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Introduction What is INTERVENTION? Intervention is the action or process of intervening.

Other definition of intervention is interference done by counselors in the process or guidance and counseling program that is more comprehensive. Counselor allowed performing intervention in the counseling process in accordance with the ethics and rules to solve problems faced by the client. Wikipedia define term of intervention as to the act of using a technique within a therapy session. This act is meaning being counseled. Other term define the intervention is a deliberate process by the changes introduced into the minds of the people, feelings and behavior. The overall objective of intervention is to deal with people in ways that do not threaten and allow them to see destroyed their own behavior, and how it affects individuals, families and friends. It usually involves several people who have prepared themselves to talk to people who have been involved in some kind of self-destructive behavior. In a clear and respectful way, they inform the factual information about his behavior and how it may have affected them. The immediate objective of an intervention is for the self-destructive person to listen and to accept help. Solution-focused therapy The major figures spearheading this approach are Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer, who were trained as brief therapists following the strategic approach of Jay Haley and Cloe Madanes. The theoretical perspective underlying solution-focused therapy is somewhat sparse, because the focus is on generating solutions to problems rather than considering how these problems arose (Nichols & Schwartz, 1998). Solution-focused therapy is a brief therapy treatment that is technique-driven and future-oriented. While problems are the source of therapeutic material, building and maintaining solutions to these problems are the focus of therapy. Assessing motivation is an important aspect of solution-focused therapy. A method for assessing motivation is
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to determine whether or not the client is one of the following: a customer, who recognizes that there is a problem and wants help to try and solve it; a complainant, who sees that a problem exists and wants the therapist to make someone else solve it; or a visitor, who denies that a problem exists and does not want the therapists help (Berg & Miller, 1992). Recently, solution-focused therapists have turned their attention to problem substance use (Berg & Miller, 1992; McCollum & Trepper, 2001; Selekman, 2002). As in solution-focused therapy for other problems and issues, solution-focused therapists working with families of substance users focus on solutions rather than problems; join empathically with family members; negotiate a contract; help clients create measurable goals; help clients develop a vision; track problem-solution sequences; and seek and enlarge successes (McCollum & Trepper, 2001). Solution-focused therapists maintain a focus on positive elements of client behaviors. Some of the techniques used in this therapy include searching out underlying congruent meanings behind opposing goals and positions; using the Miracle Question to develop a positive vision; scaling; tracking problem and solution sequences; listening for exceptions to the problem and calling attention to them; and complimenting successes. SFBT application techniques and questions: Exception Questions. The therapist asks the client to think of a time in their life when the particular problems did not exist or less problematic for them. Miracle Questions. Asking miracle questions help the client envision how the future will be different when the problem is no longer present. Scaling Questions. Scaling is a tool to identify useful differences for the client and may assist in establishing goals. Coping Questions. Coping questions are supportive and start to challenge and shift the focus away from the problem-focused narratives.

The strengths of Solution-focused therapy Client finds solutions to their problems. This can result in a reduction in the symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression and interpersonal relationships may improve. The client and counselor identify clear goals at the start. As a result of this the client and counselor will both know what success looks like and therefore can easily identify when counseling is no longer required.

Play Therapy Play therapy for children is like counseling for adults. Due to children's limited cognitive function, they express emotions through creative play activities. They play out what bothers them inside, like we adults seek counseling to deal with the emotional hurts and wounds. In early 1900, play therapy was first documented by S. Freud in his "Little Hans" case, used play therapy in a 5-yr-old boy had phobia for horse. Freud treated the boy by instructed the father to have play time at home with the son. Apparently, the boy was "healed" later on through play therapy. Since, play therapy has developed by Anna Freud and later by Axline to become Child-Centered Play Therapy in 1947, and spread through USA, and to the East. Malaysia has her humble beginning in 2000. Play Therapy is a specific counseling approach in which games, toys and mediums such as clay, drawings and paint are used to help a child or adolescent to express their emotions, thoughts, wishes and needs. It helps them to understand muddled feelings and upsetting events that they have not had the chance or the skills to sort out properly. Rather than having to explain what is troubling them, as adult therapy usually expects, children use play to communicate at their own level and at their own pace, without feeling interrogated or threatened. Other defined the Play therapy is a
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type of mental health, educational, or developmental intervention that is designed to help children grow up as happy and well-adjusted as possible. It involves the use of play to communicate with children and to help children learn to solve problems and change their negative behaviors. Play Therapy can be useful for any child of four years and older. It can help to become aware of what feelings and how these feelings manifest in behavior or one's body. They can learn how to become better at regulating emotions and expressing them in constructive ways. They can discover who they are and what their strong and weak points, needs, wishes, thoughts and dreams are. Play Therapy is effective to use for adolescents. Sessions focus on creative techniques to help adolescents become aware of and understand their feelings and thoughts. An example would be to ask the adolescent to draw a situation, feeling or dream, enact it or model it in clay. Play therapy is an effective aid in assisting adolescents to learn about themselves, clear up their cluttered emotions or thoughts, and learn to accept themselves and to become more mature and self-confident. Play therapy also provides opportunities to experiment with new behavior in a safe environment, be it in individual therapy or in group therapy. Group work is quite effective for making friends, becoming assertive, and learning skills and coping mechanisms from other teenagers who experience similar problems or challenges. How to use Play therapy There are five steps to get started on play therapy; 1. Time Management Create pockets of time throughout the day. 10 minutes at first, but eventually up to 30 minutes with no distractions such as telephones or televisions, errands or chores. Wait for 10 minutes to ensure attention is undivided.

2. Non-Verbal Communication The next change is to stop talking. Eye contact, facial expressions and gestures

reinforce non-verbal relationship skills and build up the trust between two people. 3. Declarative Language When words become necessary, the most effective use of language is declarative or descriptive language instead of questions or commands. In her recent article on

episodic memory, Linda Murphy states that declarative language can help another person to learn how to observe, reflect, and share a subjective appraisal. Declarative language does not require a verbal response. Rather, it invites experience-sharing, and provides an ideal social framework for later conversational interactions. Declarative language encourages a sense of balance in a relationship that when one person offers information then other person will naturally want to add something to that information. 4. Joining and Challenging Taking part and joining whatever the activities is done. Example if she/hes tapping his fork on the table, I pick up a fork and match his rhythm. The hardest part of play therapy, according to Dr. Greenspan, is challenging the pattern of play and adding innovations to it. For example, I could change the rhythm of the fork on the table, or stop and restart the rhythm at a different pace, then wait for my son to follow. Dr. Greenspan clarifies that the goal is to become an enticing human plaything. Instead of interrupting or competing with the activity, you become part of it. 5. Collaborative and Pretend Play Collaborative play happens when partners contribute to a common goal. The partners challenge each other and change their plan as problems arise. Pretend play can be tricky, because it may be scripted and not reflect the childs inner world but it begins with re-enactments from the childs own experience and develop to the new stage.

The strengths of Play Therapy Easy to apply and conduct the therapy using games, toys or anything that bring the positive energy and able for client become more relax. Play therapy can improve communication and be able to evaluate them. Allows create problems and enhance to trust other people.

The Weakness of Play therapy Clients are not interested and think the game is not suitable for adults. Most of play therapy is more likely to overcome the problems of children.

Art Therapy Art therapy is the therapeutic use of art making, within a professional relationship, by people who experience illness, trauma or challenges in living, and by people who seek personal development. Through creating art and reflecting on the art products and processes, people can increase awareness of self and others, cope with symptoms, stress and traumatic experiences, enhance cognitive abilities, and enjoy the lifeaffirming pleasures of making art. In other definition, Art therapy is a form of expressive therapy that uses the creative process of making art to improve a persons physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The creative process involved in expressing ones self artistically can help people to resolve issues as well as develop and manage their behaviors and feelings, reduce stress, and improve self-esteem and awareness. From The New Medicine define Art therapy as a therapy that involves the creation of art in order to increase awareness of self and others. This in turn may promote personal development, increase coping skills, and enhance cognitive function. It is based on personality theories, human development, psychology, family systems, and art education. Art therapists are trained in both art and psychological therapy.

Art as therapy is generally used as a treatment for something that usually as a way to improve ones emotional state or mental well-being. Expressive arts therapy doesnt have to be used only as a treatment though. It can be used to relieve stress or tension, or it can be used as a mode of self-discovery. Many people can stand to use some sort of creative outlet. Art therapy can achieve different things for different people. It can be used for counseling by therapists, healing, treatment, rehabilitation, psychotherapy, and in the broad sense of the term, art therapy can be used to massage ones inner-self in a way that may provide the individual with a deeper understanding of him or herself. The most special of using art as therapy is the ability for a person to express feelings through any form of art. Though there are other types of expressive therapies to performing arts, such as painting, drawing, photography, sculpture, or a variety of other types of visual art expression. The strengths of Art therapy Resolve emotional conflicts, increase self-awareness and spirit. Build social awareness and change behavior. Build problem-solving strategies and mastery of life skills.

The weakness of Art Therapy Art therapy requires the cooperation of the client and the client shy and reluctant to talk about their feelings and problems through art, therapy will not succeed. Counselor misconceptions and interpretations of the painting or work of art will cause an issue with clients not could be resolved. Take a long time to show results healing of the client.

Bibliotherapy Bibliotherapy is an old concept in library science. The ancient Greeks put great faith in the power of literature, posting a sign above their library doors describing itself as a "healing place for the soul. The basic concept of bibliotherapy is that reading is a healing experience. Literary sources can assist with the resolution of complex problems. Simply mean, bibliotherapy can be defined as the use of books to help people solve problems. (Pardeck,1989) define bibliotherapy is a family of technique for structuring interaction between a facilitator and a participant based on mutual sharing of literature. The idea of healing through books is from the first libraries in Greece (Bibliotherapy,1982). The use of books in healing, however, has been interpreted differently by classical scholars, physicians, psychologists, social workers, nurses, parents, teachers, librarians, and counselors. There is, in fact, confusion in determining the dividing line between reading guidance and bibliotherapy (Smith, 1989). And the vast amount of professional literature that is available on bibliotherapy (Eppele, 1989) naturally mirrors the point of view of the helping professional who wrote it and the field in which he or she is an expert. Bibliotherapy is a psychological treatment that incorporates appropriate books or other written materials, usually intended to be read outside of psychotherapy sessions, into the treatment regimen. The goal of bibliotherapy is to broaden and deepen the client's understanding of the particular problem that requires treatment. The written materials may educate the client about the disorder itself or be used to increase the client's acceptance of a proposed treatment. Many people find that the opportunity to read about their problem outside the therapist's office facilitates active participation in their treatment and promotes a stronger sense of personal responsibility for recovery. In addition, many are relieved to find that others have had the same disorder or problem and have coped successfully with it or recovered from it. From the therapist's standpoint, providing a client with specific information or assignments to be completed outside regular in-office sessions speeds the progress of therapy. Bibliotherapy has been applied in a variety of settings to many kinds of psychological problems.
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Practitioners have reported successful use of bibliotherapy in treating eating disorders, anxiety and mood disorders, agoraphobia, alcohol and substance abuse, and stressrelated physical disorders. Bibliotherapy intervention may be undertaken for many reasons: 1. To develop an individual's self-concept 2. Increase an individual's understanding of human behavior or motivations 3. Foster an individual's honest self-appraisal 4. Provide a way for a person to find interests outside of self 5. Relieve emotional or mental pressure 6. Show an individual that he or she is not the first or only person to encounter such a problem 7. Show an individual that there is more than one solution to a problem 8. Help a person discuss a problem more freely 9. Help an individual plan a constructive course of action to solve a problem. How to use Bibliotherapy: Bibliotherapy originally used existing texts. Literature that touched on the particular subject relevant to provided the source material. Bibliotherapy included guidelines to follow for dealing with the counseling issues such as; 1. Motivate the individual or individuals with introductory activities 2. Provide time for reading the material 3. Allow incubation time 4. Provide follow-up discussion time, using questions that will lead persons from literal recall of information through interpretation, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of that information 5. Conduct evaluation and direct the individual or individuals toward closure.

The strengths of Bibliotherapy Good for individuals can neither be reprimanded nor quickly felt, internal processes indirectly. Nurture students to read The concept of do it yourself

The weakness of Bibliotherapy Not be carried out to individuals who cannot read. More effectively to the individual a more adult, more mature to understand and apply what is read.

Music Therapy Music therapy is defined as the use of music in the treatment of people of all ages who have problems of a mental, physical, and emotional nature. Music therapy is heal therapy that uses music as a medium to address physical, psychological, emotional, social, cognitive, or behavioral needs of individuals. A music therapist conducts a variety of musical intervention to meet an individual's needs, aiming to improve the quality of life for healthy people who seek personal growth and those with illnesses. There are research shown that music has an effect on your body and psyche. Those who practice music therapy are finding a benefit in using music to help cancer patients, children with ADD, help with pain management, to help ward off depression, to calm patients, to ease muscle tension, and other. As known that music affects the body and mind in many powerful ways. Music can also be used to bring a more positive state of mind, helping to keep depression and anxiety. Music with a strong beat can stimulate brainwaves to resonate in sync with the beat, with faster beats bringing sharper concentration and more alert thinking, and a slower tempo promoting a calm then meditative state. With alterations in brainwaves
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come changes in other bodily functions. Those governed by the autonomic nervous system, such as breathing and heart rate can also be altered by the changes music can bring. This can mean slower breathing, slower heart rate, and an activation of the relaxation response, among other things. This is why music and music therapy can help counteract or prevent the damaging effects of chronic stress, greatly promoting not only relaxation, but health. Music therapy has been found to be as effective for children and adolescents with psychopathology. Gold, Voracek, and Wigram (2004) looked at 10 previous studies conducted between 1970 and 1998 to examine the overall efficacy of music therapy on children and adolescents with psychopathology, which can be broken down into three distinct categories: behavioral disorders, emotional disorders, and developmental disorders. The results found that music therapy with these clients has a highly significant, medium to large effect on clinically relevant outcomes. More specifically, music therapy was most effective on subjects with mixed diagnoses. Another important result was that the effects of music therapy are more enduring when more sessions are provided. Music therapists work with these adolescents on increasing emotional and cognitive stability, identifying contributing factors of current distress, and initiating changes to alleviate that distress. Music therapy may also focus on improving quality of life and building self-esteem, a sense self-worth, and confidence. Improvements in these areas can be measured by a number of tests, including qualitative questionnaires like Becks Depression Inventory, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Relationship Change Scale. Effects of music therapy can also be observed in the patients demeanor, body language, and changes in awareness of mood. Group music therapy can include group discussions concerning moods and emotions into music, songwriting, and musical improvisation. Groups emphasizing mood recognition and awareness, group cohesion, and improvement in self-esteem can be effective in working with adolescents.

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The strengths of Music therapy Music therapy able to stimulate physical strength, the patient in a position to provide a lot of pain, providing emotional support to patients and families, and give them the opportunity to ease tensions, feelings and thoughts. Music intended for the restoration, preservation and improvement of mental and physical health. Changes in cognitive, social and emotional health can be achieved through specific musical techniques. The weakness of Music therapy Music therapy takes a long time in the process of client care and treatment within the time prescribed by the counselor. Music methods used in counseling sessions differ from each client. Some clients require a more gentle rhythm of the melody or louder. Focus on the problems of only a few and there is a possibility where clients are not interested in the music selected.

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Article critiques Title : Dance and Drama Therapy for the Treatment of Eating Disorders. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating are affecting ever-greater numbers of people in North America and are spreading quickly to other parts of the world. Most sufferers are women though there are an increasing number of men. Many are teen-agers. Some are children as young as seven. There are many theories about why eating disorders exist and how they should be treated. The causes, complex and different for each individual, are usually a combination of stresses experienced in childhood and our cultures pressures to be thin. They are also responses to our societys negative attitudes towards the body. Individuals who develop eating disorder symptoms, whether the self-starvation of anorexia, the bingeing and purging cycles of bulimia or the compulsive over-eating of binge eating, are trying to cope with unmanageable feelings. We are all brainwashed to believe that if we were beautiful and thin, we would be successful and happy. For someone overwhelmed by their lifes problems, it is easier to focus on controlling their body. Because the symptomatic arena of struggle speaks through the body, it is important to address this directly in treatment. Dance and Drama Therapy are both creative, experiential approaches. They engage what is healthy in us and offer activities which give positive experiences in and through the body. Negative body image is central to these illnesses. Body image is how we see our bodies in our minds, how we feel inside and talk to ourselves about our bodies. Someone with anorexia will see themselves as being very fat, inspire of the fact they are extremely thin. Someone with bulimia or binge eating may see themselves more realistically but will hate how they look. Eating disorders are a way to communicate feelings such as abandonment, rage, fear, grief, and shame. People with eating disorders often speak of an emptiness or void inside. If anything they fear they are filled with a monster. The symptoms can be seen as a kind of
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fortress that protects from feeling. They are coping tools that are very hard to give up. In denial, the individual will often refuse treatment. But, they are very serious illnesses damaging to the mind, body and spirit. There are many suicides as well as deaths from physical complications. The specific behaviors are the tip of the iceberg. In treatment it is crucial to attend to the underlying experience. I have used creative, body-oriented treatment in hospital settings and in private practice. Dance therapy is the intentional use of body awareness and movement to bring growth and healing. It teaches us listen to, and trust, what our bodies tell us about ourselves. Because it is non-verbal, movement therapy bypasses the wall of defenses that talking often re-inforces. Drama therapy helps us understand the roles and patterns we use to express feelings by learning to choose ones that are helpful and transform those that are not. Clients are assisted to remain in the present moment, bringing awareness to their experience, thus gaining knowledge about unconscious feelings and beliefs. Thus they can make more effective choices and create a bridge to their embodied selves. I often begin sessions with simple stretches and movement patterns, perhaps combined with drawing or storytelling. This allows safe exploration of the body, relieves tension, and teaches healthy self-nurturing. Negative attitudes are transformed. One woman who had abused herself for years began to describe herself as graceful and glided with pleasure through the room. In role-play we discover that the illness is both best friend and demon. One client had a breakthrough when she chose her sister for support, instead of the anorexia. In another a girl pushed bulimia away with a forceful NO!. Dance and drama therapy both practice setting limits with others. Feeling safe in the body helps relationships by increasing connection with others, instead of the eating disorder. Safe-space dances can bring tears of relief. The sources of pain blocked by the self-abuse of eating disorders need to be carefully opened and take a long time to heal. There is no magic cure. Dance and drama therapy can
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thaw these defenses so individuals can find themselves. By joining with their bodies, they are able to accept all aspects of themselves. Thus they gain deep, vital roots to growth. New experiences of self-care create satisfying, fulfilling lives that no longer need an eating disorder. The empty space within flowers into a fully embodied and empower sense of self.

Dance and drama therapy is a therapy that is used by a counselor in solving clients who fully believe that thin is beautiful. Clients to consider the surrounding area have always distinguished the form of a body. Beliefs and assumptions that the clients live within their causes often avoid food and sometimes vomit after eating food. This behavior result Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating. Problems faced by this client are called food disorders. People with Eating Disorder 1. Way to communicate feelings such as abandonment, rage, fear, grief, and shame. 2. Fear they are filled with a monster. The symptoms can be seen as a kind of fortress that protects from feeling. 3. Speak of emptiness or void inside. Counselor use dance therapy and drama to create awareness and body movement to bring growth and healing. It teaches the client to listen, and trust, our bodies tell us about themselves. through therapy is not verbal, ie body language, the client will better understand the needs of themselves and leave the impression that thin is beautiful and thinner is more beautiful. In this therapy, the nearest human is a person who is very important for solving the problems of client support. This is because the client requires not only awareness but support to solve their food disorders. Counselors are combining dance and drama in therapy could break the defense so then the client can find self. By joining with their bodies, they can receive all aspects of themselves. As such, they have deep, important for the growth of roots. Self-care experience to create satisfying, fulfilling life that no longer requires an eating disorder.

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However, this therapy requires a long process of counseling and cooperation from the client to fix the problem. Event continues push and client perception of them, this therapy cannot be used. Counselor may require a long time to create awareness and build trust with clients. This is because the notion that inherent in the client had already formed over a long time before they meet with a counselor.

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