A STUDY ON CALORIFIC VALUES OF BIOMASS AND ITS ELEMENTARY COMPOSITION

Name: Vijay Krishna Moka Roll Number: 108ME062 Supervisor: Prof.S.K.Patel

ABSTRACT: In this study the relationship between calorific energy value and elementary composition (carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen) of biomass is discussed. INTRODUCTION: Biomass is one of the promising renewable energy sources and is utilized as solid, liquid and gas fuels. Today bioenergy is the second largest commercial renewable energy source. Current total biomass use for energy is in the range of 12% of world primary energy consumption, mainly in traditional applications for cooking and heating in developing countries. Also in some industrial countries, the interest in using wood for heating purposes is increasing. Biomass can be converted into energy (heat or electricity) or energy carriers (charcoal, oil, or gas) using both thermochemical and biochemical conversion technologies. Combustion is the most developed and most frequently applied process used for solid biomass fuels because of its low costs and high reliability. During combustion, the biomass first loses its moisture at temperatures up to 100C, using heat from other particles that release their heat value. As the dried particle heats up, volatile gases containing hydrocarbons, CO, CH4 and other gaseous components are released. In a combustion process, these gases contribute about 70% of the heating value of the biomass. Finally, char oxidises and ash remains. CALORIFIC VALUE : The calorific value is one of the most important characteristics of a fuel, and it is useful for planning and control of the combustion plants. It indicates the amount of heat that develops from the mass (weight) in its complete combustion with oxygen in a calorimeter standardize. ELEMENTARY ANALYSIS: The carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N) determination in biomass represents the so-called elementary analysis. These elements are detected by an elemental analyser. About 200 mg of sample are burned at 900 C in an oxygen atmosphere, so the C is converted into CO2, H in H20 and the N in N2. The first two compounds are detected quantitatively by an IR detector, while N2 is determined by a thermal conductivity detector.

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LITERATURE SURVEY

Year 2010

Author I. Librenti, E. Ceotto, M. DiCandilo

Journal, volume-page
BIOMASS CHARACTERISTI CS AND ENERGY CONTENTS OF DEDICATED LIGNOCELLULO SIC CROPS,

Experimental/statistical Theoretical/Analytical Experimental

Software used __

Method used ASTM D185704, UNI CEN/TS 14918, ASTM 5373

Major findings A high C/N ratio implies that material can be easily burnt and, therefore, suitable for thermochemical conversion, on the contrary a low C/N ratio indicates that is most suitable for biochemical processes.

3.2-5 2010 IoannisGrava los, DimitriosKat eris, PanagiotisXy radakis, TheodorosGi alamas. Augoustinos Augousti, AnastasiosG eorgiades, ZisisTsiropo ulos
A STUDY ON CALORIFIC ENERGY VALUES OF BIOMASS RESIDUEPELLET S FOR HEATING PURPOSES,

Experimental

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ASTMD 3174-97, ASTM D201596, ASTM D201596, ASAE S358.2, ASAE S319.3

Root and main stem had the same calorific energy values. The lowest mean calorific energy value in all plant organs was observed at Cotton leaves. Also seeds and flowers have the highest energy values due to higher lipid content.

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METHODOLOGY: The correlations of the calorific value (HHV; MJ kg-1) of biomass vs. the elementary composition in order to discuss if those correlations were applicable to biomass. The correlation is obtained by Multiple Regression Analysis of three variables namely carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. For simplicity, the correlation that only includes the percentage of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen as expressed by equation follows: HHV = a H + b C + c N + d Where, C, H and N are the mass percentage of carbon, hydrogen & nitrogen in biomass, respectively; a, b, c and d are the constant parameters. MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS: It allows us to control for many other factors that simultaneously affect the dependant variable. Multiple regression models can accomaodate many elementary variables that can be correlated, we can hope to intercasality in cases where simple regression analysis would be misleading. It can be utilized for forecasting purposes. That method looks at how a no.of variables had affected dependent variable historically. From this , the relationship between these variables and the dependent variable can be expressed as : Y= A + B1X1 + B2X2 BnXn + E Where, Y= predicted dependent variable value ; B= coefficients corresponding to the independent variables ;A= value of Y when all Xs are zero ; N = no.of independent variables ;E = an error term ;X = independent variables By forecasting the independent variables, we can predict the dependent one. However to essertain that the relationships are not coincidental, we must first assess the correlation between the dependent and independent variables. We can accomplish this by Pearson Correlation Coefficient R to each independent variable. This tells us the how much of the change in dependent variable can be explained by change in dependent one. Those variables with a high R-Suared should then be used for multiple regression. The same correlation can be applied for multiple independent variables to assertain how much change in dependent variable can be explained by changes in all independent variables. R Squared = (BXY-Navg(Y)^2)/(YY-Navg(Y)^2) Where, B,X & Y are matrixes of all possible combinations of B,X&Y respectively. Adjusted R square is calculated by correcting the no of independent variables in a multiple regression analysis. The formula : Adj RSq = (1-(1-RSq)*((n-1)/(n-k))). It is often used to compare the models involving diferent no.of coefficients. Software used: Regression Forecasting Publisher: Business Spreadsheets Page: 3

WORK SCHEDULE: Literature survey ( jul-sep) Data collection & Analysis (oct-dec) Development of equation (jan-feb) Results & discussion (mar-apr)

EXPERIMENTAL DATA: BIOMASS Bagasse Coir pitch Ground nut Saw dust Straw Wood Hemp Sorghum Giant reed Miscanthus Switch grass Poplar Willow Black locust Fruit bunches Mesocarp fibre Kernel shell C% 47.00 41.27 33.90 52.28 35.90 52.30 46.90 46.10 47.70 47.50 48.80 48.60 48.70 48.30 45.53 46.92 46.68 H% 6.50 4.02 4.97 5.20 5.28 5.20 5.90 5.70 5.90 5.90 5.80 6.00 6.10 5.90 5.46 5.89 5.86 N% 0.00 0.51 1.10 0.47 0.17 0.50 0.84 0.74 0.23 1.02 0.46 0.37 0.63 1.00 0.45 1.12 1.01 HHV (Mj/Kg) 17.50 16.75 18.85 18.50 15.50 18.50 15.00 12.60 10.10 10.00 8.70 8.60 8.50 10.30 20.41 22.71 21.68

Experimental Data Source:

Hemp Sorghum Giant reed Miscanthus Switch grass Poplar Willow Black locust

ASTM 5373, Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Laboratory Samples of Coal.

Fruit bunches Mesocarp fibre Kernel shell

Nunez-Regueira, L., J.A. Rodriguez-Anon, J. ProupinCastineiras, A. Vilanova-Diz and N. Montero-Santovena, 2001. Determination of calorific values of forest waste biomass by static bomb calorimetry. Thermochemica Acta, 371: 23-31.

Bagasse Coir pitch Ground nut Saw dust Straw Wood

A.S. Ramadhas et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 87 (2006) 849 853 Page: 4

REFERENCES:

ASTM 5373,Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Laboratory Samples of Coal. ASTM Standards D2015-96. (1998). Standard test method for gross calorific value of coal and coke by the adiabatic bomb calorimeter. In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 5, Vol. 05.05. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 239247. Angelini L. G., Ceccarini L., Nassi N., Bonari E. (2009), Comparison of Arundo Donax L. And Miscanthus x giganteus in a long-term field experiment in Central Italy: Analysis of productive characteristics and energy balance, Biomass and Bioenergy 33, 635-643. Di Candilo M., Ceotto E., Diozzi M. (2008). Comparison of 7 ligno-cellulosic biomass feedstock species: 6-years results in the Low Po Valley. In: Rossi Pisa P. (ed.) 10th Congress of the European Society of Agronomy, Bologna, Multi-functional Agriculture, Agriculture as a Resource for Energy and Environmental Preservation. Italian Journal of Agronomy/Rivista di Agronomia, Vol. 3, No. 3 suppl., 481-482. A.S. Ramadhas et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 87 (2006) 849 853
European Commission. (2008) EU action against climate change. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/climateaction/eu_action/index_en.htm.

Software used: Regression Forecasting ; Publisher: Business Spreadsheets. Available at: www.download.cnet.com.

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