WindTurbineGeneratorModel

DrMSRMurty

Windpower
Themainadvantagesofelectricitygenerationfrom renewablesourcesaretheabsenceofharmfulemissions andtheinfiniteavailabilityoftheprimemoverthatis convertedintoelectricity. Onewayofgeneratingelectricityfromrenewablesources istousewindturbinesthatconverttheenergycontainedin flowingairintoelectricity. Uptothismoment,theamountofwindpowerintegrated intolargescaleelectricpowersystemsonlycoversasmall partofthetotalpowersystemload.Therestofthepower systemloadisforthelargestpartcoveredbyconventional thermal,nuclear,andhydropowerplants.

Windpowergeneration:Working principle
Rotor extractskineticenergyfromthewind andconvertsitintoamechanicaltorque Generatingsystem,whichconverts thistorqueintoelectricity.

Windturbinetypes
Threetypesbasedonthegeneratingsystem andthewayinwhichtheaerodynamic efficiencyoftherotorislimitedduringhigh windspeeds Generatingsystemstypes: 1. Squirrelcageinductiongenerator 2. Doublyfed(woundrotor)induction generator 3. Directdrivesynchronousgenerator

Squirrelcageinductiongenerator
Conventional,directlygridcoupledsquirrelcage inductiongenerator. Theslip,andhencetherotorspeedofasquirrelcage inductiongeneratorvarieswiththeamountofpower generated. Theserotorspeedvariationsare,however,verysmall, approximately1to2percent. Therefore,thiswindturbinetypeisnormallyreferred toasaconstantspeedorfixedspeedturbine. Canrunattwodifferent(butconstant)speedsby changingthenumberofpolepairsofthestator winding.

 Asquirrelcageinductiongeneratoralways consumesreactivepower.Inmostcases,this isundesirable,particularlyincaseoflarge turbinesandweakgrids. Reactivepowerconsumptionofthesquirrel cageinductiongeneratorisnearlyalways partlyorfullycompensatedbycapacitorsin ordertoachieveapowerfactorclosetoone.

Variablespeedturbines
Toallowvariablespeedoperation,themechanicalrotor speedandtheelectricalfrequencyofthegridmustbe decoupled. Inthedoublyfedinductiongenerator,abacktoback voltagesourceconverterfeedsthethreephaserotor winding. Inthisway,themechanicalandelectricalrotorfrequency aredecoupledandtheelectricalstatorandrotorfrequency canbematched,independentlyofthemechanicalrotor speed. Inthedirectdrivesynchronousgenerator,thegeneratoris completelydecoupledfromthegridbyapowerelectronics converter.

Squirrelcageinductiongenerator,

Doublyfed(woundrotor)induction generator

Directdrivesynchronousgenerator

MeritsandDemerits

WindpowerExpression

Pwisthemechanicalpowerextractedfromthe airflow[W], Dtheairdensity[kg/m3], cptheperformancecoefficientorpowercoefficient, thetipspeedratiovt/vw,(theratio betweenthebladetipspeedvt andthewindspeed upstreamtherotorvw [m/s]) thebladepitchangle[deg],and Ar theareasweptbytherotor[m2].

WindSpeeds
cutinwindspeed(intheorderof35m/s)and nominalwindspeedorratedwindspeed:wind speedatwhichthenominalpoweroftheturbine isreached(between11m/sand16m/s) cutoutwindspeed:Whenthewindspeed becomesveryhigh,theenergycontainedinthe airflowandthestructuralloadsontheturbine becometoohighandtheturbineistakenoutof operation.Dependingonwhetherthewind turbineisoptimizedforloworhighwindspeeds, (between17and30m/s).

 Whenthewindspeedincreasestolevelsabovethe nominalwindspeed,thegeneratedpowercannotbe increasedfurther,becausethiswouldleadto overloadingofthegeneratorand/or,ifpresent,the converter.Therefore,theaerodynamicefficiencyofthe rotormustbereduced,inordertolimitthepower extractedfromthewindtothenominalpowerofthe generatingsystem. Thiscorrespondstoareductionoftheperformance coefficientcpinandcanbeachievedintwoways. Thefirstwayistodesign

Aerodynamicefficiencyreduction
Stallcontrol: designtherotorbladesinsuchawaythat theirefficiencyinherentlydecreaseswhenthe windspeedincreasestovaluesabovenominal cpisnotdependentonthepitchangle Pitchcontrol:reducestheaerodynamic efficiencyoftherotoristoturnthebladesout ofthewindusinghydraulicmechanismsor electricmotors.

Control
Pitchcontrolrequiresactivecontrolsystems toturntheblades. Nowadaysstallcontrolismainlyusedin constantspeedturbines,whereas Pitchcontrolisusedinvariablespeed turbines.

Typicalpowercurvesforaconstantspeed,stallcontrolled (dashed)andvariablespeedpitchcontrolled(solid)wind turbine.

WindPowerGenerationversus ConventionalPowerGeneration
Inwindturbines,generatingsystemsdifferent fromthesynchronousgeneratorusedin conventionalpowerplantsareapplied. Theprimemoverofwindturbines,i.e.thewind, cannotbecontrolled,andfluctuatesrandomly. Uptothismoment,thegeneratedpowerofwind turbinesiscompletelydeterminedbythewind speedandnotcontrolledanyfurther. Typicalsizeofwindturbinesismuchlowerthan thatofaconventionalpowerplant.

Impactsofwindpower
Localimpacts: inthe(electrical)vicinityofa windturbineorwindparkthatcanbe attributedtoaspecificturbineorpark,i.e.of whichthecausecanbelocalized. Localimpactsdifferforthethreemainwind turbinetypes. Systemwideimpacts:stronglyrelatedtothe penetrationlevelinthesystemasawhole.

LocalImpacts
Windpowerlocallyhasanimpactonthe followingaspectsofapowersystem: branchflowsandnodevoltages protectionschemes,faultcurrentsand switchgearratings harmonics flicker

Systemwideimpacts
dynamicsandstability reactivepowergeneration/voltagecontrol possibilities systembalancing:frequencycontroland dispatchoftheremainingconventionalunits

Modeling
Bladeelementimpulsemethod:knowledgeof aerodynamicsandthesimulationofawind speedfieldincludingthespatialcorrelation betweenitsindividualelements,ratherthanthe simulationofasinglepointwindspeed.Requires detailedknowledgeofthewindturbineblade geometry Quasistatic rotormodel:analgebraicrelationship betweenthewindspeedandthemechanical powerextractedfromthewind.Usedinpower systemstudies

Constantspeedwindturbinemodel

Variablespeedwindturbinemodel (DFIG)

PitchanglecontrollerModel

TerminalVoltageControllerModel

DirectdriveSynchGeneratormodel

Characteristiccoefficeient
Calculatedfromthepowercurvegiven

Filter
Filterforsmoothingofhighfrequencywindspeed variationsovertherotorsurface.

ShaftModel

fisthenominalgridfrequency[Hz],Tistorque[p.u.],(isthe angulardisplacementbetweenthetwoendsoftheshaft [electricalradians], Tisrotationalspeed[p.u.],Histheinertiaconstant[s]andKs istheshaftstiffness[p.u.torque/electricalradians].

GeneratorModelequations

Allquantitiesareinperunit.Iindices dandqindicate thedirectandquadrature axiscomponentsand sandrindicatestatorandrotorquantities. Thedqreferenceframeisrotatingatthesynchronousspeedwiththeqaxis leadingthedaxisby90.

TorquebalanceEquation

WindTurbine

InductionGenerator

DirectDriveSynchgenerator

PSS/EModel

SubsystemsModelsIneraction

GridConnectionofWindTurbines
Althoughstandalonewindbatteryorwind dieselsystemsdoexist,themajorityofwind turbinesiserectedincountrieswithan extendedelectricitygridandthesearehence connectedtothisgrid. Thegridconnectionofsolitarywindturbines isrelativelystraightforward.

 Voltageattheturbinesterminalsisnormally lowerthanthevoltageofthegridtowhichitis connected,leadingtotheneedforatransformer. Further,switchgearisnecessarytodisconnectthe windturbineincaseofashortcircuitorinorder topreventwhatiscalledislanding,asituationin whichasmallpartofthegridcontinuesto operatewithalocalbalancebetweengeneration andload,butwithoutbeingconnectedtothe mainsystem.

 Whenlargenumbersofwindturbinesare connectedtoasystemandtheyreplacea substantialfractionoftheoutputofthe conventionalsynchronousgenerators,theywill starttoaffectvariousaspectsofthesystem behaviour. Thiswillparticularlybethecaseduringperiods withlowloadsandhighwindspeeds,becausein thesesituationstherelativecontributionofwind powerisatitsmaximum.

 Aslongasthepowergeneratedbythepowerplants canbecontrolled,thisisnotaprincipalproblem, althoughthedispatchofthegeneratingcapacity,i.e. determiningwhichpowerplantsshouldbeoperatedto supplytheloadmosteffectivelyandefficientlywhile takingintoaccountfuelpricesandthetechnical characteristicsoftheplantinventory,isnot straightforwardatall. However,asignificantcontributionofgenerators whoseoutputisnotcontrolled,suchasthepresent windturbines,posesaprincipalproblemgiventodays systembalancingpractices,becausesuchgenerators cannotcontributetomaintainingthesystembalance.

 Theleveluptowhichgeneratorswhoseoutputisnotcontrolledcan contributetothedemandforelectricitywithoutadditional measuresandthenatureofandextenttowhichadditional measuresmustbetakeninordertoallowfurthergrowthofthe contributionofsuchgenerators,dependsonmanyfactors,suchas: theloadcurveofthesystem thedegreeofcorrelationbetweentheloadandtheavailabilityof theprimaryenergysourceusedbytheuncontrolledgenerators thecharacteristicsoftheremainingcontrollablepowerplants thenetworktopology Increasingpenetrationofuncontrolledgeneratorssuchaswind turbineseventuallyleadstoproblemsinkeepingthesystem balanced.

Salientfeaturesofthe1.25MW Suzlon (S 64)makeWEG

1.HigherEfficiency Designedtoachieveincreased efficiencyandcoefficientofpower(Cp) 2.MinimumStressandLoad Wellbalancedweight distributionensureslowerstatic&dynamicloads. 3.ShockLoadfreeOperation Advanced hydrodynamicfluidcouplingabsorbspeakloadsand vibrations. 4.IntelligentControl Nextgenerationtechnologies appliedbyextensiveoperationalexperiencemaximizes yield.

 5.MaximumPowerFactor Highspeedasynchronous generatorwithamultistageintelligentswitching compensationsystemdeliverspowerfactorupto0.99. 6.ClimaticShield Hermeticallysheltered,advanced overvoltageandlightningprotectionsystem 7.UniqueMicroPitchingControl Unmatchedfine pitchingwith0.1 resolutiontoextracteverypossible unitofpower. 8.Gridfriendly Gridfriendlydesigngenerates harmonicsfreepuresinusoidalpower.

PowerCurveforSuzlon (S 33)0.35 MWWEG

Inductiongeneratorequivalent.

ElectricalGridmodel(simplified)

electricalgridconsistsofavoltagesource,ashortcircuit impedance,acapacitorbank,aresistancerepresentinglossesand activeconsumptionintheinstallation,thenecessaryswitchesand finallyaninductiongenerator.

Modelofthemechanicalsystem, electricalequivalent.

Therotorinertiaisconsideredtobemuchlargerthanboththe transmissioninertiaandthegearinertia.Thismakesitpossible toneglectbothCkandCG.

Atypicalexampleofreactivepower compensationbytheuseofcapacitor banks Thepowerfactorversustheactivepower production

WindDieselPowerSystem

LowOrderModeling
Electricalpartofthemachineisrepresentedbyafourthorder statespacemodelandthemechanicalpartbyasecondorder system. Allelectricalvariablesandparametersarereferredtothestator.All statorandrotorquantitiesareinthearbitrarytwoaxisreference frame(dq frame). AProportionalIntegral(PI)controllerisusedtocontroltheblade pitchangleinordertolimittheelectricoutputpowertothe nominalmechanicalpower. Thepitchangleiskeptconstantatzerodegreewhenthemeasured electricoutputpowerisunderitsnominalvalue.Whenitincreases aboveitsnominalvaluethePIcontrollerincreasesthepitchangle tobringbackthemeasuredpowertoitsnominalvalue.

Simulink Model

Theinputofthewindturbineandcontroller blockarethewindspeed(m/s)andthespeed (p.u.),whiletheoutputsarethemechanical power(p.u.)andthepitchangle(degrees).