Analysis: 1.b.

Reaction with ammonia The purpose of this reaction is to know the reaction of hexaaqua ion with ammonia solution. The first compound is CrCl3. The ammonia acts as both a base and a ligand. With a small amount of ammonia, hydrogen ions are pulled off the hexaaqua ion exactly as in the hydroxide ion case to give the same neutral complex. The reaction that occurs is: [Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) + 3NH3 (aq) [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] (s) + 3 NH4+ (aq) The color of precipitate is pale blue. That precipitate dissolves to some extent by adding an excess of ammonia. The ammonia replaces water as a ligand to give hexaamminechromium(III) ion. It also indicates that chromium has amphoter characteristic. The reaction that occurs is: [Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Cr(NH3)6]3+ (aq) + 6H2O (aq) The second compound is Mn(SO)4. Ammonia acts as both a base and a ligand. In this case, it simply acts as a base removing hydrogen ion from the aqua complex. The reaction that occurs is: [Mn(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) [Mn(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) + 2NH4+ (aq) The color of precipitate is pale brown. The pale brown precipitate is oxidized to darker brown manganese(III) oxide around the top in contact with oxygen from the air. The precipitate does not dissolve again when added by excess of ammonia. It indicates that manganese is not amphoter. The third compound is Fe(NH3)2SO4. Ammonia also acts as both a base and a ligand. In this case, it simply acts as a base removing hydrogen ion from the aqua complex. The reaction that occurs is: [Fe(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) + 2NH4+ (aq) The color of precipitate is dark green. The appearance is just the same as when adding sodium hydroxide solution. The precipitate does not dissolve again when added by excess of ammonia. It also indicates that iron is not amphoter. The fourth compound is FeCl3. Ammonia also acts as both a base and a ligand. In this case, it simply acts as a base removing hydrogen ion from the aqua complex. The reaction that occurs is: [Fe(H2O)6]3+ (aq) + 3NH3 (aq) [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] (s) + 3NH4+ (aq)

The color of precipitate is orange. The appearance is just the same as when adding sodium hydroxide solution. The precipitate does not dissolve again when added by excess of ammonia. It also indicates that iron is not amphoter. The fifth compound is CoCl2. The ammonia acts as both a base and a ligand. With a small amount of ammonia, hydrogen ions are pulled off the hexaaqua ion exactly as in the hydroxide ion case to give the same neutral complex. The reaction that occurs is: [Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) [Co(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) + 2NH4+ (aq) The color of precipitate is blue. That precipitate dissolves to some extent by adding an excess of ammonia. The ammonia replaces water as a ligand to give hexaamminecobalt(II) ion. It also indicates that cobalt has amphoter characteristic. The reaction that occurs is: [Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]2+ (aq) + 6H2O (aq) The sixth compound is NiCl2. Ammonia also acts as both a base and a ligand. In this case, it simply acts as a base removing hydrogen ion from the aqua complex. The reaction that occurs is: [Ni(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) + 2NH4+ (aq) The color of precipitate is white. The appearance is just the same as when adding sodium hydroxide solution. The precipitate does not dissolve again when added by excess of ammonia. It also indicates that iron is not amphoter. The seventh compound is CuSO4. The ammonia acts as both a base and a ligand. With a small amount of ammonia, hydrogen ions are pulled off the hexaaqua ion exactly as in the hydroxide ion case to give the same neutral complex. The reaction that occurs is: [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) + 2NH4+ (aq) The color of precipitate is blue. That precipitate dissolves to some extent by adding an excess of ammonia. The ammonia replaces water as a ligand to give tetraaminediaquacopper(II) ion. It also indicates that cobalt has amphoter characteristic. The reaction that occurs is: [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4NH3 (aq) [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ (aq) + 4H2O (aq)

The eighth compound is ZnCl2. Ammonia also acts as both a base and a ligand. In this case, it simply acts as a base removing hydrogen ion from the aqua complex. The reaction that occurs is: [Zn(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) + 2NH4+ (aq) The color of precipitate is white. The appearance is just the same as when adding sodium hydroxide solution. The precipitate does not dissolve again when added by excess of ammonia. It also indicates that iron is not amphoter.

SECOND EXPERIMENT a. Cr (II) Complex The purpose of this experiment is to know the ligand exchange reaction of comlex ion. The salt of CrCl3.6H2O that has blue color is added by Na2C2O4 solution which is colorless. After reacted the color of product is blue ++. The function of this addition is to exchange the ligand from H2O to C2O4. The Cl- ion is replaced by C2O4- ion and formed [Cr(C2O4)3]3-. The chemical equation is: CrCl3 + Na2C2O4 [Cr(C2O4)3]3- + 2Na+ + 3ClComplex that is formed has coordination number six (6) and has octahedral coordination structure.
O O

3-

-O

O-O

Cr

-O

O-

-O

[Cr(C 2O4) 3]3-

b. Fe (II) and Fe (III) Complex The purpose of this experiment is to know the formation of Fe (II) and Fe (III) complex. The salt of FeSO4 and water which is colorless is reacted with 1,10-

Phenanthroline. This reaction yields [Fe(H2O)6]2+ complex that has orange color. The color changing is caused by replacement of SO4 ligand by H2O.
2+

Fe
N N N

[Fe (1,10 phenanthroline)3]2+

For the Fe (III) ion the salt that is used is FeCl3 that has yellow color. This salt is reacted with NH4CNS drop by drop and formed [Fe(CNS)]2+ that has reddish brown color. The function of this step is to give dark color to the solution. After that, it is added with Na2C2O4 and formed [Fe(CNS)4]2+ that has red color. The color changing is caused by replacement of CNS- ligand by C2O4. The chemical equation is: FeCl3 + 3NH4CNS Fe(CNS)3 + 3NH4Cl Fe(CNS)3 + Na2C2O4 Fe(C2O4) + CNS - + 2Na+ c. Co (II) Complex The purpose of this experiment is to know the formation of Co (II) complex. The salt of CoCl2 that has pink color is reacted with Ethylendiamine and Na2EDTA. This reaction yields [Co(Eth)2]2+ and [Co(EDTA)] complex that has brown and pink color respectively. Te color changing shows that there is complex formation with Co as center atom and ethylendiamine and EDTA as ligand. In this case, ethylendiamine is bidentat ligand.

d. Cu (II) Complex The purpose of this experiment is to know the formation of Cu (II) complex. The salt of CuCl2.2H2O has brown color and it is like a powder, while salt of CuSO4.5H2O has blue color and it is a crystal. All of this smpound is reacted with Ethylendiamine and Na2EDTA. The reaction of CuCl2.2H2O yields [Cu(Eth)2]2+ and [Cu(EDTA)] complex that has brown and pink color respectively. The color changing shows that there is complex formation with Cu as center atom and ethylendiamine and EDTA as ligand. In this case, ethylendiamine is bidentat ligand. The reaction between Cu and ethylendiamine yields [Cu(Eth)2]2+ that has purple color, while with the EDTA yields [Cu(EDTA)]2- that has light blue color.