STEEL & TIMBER DESIGN DAA 3222 BEAMS-BEAMS-

TOPIC OUTLINE
Lateral Restraint Shear & Moment Capacity Local Buckling & Bearing Deflection Design Procedures
General Not Full Restrained Unrestrained

LEARNING OUTCOME
Student would be able:
To identify the degree of lateral restraint To identify the shear & moment capacity of beam structure To calculate shear & moment capacity of beam structure To identify the local buckling, bearing and deflection of beam To calculate buckling resistance, bearing capacity & buckling moment resistance To identify the degree of lateral restraint To design of beam subjected to Lateral-Torsional Buckling

DEFINITION
In building construction, a beam is a horizontal member spanning an opening and carrying a load that may be a brick or stone wall above the opening A beam is a structural member which is subject to transverse loads MUST be designed to withstand shear & moment

BEAMS
Purlin carries the roof load to the trusses Rafter a slopping beam carrying the roof load to the
purlins

Lintel carries the brick or other masonry across the

opening made by a door or a window Joist one of the closely spaced beams supporting the flooring of a building Stringer one of the closely spaced beams running parallel to the roadway and supporting the flooring of a bridge( also called as secondary beam ) Floor Beam the larger beam which are perpendicular to the roadway of the bridge or perpendicular to the joist of the building

1. Jack Rafter 2. Wall Header 3. Common Rafter 4. Hip Rafter 5. Fascia

1. Floor Joist 2. Solid Blocking 3. Beam

Figure 2: Fascia

Figure 3: Roof System

Figure 4: Bridge System

TYPES of BEAM
Simple beam
supported w/out restrained

Overhanging beam
freely supported BUT extended beyond one or both of its supports

Continuous beam
freely supported BUT extended over three or more supports

Fixed-end beam
having its ends fixed against rotation

Restrained beam
partially fixed at one or both ends

Cantilever beam

Figure 7: Beam Types With References to The Method of Support

BEAM LOADS
Types of beams load
1) Concentrated loads from secondary beams & columns 2) Distributed loads from selfweight & floor slab

Classified load
1) Dead loads from self weight, slabs, finishes etc 2) Imposed loads from people, fittings, snow on roof 3) Wind loads mainly on purlins and sheeting rails

BEAM LOADS (contd)

Depending on distribution loading from slab
1) Two way slab-trapezoidal & triangular loads 2) One way slab-uniform load

LATERAL RESTRAINT
Degree of lateral restraint

Full Lateral Restraint

Partial Restraint

Without Restraint

-Lateral torsional stability is assumed adequate -Maybe provided by the concrete floor which sufficiently connected to the beam/bracing member

-D compression by loading make the flange is susceptible to fail by buckling sideway -Overall moment capacity will not be reached

Figure 8: Deform Shape of a Full Lateral-Restrained Beam

Figure 9: Configurations of Full-Lateral-Restrained Beam

Figure 10: Lateral-Torsional Buckling

Figure 11: Lateral Restraint

Figure 12: Deform Shape of A Beam W/out Full Lateral Restraint

DESIGN FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE LATERAL STABILITY

-The length of the member between adequate lateral restraints -The shape of cross-section -The variation of moment along the beam -The form of end restraint provided -The manner in which the load is applied, i.e. to tension or compression

DESIGN PROCEDURE (General)

For Ultimate Limit State:
- shear capacity (Clause 4.4.5) shear force due the design loading must not exceed the shear capacity, the buckling due to shear action also should be considered - moment capacity (Clause 4.2.5.2) bending moments due to the design loading must not exceed the moment capacity. The reduction moment due to high shear and lateral torsional buckling due to insufficient restrained also required.

- local buckling & bearing (Clause 4.5.2 & 4.5.3)

when loads or reactions are applied through the flange to the web, the local resistance of the web should not be exceeded.

For Serviceability Limit State:

- deflection the deflection due to the design loading should not exceed the limits given in Table 8, BS 5950-1:2000

FIGURE 13: FLOW CHART OF BEAM DESIGN (GENERAL)

SHEAR CAPACITY
REMEMBER

The shear force Fv SHOULD NOT be greater than shear capacity Pv

t D

MOMENT CAPACITY

REMEMBER

The Moment due to design load M SHOULD NOT be greater than the moment capacity Mc

LOCAL BUCKLING & BEARING

Figure 14: Cases where The checking of Local Buckling & Bearing Could Be Avoided & Could Not Be Avoided

STIFF BEARING LENGTH

- D stiff bearing length, b1 should be taken as the length of support that cannot deform appreciably in bending - Assume that the load disperses at 450 through d section elements which are firmly fixed together.

Figure 15: Stiff Bearing Length

BUCKLING CAPACITY
If the flange through which the load or reaction is applied is effectively restrained against both
a) rotational relative to the web b) lateral movement relative to the web

Then, provided that d distance ae from d load or reaction to the nearer end of the member is at least 0.7d

Figure 16: Buckling Capacity of An Unstiffended Web

Figure 17: ae & Appropriate Formula For Buckling Resistance

EXAMPLE

BEAM SUBJECTS To LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING

The beam w/out full lateral restrain are susceptible to lateral torsional buckling Generally, it need not be checked separately The ultimate moment capacity & shear capacity should be checked before the lateral torsional buckling D bending strength pb is dependent on the design strength py

FIGURE 14: FLOW CHART OF DESIGN FOR UNRESTRAINED BEAM

 General Principles of Lateral Torsional Buckling

- Is governed by its unrestrained length and its slenderness. - Occurs when the bending moment M reaches the elastic critical moment Mcr. - Idealized case, failure only occur by buckling when MM or M/M 1.0 cr cr

 Effective Length LE & Equivalent Segment Length LLT

- The longest the length, the more susceptible the beam is to lateral torsional buckling. - But the susceptibility to lateral torsional buckling may be limited by the end restraints & the intermediate restraints

Figure 17: A Simple Beam Without Intermediate Lateral Restraint

 Equivalent Slenderness LT
- Generally, for I & H section (cl. 4.3.6.7)

Buckling Moment Resistance M b

- Generally, for I & H section (cl. 4.3.6.4)

Equivalent Uniform Moment

mLT

- For normal loading, the equivalent uniform moment factor for lateral-torsional buckling mLT should be obtained from Table 18 for the pattern of major axis moments over the segment length LLT. - Purpose- to indicate one of the major parameter in determining elastic critical moment Mcr

 2 EH 1 M cr = EI y GJ 1 + 2 mL L GJ
m L EIy G J E H is mLT is either LE or LLT is flexural rigidity about y-axis is shear constant is torsional constant is modulus of elastic is warping section constant (H=Iyh2/4)

-The criterion of the beam to pass the lateral-torsional buckling checking is:
M x M b / mLT &
Mcx Mx

M x M cx

is the major axis moment capacity of the cross section is the maximum major axis moment in the segment

EXAMPLE

HAPPY ENDING