter and to purify the sewage. Efuent from this
plant is polished in a set of ponds and is then used to irrigate
an adjacent tree lot. No efuent is discharged off the site.
f igure 2.1: hydraulic and organic loading of design capacity for wsps
Sewage treatment plant capacity
The treatment capacity of each facility is determined by
comparing the actual measured inows against the design
inow. The inow is assessed by organic strength (that is, the
amount of organic material present in the sewage usually
measured as the biochemical oxygen demand or BOD
5
) and
the volume or hydraulic capacity.
The treatment capacity of the major WSPs is shown in Figure
2.1. An inow or organic load at 100 per cent signies a plant
that is operating at or above its design capacity. Loading
capacities for Ludmilla and Yulara treatment plants are not
shown here. Their treatment capability is discussed in more
detail in Appendices 1.6 and 1.7.
Figure 2.1 shows that the Humpty Doo ponds are not large
enough to meet the minimum detention time of 20 days and
are consequently hydraulically overloaded. Additional ponds
are needed to allow the required retention time to reduce
pathogens to an acceptable level. Power and Water is planning
to build additional ponds at this site and is undertaking other
measures to improve the performance of the ponds.
Kings Canyon WSPs are operating near their hydraulic and
organic design capacities. Power and Water is planning to
build additional ponds at this site as well.
Katherine, Leanyer and Sanderson WSPs are approaching
the design capacity and will need upgrading if population
projections predict signicant growth.
No data was available for Borroloola, Pine Creek, Adelaide River
and Batchelor WSPs during this period because there were no
ow instruments installed or instruments were faulty.
The ow meters at Tennant Creek WSPs were not read during
this period. Work procedures have since been changed to
incorporate meter readings.
More details on the performance of each treatment facility are
provided in Appendix 1.
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Power and Water uses several strategies to minimise
environmental damage and to protect public health.
They include:
Managing bulk and trade waste to control what is put in
our sewers
Managing inow and inltration to control excess
sewer ows
Using overow management plans to control where and
how sewer overow may occur
Minimising the impacts of odours and aerosol
emission from treatment plants through buffer zones
around facilities
Implementing the Darwin Sewerage Strategy
Treating wastewater through the Alice Springs Soil Aquifer
Treatment initiative
Trialling recycled water management programs.
Bulk and trade waste management
Power and Water has entered into Bulk Wastewater
Agreements with a number of Northern Territory waste
management companies. Under the agreements, the
companies collect wastes such as grease trap waste, septic
tank waste and shipping wastewater for discharge to
approved treatment plants across all regions of the Territory.
This ensures they are disposed of correctly and not discharged
untreated to the environment. The volume of waste received
has doubled over the past two years. This indicates that the
stringent maintenance procedures for businesses generating
trade waste are working effectively.
Under the Trade Waste Management System (TWMS), over
600 compliant businesses have now been issued with a
Trade Waste Discharge Permit. A further 100 businesses have
completed applications to discharge trade waste to sewer.
These businesses will be issued with permits when their
trade waste discharge complies with the TWMS. Trade Waste
Ofcers will continue to work with and assist all businesses to
achieve compliance.
The permits specify the maintenance frequency for the
businesses pre-treatment equipment. Recording procedures
implemented under the Bulk Wastewater Agreements allow
Power and Water to ensure maintenance is undertaken
as specied.
The discharge of food scraps and waste cooking oil to sewer
is overloading pre-treatment equipment and placing an
additional unacceptable load on the sewerage system. Power
and Water will initiate an information campaign including
personal contact and brochures to try to reduce the volume of
unapproved waste products discharged to sewer.
Power and Water has recently negotiated an agreement
with a major customer to accept both bulk wastewater
and trade waste from the new biodiesel plant at East Arm.
The wastewater will be stringently monitored to ensure
compliance with the discharge criteria in the agreement.
This will ensure wastewater discharged to the environment
complies with licence conditions.
Inow and inltration management
During heavy rainfall the volume of wastewater owing
through the sewers can increase greatly.
Every year Power and Water runs an extensive advertising
campaign to inform the public not to direct rainwater from
downpipes or properties into overow relief gullies. Because
this can overload the sewerage system and cause overows
into other properties, we regularly undertake smoke testing to
identify illegal connections.
Vegetation also has a strong impact on inow and inltration.
Many exotic and native trees seek out the moisture in sewer
pipes during the Dry Season. The roots can break pipe joints
allowing inltration and causing blockages. Power and Water
manages tree roots through herbicide and physical removal.
Sewer overow management plan (abatement)
Sewer blockages, sewer collapse, pump station failure or
excessive inow and inltration cause overows. Our ongoing
sewer rehabilitation program spends around $2 million
annually to ensure continued sewer integrity and to reduce
stormwater and groundwater inltration. The program uses
closed circuit TV to identify problem sewers and areas where
repair is most needed.
Power and Water owns and operates about 60 per cent of
the wastewater collection system. Because the remaining
40 per cent is within property boundaries, landowners
are responsible for repairing and maintaining their sewer
connections. This limits some of our ability to control inows.
One component of our Trade Waste Management System
is to reduce grease build-up (and thus blockages) and we
try to manage trees and vegetation close to sewer pipes.
Unfortunately, it is likely that sewer overows will always
occur at some time. We try to manage overows so they occur
where they will cause minimal impact, and we respond to any
incident as quickly as we can.
Section 3: Proactive strategies for managing wastewater and
controlling recycled water quality
Buffer zones
A buffer zone is an area of land around a sewage treatment
facility, disposal or transfer facility such as a pumping
station that remains free of development. Buffer zones
are designated to:
Minimise nuisance odours and noise in built-up
residential areas
Minimise peoples exposure to wastewater aerosols
generated during irrigation
Reduce the visual impact on the environment
Protect Power and Water interests by restricting
development close to sewage facilities.
Buffer zones depend on the size and type of the facility.
Power and Water draft guidelines (Power and Water 2006c)
stipulate the minimum buffer zones around sewage
treatment works, areas of treated efuent reuse and sewerage
pumping stations in the Northern Territory.
Darwin Sewerage Strategy
The Darwin Sewerage Strategy was rst developed in 1994
focusing on the central Darwin area including the CBD, Parap,
Fannie Bay, Ludmilla and Stuart Park areas. It aims to:
Operate a waste treatment and disposal network that
conforms to nationally accepted environmental standards
and accepted best practice
Increase sewer capacity to handle continued population and
industrial growth
Reduce system overows during high rainfall
Reduce the impact of efuent discharges to Darwin Harbour
Generate increased opportunities for efuent reuse.
In 1994, the main feature of the strategy was to close the
Larrakeyah outfall and to upgrade Ludmilla Wastewater
Treatment Plant to treat the diverted sewage ows, with
much of the treated efuent used to irrigate open space
in the inner city.
The strategy has progressively been implemented and is
currently going through a major review. An estimated $14
million of capital works has been spent to upgrade the sewer
reticulation system in the CBD, Frances Bay and Parap as well
as progressive upgrade of Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment
Plant to improve safety and reduce odours. The major works
remaining to close down the Larrakeyah outfall include the
nal diversion of the sewage from Larrakeyah to Ludmilla and
upgrade of the treatment facility at Ludmilla. This work will
require a minimum of ve years to complete.
Since development of the strategy over 10 years ago, several
economic, environmental and engineering issues have been
identied, including:
The strategy did not establish a well-dened basis to
determine the quality or quantity of an acceptable
discharge. In addition water quality objectives,
associated with declared benecial uses, have not
been set for Darwin Harbour.
There were several technical, land administration issues
and community objections associated with the proposed
diversion tunnel.
Identication of poor foundation conditions at Ludmilla
has escalated costs for new structures.
Odours need to be captured at the Ludmilla facility so
nearby residents do not object.
The estimated cost of the project now exceeds two and
half times the original estimates.
Due to these factors several alternative options are now being
considered to manage the diverted sewage that will result
from closing the Larrakeyah outfall.
Alice Springs Soil Aquifer Treatment
Efuent regularly discharges from the Alice Springs WSPs
into the Ilparpa Swamp, changing it from an ephemeral
to a permanent water body. The nutrient rich efuent has
contributed to the growth of non-native grasses and reeds
in the swamp, degrading the original Coolabah swamp, as
well as providing a habitat for mosquitoes. Consequently, in
late 2005, Power and Water implemented a pulse discharge
regime to the swamp to disrupt the mosquitoes breeding
cycle. Mosquito numbers have dropped dramatically and
remain low.
To eliminate the dry weather efuent discharges from
the treatment ponds to the swamp, Power and Water will
implement the soil aquifer treatment (SAT) scheme by
December 2007. The scheme incorporates a dissolved air
otation and ltration plant to further improve the quality
of the water taken from the ponds, making it suitable for
irrigation in horticulture. The reclaimed water will then be
transported 8km via an existing pipeline for SAT at the Arid
Zone Research Institute (AZRI). The water will be stored
underground and subsequently used to irrigate fruits,
vegetables, owers and ornamental plants.
Once the SAT is commissioned and fully operational, no
discharge is expected except possibly during wet weather.
About half of the total ow into the treatment ponds is lost
to seepage from the unlined treatment ponds and channels.
This has created a groundwater mound that lies under the
sewage ponds and the irrigated tree plantation. The elevated
groundwater levels have raised the water table in the swamp,
compounding the effects of the surface discharge. Power
and Water has developed a groundwater monitoring plan as
required by Waste Discharge Licence to specically determine
the impact of the sewage treatment system and reuse
activities on groundwater levels and quality.
Recycled water trials at Marrara
Power and Water operates the Northlakes Water Reuse
Scheme in Darwin to supply recycled water. The Marrara
Sporting Complex was supplied with secondary treated
efuent from the Leanyer Sanderson Waste Stabilisation
Ponds to irrigate sports elds. The Darwin Golf Course
is irrigated with micro-ltered recycled water from the
Northlakes Treatment Plant. In September 2005 Power
and Water conducted a trial to determine if it was feasible
to supply micro-ltered recycled water to both the Darwin
Golf Course and the Marrara Sporting Complex. The trial
found that:
The treatment plant does not have the capacity to supply
additional demand from Marrara
Water from the drinking water system is required to
supplement 28 per cent of the recycled water supply
The micro-ltered water costs $0.74/kL to deliver to Marrara,
similar to the cost of the drinking water supply.
Power and Water is currently reviewing its options for
supplying irrigation water to the Marrara Sports Complex
without the need to top up the supply from the drinking
water system. We are also reviewing our price for the supply of
the recycled water.
essential services operators.
Section 4: Operational procedures and process control
Operational procedures
Power and Water continually develops and reviews standard
operating procedures and guidelines so operators have the
tools and knowledge they need to effectively run wastewater
collection and treatment systems. Our standard operating
procedures include:
Pollution event reporting and response
Wastewater quality sampling and testing
Wastewater stabilisation pond design and operation
Specic operating procedures for individual
treatment plants.
Power and Water is aiming to implement an integrated
management system in line with the three recognised
International and Australian Standards for Occupational
Health and Safety Management Systems (AS/NZ 4801),
Environmental Management Standards (AS/NZ 14000)
7
, and
Quality of Products and Services (ISO 9000). It is designed
to focus on the process of continuous improvement. During
2005-2006 we reviewed our procedures so that the format is
compatible with requirements
8
.
Operational monitoring and process control
Our aim is to continually improve all aspects of treatment
plant and collection system monitoring and process control.
Many of the more complicated treatment systems have built-
in process control systems that monitor and provide real-time
feedback on chemical and hydraulic processes and provide
alarms when necessary. In most cases this information is
collected remotely so operators can assess the problem
from a central location.
Power and Water has been developing sewerage system
models throughout the Northern Territory to enhance
planning and decision-making. Sound models are necessary to
assess alternative strategies, for example how to divert ows
away from the Larrakeyah outfall to the Ludmilla treatment
plant in Darwin. Models are also used to assess the impact of
new building developments on operating sewerage systems,
and to determine if upgrades are required.
Audits and management practices
Power and Water supports the use of recycled water and
takes its responsibility seriously when it comes to safety
and customer compliance with any restrictions on its reuse.
Power and Water undertakes system audits to ensure that the
management of all reclaimed water schemes complies with
specic requirements.
Power and Water has produced a customer information
handout called Applying reclaimed water for irrigation
schemes: Management and safeguards, which outlines the
safeguards and controls that a customer must implement
to prevent public exposure to pathogens (disease-causing
microorganisms) and other contaminants. Controls include
restricting public access, putting in place buffer distances,
using a suitable irrigation method, ensuring proper
plumbing (using lilac coloured coded pipe for transporting
recycled water) and putting up the appropriate signage
(as shown below).
7
ISO 14001 species the requirements for an Environmental Management System (EMS), providing a framework for an organisation to identify and manage the
environmental impact of its activities, products and services, and to improve its environmental performance continually.
8
ISO 9001:2000 species requirements for a quality management system for any organisation that needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide
product that meets customer and applicable regulatory requirements and aims to enhance customer satisfaction. The standard is used for certication/
registration and contractual purposes by organisation seeking recognition of their quality management system.
Wastewater quality monitoring program
Power and Water has developed a wastewater quality
monitoring program (Power and Water 2006b) to verify the
performance of current wastewater quality management
strategies. The need for establishing a regular monitoring
program is both regulatory and process driven and is based on:
Guidelines for the Use of Reclaimed Water (National Water
Quality Management Strategy 2000a)
Waste Discharge Licences issued by the Department of
Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts (EPA program)
under the Water Act (2004)
National Pollution Inventory reporting requirements
Power and Waters treatment performance assessment
criteria (self assessment).
The program is reviewed annually and revised as required.
Microbiological monitoring (assessment)
Microbiological monitoring is undertaken to check for
potential pathogenic or disease-causing organisms. It is
recognised that the major risk to people using recycled water
is infection from microorganisms. Sewage contains many
potentially infectious microorganisms derived from humans.
The coliform group of microorganisms consists of several
genera of bacteria found in the gut of animals. They are
discharged in high numbers in human and animal faeces.
These coliforms are generally harmless. Because there are a
lot more coliforms in human faeces than pathogens, they are
useful as an indicator of faecal contamination in water. They
are one of the best indicators of water treatment efciency
and are consequently very useful for assessing the safety of
recycled water.
Escherichia coli (or E.coli) is one of the main members of
the faecal coliform group of bacteria living in the lower
intestine of mammals. E.coli is more specic to human sources
of contamination and is preferred when assessing faecal
contamination.
E.coli is reported as colony forming units (cfu) per 100 mL
of water.
The Guidelines for the Use of Reclaimed Water (National
Water Quality Management Strategy 2000a) addresses how
to recycle efuent coming from municipal sewage treatment
facilities. They outline the different applications of water
recycling, the level of treatment required, the recycled water
quality required for each application, the water monitoring
that should be put in place and the safeguards and controls.
In 2005-2006, Power and Water provided about 1750 million
litres of recycled water, or about 10.9 per cent of the efuent
generated at major sewage treatment facilities in the
Northern Territory. Table 5.1 summarises where we supplied
recycled water and how it was used.
Section 5: Verifying wastewater and recycled water quality
scheme application recycled water type
9
volume
recycled (mL)
Northlakes Darwin Golf Course Municipal with uncontrolled public access 228
Marrara Marrara sports ovals Municipal with controlled public access 99
Humpty Doo Natural vegetation Agriculture: Non-food crops 36
Ludmilla In-plant processes Industrial: Open system with human contact possible <1
10
Pine Creek Sports oval & rail corridor Municipal with controlled public access 0
11
Katherine Cattle feedlot Agriculture food production pasture and fodder
for cattle.
153
Blatherskite Park Open space & sports ovals Municipal with controlled public access 1070
Alice Springs Tree lot Agriculture: Non-human food chain 150
Kings Canyon Tree lot Agriculture: Non-human food chain 7
Yulara Tree Lot Tree lot Agriculture: Non-human food chain 0
12
Table 5.1 Summary of recycled schemes in the Northern Territory

9
As described by the Guidelines for Reclaimed Water (National Water Quality Management Strategy 2000a)
10
Only a small amount of water is now recycled in processes at Ludmilla treatment plant following discontinued use of the furnace to burn sludge.
11
Scheme has been closed down
12
Yulara scheme discontinued after re destroyed the tree lot.
f igure 5.1: median e.coli values in recycled water used with controlled public access
Appendix 3 provides more detail about each scheme in the Northern Territory.
Figures 5.1 and 5.2 show the median and 80th percentile of E.coli measured at all sites with controlled public access. Where the
laboratory reported a value of <20 cfu/100mL, a value of one half the detection level was assumed as the shown value.
Because the water recycling facilities at Pine Creek need a signicant upgrade, no recycling is being undertaken until this occurs.
However the water quality results are presented for reference purposes.
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Darwn NcrLhakcs
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Darwn NcrLhakcs
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f igure 5.2: 80th percentile e.coli in recycled water with controlled public access
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Except for the water being stored in the golf course pond at Northlakes, the recycled water used in applications with controlled
public access is of acceptable quality. The water quality in the golf course is of marginal quality being at the guideline value. This
water in the golf pond is further treated using dissolved air otation (DAF) and microltration to produce water with very low E.coli
levels. This water is used for irrigation and is shown as Darwin Northlakes (Filtered water).
Figures 5.3 and 5.4 show the median and 80th percentile of E.coli measured at water recycling sites where the water is used for
non-human food chain agriculture irrigation.
f igure 5.3: median e.coli in recycled water used for non-human food crops
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HunpLy Dcc uara Trcc arn Kngs Canycn ^cc Sprngs
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f igure 5.4: 80th percentile e.coli in recycled water used for non-human food crops
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These gures show that the recycled water from Humpty
Doo struggles to meet the guideline criterion for its intended
use. Figure 2.1 shows that the ponds at Humpty Doo are
hydraulically overloaded meaning that there is insufcient
detention time in the ponds to effectively reduce the
numbers of indicator organisms. Power and Water is currently
undertaking investigations to improve the treatment. Options
being considered include building additional ponds, and
installing recirculation systems and aeration systems.
The previous report (Power and Water 2005) identied that
the recycled water used to irrigate the tree farm at Alice
Springs was not complying with the Guidelines (National
Water Quality Management Strategy 2000a). Modications to
operations of the facility seem to have improved the quality of
the treated water.
The guidelines (National Water Quality Management Strategy
2000a) and the Department of Health and Community
Services have recommended the frequency to monitor recycled
water quality. Mostly sufcient samples were collected (Table
A3.5) but in some cases this target sampling frequency was
not met. This was due to several reasons including:
No ows occur for some months in the Dry Season at
Humpty Doo
No samples were collected specically from the recycled
scheme because the scheme was discontinued such as at
Yulara and Pine Creek. However the water quality results
from the treatment facilities are presented here for
reference purposes
Remote sites make it difcult at times to collect all samples
and to send them to the laboratory in a timely fashion.
Physical and chemical monitoring (assessment)
Various physical and chemical measurements are carried
out on the wastewater, treated water and recycled water.
These measurements are important because they provide
an indication of the potential impact the wastewater may
have on the environment through wastewater discharges.
These measurements also allow us to predict and assess the
efciency of the treatment processes as well as determining
the impacts of recycled water on the health of plants and the
structure of the soil.
Most physical and chemical measurements are recorded in
milligrams per litre (mg/L).
The following sections provide a brief summary of the typical
physical and chemical measurements that are carried out on
the wastewater. Table 5.2 compares the typical composition of
raw sewage in the Northern Territory with values reported in
the literature.
Generally the sewage in the Northern Territory tends to be
organically weaker than that reported in the literature. This is
possibly due to several reasons including:
Inltration of groundwater and stormwater into the sewer
People take more showers due to the warm climate. The
increased volume of shower wastewater contains less
organic matter than toilet water
Few trade waste generators such as food processors
discharge their waste to the sewer.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
The BOD5 determination measures the amount of oxygen
needed by bacteria to consume organic matter in the water
over ve days. This test allows us to predict the organic waste
loading to the treatment plant and to evaluate the BOD-
removal efciency for such treatment systems.
Nutrients
Nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen are essential to
the growth of all organisms, however excessive nutrients
in natural waters may stimulate the excessive growth of
photosynthetic plant and algae.
Phosphorus is usually measured as both the total and
lterable (soluble) forms because the soluble form is most
readily available to plants.
In wastewater the forms of nitrogen of greatest interest
are nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and organic nitrogen. All these
forms of nitrogen are biochemically interchangeable. During
biological treatment processes ammonia and organic nitrogen
are converted to nitrate and nitrite. These forms are readily
available to plants. Biological sewage treatment processes,
if the correct conditions are maintained, can convert the
nitrate and nitrite to nitrogen gas, which is then lost to the
atmosphere. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) is a measure of
the ammonia and organic nitrogen. Organic nitrogen comes
from proteins found in our food, which is the largest source of
organic nitrogen.
Ammonia is very toxic to most aquatic animals.
Suspended solids (SS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS)
Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water
or wastewater. The suspended solids are the portion of
total solids retained by a lter. Volatile solids is the loss of
weight when the suspended solids are ignited at 550C. The
determination of volatile solids is useful because it offers an
approximation of the amount of organic matter present in the
solid faction of sewage.
Algae are very common in waste stabilisation ponds and can
contribute signicantly to the suspended solids.
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
Total dissolved solids is a measure of the amount of dissolved matter in the water. The dissolved solids in sewage come from the
water supply, chemicals used in the home such as detergents, food and industrial trade waste discharge to the sewer. TDS is useful
for assessing if the quality of the sewage changes. It can also be used to estimate the amount of salts in the water and is helpful for
assessing if the treated water will affect the structure of soils or plant growth when used for irrigation.
measurement median
(minimum-maximum)
literature
BOD
5
(mg/L) 110 (21 635) 200 350
SS (mg/L) 210 (26 1400) 200 350
Ammonia (mg/L N) 32 (10 69) 24 53
Organic nitrogen (mg/L N) 12 (2 33) 12 27
TKN (mg/L N) 44 (15 87) 35 75
Total phosphorus (mg/L P) 8.9 (2.3 22.6) 8 25
pH 7.3 (6.8 8.0) 6.8 - 7.6
E.coli (cfu/100mL) 1.1 x 10
7
>10
6
Table 5.2 Typical composition of domestic sewage in the Northern Territory compared to the literature
13
Waste discharge licence monitoring summary
The Environment Protection Agency program issues Waste Discharge Licences under the Water Act (2004), which requires Power
and Water to measure the quantity and quality of discharges. Power and Water has seven discharges as outlined in Table 5.3. New
discharge licences were issued in October 2006. This report assesses information from July 2005 to June 2006 and consequently
the information presented is assessed against the requirements of the licences at that time.
The discharge licences require Power and Water to regularly measure the concentration of each of the previously discussed
measurements and to estimate the total annual amount (or load) discharged to the water bodies in the Northern Territory. Table 5.3
summarises these discharges. Tables A2.2 and A2.3 provide monthly details.
In addition, the National Pollution Inventory (NPI) requires service facilities to report on the emission of certain substances to the
environment. For sewage, NPI-listed substances include ammonia, total nitrogen and total phosphorus.
13
Metcalf & Eddy (2003)
Table 5.3: Annual environmental mass loading as required by Waste Discharge Licences
discharge location
waste
discharge
licence
number
suspended
solids
(tonnes)
volatile
suspended
solids
(tonnes)
ammonia
(tonnes)
total
kjeldahl
nitrogen
(tonnes)
total
phosphorus
(tonnes)
bod5
(tonnes)
Berrimah WDL 69 24.9 23.1 0.69 3.78 1.37 6.63
Katherine WDL 73 30.6 30.1 1.08 4.94 1.42 28.3
Larrakeyah WDL 70 275 253 36.5 57.6 12.1 191
Leanyer Sanderson WDL 72 717 599 12.2 78.8 42.6 241
Ludmilla WDL 71 482 332 87.6 122 28.1 287
Palmerston WDL 68 181 170 40.1 69.1 17.8 62.3
Alice Springs
EP7 outlet
WDL 139 36.3 33.3 0.56 4.77 1.44 15.8
Alice Springs
EP10 Outlet
WDL 139 96.3 83.4 0.37 9.59 2.18 20.9
Alice Springs
Ponds B/C outlet
WDL 139 0.28 0.22 0.06 0.10 0.03 0.16
Section 6: Incident reporting and response
Background
Power and Water recognises it should respond rapidly and
appropriately to pollution incidents or emergencies that can
threaten public health or cause environmental harm.
A pollution incident is any event that causes or threatens to
cause harm, adverse effect, or nuisance on the environment.
Following a pollution incident, Power and Water immediately
ensures the area is made safe by controlling and containing
the overow, where it is practicable and safe to do so.
Once the overow is controlled, staff report the incident to
Power and Waters Environmental Service personnel. The
report includes:
The date, time, duration and volume of the overow
The location of the incident
Reasons for the incident (if known)
Controlling actions undertaken
Personnel involved
Any other information that may be relevant.
The Environmental Services staff may also seek further
information from other personnel and inspect the site to
ensure any corrective or preventative action is implemented in
a timely manner. Information about the incident is recorded in
Power and Waters incident database and a report provided to
senior management.
Recorded incidents sewerage systems
In 2005-2006 only one environmental incident involving
wastewater was referred to the Environment Protection
Agency (EPA) program.
Recorded incidents treatment system (facility)
The inow to sewage treatment plants can vary considerably from the average dry weather inow to the peak wet weather inow.
Typical inow during wet weather may be three to ve times the average ow. In Darwin the high intensity rainfall associated
with the Wet Season may increase the ow tenfold. The reasons for the high ow and our management strategy to reduce it are
outlined in Section 3.
During 2005-2006 no environmental incidents involving treatment systems in the major urban centres were referred to the EPA
program. Waste stabilisation ponds are ideally suited to highly variable inow. Their large volume and long detention time can
resist the shock loading during wet weather.
incident number date location description cause
1 8 March 2006 Coconut Grove Unknown volume of
raw sewage
Pump and alarm failure
Table 6.1: Recorded incidents of sewerage overows reported to EPA
14
program.
The Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant uses chemical assisted sedimentation (CAS) to treat the sewage. The effectiveness
of this treatment process greatly depends on the concentration of the chemicals added to help settle out the solids in the
sewage. If the ow increases greatly the concentration of the chemicals would be too low to be effective for settling the solids.
Consequentially, the Ludmilla plant is less able to effectively treat the sewage when the inow varies greatly. Figure 6.1 shows
the average daily ow pattern.
The capacity of the Ludmilla plant is about 10 000 kilolitres per day, however it can adequately treat inow up to about
30 000 kilolitres per day. During extreme rainfall, there are periods when the capacity is exceeded. During these times, it is
necessary for ows to bypass the treatment process and discharge directly to Ludmilla Creek. When these events do occur, the
untreated sewage is highly diluted by rainwater that has entered the sewage network. In 2005-2006 there were no recorded
untreated discharges into Ludmilla Creek.
Apart from wet weather overows, treated wastewater must sometimes be discharged into Ludmilla Creek rather than
passing through the normal discharge at East Point. This occurs when inows are high, a pump breaks down or a pipe blocks.
Figure 6.2 summarises these events.
f igure 6.1: daily inflow to ludmilla wastewater treatment plant
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figure 6.2: treated overflows to ludmilla creek
The quality of this discharge is reported in Appendix A1.4. The following table summarises all discharges to Ludmilla Creek
during 2005-2006.
description of
overf low
untreated
plant by-pass
treated plant
overf lows
untreated
plant by-pass
treated plant
overf lows
untreated
plant by-pass
treated plant
overf lows
Overow events
(days)
0 167 0 153 12 142
Discharge volume
(kL)
0 579 526 0 182 526 2162 484 719
Table 6.3: Untreated and treated overows to Ludmilla Creek
Treated plant overows to Ludmilla Creek represented about 12.2 per cent of the total discharge from Ludmilla Wastewater
Treatment Plant. Treated overows of less than 100 kL contributed about 36 per cent (or 60) of the total number of treated overow
discharges but only contributed 0.3 per cent of the total treated overow volume discharged and 45 per cent of treated overows
with ows between 100 to 5000 kL discharged 101,910 kL or 17.7 per cent of the total treated overow discharged. However, 19 per
cent or 31 of the treated overows discharged 82 per cent or 475 852kL of the total overow volume discharged. The high overow
events occurred during late January 2006 (seven events) and March-April 2006 (24 events) during high rainfall.
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f igure 6.3: sewage odour complaints
in the darwin area 2005-2006
Recorded incidents odour complaints
Power and Water received 28 odour complaints in the Darwin region in 2005-2006. The number of complaints by suburb is shown
in Figure 6.4. Table 6.4 compares the number of odour complaints with previous years. Complaints are registered in a database and
investigated. Common causes of odour complaints are grease and fat build-up in the sewer and septic or stagnant sewage as a
result of a sewer blockage. These are normally corrected by high pressure cleaning of the sewer lines.
year 2006 2005 2004
Number of complaints 28 43 34
Table 6.4: Number of sewage odour complaints in Darwin area 2006 - 2004
Recorded incidents sewer overows
Figure 6.4 shows the location of 44 sewerage overows from
manhole covers that private landowners reported to Power
and Water. These overows usually occur on private property
and were caused by either excessive stormwater ingress or the
main pipe being blocked.
f igure 6.4: sewage overflows reported
to power & water 2005-2006
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Darwn CLy (6)
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^nua (:) Wccncr (:)
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Gunn (:) Marrara (:)
Marcw Lagccn (:)
Karana (:) Maak (:)
Larrakcyah (z)
Mc (:)
Tw (:)
Wccdrcc (:)
Section 7: Employee awareness and training
Power and Water is committed to ensuring that all
employees are appropriately trained and are aware of their
responsibilities. In working with wastewater where the
employees and the communitys health is at risk, there
is no room for compromise.
Awareness opportunities and strategies
We use several strategies to ensure staff appreciate and
develop awareness of the way their duties impact on
wastewater and recycled water quality. These strategies, which
are also used to develop skills and knowledge, include:
Monthly section meetings
Periodic toolbox meetings of work groups
Rotation of staff to other sections and centres
Management feedback sessions
Support for further education of employees
Employee training programs derived from individual
development plans
Development and implementation of job models for
service workers.
Training
Several operational activities may adversely affect sewage
collection, transfer, treatment and discharge if not performed
correctly. We continually review and update our procedures as
new equipment or techniques develop. Safety training is
a high priority and includes training in:
Handling dangerous goods and chemicals such as chlorine
and lime
Operating self-contained breathing apparatus
Entering conned spaces
Performing rescues from pump wells and trenches
First aid
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
Fire and emergency evacuation
Managing unauthorised access situations
Operating dangerous equipment in public places
Electrical isolation, tagging and lock out procedures
Two-way radio procedures.
Our staff or agents who sample wastewater in centres
across the Northern Territory also require training to ensure
successful sampling and testing. We have developed a booklet
for all wastewater samplers and provide initial training and
refresher courses. In smaller centres, the agents are often
employed by the Local Government Community Council and
are referred to as Essential Service Ofcers or ESOs.
Other broader skills training, such as the Public Sector
Management Program, frontline management initiatives and
service worker job model related training, is also important
because it develops skills for effective management and
completion of job responsibilities.
Section 8: Community engagement and awareness
Introduction
We see community engagement and awareness of
wastewater issues as a high priority. We would like the
community to:
Understand issues associated with wastewater and
recycled water
Help us minimise impacts of wastewater discharge by
adhering to regulations associated with trade waste and
stormwater discharge
Improve their condence in how we treat and discharge
wastewater and how we use recycled water
Participate in decision making to develop strategies for
managing sewage discharges and using recycled water.
Darwin Sewerage Strategy
The community is kept well informed of the progress of the
Darwin Sewerage Strategy and seems to welcome progress
to close the Larrakeyah outfall. The community seems also
supportive of any water recycling initiatives associated
with the Strategy. Power and Water continues to modify
its communication plan as the Darwin Sewerage Strategy
continues to be revised.
Water recycling in the Alice
The Water Reuse in the Alice scheme has been developed to
enhance sewage treatment, discharge and water recycling
opportunities to the township of Alice Springs. This project
was developed from the communitys expectation that the
treated sewage be put to the highest value use possible and
not lost to evaporation or discharged to the Ilparpa Swamp
(Power and Water 2006d). Consequently we had numerous
public presentations and open days at key sites. We have
actively encouraged and welcomed community involvement
in the environmental approval process associated with this
project and will continue to do so.
Darwin Harbour Regional Plan of Management
We participated extensively in the preparation of the Darwin
Harbour Regional Plan of Management including providing
public presentations. Power and Water fully supports the plan,
in particular the intent to improve the understanding to the
regions environment and the protection and enhancement
of freshwater, estuarine and marine water quality.
Successful strategies to reduce the impacts of sewage
and stormwater on Darwin Harbour should focus on key
contaminants and on priorities for management, which
should be based on the measurement of the major inows.
At the same time a successful strategy would value the
communitys vision of their local environment.
Power and Water is developing fact sheets and kits to inform
the wider community of issues affecting Darwin Harbour
region and management measures to address issues.
This report, and the information in it, is part of Power and
Waters contribution to meet the challenges associated with
understanding and delivering sustainable waste management
around Darwin Harbour.
Bird watching
We are proud to support public bird watching activities
at the Leanyer and Alice Springs waste stabilisation ponds
(WSPs). Several ornithology books note both sites for their
diversity of bird life. At the Alice Springs WSPs, bird hides;
interpretive signs and a purpose-built bird-nesting island
have been constructed.
Section 9: Supporting research and development
We are involved in a number of research projects that aim to improve our management of wastewater and our recycled water
quality. In some projects we carry out the research in-house; however, we mostly conduct the research in partnership with research
organisations such as Charles Darwin University or Cooperative Research Centres such as the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment.
Chemical sedimentation trials at Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant
As part of the Darwin Harbour Regional Plan of Management and the Darwin Sewerage Strategy, Power and Water has embarked
on a plan to improve the quality of treated efuent discharged by the Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant into Darwin Harbour.
Laboratory jar test studies have shown that ferric sulfate with an appropriate polymer can improve the settling of sewage solids at
Ludmilla. The jar tests also provide information about the optimum conditions for full-scale plant trials. The jar tests show about
a 90 per cent improvement in water quality, whereas the full-scale plant trials achieved about 50 per cent improvement. Further
trials will attempt to identify technical aspects that limited the effectiveness of ferric sulfate during the plant trials.
Hydrodynamic and dispersion modelling of municipal efuent discharged into Darwin Harbour
Power and Water currently treats Darwins sewage at ve treatment facilities, ranging from physical maceration treatment to
biological treatment with waste stabilisation ponds . Treated efuent is discharged into Darwin Harbour at ve points, under
Waste Discharge Licences issued by the EPA program under section 74 of the Water Act (2004), as listed in Table 9.1.
treatment facility discharge point easting* northing*
Palmerston Waste Stabilisation Ponds Darwin Harbour 711190E 8616180N
Berrimah Waste Stabilisation Ponds Darwin Harbour 707640E 8621960N
Larrakeyah Macerator Darwin Harbour 698720E 8620860N
Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant East Point 697998E 8628400N
Leanyer/Sanderson Waste Stabilisation Ponds Buffalo Creek 707475E 8632950N
Table 9.1: Summary of Waste Discharge Licences
Each licence requires monitoring of the water quality and
volume discharged into Darwin Harbour. Furthermore,
Power and Water is required to undertake a hydrodynamic
and dispersion assessment of the efuent in Darwin Harbour
from each of the discharge points.
To address this need Power and Water engaged the Charles
Darwin University to undertake hydrodynamic and dispersion
modelling using the existing two-dimensional (depth average)
RMA Darwin Harbour Hydrodynamic and Water Quality.
Using the water quality module associated with the
hydrodynamic model, the model was used to investigate
particulate dispersion, as well as changes in pollutant
concentrations in Darwin Harbour. The study aimed to use the
model to:
1. Expand the current hydrodynamic model to include Buffalo
Creek and thus be able to assess the discharge from the
Leanyer/Sanderson Waste Stabilisation Ponds
2. Establish the extent of dilution and dispersion of efuent
discharged from the ve discharge points under the full
tidal range in the harbour during both Dry and Wet Season
conditions and discharges
3. Predict pollutant concentrations in Darwin Harbour
for current and future development scenarios from all
discharge points
4. Assess the feasibility of timing the discharges to the
tidal regime for Buffalo Creek and East Point to improve
dispersion and dilution of the efuent at the discharge
point and beyond into the harbour.
The modelling showed that (Valentine et al 2006):
The Ludmilla and Palmerston outfalls result in the greatest
environmental concentration of pollutants with the largest
area of impact. The areas of impact at both the Berrimah
and Larrakeyah outfalls are very small.
Environmental improvements in Buffalo Creek can only
be achieved through either enhanced treatment or an
alternative discharge location (for example, off Lee Point).
*AMG
Section 10: Documentation and reporting
Wastewater quality database
Recording wastewater quality data and reporting treatment
performance is an integral part of any wastewater quality
management system.
Power and Water uses the Corporate Works Information
Management System (WIMS) to enter, store, and retrieve
wastewater quality data. WIMS automatically generates
work orders so that all relevant sampling analyses are
done through the year to comply with regulatory and
operational requirements.
Work orders allow efcient waste sampling scheduling by
Power and Water employees, essential service operators and
trained contractors, and tracking of sampling runs for audit
purpose. Although the WIMS database is conforming to
expectation, Power and Water is always looking for system
improvements to help our data storage and analysis.
Documentation
All our documents including this report and previous
reports in this series, standard operating procedures, the
Wastewater Monitoring Program (2005-2006), guideline
documents and other reports commissioned by Power and
Water are stored on an electronic database for easy retrieval.
These documents are continually reviewed when new
information becomes available.
Reporting
The WIMS database allows the reports required for regulatory
compliance to be formulated efciently.
This document is a key component of our reporting obligation
to the Department of Natural Resources, the Environment
and the Arts (NRETA) and to the Department of Health and
Community Services (DHCS) about sewage discharges and
recycled water use. It also represents our commitment to
public reporting and accountability.
Section 11: Evaluation and audit
Evaluating and auditing the sewage and recycled water
quality management system is an important way to ensure
the successful management and reuse of water. This report is
an integral part of the review and evaluation process.
Audits assess if procedures and processes are in place to
collect accurate water quality data and maintain appropriate
management systems. As part of the audit process we have
engaged independent external consultants to evaluate the
Northlakes-Marrara water recycling scheme; the Alice Springs
efuent reuse and discharge scheme and the Yulara efuent
disposal scheme.
Section 12: Review and continual improvement
Power and Water is committed to the ongoing development
and improvement of the wastewater management system
and the safety of the recycled water supplies.
Review
This report is an important way to identify wastewater
management issues and facilitate recycled water quality
improvements.
Improvement
Various wastewater management and recycled water quality
improvement works have been identied as part of the capital
works program for the coming year. Table 12.1 provides a
summary of planned wastewater improvement works.
location planned works
Adelaide River No major works planned.
Alice Springs Water in the Alice project ($10.4m) is planned including the construction of an efuent transfer pipeline,
treated efuent storage tanks, dissolved air otation (DAF) treatment plant and Soil Aquifer Treatment
(SAT). The DAF plant is due for completion in 2007.
Batchelor No major works planned.
Borroloola No major works planned.
Darwin Planned progressive upgrades to Ludmilla plant.
Planned diversion of the Larrakeyah outfall.
Undertake Stage 2 development of the East Arm wastewater treatment facility in response to current
development and demand for treatment facilities in the Berrimah, Darwin Business Park and East Arm
area ($1.6m)
Upgrade of Humpty Doo ponds is planned for 2007.
Katherine Upgrade existing ponds to ensure compliance with existing Waste Discharge Licence ($0.2m).
Kings Canyon No major works planned.
Pine Creek No major works planned.
Tennant Creek No major works planned.
Yulara Implement SAT to further treat existing sewerage plant efuent at Yulara ($0.5m).
Table 12.1: Planned wastewater improvement works
References
Department of Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts. Water Act (As in for force at 14 January 2004).
http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/naturalresources/water/legislation/index.html
Metcalf and Eddy (2003) Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse. 4th Edition revised by George Tchobanoglous, Franklin L.
Burton and H. David Stensel, McGraw-Hill series in civil and environmental engineering.
National Water Quality Management Strategy (2000a) Guidelines for sewerage systems Use of reclaimed water. Agriculture
and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ARMCANZ), Australian and New Zealand Environment and
Conservation Council (ANZECC) and National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC).
National Water Quality Management Strategy (2000b). Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water
Quality, Volume 1, The Guidelines (Chapters 1-7). Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) and
Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ARMCANZ).
Power and Water (2003) Applying reclaimed water for irrigation schemes: Management and Safeguards Customer
Information Handout.
Power and Water (2004a) Northern Territory communities and urban centres: Sewage pond data. Water Facilities.
Power and Water (2004b) Waste stabilisation ponds design manual. Water Facilities.
Power and Water (2005) Wastewater Treatment, Reuse and Discharge 2005.
Power and Water (2006a) Reclaimed water policy. Water Facilities.
Power and Water (2006b) Wastewater monitoring program 2005-2006. Water Facilities.
Power and Water (2006c) Guidelines for Buffer Zones Sewage treatment, sludge management and efuent reuse schemes. Water
Facilities Draft.
Power and Water (2006d) Water Reuse in the Alice: Application for approval by the Department of Health and Community Services.
Water Services.
Power and Water (2006e) Marrara Reuse Trial September to December 2005. Megan OMullane.
Power and Water (2006f) Future options for Northlakes Reuse Scheme Draft.
Valentine, Eric and Totterdale, Phil (2006) Darwin Harbour Efuent Modelling: Report No.1. Charles Darwin University.
Appendices
Appendix 1:Wastewater treatment performance (assessment)
A1.1: Wastewater stabilisation pond (WSP) performance evaluation methodology
All WSPs have a design capacity based on:
Organic content of sewage measured as BOD
5
mg/L
Retention time of the water in the ponds to allow treatment to occur;
Temperature.
Overloading of a WSP could result in:
Excessive odours being generated, especially in the primary or facultative pond;
Poor water quality discharged from the plant, in particular unacceptable levels of ammonia and microorganisms.
Because WSPs have long retention times they are able to absorb large hydraulic shocks. Consequently the performance of WSPs
is assessed over a long-term basis rather than on daily ows. The true concentration of raw sewage is difcult to determine due
to its heterogenous nature (that is, the sewage contains many different particles of various sizes and composition). To assess the
performance of the WSPs the following values have been selected based on historical data and local and expert knowledge:
The organic content of the raw sewage is assumed as 120 mg/L BOD
5
.
Calculations for hydraulic load are based on the 90th percentile of the average monthly ow for the arid region and the 90th
percentile for the dry months for the Top End. For the reporting period 2005-2006 Dry months for this report are considered as
June to December 2005 and May and June 2006
15
.
Ideal hydraulic retention time, assuming no short-circuiting occurs in the ponds.
Under ideal conditions the hydraulic retention time should not vary signicantly throughout the year. However, in the Top End,
because of increase ows due to inltration, illegal connections and rainfall patterns the hydraulic retention time can be greatly
reduced during the Wet Season. Treatment efciency will decrease with these shorter retention times. In particular ammonia is not
oxidised as efciently.
Assessment of WSP performance in the Top End (from Katherine northwards) is based on the Dry months recorded during the
reporting period. However, during a wet year increased rainfall can signicantly reduce the retention time for much of the Dry
Season. For this reason, the current loading on WSPs for the Top End is based on the ows from the high rainfall year of 2003-2004
or, if greater, the ows measured during the year of assessment.
Further details on operation and design of WSPs can be found in our Waste Stabilisation Pond Design Manual
(Power and Water 2004b).

15
See Appendix 4 Figure A4: Monthly rainfall for 2002-2003 to 2005-2006 at Darwin Airport.
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A1.3 Monthly sewage inows (ML) for South Region (2005-2006)
month alice springs kings canyon tennant creek yulara
Jul-05 205.6 10.4 14.4 21.6
Aug 05 212.5 8.2 10.3 21.8
Sep 05 233.9 6.4 13.8 21.8
Oct 05 243.3 7.0 12.7 21.8
Nov 05 225.2 7.6 15.8 20.7
Dec 05 253.6 5.6 19.5 21.2
Jan 06 236.6 6.4 37.2 22.0
Feb 06 235.2 5.5 28.6 20.0
Mar 06 251.1 6.0 27.2 21.8
Apr 06 219.5 2.3 28.3 21.3
May 06 226.4 2.2 28.1 19.7
Jun 06 217.9 2.4 26.7 20.9
Total ML/annum 2760.9 69.9 262.4 254.7
Monthly 90%ile (ML) 250.3 8.1 28.6 21.8
Daily average (ML) 7.56 0.19 0.72 0.70
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A1.6: Sewage outow (discharge) quality in North Region
number of
samples
median average 90th percentile
Adelaide River outlet from pond 3 (SAd035)
pH 1 8.7 8.7
Suspended solids (mg/L) 1 113 113
TDS (mg/L) 1 563 563
Ammonia (mg/L) 1 <1 0.5
Total nitrogen (mg/L) 1 15.5 15.5
Total phosphorus (mg/L) 1 7 7
BOD
5
(mg/L) 1 36 36
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 1 <200 <200
Batchelor outlet from pond 3 (SBa025)
pH 1 7.7 7.7
TDS (mg/L) 1 350 350
Ammonia (mg/L) 1 4.0 4.0
BOD
5
(mg/L) 1 60 60
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 1 <2000 <2000
Berrimah outlet from pond 3 after weir (SBe100) Dry months
pH 8 9.4 9.2 9.5
Suspended solids (mg/L) 8 78 88 132
TDS (mg/L) 8 814 753 1081
Ammonia (mg/L) 8 1.5 3.6 7.2
Total nitrogen (mg/L) 8 13.5 16.3 24.9
Total phosphorus (mg/L) 8 6 7 8
BOD
5
(mg/L) 8 16 22 41
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 8 301 624 1460
Berrimah outlet from pond 3 after weir (SBe100) Wet months
pH 6 9.3 9.2 10.0
TDS (mg/L) 6 511 504 531
Ammonia (mg/L) 6 2.0 2.9 6.0
BOD
5
(mg/L) 6 26 29 42
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 4 52 636 1717
A1.6: Sewage outow (discharge) quality in North region (continued)
number of
samples
Borroloola ponds outlet from pond 3 (SBo090)
pH 1 10.4 10.4
TDS (mg/L) 1 281 281
Ammonia (mg/L) 1 <1 <1
BOD
5
(mg/L) 1 40 40
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 1 <20 <20
Humpty Doo from irrigation wet well (SHD100)
pH 2 7.5 7.5
TDS (mg/L) 2 478 478
Ammonia (mg/L) 1 37.0 37.0
BOD
5
(mg/L) 1 14 14
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 4 37 055 39 778 56 533
Katherine pond E4 corner (SKa090)
pH 14 9.1 9.2 9.8
TDS (mg/L) 14 260 280 397
Ammonia (mg/L) 14 <1 1.0 1.7
BOD
5
(mg/L) 14 40 37 51
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 15 10 27 40
Larrakeyah after macerator (SLa010) Dry months
pH 7 7.6 7.6 7.9
TDS (mg/L) 7 392 378 421
Ammonia (mg/L) 7 35.0 33.3 46.2
BOD
5
(mg/L) 7 119 164 288
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 7 12 910 000 12 415 000 19 800 000
number of
samples
Larrakeyah after macerator (SLa010) Wet months
pH 3 7.2 7.3 7.8
TDS (mg/L) 3 331 338 358
Ammonia (mg/L) 3 30.0 26.7 34.0
BOD
5
(mg/L) 3 112 124 152
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 4 13 300 000 14 865 000 21 590 000
Leanyer outlet of pond over weir (SLe055) Dry months
pH 8 7.7 7.8 8.3
TDS (mg/L) 8 332 342 391
Ammonia (mg/L) 8 1.5 1.8 3.3
BOD
5
(mg/L) 8 48 44 58
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 7 300 3477 9580
Leanyer outlet of pond over weir (SLe055) Wet months
pH 3 8.4 8.4 9.0
TDS (mg/L) 3 334 314 351
Ammonia (mg/L) 3 3.0 4.3 7.0
BOD
5
(mg/L) 3 36 31 36
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 3 311 2067 4694
Leanyer/Sanderson discharge to Buffalo Creek (SLe100) Dry months
pH 8 7.8 7.9 8.3
TDS (mg/L) 8 377 1926 5745
Ammonia (mg/L) 8 1.5 1.9 3.6
BOD
5
(mg/L) 8 45 44 54
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 7 1300 1280 2200
number of
samples
Leanyer/Sanderson discharge to Buffalo Creek (SLe100) Wet months
pH 3 8.8 8.5 9.1
TDS (mg/L) 3 333 321 357
Ammonia (mg/L) 3 3.0 2.5 3.8
BOD
5
(mg/L) 3 35 35 37
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 4 963 1459 3175
Ludmilla Landside distribution manhole East Point (SLu100) Dry months
pH 6 7.8 7.9 8.3
TDS (mg/L) 6 644 663 738
Ammonia (mg/L) 6 28.5 28.2 29.5
BOD
5
(mg/L) 6 87 94 122
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 6 600 000 3 399 333 9 550 000
Ludmilla Landside distribution manhole East Point (SLu100) Wet months
pH 3 7.9 7.9 8.5
TDS (mg/L) 3 360 360 395
Ammonia (mg/L) 3 5.0 6.3 9.0
BOD
5
(mg/L) 3 23 20 34
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 3 <100 <100 <100
Northlakes/Marrara ltered efuent from 1 ML clear tank (SNL020)
pH 10 6.4 6.3 7.6
Suspended solids (mg/L) 9 1 <1 1
TDS (mg/L) 10 381 373 448
Ammonia (mg/L) 10 1.0 1.6 3.1
BOD
5
(mg/L) 10 <1 <1 1
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 12 <20 <20 <20
number of
samples
Palmerston nal efuent from pond 5 (SPa100) Dry months
pH 6 7.6 8.0 9.0
TDS (mg/L) 6 409 456 608
Ammonia (mg/L) 6 26.0 25.5 32.0
BOD
5
(mg/L) 6 42 46 73
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 6 900 833 1050
Palmerston nal efuent from pond 5 (SPa100) Wet months
pH 4 7.7 7.7 8.0
TDS (mg/L) 4 250 249 275
Ammonia (mg/L) 4 15.5 14.8 17.0
BOD
5
(mg/L) 4 19 19 22
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 4 168 367 738
Pine Creek wet well to reuse (SPC050)
pH 11 9.1 9.2 9.8
TDS (mg/L) 11 282 278 396
Ammonia (mg/L) 11 1.0 1.3 2.0
BOD
5
(mg/L) 11 28 33 56
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 12 122 200 458
Sanderson outlet of pond over weir (SSa055) Dry months
pH 8 8.4 8.4 9.2
TDS (mg/L) 8 365 366 403
Ammonia (mg/L) 8 0.8 0.8 1.0
BOD
5
(mg/L) 8 44 42 50
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 7 1,210 1,354 2,844
number of
samples
Sanderson outlet of pond over weir (SSa055) Wet months
pH 4 8.9 8.6 9.3
TDS (mg/L) 4 348 367 447
Ammonia (mg/L) 4 2.0 3.4 7.2
BOD
5
(mg/L) 4 28 27 31
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 4 96 461 1181
A1.7: Sewage outow (discharge) quality in South Region
number of
samples
Alice Springs ponds A Blatherskite Park outlet from EP1 (SAA040)
pH 14 9.2 9.1 9.6
TDS (mg/L) 13 1040 1050 1236
Ammonia (mg/L) 13 <1 <1 1.8
Total phosphorus (mg/L) 14 4.6 5.0 6.5
BOD
5
(mg/L) 14 55 56 76
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 48 125 1042 3050
Alice Springs ponds B Blatherskite Park outlet from EP2 (SAA045)
pH 14 8.7 8.5 9.0
TDS (mg/L) 13 958 968 1,040
Ammonia (mg/L) 13 2.0 2.7 6.0
BOD
5
(mg/L) 13 47 52 94
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 14 530 2124 7868
Alice Springs ponds A outlet EP7 to Ilparpa (SAA060)
pH 8 9.4 9.4 9.7
TDS (mg/L) 8 1190 1184 1462
Ammonia (mg/L) 8 <1 2.5 6.1
BOD
5
(mg/L) 8 40 43 61
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 33 500 4,095 10 120
pH 9 9.4 9.3 9.5
TDS (mg/L) 9 1520 1472 1556
Ammonia (mg/L) 9 <1 1.6 3.2
BOD
5
(mg/L) 9 44 52 67
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 35 140 322 960
A1.7: Sewage outow (discharge) quality in South Region (continued)
number of
samples
Alice Springs ponds B/C combined outlet (SAB050)
pH 9 8.1 8.0 8.2
TDS (mg/L) 9 953 958 1024
Ammonia (mg/L) 9 8.0 9.9 15.2
BOD
5
(mg/L) 9 62 80 121
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 6 3,080 2209 3100
Kings Canyon outlet (SKK090)
pH No samples
Suspended solids (mg/L) No samples
TDS (mg/L) No samples
Ammonia (mg/L) No samples
Total nitrogen (mg/L) No samples
Total phosphorus (mg/L) No samples
BOD
5
(mg/L) No samples
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 9 115 625 1620
pH 1 9.0 9.0
Suspended solids (mg/L) No samples
TDS (mg/L) 1 1027 1027
Ammonia (mg/L) No samples
Total nitrogen (mg/L) No samples
Total phosphorus (mg/L) No samples
BOD
5
(mg/L) No samples
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) No samples
Yulara outlet (SAA040)
pH 3 7.6 7.6 7.7
TDS (mg/L) 3 981 981 1012
Ammonia (mg/L) 3 3.0 5.7 10.2
BOD
5
(mg/L) 3 4 22 48
E.coli (cfu/100 mL) 2 800 800 1440
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Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant treats sewage coming
from Nightcliff, Winnellie and most of the inner city. The
treatment process includes grit removal and solids screening,
chlorination, and chemical assisted sedimentation. The
treated water is discharged to Darwin Harbour via a pipeline
at East Point.
Table A1.9.1 outlines the treatment performance of Ludmilla
plant during both dry and wet months using measurements
that best assess the environmental impact of the discharge.
pH, suspended solids and total suspended solids (TDS)
measure the physical characteristics of the water. Ammonia,
total nitrogen and total phosphorus measure the amount
of nutrients in the water that may promote the growth of
nuisance algae. Ammonia is also a toxicant. The biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD
5
) is a measure of how much oxygen
the organic content of the water will consume. Escherichia
coli (E.coli) indicate if harmful pathogens (disease-causing
microorganisms) are possibly present.
Generally the sewage during the wet months is weaker
than the sewage during the dry months. Consequently the
discharge is of a higher quality during wet months. However
the performance of the treatment process is best assessed
against the water treatment objectives and water quality
targets proposed in Table A1.9.2. The proposed objectives and
targets were developed from:
A comparison of the technical details with a similar plant
at Lower Molonglo Water Quality Control Centre in the ACT
A review of other literature sources
Laboratory jar tests carried out to assess theoretical
treatment efciency.
Generally the Ludmilla plant is operating at or above its
designed capacity. During dry weather the plant operates
at an average ow of 9.5 ML per day which is the designed
dry weather capacity. Over the whole year the average ow
is about 25 ML per day which includes wet weather ows.
The treatment plant performance is difcult to optimise
during wet weather because of highly variable inows.
Measurement
(Median values)
Inflow
dry
months
Inflow
wet
months
Outflow
dry
months
Outflow
wet
months
% removal
dry months
(Worse case
best case)
% removal
wet months
(Worse case
best case)
pH 7.0 6.9 7.8 7.9 - -
Suspended solids (mg/L) 202 107 119 50 69 (27 91) 13 (0 55)
Total dissolved solids (mg/L TDS) 530 375 644 360 - -
Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L) 33.0 20.0 28.5 5.0 16 (0 35) 63 (61 73)
Total nitrogen (mg/L) 44.5 28.0 38.0 11.0 20 (0 40) 61 (55 61)
Total phosphorus (mg/L) 9.5 3.6 9.1 2.8 0 (0 36) 43 (26 50)
BOD
5
(mg/L) 167 35 87 23 26 (0 72) 34 (31 86)
E.coli (cfu/100mL) - - 600 000 <100 - -
Table A1.9.1 Treatment performance of Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant for major pollution measures.
It is interesting to note that the plant achieves high removal
of ammonia and total nitrogen during wet months. The
chemically assisted sedimentation process is not expected
to remove nitrogen compounds. High ows during the
wet months mean that the ow through the plant is very
turbulent. Possibly the ammonia is lost to the atmosphere
as the sewage becomes aerated during the turbulent ow
through the plant.
On the other hand, chemically assisted sedimentation
is expected to remove most of the phosphorus. It is
disappointing to note that very little phosphorus is removed.
To improve treatment performance at the Ludmilla plant,
Power and Water has commenced trials to test various
combinations of chemicals that will assist in removing
various water pollutants from the sewage. In addition other
engineering practices and processes are under investigation
to upgrade the treatment plant to subsequently improve the
treatment processes.
Finally, it should be noted that this assessment is based on
a limited number of monthly samples. Subsequently the
statistical analysis may not reect the true performance of
the plant during all conditions.
A1.9: Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant performance
A1.10: Yulara Wastewater Treatment Plant performance
Measurement % Removal objective
22
Water quality target
pH - 6.5 8.0
Suspended solids 75 45
NH
3
as N 30 23
Total Nitrogen (as N) 30 23
Total phosphorus as P 80 2
Organic carbon (as either BOD
5
or COD) 60 65
(COD target to be determined)
Turbidity 80 To be determined
Table A1.9.2: Proposed water treatment objectives and water quality targets for Ludmilla WWTP
22
Calculated as 90th percentiles of previous jar testing and other case studies (including Lower Molonglo) reported in the literature. The treatment objective
was rounded to the nearest ve. The water quality target was rounded to the nearest digit.
23
National Water Quality Management Strategy (2000) Guidelines for sewerage systems Use of reclaimed water. Agriculture and Resource Management
Council of Australia and New Zealand (ARMCANZ), Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) and National Health &
Medical Research Council (NHMRC).
The Yulara sewage treatment plant uses mechanical aeration (activated sludge process) to degrade organic matter and to purify
the water. Efuent from this plant discharges into a set of ponds and is then used to irrigate an adjacent tree lot. No efuent is
discharged off the site.
The chemical quality of the water (pH 7.6, suspended solids 7 mg/L, BOD5 4 mg/L and ammonia 3.0 mg/L) indicates that the
activated sludge plant in combination with the ponds is operating adequately.
Appendix A3.2 explains how the quality of recycled water is assessed using the Guidelines for Sewerage Systems Use of Reclaimed
Water (2000)
23
. The treated sewage (800 cfu/100 mL E.coli median value) from Yulara would be considered suitable for low uses
such as irrigation of tree lots with controlled public access.
Based on the guidelines, the treated water at Yulara with a TDS of 980 mg/L (median value) would be classed as a high salinity
water that cannot be used on soils with restricted drainage. Even with adequate drainage special management for salinity control
may be required and the salt tolerance of the plants to be irrigated must be considered.
Appendix A3 provides more information about the recycled water quality.
Appendix 2: Wastewater Discharge Assessment
A2.1: Wastewater discharge licence evaluation and data presentation
Discharging wastewater to waterways in the Northern Territory is prohibited unless it is done in accordance with a licence issued
under the Water Act (2004). The Controller of Water Resources has granted the following licences to Power and Water Corporation:
This Appendix 2 provides an assessment of the sewage
treatment in regards to its discharge to waterways. In
particular it provides information about the quality of the
discharge and the expected monthly and annual mass
loadings for suspended solids (SS), volatile suspended
solids (VSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD
5
) to the waterway. Data for
pH and conductivity are also presented as requested. Because
ammonia (NH
3
) is key environmental toxicant found in
sewage discharges it has also been reported. This information
is presented in spreadsheet and graphical formats.
All wastewater samples were collected as described by the
Power and Water procedure for wastewater monitoring
program 2005-2006. Microbiological and chemical analyses
were carried out at the laboratories of the Department of
Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines (DPIFM).
Samples for determining metals in the discharge at Ludmilla
and Larrakeyah were collected using an automatic sampler.
Hourly samples were collected over 24 hours on 14 March
2006 from the Larrakeyah outfall and on the 13 December
2005 from the Ludmilla outlet. A proportion, based on the
hourly ow rate over the daily ow, of each hourly sample
was composited for analysis. Samples were analysed at the
Northern Territory Environmental Laboratory (NTEL). The
environmental loading for copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel
and iron were calculated from the measured concentration
of each metal and the daily outow and is reported in Table
A2.5.1.
Because wet weather made accessing some sampling sites
difcult and due to other operational difculties, some
samples were not collected on all scheduled occasions.
These are listed in Table A2.1.1
Where no chemical data was available, readings from
previous and following months were averaged and used as an
estimate for that month to calculate monthly loads.
Not all daily ow data is available for all sites and all months.
Where daily ow data was not available, a median daily ow
value was calculated for that month using available data and
used to estimate a daily ow.
The waste discharge licence granted for the Alice Springs
sewage treatment facility is a new format that differs from
the previous licences granted to Power and Water. The
management of the discharge is governed by:
Discharge must not prejudice water quality objectives
(WQO) outside of any agreed mixing zone when dened for
the receiving waters
Discharges must be reduced to the optimum extent by
Best Practice Environmental Management (BPEM) in
accordance with a hierarchy of waste management.
Location Licence number Expiry date
Berrimah WDL 69 31 July 2006
Katherine WDL 73 31 July 2006
Larrakeyah WDL 70 31 July 2006
Leanyer/Sanderson WDL 72 31 July 2006
Ludmilla WDL 71 31 July 2006
Palmerston WDL 68 31 July 2006
Alice Springs WDL 139 31 December 2007
The licence describes discharge limits based on up-to-date performance data and BPEM/SAT criteria. Previous licences did not
prescribe discharge limits.
The licence also includes requirements to:
Undertake adequate monitoring to ensure full compliance, to characterise the nature of contaminated discharge and ensure
agreed WQOs are not prejudiced
Manage off-site wastewater discharges and to assess aquatic ecological health in the receiving water body
Pro-actively implement BPEM with a focus on water recycling where possible
Carry out self auditing and reporting in line with industry best practice including incident reporting, event reporting as requested
by the controller, annual reporting and environmental management plan review.
Alice Springs discharges have been assessed separately.
The waste discharge licence for the Katherine Waste Stabilisation Ponds species that no discharge from the Katherine ponds shall
occur while ow in the Katherine River is below a stage height of RL 3 m as measured at the hydrographic station GS 8140001. Then
the discharge is only permitted if a minimum dilution rate of 1:2000 is maintained at the discharge point. Table A2.5.2 summarises
this requirement for discharge and river ow.
Location Type of analysis Date
Berrimah Chemical
Microbiological, chemical
January 2006
May 2006
Katherine Chemical
August 2005
April 2006
Larrakeyah Chemical
August 2005
May 2006
Leanyer/Sanderson Chemical
August 2005
May 2006
Ludmilla Chemical
August 2005
May & June 2006
Palmerston Microbiological, chemical May 2006
Alice Springs
Blatherskite Park Pump Station wet well 1 from EP1. Chemical August 2005 - January 2006
Blatherskite Park Pump Station wet well 2 from EP2. Chemical, microbiological August 2005 - January 2006
Outlet EP7 to Ilparpa Chemical, microbiological August 2005 - January 2006
Outlet EP10 to Ilparpa Microbiological
Chemical
January, March, April 2006
August December 2005
Outlet wet well ponds B/C Microbiological
Chemical
March, April 2006
August December 2005
Table A2.1.1 Samples not collected
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1
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6
.
A2.5: Comparative representation of discharge
water quality.
The following charts show the key water quality
characteristics used to assess the wastewater discharge
at the major wastewater treatment sites in the Northern
Territory. These measurements include pH, BOD
5
(biochemical
oxygen demand), suspended solids (SS), total dissolved solids
(TDS), ammonia (NH3), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus
(TP), and Escherichia coli (E.coli).
Comments are made about each site as follows:
Berrimah: The conductivity was reduced by about 40 per
cent in November 2005 following work to reline the sewer
going to Berrimah to prevent seawater intrusion. It is
difcult to assess if the treatment has improved the quality
of the discharge until more data is collected.
Katherine: Due to the long retention times in the
evaporation ponds very little water is discharged from this
site. Consequently the annual load discharged is small.
Larrakeyah: The level of treatment at this site is minimal,
which is reected in the quality of the discharge. Unlike
the other discharges, the quality of the discharge during
the Dry Season does not differ greatly from the quality
discharged during the Wet. The ow during the Wet
only increases by about 30 per cent whereas the ow of
the other discharges may increase three to ve times,
signicantly altering the quality of the discharge. It seems
that little inltration occurs in the localised catchment
to Larrakeyah.
Leanyer and Sanderson: The combined treated ow
is discharged to Buffalo Creek. Some water is used at
the Marrara and Northlakes reclaimed water schemes.
Signicantly higher ows were recorded during wet
months.
Ludmilla: The chemically assisted treatment system is
intended to remove particles from the sewage. Removal is
varied throughout the year. Signicantly higher ows were
recorded during wet months.
Palmerston: The volume of discharge increased by about
two to three times during the Wet.
Alice Springs: The water quality is present at four discharge
points including: Outlet from EP7 to Ilparpa, Outlet from
EP10 to Ilparpa, Outlet from B/C ponds and the take off
point to Blatherskite Park for reclaimed water.
For completeness, Adelaide River, Batchelor, Borroloola,
Humpty Doo, Northlakes/Marrara, Pine Creek and Yulara have
also been included. These facilities do not usually discharge to
a receiving waterbody. Tennant Creek has not been included
as all the sewage evaporates in the ponds.
Where values for a characteristic are determined as less than
the detection limit for the analytical method, the value is
assumed to be equal to half the detection limit.
figure a.2.5.1: median pH of treatment plant outflow or discharge
p
H
figure a.2.5.2: median suspended solids for treatment plant outflow or discharge
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figure a.2.5.4: median ammonium (nh
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figure a.2.5.11: berrimah discharge loading
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figure a.2.5.13: katherine discharge water quality - nutrients
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figure a.2.5.15: larrakeyah discharge water quality - physico-chemical
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figure a.2.5.16: larrakeyah discharge water quality - nutrients
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figure a.2.5.17: larrakeyah discharge loadings
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NH

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figure a.2.5.19: leanyer sanderson discharge water quality - nutrients
W
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o
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figure a.2.5.21: ludmilla discharge water quality - physico-chemical
W
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figure a.2.5.23: ludmilla discharge loading
W
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figure a.2.5.24: palmerston discharge water quality - physico-chemical
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figure a.2.5.25: palmerston discharge water quality - nutrients
W
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figure a.2.5.26: palmerston discharge loading
o
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o
o
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figure a.2.5.27: alice springs ep7 discharge water quality - physico-chemical
W
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figure a.2.5.28: alice springs ep7 discharge water quality - nutrients
SS (ngL) 8OD

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figure a.2.5.29: alice springs ep7 discharge loading
W
a
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M
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figure a.2.5.31: alice spring ep10 discharge water quality - nutrients
W
a
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figure a.2.5.32: alice spring ep10 discharge loading
NH

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M
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figure a.2.5.33: alice springs b/c ponds discharge water quality - physico-chemical
SS (ngL) 8OD

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figure a.2.5.35: alice springs b/c ponds discharge loadings
W
a
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Metal Metal loading Larrakeyah outfall
(g/day)
(14 March 2006)
Metal loading Ludmilla
outfall (g/day)
(13 December 2005)
Copper (Cu) 1390 1060
Zinc (Zn) 385 735
Cadmium (Cd) 0.8 1.6
Lead (Pb) 11.6 24.5
Nickel (Ni) 15.4 294
Iron (Fe) 1890 7350
Table A2.5.1: Daily metal loadings of the discharge at Larrakeyah and Ludmilla outfalls
Date River Height (m) Allowable discharge
(L/s)
Discharge flow at the
river (L/s)
Calculated discharge
at the river (kL)
28 Dec 05 5.18 116 50 4320
29 Dec 05 6.15 147 150 12 960
30 Dec 05 3.55 75 59 5098
31 Dec 05 3.72 79 62 5357
01 Jan 06 8.10 228 99 8554
02 Jan 06 7.58 205 87 7517
03 Jan 06 4.26 91 82 7085
04 Jan 06 4.42 95 67 5789
20 Jan 06 4.39 95 77 6653
21 Jan 06 5.00 111 77 6653
22 Jan 06 7.37 195 77 6653
23 Jan 06 7.73 211 100 8640
24 Jan 06 7.60 205 92 7949
25 Jan 06 8.14 230 87 7517
26 Jan 06 7.46 199 82 7085
27 Jan 06 9.80 315 70 6048
28 Jan 06 7.75 212 60 5184
29 Jan 06 7.50 201 55 4752
14 Mar 06 7.48 200 180 15 552
15 Mar 06 8.35 240 175 15 120
16 Mar 06 8.72 259 170 14 688
17 Mar 06 9.18 282 170 14 688
18 Mar 06 10.85 373 170 14 688
19 Mar 06 11.12 389 180 15 552
20 Mar 06 10.50 353 180 15 552
21 Mar 06 14.82 718 65 5616
22 Mar 06 14.09 623 80 6912
28 Mar 06 5.46 124 75 6480
29 Mar 06 7.00 180 70 6048
Table A2.5.2: Katherine River discharge Flow compliance with river height
Appendix 3: Recycled water
A3.1: Recycled water site description
Marrara Sports Complex and Northlakes Golf Course
The Darwin Golf Club and the Marrara Sports complex both
sourced treated efuent from the golf courses ornamental
water feature (the pond at the centre of the course).
Throughout 2005-2006 the pond stored treated efuent from
the Leanyer/Sanderson Waste Stabilisation Ponds. This water
was supplied without further treatment to the following
six customers at the Marrara Sports complex from July to
October 2005:
Australian Football League Northern Territory
Darwin Clay Shooters Club
Italian Club
Northern Territory Cricket Association
South Darwin Sporting League
Northern Territory Rugby Union
Customers can only use this recycled water supply from
11 pm to 5 am so that the watering does not occur during
daylight when most people are about. In addition, prior to
each irrigation cycle, the supply ring main is ushed to sewer
with fresh recycled water to minimise the possible emission
of odours.
The Northlakes Water Reclamation Plant (NWRP) at the
Darwin Golf Course treats water from the golf course pond
and provides high quality recycled water suitable for high
contact uses such as urban residential garden watering
and irrigation of open spaces and parks. The treatment
processes include dissolved air otation (DAF), microltration
and disinfection with chlorine. The water is usually used to
irrigate the Northlakes Golf Course. After October 2005, all
customers at the Marrara Sports Complex use the highly
treated water.
Yulara Wastewater Treatment Plant
Reclaimed water was once spray irrigated onto the tree lot
adjacent to the plant. Due to re completely destroying
the tree lot in early 2005 this recycled water use was
discontinued. The previous practice of using reclaimed water
for landscape irrigation at the Ayers Rock Resort has been
replaced with non-potable ground water provided to the
resort by Power and Water.
Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant
Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant uses reclaimed
water for several plant processes including wash-down of
sludge vacuum drying lters, spraying on reactors to control
surface scum, furnace cooling and in grit classier to remove
organics. Treated efuent is ltered through a 400-micron
fabric lter.
Humpty Doo
Treated water from the Humpty Doo wastewater stabilisation
ponds is spray irrigated onto fenced bush land adjacent to
the ponds. Power and Water is investigating ways to improve
the water quality by upgrading the treatment. Aeration,
recirculation and building additional secondary ponds are
being considered.
Pine Creek
Reclaimed water from the wastewater stabilisation ponds is
provided to the Pine Creek Council to irrigate the sports oval
and rail corridor including the heritage area.
The rising main from the wastewater stabilisation ponds to
the reclaimed water site is tted with a clean water ushing
system, which effectively eliminates odours during irrigation.
Backow prevention devices and air gaps are used to protect
the integrity of the drinking water supply.
The Pine Creek Recycled Water scheme has been discontinued
due to difculties with maintenance.
Katherine
The Katherine wastewater stabilisation ponds provide
reclaimed water for irrigation of cattle fodder. This reclaimed
water is of a reasonable quality due to the extended
retention time in the evaporation ponds. Power and Water is
investigating alternative ways to use this water due to the
uncertainty of this scheme continuing.
Borroloola
Treated water from Borroloola wastewater stabilisation
ponds is spray irrigated onto adjacent bushland. The area is
fully fenced to prevent any human contact.
Alice Springs Tree Lot
The Alice Springs tree plantation of 25 ha of River Red
gums was constructed in the mid-1970s by the then
Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory to see
if the treated water could be used to grow trees to be used
as rewood. Because the plantation is on Power and Water
land, public access is restricted. As alternative water recycling
options come on line the use of the tree plantation will be
phased out.
Alice Springs Blatherskite Park
The efuent irrigation system at Blatherskite Park
commenced at about the same time as the tree plantation
was established. Initially lucerne was grown but that was
abandoned after a number of years. Today irrigation occurs
on the sporting grounds, ovals and horse agistment areas in
the park.
Power and Water has negotiated with the Alice Springs Town Council and the Blatherskite Park trustees about the management of
this system to limit public contact with the reclaimed water. The trustees have undertaken to:
Limit daytime watering hours where possible
Provide a schedule of events when public access will occur to restrict irrigation during these times.
Restrict access to the park by locking the entry gates after certain hours.
Improve signage on and around the site.
These controls will signicantly improve the safety of the reuse system.
Kings Canyon tree farm
All treated efuent generated by the resort is disposed to a nearby tree farm. The tree farm is fully fenced to restrict public
access. Firewood is collected from the tree farm for use in bush camping areas of the resort. Investigations are under way to expand
the plantation.
scheme name
(water source)
level of treatment application location public access
Northlakes
(Leanyer/Sanderson WSPs) Tertiary Municipal
Darwin
Golf Course
Controlled/
unrestricted
Marrara
(Leanyer/Sanderson WSPs) Secondary Municipal
Marrara Sport Complex
sports ovals Controlled
Humpty Doo
(Humpty Doo WSPs) Secondary Municipal Tree lot Controlled
Ludmilla
(Ludmilla WWTP) Secondary Municipal
In-plant
processes Restricted
Pine Creek
26
(Pine Creek WSPs) Secondary Municipal
Sports oval
& rail corridor Controlled
Katherine
(Katherine WSPs) Secondary Agriculture Cattle feedlot Controlled
Blatherskite Park
(Alice Springs WSPs) Secondary Municipal Open spaces Controlled
Alice Springs Tree Lot
(Alice Springs WSPs) Secondary Agriculture Tree lot Restricted
Kings Canyon
(Kings Canyon WSPs) Secondary Agriculture Tree lot Restricted
Yulara Tree Lot
27
(Yulara WWTP) Secondary Agriculture Tree lot Restricted
Table A3.1 Summary of recycled water schemes in the Northern Territory.
26
Pine Creek scheme discontinued due to difculties with maintenance.
27
Yulara scheme discontinued after re destroyed the tree lot.
A3.2: Recycled water quality assessment methodology and criteria
Guidelines for Sewerage Systems Use of Reclaimed Water (2000)
28
provide advice on reclaimed water quality, level of treatment,
safeguards and controls and monitoring. It recognises that the major risk with wastewater is human contact with the wastewater
causing infection from viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminth. It species water quality in terms of surrogates to provide an
assessment of an acceptable level of risk. The guidelines recommend thermotolerant coliforms as a general indicator of reclaimed
water quality. This group of microorganisms, when found in sewage, consists chiey of Escherichia coli (E.coli), which is found
in the gut of humans and other warm-blooded mammals. The presence of E.coli in water indicates that the water is probably
contaminated by human waste meaning that human pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms) are possibly present. The
guideline values for thermotolerant coliforms fall into four main categories:
Compliance is determined by comparing the median values
(the middle number) with the recommended guideline
criteria for that use of water. In addition, if 20 per cent of the
results are greater than four times the median guideline level,
there is cause for further investigation for underlying reason.
It should be stressed that the determination of compliance
is a statistical one and that an analysis result of greater
magnitude than the median guideline value should not be
an immediate cause of concern. The assessment should be
undertaken on a continual basis.
Under the guidelines, another important issue associated
with the use of recycled water is the potential impact of
the chemical quality of the water on plants and on the
characteristics of the soil. Increased salt loads may reduce
the yield potential of salt sensitive plants and the inltration
rate of the water through the soil. For example, high salinity
waters may require restricted drainage so that the water
can be used on soils. Even with adequate drainage special
management for salinity control may be required and the
salt tolerance of the plants to be irrigated might need to
be considered.
In addition the guidelines stipulate that suspended solids be
measured as a critical control to ensure effective treatment.
Suspended particulate matter may shelter disease-causing
organisms present in the recycled water from the effects
of disinfection. The treated water from a wastewater
stabilisation pond will contain high numbers of algal cells,
which contribute signicantly to the suspended solids of
the water. The mechanisms for disinfection in ponds include
the effects of sunlight, predation by other microorganisms,
sedimentation and die-off. Consequently the ability of a pond
to remove pathogens depends on the time the water spends
in the pond rather than the action of a chemical disinfectant.
On this basis, suspended solids are not reported for pond
systems supplying recycled water.
reclaimed water use applications thermotolerant coliforms per 100mL
(median value)
Non-human food chain <10 000
Low contact, eg. irrigation of open spaces with controlled access <1000
Medium contact, eg, drinking water for stock (except pigs) <100
High contact, eg. urban residential garden watering <10
28
National Water Quality Management Strategy (2000a).
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class comment electrical conductivity
(s/cm)
total dissolved solids
(mg/l)
1. Low-salinity water can be used with most crops on most
soils and with all methods of water application with
little likelihood that a salinity problem will develop. Some
leaching is required, but this occurs under normal irrigation
practices except in soil of extremely low permeability.
0 - 280 0 - 175
2. Medium-salinity water can be used if moderate leaching
occurs. Plants with medium salt tolerance can be grown,
usually without special measures for salinity control.
Sprinkler irrigation with the more-saline waters in this
group may cause leaf scorch on salt-sensitive crops,
especially at high temperatures in the daytime and with
low application rates.
280 - 800 175 - 500
3. High-salinity water cannot be used on soils with
restricted drainage. Even with adequate drainage,
special management for salinity control may be required
and the salt tolerance of the plants to be irrigated must
be considered.
800 2300 500 1500
4. Very high-salinity water is not suitable for irrigation water
under ordinary conditions. For use, soils must be permeable,
drainage adequate, water must be applied in excess to
provide considerable leaching and salt-tolerant crops
should be selected.
2300 5500 1500 3500
5. Extremely high-salinity water may be used on permeable,
well-drained soils under good management, especially
in relation to leaching and for salt-tolerant crops, or
occasional emergency use.
>5500 >3500
A3.4: General guidelines for salinity of irrigation water
36
36
Table 4 National Water Quality Management Strategy (2000a) taken from National Water Quality Management Strategy (2000b)
Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters.
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A3.5: Recycled water quality
Table A3.5 reports the median values for E.coli against the guideline criteria as discussed in Appendices A3.2 and A3.3. Table
A3.6 denes the salinity class for the water comparing electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) against guideline
recommendations (Appendix A3.4) for the managing salinity impacts on soils and plants.
Except at Humpty Doo, the recycled water is of a bacteriological quality suitable for its intended use. The quality of the water in the
golf course pond is marginal for its intended use; however, this water is now further treated using the dissolved air otation and
microltration treatment system. At Humpty Doo, Power and Water is planning to build additional ponds to increase retention time
in the ponds so that pathogen levels are decreased.
The recycled waters used in the Darwin, Humpty Doo, Katherine and Pine Creek schemes are classied as Class 2 for salinity of
irrigation water. This medium-salinity water should only be used on soils in which moderate leaching occurs and irrigated on plants
with medium salt tolerance. Application rates may need to be low.
The recycled waters used in the Yulara and Alice Springs schemes are classied as Class 3 for salinity of irrigation water. This
high-salinity water should be only used on soils with adequate drainage and the salinity tolerance of the plants to be irrigated
must be considered.
location sampling frequency E.coli (cfu/100mL)
Median 80th Percentile
Actual Scheduled
44
Guideline Measured
value
Guideline
value
Measured
value
Guideline
value
45
Darwin (Marrara) 0
46
Not dened Monthly No value 10 No value 40
Darwin Northlakes
(Golf course pond)
47
12 Monthly Monthly 1040 1000 4600 4000
Darwin Northlakes
(Filtered water)
12 Monthly Monthly <20
48
10 <20 40
Humpty Doo 4
49
2-Monthly Monthly 37 000 10 000 52 000 40 000
Ludmilla 0 Not dened Weekly No data 1000 No data No data
Pine Creek 12 Monthly Monthly 120 1000 410 4000
Katherine 15 Monthly Monthly 10 1000 36 4000
Yulara Tree Farm 0
50
Monthly Monthly No results 10 000 No result 40 000
Kings Canyon 99 Monthly Monthly 140 10 000 860 40 000
Alice Springs
(Blatherskite Park)
48 Weekly Monthly 130 1000 1800 4000
Alice Springs
(Tree Farm)
4 Weekly Monthly 1900 10 000 3100 40 000
Table A3.5 Monitoring and microbiological quality for recycled water in Northern Territory
Water recycling was not undertaken at Pine Creek and Yulara in 2005-2006; however, the water quality results are reported here for
reference purposes.
44
As scheduled in Power and Water (2006) Wastewater monitoring program 2005-2006. Water Facilities.
45
If 20 per cent of the results are greater than four times the median guideline level, there is cause for further investigation for underlying reason (National
Water Quality Management Strategy 2000).
46
No samples collected from the Marrara system because the water supplied during 2005-2006 was a blend of ltered water from Northlakes treatment plant
and Darwin tap water.
47
Samples collected from pond at Darwin Golf Course.
48
E.coli values reported by the laboratory as <20 cfu/100mL.
49
No ow occurs for many months during the Dry.
50
Water recycling onto Yulara Tree Farm discontinued after re had destroyed the trees in early 2005.
location scheme electrical
conductivity (s/cm)
total dissolved
solids (mg/L)
salinity class
51
Darwin Marrara No data
52
No data Not determined
Darwin Northlakes
(Golf course pond)
540 380 2
Darwin Northlakes
(Filtered water)
600 380 2
Humpty Doo Tree lot 760 480 2
Pine Creek 450 280 2
Katherine 420 260 2
Yulara Tree Farm
54
1550 980 3
Kings Canyon No data No data Not determined
Alice Springs Blatherskite Park 1600 1040 3
Alice Springs Tree Farm 1510 950 3
A3.6: Salinity classes of recycled water.
51
Appendix A3.4 extract from Table 4 National Water Quality Management Strategy (2000a) taken from National Water Quality Management Strategy (2000b)
Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters.
52
No samples collected from the Marrara system because the water supplied during 2005-2006 was a blend of ltered water from Northlakes treatment plant
and Darwin tap water.
53
Samples collected from pond at Darwin Golf Course.
54
Water recycling onto Yulara Tree Farm discontinued after re had destroyed the trees in early 2005.
Appendix 4: Rainfall
figure a.4: monthly rainfall for 2002-2003 to 2005-2006 at darwin airport
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List of gures
figure description page
Figure 2.1: Hydraulic and organic loading of design capacity for WSPs. 10
Figure 5.1: Median E.coli values in recycled water used with controlled public access. 16
Figure 5.2: 80th percentile E.coli in recycled water with controlled public access. 16
Figure 5.3: Median E.coli values in recycled water used for non-human food crops. 17
Figure 5.4: 80th percentile E.coli in recycled water used for non-human food crops. 17
Figure 6.1: Daily inow to Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant 22
Figure 6.2: Treated overows to Ludmilla Creek. 23
Figure 6.3: Sewage odour complaints in the Darwin area 2005-2006 24
Figure 6.4: Sewage overows reported to Power and Water 2005-2006 24
Figure A.2.5.1 Median pH of treatment plant outow or discharge. 57
Figure A.2.5.2 Median suspended solids for treatment plant outow or discharge 57
Figure A.2.5.3 Median Total Dissolve Solids for treatment plant outow or discharge 58
Figure A.2.5.4 Median ammonium (NH3) at treatment plant outow or discharge 58
Figure A.2.5.5 Median total nitrogen for treatment plant outow or discharge 59
Figure A.2.5.6 Median total phosphorus for treatment plant outow or discharge 59
Figure A.2.5.7 Median BOD5 for treatment plant outow or discharge 60
Figure A.2.5.8 Median E.coli for treatment plant outow or discharge 60
Figure A.2.5.9 Berrimah discharge water quality results Physio-chemical 61
Figure A.2.5.10 Berrimah discharge water quality results Nutrients 61
Figure A.2.5.11 Berrimah discharge loading 62
Figure A.2.5.12 Katherine discharge water quality results Physio-chemical 62
Figure A.2.5.13 Katherine discharge water quality results Nutrients 63
Figure A.2.5.14 Katherine discharge loading 63
Figure A.2.5.15 Larrakeyah discharge water quality results Physio-chemical 64
Figure A.2.5.16 Larrakeyah discharge water quality results Nutrients 64
Figure A.2.5.17 Larrakeyah discharge loading 65
Figure A.2.5.18 Leanyer/Sanderson discharge water quality results Physio-chemical 65
Figure A.2.5.19 Leanyer/Sanderson discharge water quality results Nutrients 66
Figure A.2.5.20 Leanyer/Sanderson discharge loading 66
Figure A.2.5.21 Ludmilla discharge water quality results Physio-chemical 67
Figure A.2.5.22 Ludmilla discharge water quality results Nutrients 67
Figure A.2.5.23 Ludmilla discharge loading 68
Figure A.2.5.24 Palmerston discharge water quality results Physio-chemical 68
Figure A.2.5.25 Palmerston discharge water quality results Nutrients 69
Figure A.2.5.26 Palmerston discharge loading 69
Figure A.2.5.27 Alice Springs EP7 discharge water quality results Physio-chemical 70
Figure A.2.5.28 Alice Springs EP7 discharge water quality results Nutrients 70
Figure A.2.5.29 Alice Springs EP7 discharge loading 71
Figure A.2.5.30 Alice Springs EP10 discharge water quality results Physio-chemical 71
Figure A.2.5.31 Alice Springs EP10 discharge water quality results Nutrients 72
Figure A.2.5.32 Alice Springs EP10 discharge loading 72
Figure A.2.5.33 Alice Springs B/C ponds discharge water quality results Physio-chemical 73
Figure A.2.5.34 Alice Springs B/C ponds discharge water quality results Nutrients 73
Figure A.2.5.35 Alice Springs B/C ponds discharge loading 74
Figure A.4 Monthly rainfall for 2002-2003 to 2005-2006 at Darwin Airport 85
List of tables
table description page
Table 2.1 Types of treatment processes and discharge techniques used in the Northern Territory. 7
Table 5.1 Summary of recycled water schemes in the Northern Territory. 15
Table 5.2 Typical composition of domestic sewage in the Northern Territory compared to the literature. 19
Table 5.3 Annual environmental mass loadings as required by Waste Discharge Licences. 20
Table 6.1 Recorded incidents of sewage overows reported to EPA program. 21
Table 6.3 Untreated and treated overows to Ludmilla Creek. 23
Table 6.4 Number of sewage odour complaints in Darwin area 2006-2004. 24
Table 9.1 Summary of Waste Discharge Licences. 27
Table 12.1 Planned wastewater improvement works. 29
Table A1.9.1 Treatment performance of Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant for major pollution measures. 46
Table A1.9.2 Proposed water treatment objectives and water quality targets for Ludmilla WWTP. 47
Table A2.1.1 Samples not collected 49
Table A2.5.1 Daily metal loadings of the discharge at Larrakeyah and Ludmilla outfalls. 74
Table A2.5.2 Katherine River discharge Flow compliance with river height. 75
Table A3.1 Summary of recycled water schemes in the Northern Territory. 77
Table A3.5 Monitoring and microbiological quality for recycled water in the Northern Territory. 83
Abbreviation and denitions (glossary)
algae Simple aquatic plants that are often microscopic.
ADWF Average Dry Weather Flow
BOD5 Biochemical oxygen demand measured over 5 days at 20 C. A measure of the organic strength of the
sewage.
bulk waste Trade waste that is delivered by truck.
CAS Chemically assisted sedimentation a water treatment process.
cfu Colony forming units One bacterium will form one colony on agar growth media.
Conductivity A measure of the ability of water to carry an electric current.
DAF Dissolved air otation a water treatment process.
Discharge loading The total mass of a suspended or dissolved constituent in a sewage discharge measure over one year,
expressed in units of tonnes per year. It is calculated by multiplying the determine concentration value by
the associated outow volume.
E.coli Escherichia coli a strain of bacterium commonly found in the gut of warm blooded animals and used to
indicate the degree of faecal contamination.
EP Equivalent population.
EPA Environmental Protection Agency.
kL Kilolitres one thousand litres.
m Cubic metre one cubic metre contains one thousand litres of water.
mg/L Milligrams per litre a measure of the concentration of a substance in water.
Median The middle value in a distribution, above and below which lie an equal number of values.
Microltration An advanced water treatment process using special membranes.
ML Megalitres one million litres.
ND No data.
NPI National Pollution Inventory
NTEL Northern Territory Environmental Laboratory.
Nutrients Nitrogen and phosphorus which promote the growth of plants.
NRETA Department of Natural Resources, Environment and Arts.
Organic nitrogen Organic bound nitrogen that includes such natural materials as proteins, and peptides, nucleic acids and
urea, and numerous synthetic organic materials.
Percentile Order statistics providing a way of estimating proportions of the data that should fall below a given value or
percentile.
Pathogens Disease causing organisms.
3
PDWF Peak dry weather ow.
pH A measure of the acidity of the water on a scale of 0 to 14 with 0 being very acidic, 7 being neutral and 14
being very alkaline.
PWWF Peak wet weather ow.
Recycled water Sewage that is treated and used for benecial purposes.
SAR Sodium adsorption ratio is used to predict the potential for sodium to accumulate in the soil
SAT Soil aquifer treatment.
SCADA System control and data acquisition.
Sewer Part of the sewerage system that carries the sewage, usually a system of pipes.
SS Suspended solids a measure of the portion of particular matter in the water that does not pass through a
lter.
TDS Total Dissolved Solids a measure of the portion of dissolved substances in water that passes through a
lter.
TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Analytical technique for determining the total amount of ammonia and organic
nitrogen in the water.
Trade waste Industrial or non-domestic wastewater generated by industry.
VSS Volatile suspended solids a measure of the amount of suspended solids lost during ignition.
WDL Waste discharge licence
WIMS Works Information Management System.
WSP Waste stabilisation pond
WWTP Wastewater treatment plant.
Abbreviation and denitions (glossary) - continued.
Palmerston
Palm Plaza
University Avenue
GPO Box 1921
Darwin NT 0801
Telephone (08) 8999 3620
Facsimilie (08) 8932 6592
Alice Springs
Greatorex Building
Cnr Bath and Parsons Streets
PO Box 1521
Alice Springs NT 0871
Telephone (08) 8951 5408
Facsimile (08) 8951 5418
Katherine
NT Government Centre
First Street
PO Box 1045
Katherine NT 0851
Telephone (08) 8973 8550
Facsimile (08) 8973 8982
Tennant Creek
NT Government Centre
Peko Road
PO Box 505
Tennant Creek NT 0861
Telephone (08) 8962 4554
Facsimile (08) 8962 4395
Head Ofce
2nd Level, Mitchell Centre
55 Mitchell Street, Darwin NT 0800
GPO Box 1921, Darwin NT 0801
Customer Service Ofce
Ground Floor, Mitchell Centre, Darwin
Monday Friday (except public holidays) 8.00am 4.30pm
Saturday 9.00am 12.00pm
Call 1800 245 092
ABN 15 947 352 360
www.powerwater.com.au
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(Tcnnc) vSS (Tcnnc) 8OD

(Tcnnc) SS (Tcnnc) T (Tcnnc) TN (Tcnnc)

(ngL) vSS (ngL) CcnducLvLy (ncrc scncnscn)

(ngL) TN (ngL) T (ngL)

(Tcnnc) vSS (Tcnnc) 8OD

(Tcnnc) SS (Tcnnc) T (Tcnnc) TN (Tcnnc)

(ngL) vSS (ngL) CcnducLvLy (ncrc scncnscn)

(ngL) TN (ngL) T (ngL)

(Tcnnc) vSS (Tcnnc) 8OD

(Tcnnc) SS (Tcnnc) T (Tcnnc) TN (Tcnnc)

(ngL) vSS (ngL) CcnducLvLy (ncrc scncnscn)

(ngL) TN (ngL) T (ngL)

(Tcnnc) vSS (Tcnnc) 8OD

(Tcnnc) SS (Tcnnc) T (Tcnnc) TN (Tcnnc)

(ngL) vSS (ngL) CcnducLvLy (ncrc scncnscn)

(ngL) TN (ngL) T (ngL)

(Tcnnc) vSS (Tcnnc) 8OD

(Tcnnc) SS (Tcnnc) T (Tcnnc) TN (Tcnnc)

(ngL) vSS (ngL) CcnducLvLy (ncrc scncnscn)

(ngL) TN (ngL) T (ngL)

(Tcnnc) vSS (Tcnnc) 8OD

(Tcnnc) SS (Tcnnc) T (Tcnnc) TN (Tcnnc)

(ngL) vSS (ngL) CcnducLvLy (ncrc scncnscn)

(ngL) TN (ngL) T (ngL)

(Tcnnc) vSS (Tcnnc) 8OD

(Tcnnc) SS (Tcnnc) T (Tcnnc) TN (Tcnnc)

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