HomeOffice A

._

w
cb

LIFE THE IN UNITED KINGDOM

Journeyto Citizenship

publication'validraken April The official for tesrs from 2002 For informationLife theuK on in tests, www.lifeintheuktest.qov.uk visit

infiomation & publishing solutions

xrso
Publrshed (Ihe byI50 Stationery and 0ffice) available fiom: O [rown copyright 2007 -978-0-11141313 -3 lsEN 0nline wwwtsoshoo.(o.uk Mail,Telephone, tax E-mail &

m
P0 29 Box NorwichlGN NR3

Second Fifth edition. imoresion 2008 publication approved Ihis has been by Ministen has status. and official

Ielephone 600 orden/General enquiries:0870 5s22 topyri!htthe in contents, the the cover, design the and typographical anangement ofthis Fax oder: 08706m5511 rests with (rown otheruise oublication the unles stated. E-mail: customer.servi(es@tso.co.uk The contents publicationbe ofthis may reproduced fiee ofcharge format inany or 240 Textphone0870 3701 mediumthe for purpose ofprivate research orfor and study internal within circulation organisations.Thist0the issubject contents reproducd being ac(urately ina and not way implies status. publisher toreproduce that official Any wishing content the ofthis publication not orreplicateHome (rest replicate T50Shopsl6Arthurstreet must use the 0ffice 0r version's the official Belfast46D BT1 style appearance, the design, must present publication and includingcover and not their publications may as an being official as this confusepublic reproduted the lhe material (rown Textphone0289023 8451 must acknowledged copyrightthe 0fthe be publication The as and title specified. Fax 028 5401 9023 Home dms ac(ept responsibility accuracy 0ffice not for any the and comprehensivenes of any veBions. other 71 Lothian Road Edinburgh EH3 9AZ Textphone0870 5566 606 Fax 08706065588 Applications for reproductionbe to: shouldmade IheLicensing Division 0fficePublic Information of Sector 5t(lements House I - 16(olegate Norwich NR3 1BQ

I50@Elackwell Accredited and other Aqents

Fax 723000 01603 oremail: licensing@cabinet-0ffi ce.x.gsi.gov.ul

Publishedthe with DermissionHome on ofthe 0ffre behalfof Her Majesty3 Stationery 0ffice.

The and views advice contained publkation ofthe inthis are those Advisory on GroupLife inthe United |(ingdom not and necesurily ofHer those Majestyb Government. Designed (ommunications.inthe by IND Printed United Kingdom N5748938 3/08. $00

he editionthis first of handbook abest-seller itcame towardsend became when out the 0f2004. people have itout interest,wish know about Some will bought of ora to more the United Kingdom's and history instituiions. And more have many will obtained astudy itas guide the tests knowledge life the for new of about in United Kingdom we which brought in during for who to 2005 people want become citizens. British Those together the citizenship with new te$s, ceremonies celebrate which the achievement of people new Britons inbecoming have areal citizens, been success.have They encouraged who have decided their inBritainlearn about culture institutions, tomake lives to more our and and inmany t0improve knowledge language. that benefits rases their ofour We think the ofthis approach increating and strong cohesive communities Thatwhy, 2April are clear. is from 2007, people apply permanent we also asking who for will be inthe settlement United Kingdompass which be must obtained someone for before can apply citizenship-to same the test. have the We taken opportunity this torevise handbook Iwould to thoroughly. like thank heartily the members Advisory on BoardNaturalisation ofthe Integrationhave this who led task. and We taken ofthe romments about handbook. have account manv made the you reading handbook totake settlementorsimply Whetherare this inorder the test, to your increaseknowledge life institutions, that, many ofBritish and I hope like thousands of you find others,will itboth interesting and helpful.

i h e H o m e5 e ( r e t a r y I h e R t H o n J o h n R e i dM P

How use handbook to this

This handbook isintended readers are for those who intending provide help readers are native speaken, tobecome To extra for who not English we permanent 0rcitizens United residents 0fthe Kingdom,are provided end handbook and studying have atthe ofthe aglossary key ofsome words itinordertake tests knowledge and life the t0 the of ofEnglish of in phrases, you find and which may helpful. have highlighted We also some United Kingdom all whichapplicants topass. now need areas are that particularly important. are Theseheaded'Make you sure understand'but are intended as only guidance; ju$these reading sections 5ince everyoneapplies 2005, who tobecome citizen had aBritish has to willnot enough the You not questions be topass test. may get 0n these show knowledge English their ofthe languageoflife the and in United highlighted and may asked topics have been areas, you be about that not Kingdom oftwo They takespecial (English inone ways. can a t50L for please sure read chapter highlighted. make you each 5o carefully. 5peaken Languages) which teaching ofOther course, uses materials basedthe on practical ofcitizenship. can the meaning 0rthey take new We also you think would advise tc carefully purchasing rhe before of any in UK which Life the test, consists questions important of24 about aspects study guide(t0 Life the test can the in UK which sometimes in be found in oflife Britain Thosequestions differenteach today. 24 willbe for penon bookshopsthe oron internet. ofthese None isofficially approved, even taking test.Ihe inthe the Life UKTestnormally inEnglish, though suggest are, may be much toyou. will be taken some they and not 0f help although arrangementsmade special can be ifanyone totakein Some even wishes it you suggesting you might mislead by memorise to answers WelshSconish questions or Gaelic.Ihe are deliberately inaway questionsaren't written that genuine are differcnt ones will and very tothe you that requires an understanding ofthe English language level atthe (called be inyour asked test. ES0L 3level) the requires Entry that law ofpeople becoming British citizens. isno iotakeseparate knowledge 5o there need a test of ofthe lfyou tofind more want out information the inthe test, about Life UK English language. please the visit website the ofUFl, companymanages 0n that them (www.lifeintheuktest.gov.uk) behalfthe of Home This Office. website From 2007, 2April everyoneappliespermanent inthe gives details centres the can taken, who for residenre contact for where test be background (often settlement'or'indefinite United Kingdom called leaveremain') information the and fees to about tests the involved,also a and offers will needquali! by also to either taking speclal course the ES0L orby you idea sample togive an ofwhat expect. want test to lfyou information passingLife the test.person qualifies the in UK A who for settlement about alternative obtaining in permane,nt by the way 0f residence a taking eitherthese willnot tog0 of ways need through same again special with the proces ESOL citizenship the helpline0800 rourse, UFI on 0154245, ifhe she decides for or later toapply British citizenship. This handbook and local are sources your library, good ofinformation on colleges offering questionsmay asked Life rontains answers allthe t0the that be inthe these inyour courses area. inthe test. questions be UK The will basedchapters 4,5and all on 2,3, 6ofthe handbook. not t0study other You have do the chapters inorder The Government new welcomesmigrants toBritain.very We much tobe topass test, we and able the but hope believe they be that will of qualifications to hope those meet residence that who our and decide interest practical t0many and will and tlalue readersthey certainly help spend livesthis permanent their in country seek will settlement, and your you understanding ofthe chapterswillbe tested The on. handbook willeventually tobecome citizens. iswhy call go British That we our on has writtenensure anyone can English E50L handbookA to[itizenshipi that been t0 that who read Athe Journey We hope thisjourneybe will a Entry orabove have difficulty the 3level should no with language. fascinating worthwhile you. and one for

CONTENTS

1: THE ftapter MAKING THE 0F UNITED KINGD0M

What's name? ina Early Britain The Middle Ages period The modern early growthempire Stability the and of The century 20th Politics inBritain 1945 since A CHANGING chaoter2: S0ClETY Migration toBritain The changingofwomen role (hildren, and people family young (hapter3:T0DAY:PROFILE A UK Population The nations regions UK and ofthe Religion Customstraditions and (hapter4: THE HOW UNITED KINGD0M G0VERNED 15 The British Constitution The inEurope the UK and World (hapter NEEDS 5:EVERYDAY Housing Services forthehome inand Money credit and Health Education 7 8 10 13 17 21 73

(haoter 5:EVERYDAY continued NEEDS Leisure Travel transport and (hapter6: EMPL0YMENT Looking for work Equal and rights discrimination Atwork Workingyourself for Childcare childrenwork and at 75 77 79 82 B4
69 71

27 THE 29 chapterT: KN0WING LAW 30 The and rights duties citizen ofa (riminalcourts Civil courts 35 Legal and advice aid l7 Human rights 38 Children protection 40 Consumer ftaptera:50URCES AND 0FHELP INF0RMATION 43 lntroduction libraries 52 Public (CAB) Citizens Bureau Advice police The service Other sources ofinformation 55 BETTER 5B (haptere: BUILDING C0MMUNITIES 60
ot

87 90 90 91 92 96 97

101 102 'r03 103 104

107

66

GLOSSARY

t'15

[hapter 1:

0understand it isimportant something itshistory. acountry toknow about This isa chronological ofhow United section brief account the Kingdom tobe came what it istoday. account Any however, one isonly interpretation. often ofhistory, Historians disagree what include what exclude about to inhistorical As as and to accounts. well people are the historical and main events people, section mentions who not this also
necessarily important the most historically, but whose often names appearbooks, in newsoaoers TV. and on

depends political on their and cultural allegiances. born People in England more say will often that their nationality as well their as citizenship isBritish. Many important institutions are common to[ngland, Scotland, Wales Northern and lreland, such the and as laws customs ofthe [onstitution, the Irown as symbolof and a unity, parliamentary and representative

Iheresome is confusion about the rorrect meanings and use

Northern There also lreland. are government. But are there many several which closely important islands are differences between ofthe terms'United Kingdomi linked theUnited with Kingdom England, Wales Scotland, and 'British lslesl'Britain' and'Brltishi but not part it the do form of Northern lreland. Scotland, Wales [hannel and lsle lslands the of and Northern now lreland have parliaments orassemblies oftheir with rant own, Iimited signif but powen.sport are ln there four different teams football which play separately ininternational competiiions, but there only is one team Olympic forthewhole the of United Kingdom. lnaddition tonational divenity, thereavery tradition is long of ethnic religious in and diversity goes the United Kingdom. This you back early to history, will as in chapter. see this

The Kingdom United consists

today offour countries: England, Man. have their These kept own institutions Scotland, and Wales Northern ofgovernmentare and (the of lreland rest lreland isan called'Irown Tenitoriesi independent These country). four countries together came at different toform union times a called United the Kingdom of IntheUnited Kingdom, national identity citizenship and donot always thesame The mean thing.

Great and Britain Northern lreland, ScottishWelsh usually and will whichthe is official of name say they Briiish that have (or the country.name'Britain' UK) The citizenship, their but that or'Great Britain'refers only to England, Scotland Wales, and not nationality isScottish orWelsh. InNorthern some lreland people

toNorthern iheadjective say are Ireland. they British, people some 'British; howevet refers say are and usually they lrish some toeveryone UK, inthe including people they both. say are This

lnvery history land early the was populated who by tribes came totheBritish from lsles different parts Europe. Stonehenge, of the great prehistoric which temple still

In55Btthe Romans,had who an empire covering ofthe most Mediterranean first lands, came to Britain Julius Nearl, with [aesar. years they ahundred later came

queen was Boudicca, ofthe the lceni what now in is eastern

standswhat now English back began in is the and aconquest ofall county Wiltshire, ofthe isone of ofBritain the except highlands greai monuments ofprehisto'ic ofScotland. was There strong Europe. centuries lnIater Britain opposition thenative from tribes was invaded by [eltic who tribes who foughttrytokeep to the had sophisticated and a culture RomansAfamous out. tribal economy. people [eltic leader fought Romans The spoke who the dialects la{er which became the languages are which spoken loday parts insome ofWales, Scotland and lreland.

England. when tribes Latet the in the south island been ofthe had conquered,ofthe one emperon, admini$ration laW built and and Hadrian, awall thenorth great buildingsroads. public in built and orEnglandkeep thePirts to out Ihelanguage Romans ofthe was (ancestors Scottish people; Latin local ofthe Those people who theScots oriqlnally were learnedspeak, and atribe to read write who over lreland). Latin became came from often admini$raton Parts wall stillbeseen ofthis can today. and traders.

The Romans abigimpact had on lifeinBritain. they in Before left 4'10 they AD, established medical practire, astructure rreated of

As Roman gradually In 8th 9th the Empire the and renturiet became nw weaker, tribes Vikings Denmark fom and invaded northern from Europe Norway Britain invaded and lookingbetter These for land. lreland. conquered They many were the Angles calledJutes, ofthe kingdoms east small ofthe and Saxons. people Ihese spoke ofEngland and Scotland. dialects laier which became in 6radually the kingdoms the ofEnglish.people England united the basis The were under fought these ofBritain against kings ofWessex and became new invaderswere for and led a strong tofight enough against while the centurythe in 6th by the Mkings. Alfred Great King the legendaryArthur. King Eventually, defearcd inEngland theVikings at however, the invaden over the ofthe century. took end fth They allofsoutherneastern and Britain, were defeated inScotland also settingthek kingdoms and up own lreland.manythe Yet of Viking pushingBritons and the tofte invaders especially in stayed, west tothe and north. the ofEngland man,, east where names ofplaces from come the During6th the tentury, Viking languages. farmed They missionaties led from Rome by land, with local the mixed the populations St Augustine toBritain came and ronverted to and spread new the religion For in of {hristianity. while the a (hristianity the across south. 1lthcentury again they ruled Monks lreland the from did same England King under (anute. Their inthe ofBriuin. north languages an influence also had on early oftnglish the forms and, inScotland, on 6aelic.

After Canute,Saxons King the again [ngland an ruled until invasionbyWilliam, of led Duke (part Normandy oftoday's France) in1066. isalso Wlliam He called the Conqueror defeated Wlliam Harold,King England, the of atthe battle Hastings. of The Norman Conquest last was the successful foreign ofEngland. invasion The Normanscomplete took ownershipland ofthe and introdu{ed and new laws administration. French Norman became language the official and abig had influenre the on Anglo-Saxon ofthe language people. Normans common The and kings followed the who them began conquest and the ofWales parts some oflreland. did They yet not invade srotland the but Scottish and kings nobilitythe in south strongly were influenced - French The by Norman culture. first inthe Jewish settlemen6 U|( were established time. also atthis William [onqueror the encouraged from tosettle France in Jews grew Jewish Britain. rommunities in up several and towns cities.

period the The after Norman language became compulsory for purposes. [onquestcalled Middle is the Ages legal official and period. orthe medieval lt lasted until 1485. atime about ltwas of almost constant lnthe war. 12th and centuries, kniqhts 13th many from British took in the lsles part inwhich the [rusades, European (hristians for fought control of During Middle the the Ages, kings foughtlong English also a war theFrench, the wrth called Hundred Wan English Yean The won some important battles against French, as the such

The origins Parliament the of liein early Middle Before 15, Ages. 12 there nolaws limit were to the power theking England. of of The powerful most landowners, the barons, wanted make that to sure their were and voices heard that new could be taxes only made '12'15, withtheir agreement. the ln barons King tosign forced John a charter rights theMagna of called (which the [arta means Great Charted.was acharter This not people, ofrights thecommon for butit didtake theabsolute away power king. king ofthe The could noIonger taxes collect with0ut the consent barons.make ofthe To or change hehad consult laws to and negotiale them. the wilh At end '13th ofthe century, Parliament gradually the becameplace where king the consulted his with subjects.

Jerusalem other in and of cities the banle Aqincour{, which of Holy King the Land. Richard I Shakespeare inhis describes play (known Richard Lionheart) Henry as the V.Later French the fought much reign spent ofhis taking back reclaimed country. and their part the in Crusades. Athome, English tried the kings to dominate Welsh, Scots the the and thelrish. Scots, byRobert The led theBruce, defeated English the at thebattle ofBannockburn in1314; the English were kings unable to(onquer scots the the during Middle Ages. lnWales, however, the English managed the of todestroy power princes 1300. the Welsh by They huge tomaintain built castles power bythemiddle their and of the the century lastWelsh 15th rebellionsbeen down. had put From England 1536, imposed its laws Wales the on and English

ofLords,there also but was a separate ofCommons. House The House of[ommons represented landowners country wealthy and people market and inthe towns cities. begandevelop Judges to English commonby process law a ofprecedent tradition. They and were independentCrowr,. ofthe InScotland were there similar developments, there except that were Houses three ofParliament (called'estatej), the the Lords, [ommons the and clergy, and the system legal developed as - the were acodified one laws written down.

The English Parliament was not unique: were there parliaments inScotlandmuch rest and ofthe ofEurope Middle The inthe Ages. English Parliament however, did, becomemost the developed in Europe. aristocratsgreat The and Iandownen the in House sat

lnEngland, inNorman times, under system the called feudalism, owned landlords the land thepeople worked who and ontheir were serfs. land called They not any did earn money for their ontheland were work and not allowed tomove but away, they have did asmall ofthe area lord's onwhich grew land they enouqh tosurvive. same food The system developed insouthern Scotland, the but in north of Scotlandinlreland was and land owned rommon members in by of the tlansl populairon In1348, third a ofthe of[ngland inthe died plague called Black This the Death was one worst ofthe disasten ever tostrike and Britain Europe but because itcreated ashortaqe oflabour lt helpedimprove to conditions poor the for the in lonq run. The feudal gradually system changedsystem toa based onwages. social New clases appeared, large including landownen gentry called and smaller called farmers yeomen.

Ihey much became more Atthe ofthe end Middle Ages, DuringMiddle an the Ages France, engineers6ermany, from great independent glass ofthe landlordsthere a30-year in was civilwar [nglish language and culture manufacturers and from ltaly than ancestors ln their had between aristocratk gradually into This been. England two from came being. canal builders Holland. ln growing led groupt 5upporten the towns, wealth the ofthe wasmixture a ofAnglo-Saxon 1440 were foreigners and there 16,000 (or tothe development ofastrong Housefamily)Lancasler Norman Great of French. cathedrals inEngland, 190 approximately of middle by end the population. clas the of and ofthe those House ofYork, were manythem use the buill in of medievalperiod. This was war knownthe yean as Wars today. hundred after Three people Roses, the ofthe berausesymbol the Norman Conquest, ofLancaster red and was rose a inEngland tothink began of the rose the white was symbol themselves nation.0ne as one of ofYork.1485 civilwar In the first ofliterature the works tobe when Tudor ended Henry won writtenEnglish, poem in along the ofBosworth, battle killing called'The [anterbury by Tales' Richard became lll.Henry King Geoffrey was Chaucerwriilen HenryVll,established the and atthe ofthe century. end 14th dynasty House ofthe ofTudor. Itdescribes different themany Vll weakened kindspeople met Henrydeliberately of who and independent power went pilqilmsacity the military as to called poem ofthe aristocracy to and began Canterbury. isstill The power popular InScotland, strengthen the central of today. the the state. Middle saw drvelopment Ages the which ofthe language Scots was significantly from different English south the spoken ofthe Scottish border period also of This was atime trade. Merchantsfrom came Germanyltaly. were and There also people cameEngland who to with special such weavers from skills, as

Ihey the called Prote*ants.read Henry only and was attemptof Spanish Vlll's son heir the Armada' (or Bibletheir languages Edward. was in own Edward strongly fleet) conquer to England and (alholicism instead Latin, interpreted ofin Protestant,died the and but he at re$ore in1588. itfor themselves. The Protestantsage 1 and half-sister of 5 his queen. was lnScotlandProtestant the believed individual's Mary that earh became Mary personal was more relationship with God adevout and [alholic brought reformation extreme led was supreme changes of importance. England toobedience back tothe and toconstant of g0vernment.'Mary, of The believed it Pope. Mary, Caholics that Under Protestants Queen was persecuted.too, was of essentialt0 t0the submit were Mary, died Scotsi acousinilizabeth queen Vlll I and crowned of was Henry wanted adivorce authority (hurch, led. ofthe as after ashort and only reign the his while was a because [atherine wife, of by Pope. ideas next the Protestant monarchher was half-sister,Scotland she only gradually strength gained in Her Aragon, not him had given a was Elizabeth, aProtestant. Elizabeth baby. mother French, was The surviving lnorderget heir. to a during the Iwas moderate Mar/ soMary a(atholic. rival EnglandScotland and more than groups fought and he needed 16th but much divorce remarry ieniury, were less Inher religion. re-established inScotland to 5he control When husband Mary. her the ofthe who inlreland. approval Popg successful the of [hurch Englandthe and murdered lover practired was had over in byher and authority allChristians [hristian as religion siluation more western When Pcpe Inlreland, [nglish her became Europe. the the attempted inEngland known became as refused, established the Protestantism Mary to Henry toimpose and Anglicanism. expected dangerous, fled England. Elizabeth The king, Elizabeih l,however, Church English governing laws believed ofEngland. not the etleryone church toanend but Mary wanted trytotake Pope, had power inheritance The to over the now the to ofland. leaden did ask of not questions about theEnglish and her throne, kept ln appoint bishops toderree the inlreland,chieftains, real the and tribes the lheir beliefs. By keeping people required for what were to rebelled the captivity 20years. Mary Later against English and toa'middle way'between the was brutal executed, ofplotting accused believe. there much fighting (atholics the extreme was and more (later Puritans),against Elizabeth l. Proteslantscalled between the Englishthe and Atthe time Reformation rebels. crcated lrish This asense flizabeth same the managed peace tokeep -agreat movementof opinion ofnational consciousness inEngland, her which despite many lreland. of against power Pope- united Manythe the ofthe enemies. howevet Gradually, popularity along was happening in[ngland, Norman-English settled ElizabethS rose, who had inlreland Scatland, other and mafly remained tatholic. with strong oftnglish feelings pople patriotism, became These stronger European The countries. who opposed were Pope when English the the the defeated

HenryVll alteady had begun tostrengthen the central administration and ofEngland power reducemilitary ofthe the aristocracy. Henry His son Vlll policy. continued this HenryVlll was famousbreaking most for from [hurch Rome. away the of

period Today Elizabethan is the remembered richness for the of poetry drama, its and especially for plays poems the and of Shakespeare, who stillwidely is recognisedgreatest as the period writer English.Ihe is in also important for England's discoveries overseas, and trade al when atime European cOuntries t0exert began power influence parts inother of and the world. Francis Sir Drake, commander defeat inthe ofthe Spanish was of Armada, one the founders ofEngland's naval InElizabeth tradition. 1ttime, English first settlers began to colonise the ea$ern of coast America, which amovement greatly increased next inthe cenrury.

When Elizabeth in1603, ldied At time, this lreland an was almost During reignsElizabeth the of I (atholic had children.nearest completely country. she no Her and l,the James English relative the ofScotland, Englandbegun was king had invasions Parliament more into became powerful (in and JamesJames the of Vl. was son lreland centuries many influential.The before king, Lords Mary, ofScots,he times Normanil had and but Queen but was the ofthe [ommons supposed were aProtestant. He King became only succeeded inoccupying tobe land mutually dependent and JamesEnglandthe Iof but two around an called Dublin,area the respectful other, there ofeach but 'Palei Tudor Henry countries become did not united The kings Vll were merchant strong and atthis Scotland its time. kept own and HenryVlll managed had to commercial inthe interests House parliament for hundred gain another control whole ofthe country ofCommons, representing a yean still its system and and has own startedintroduce to English growing class, of middle many oflaw. laws tobreak the and down power whom wanted strongly amore ofthe leaden. the local policy. During Protestant Elizabeth I had rule Elizabeth, political and to of rebellions many skills tried againstEnglish out, the broke balance intere$s. I these James (harles strengthenedattempts and son by the his l,however, government were skilled ofthe English les to inmanaging abolish power (atholic these the ofthe conflicts. thinken Many in Church.one After ofthese Europe time atthat believed inthe rebellions, Ibegan James apolicy theory divine of of'the right 'plantation'or of colonisation kings'+hat was by the king directly forceUlster, north-easternappointed (harles in the by God. Iwas province This oflreland. involved particufa{ly influenced by these (atholic replacing the landholders and, he not ideas when could with Englishespecially get and Parliament with toagree his policies, Scottish Protestant Many religiousforeign he farmers. and 'planten'went toUlster, mainly tried rule to without any calling from south-west the of5cotland. more Parliaments. of Anumber (atholic policies Land from taken the refugees the from religious rebels givencompanies ofJames Charles was to in Iand Idecided London. events serious tosettleAmerica, lhey These had in where long consequences established Puritan term for the new England, and Scotlandlreland. colonies Ingland. ofNew

ltried After years Iwas four [harles inthe century, Parliament that [harles toimpose the Later, 19th the decidedthe general, English tosee Parliament's thurch defeated by was ceremonies ofthe of came Cromwell best solution tobring back Puritan Cromwell. as defender England Protestants the on the 0liver the ofParliament's Charles his inthe llfrom exile who were however, to refused rights the ofScotland, called [harles, against (rown. When Netherlands. was In1660 he Presbylerians. Inresponse, compromise with Parliament Cromwell howevet recalled died, there toEnglandcrowned and (harles power the invadednorth was in1649.Ihe was credible no king. llwanted but Scots the of and executed successor tohis (harles money Parliamenthad submit power no system itself to England. needed and clear of he understood rule also that to government civil rule own and inpeacecould repeat tofight Scots this the and could tothe ofits army inplace.Ihe he not his be by Parliament, Members ofParliament who war created and had religious fathers mistakes. popular He was only granted but peace the political whenmel 1640, it in Parliament wanted with king extremism. groups enough Parliament Some toget to questioned For years ofpeople refused togive tovote money to were expelled. eleven the whole supportpolicies though his and, (atholic, for the tofight war. king this Many England arepublic became foundation society the he secretly was he ofthe and a power inParliamentPuritans were who, the time its only in history, under ideasproperty social of and class. re-established ofthe the party, Church like Scots, leadership Cromwell,The English fint the opposedking's the the of0liver democratic ofEngland. The Puritans policies;saw who the ofLord Protector Levellers, religious they no took title the had flourished had England briefly who ruled and inParliament's but the Scotland the reason him tohelp suppress the from 1653. armies by were during Republic time Cromwell's most kept ofpower veated 5cots. of death out and Many had Scots bitterly opposed people tired were ofchange and harshly. wishedareturnstability. When Gtholics the oflreland, the execution l,who ofCharles for to (harles no who afraid Parliament was king well, soon were that their as and had legitimate his might their anack religion, afterwards they crowned children.When in1685 hedied rebelled Parliament son King ll.(romwell in1641, as (harles his brother, ll,who James was control army defeated intwo Charles, battles openly [atholic, king. demanded ofthe became Ihe they the fearedking atDunbar Worcestet and and Protestant inEngland majority because itagainst Charlesbrought completely rapidly wonied he would use them. Scotland became that five under control.also He finally might toabolish (hurch wish Itried anest parliamentary his to the which leaders, fled. chairman put the rebellion who The down lrish ofEnglandforce and England back (the had in1641, so begun using tothe obedience Pope. ofthe All ofthe of[ommons House refused the much violence even the that today James's during short actions his Speaker) totell king isstill reign-his appointment of[atholics where had and that memory they gone said of[romwell hated his some Catholics. as officers, army defiance o{ he loyal tothe was only commandby lrish the made Parliament laws by and [ivil ofthe House ofCommons. quarrels the with bishops his ot in1642. war out England broke in

(hurchEngland-made In1688, great who public and the of the lords holding office there these suspi(ions stronger. were opposed ll toJames were other many restrictions placedthe conspired toaskWlliam of on [atholic fturch. 0range, Prote$ant ofthe lreland the ruler remained adeeply Netherlands, [ngland troubled toinvade country. proclaim king. himself and William married was ll! toiames daughter, When Mary. he invaded, was resistance there no ' inEngland,he Mary and and This took the over throne. chanqe was called later the'6lorious Revolution' because inEngland itwas accomplished without bloodshed and because itended the ofarbitrary power. royal threat James had supporterl ll still many apecially inScotlandlreland, and who called were Jacobites. James was determined the toreclaim crown got English and military supportan for invasion ofkeland from powerful ofFnncg the king XlV. Louis Wlliam defeated llat battle Jamesthe of the '1690, in Boyne and fled James toFrance Wlliamt while armies re-conquered this lreland. victory isstill celebrated by Prcteitant loyalists To today.prevent any rebellions, the lrish further were fiom Gtholics prohibitd

t
* *
,tt

After many of 1688, Acts elect whoever he wished.TheseWlliam Mary's and successor, When Anne in1714, Queen died Parl permanently iament were changed called'pocket boroughsi Queen had surviving ParliamentaGerman, Anne, no chose governmentGeorge be king Britain, the balance between while boroughs the where ofpower small l,to the of children.English Ihe monarchParliament. and Anew voters be were could bribed called became that Scots because Annet worried the he was nearest 'rotten Parliament be had elected to at borouohsl would adifferent to Protestant The king relative.new choose heir (later years this power least three every the throne the than English. The still some had political and put became years now seven and Englishpresurethe on Scots influencewas more but much years). year itisfive Every the tojoin inan of his England Act Union, dependent ministers on and monarchtoask had Padiament called theTreaty in ofUnion theirfollowers control who could place1707. Parliament. torenew fundingthe for army The Scotland.This in took members of and navy.ordergovern the ln to The kingdoms ofEngland the House of(ommonsthe and and effectively, monarchto had the Scotland the becameKingdom House called ofLords themselves have ministers(abinet ina who ofGreat lthad flag Bftain. one eitherWhigs {aname orTories could regularly amajority deliver the flag called Union often the still todayrefer the used to to (lhe ofvotes two inthe Houses Union Ja*. Kingdom of modern Conservativebut Party), political h,ith parties mass The ofParliament monarch Great becameUnited true Britain the political remained important an Kingdom Britain ofGreat and membenhip emerge did not until ,l801, figure two centuries for more but lreland aftersecond the 19th in a late century.lhe most could insist policies not on that ActofUnion. lreland ln1922 split important inParliament minister Parliament not would support: into two-the became South a became as Prime knownthe this called' is con$itutional dominionthe and North remainedMinister:the tohold fintman this monarchyl AfterWlliam lll,the inthe Union.The Government office Sir was RobertWalpolq who monarch's gradually ministen for years oflreland of1922 Act created was Minister20 Pffine important the became more than the United Kingdom ofGreat unril 1742. government monarch. The ofthe Britain Northern lreland.) and time not was dem0cratic because While Scotlandno was longer an men only ifthey could vote owned independent the country,Scots property certain and ofa value, obtained advantages trading no women allowed were fiom with tovote. union England while had Some constituencies a only keeping own system their legal few traditional and laws, the electors were and completely and controlledsingle by a aristocrat Presbyterian remained [hurch who force voters law could the to established by

The centuryatime lBth was however, Generally, the lBth Britain the rountry was fi6t and spices withlndia began and peace Britain. century ofrelative within inBritain atime was toindu$rialise on large a inthe which iscalled area today (hanges However, there in1745 was peace ofgreater domestic and scale. infarming, Indonesia.British The fought with inScotland arebellion led by tolerance previously. than ltwas metalworking, techniques Dutch Spanish mining the and traden Iharles (Bonnie Stuart Prince atime many ideas of new in power and use the ofsteam foramonopoly oftrade the in (aribbean. trade tothe grandson politics, philosophy Charlie), the of greater and science brought efficiency and 0ften, led James was ll.He supported mainly which production. togetheroften are called increased Ihe fint annexation tenitories: ofnew Ihe inthe by clansmenHighlands theEnlightenment. ofthe Many large factoriesbuilt were and East Company, India interested greatest thinkers inhis regain attemptto the people British ofthe many migrated the gradually from atfi6t only irading, in British for family. throne his The Enlightenment,David such as countryside rities work qained ofvast tothe to control tenitories king's ruthlessly army repressed Hume Adam came and Smith, inthem. Although people inIndia thecoune 18th many in ofthe power influence the and ofthe from Scotland. the Perhaps left Britain lrelandthe and for new century. principles clans defeating atthe most after them important population ofthe colonies, the expanded battleCulloden lhe of in1 745. Enlightenmentthat were everyone rapidly. fintJewscome The to to clans collective lost ownership should theright their have to own Britain the since Middle had Ages '1656 ofthe (hieftains land. became political religious and settledLondon and and beliefs in in landlordsthrough favour that state only the the should attempt between and many not 1680 1720 English and king clansmen todictatethese ofthe in matters. refugees from came France. Ihese became who topay tenants had were Huguenots. called Ihey for land used. they In the the were Protestants been and had I9th century, landlords many penecuted religion. for their Many individual farms destroyed small were educated and and skilled make for ortrofts'to spacelarge worked as scientistsbanking, orin flocks ofsheep were inwhat inweaving safts. or other called the'Highland clearancesl people deported Many were orleft At same there an the time, was part for North America ofthe as increase overeas in intrade and clearances. colonisation. expanded Britain powerorler world. its all the Merchants with traded North America theWest Indies, and bringing sugar, and back tobacco goods. in oiher Irade textiles, tea

There an side this was evil to Wl Wilberforce, liam were opposed slave They tothe trade. commercial and expansion put pressure prosperity-the slave Parliament Atlantic trade. on to abolish Public Ihe trade started slave had in slavery. opinion the Elizabethan was era and fully gradually against slave turned the it illEal established I8th by the century. trade in1807became and Itwas slaves dominated and totrade inBdtish or by Britain ships the colonies inAmerica. The slave from ports. in1833, Brithh l"ater, Emancipation Act abolished traders men women the bought and I from Afrio, British West and slavery throughout the Britbh took to on Empire. 833,million After'l 2 ships them work the plantations lndian (hinese in and workers sugar tobacco and Americathe ]he replaced slaves. the freed They and [aribbean. were invery workedsugar inthe slaves transported on plantations many on Caribbean, inSouth mines Africa, bad conditionsanddied inEast and the 0nce the way. in Americat railways Aftica inthe proprty armyKenya. in the became slaves the plantation and ownen had ofthe in conditions. towork appalling Several inthe such cities U[ as gained LiverpoolSristol, great and prosperity ofthis as result trade. a Inl8th-century there London, were numbers Afiicans offree and as escaped often slavet working Some servants orcraftsmen. wrote books their about experiences. The conditions slaves ofthe inthe were bad many colonies so that revolted their slaves against people owners.5ome inBritain, such the as evangelkal ftristian

American defeated InNorth America the The colonies British were the coloniesprospered had and British with help army the of lmmigrants French. abrief After period mainly self-governing. the from Scotland ofpeace, with wan France England, and lreland gone North had to Americacontinued, after especiallythe 'l Revolution lmking abetter and for life also French of 789. toescapedominance Britaint atthat was navy time the the ofthe inEurope. fought Britain landlordsofthe and established str0ngest The of was against rombined and French church. notionliberty flee6, the very inthe strong colonies. When Spanilh winning battle governmenl in1805. the the British tiedto ofTrafalgar ln1815 pay their French ended the tax colonies for the to Wars with defeat wars North America the ofthe Napoleon the in against Emperor by French the American DukeWellington of atWaterloo. and Native tribes, rolonies They the rebelled. said should taxation In18'15, ruled there be'no Britain tenitories parts inthe in(anada, Caribbean, the without representation' Parliament. Parliament ofIndia, afew and settlements Bdtish and Afiica refused tocompromise.This inAustraliasouthern yean the led Ameican to the Ahundred later, British colonis had further dedare independence from [mpire expanded to Briain 1776.Ihe in Dedaration coverofIndia, all Australia and of Independence universal large ofAftica. asserted Historians ffrts principles govemment. callthis expansion empire ofthe offree people after American independence the Many inBritain and 'Second Empire political who British ltbecame Europe wanted laryest world, an inthe with reform wdcomedideasthe the the of population estimated Dmlaration. ofover people. 400 million As empire the developed, many people the Kingdom to left United find opportunities new overseas.

Many inSouth settled Africa, industrythe British led world in [anada, Australia,Zealand the century. late New 19th Inthe l8th and United Between century had aboom the States. there been rn 1853 1913,many and as as thebuilding ofcanals. linked These (itizens the 1l million British left factories rities the the inthe to country. were many There also migranb Britain various from to parts theworld. example, of For

Act again expandednumber the commercial and entrepreneurial voters, only third men of still a of middle inthenewly class wealthy (and women) allowed no were tovote. numbers These were enough, howevet the toforce parties leaders political ofthe tocreate organisations torearh out ordinary This to voten. was

The aristocracy still dominated Parliament was but there a challenge the from growing

property qualifications ofthe to vote. Although 1867 the Reform

ports.the 19th In early century, indunrial and The towns cities. powerthis middle George Robert and Stephenson of new class pioneeredrailway the engine and led the to Reform of1812. Ao 1870 1914, between and around thebuilding therailways of began. The tovote still riqht was based 120,000 and RussianPolish There also advances onpropertythe were great in but number of Jews toBritainescape other such thebuildinq people came to areas as of entitled vote greatly t0 was persecution Many athome. bridges engineers lsambard increased. also like by The Act abolished settled London's End in in East and Manchester and Leeds. Kingdom Much Brunel. ofthe heavy ofcreating work Britain's indu$rial infrastructuredone was

the beglnning ofsomething politics. like democratic Even many anrient ronstituencies so, universal (the suffrage right with voten gave few and more ofeveryone took tovote) much parliamentary the seats cities. longer. notuntil that t0 lt was 1928 allmen women theright and had tovote. right women vote The of to was after long won a campaign by the Women sSuffrage Movement (the Suffragettes) to who had

byimmigrant labourfrom lreland. This apermanent began shift Many people lrish migrated to ofpower from landed away the England toescape and famine interests aristocracy ofthe tothe poverty settled agricultural interests cities. and as ofthe workers labouren. and By 1861 were populatrons After the there large 1832, working classes

resortcivil to disobedience to people such people property achieve goals. oflrish incities as and other wjthout their Liverpool, Manchester begandemand right London, to the to and Glasgow. vote. leadersthis The of movement were the called Ihartists. Althoughthartists a the failed, generati0n theintense later rivalry between[onservative the Party (led Benjamin by Disraeli)and the Liberal (led Party byWilliam Gladstone) inthecreation resulted more seats ofmany urban in Parliamentafurther lowering and

I the 19th late century, the

Party the .cnservativefavoured Empire. unity theempire toothers of but :rpansion British ofthe promoted empire the by it was warning theempire a that )rsraeli raking Victoria Empress would of eventually The collapse. Oueen rdia 18/6.The were come in Liberals British Empire finally to did roreuncertain theempire anend aresult eventsthe in about as of influenced bystories twentieth century. .,rdwere of and of roverty themistreatment :lepopulations colonies. ofthe - berals believed the that empire rad become over-large and ,'.ould collapse ot because soon They the rhrs. thought (ontinuous parls ,vars many oftheempire in frontier ;uch lndia's as northwe$ Africa, futile. lr southern were rhe bycontrast [onservatives, oelieved uade commerce that and reeded military security law and and They believed that order. also colonies from the benefited the nfluence Eritish. ofthe 'lB99to iheBoerWarof 1902 nade viewpoints more both The entrenched. British expanded rnto South tocontrol Africa the gold which mines theTransvaal, of had colonised bysettlen been from Netherlandsthe called the The resistedit and Boen. Boen manpower resources took massive

from empire defeat To At beginning century them. the the to ofthe imperialistsshowed this the there amoodoptimism was of some

lreland been with had unified in Great by Act Union Britainthe of '1B01.The government inBritain. l9thcentury been had a Local was period history. reformed more on a democratic very difficult inlrish pensions basis. Retirement for Inthe middlethe century, of 19th potato had and poor financial for the and help aop failed, the provided lreland afamine. suffered This the unemployed were huge the and a caused numbers ofdeaths by government,new politi(al the party, Labour Party, from diseasestartlation and and people to ireland. aroserepresent the interests many had leave 0f t0 government inLondon the working inParliamentThe classes and gorlernment. local There was failedhelp lrish to the people that ageneral inmodernity adequately, bitterness belief and causing progress.belief shatteredstill The lrish That was continues. nationalist grew mot'ement stronger whenterrible broke war out during a period. suchthe nations.this Some, as belween European several Ihis the War Fenians, complete favoured was FirstWorld -18). (1914 Millions ofpeople independence. as Others, such were or killedwounded. Iharles Parnell, Stuart advocated 0ne 'Home In19'13, Rule'(devolution). battle the attack alone, British on government finally in19,l6, in the British the Somme resulted 400,000 casualties promised Rule lreland British Home for about probablysame Rule started to and the number and Home Bill the go The through Padiament, but the ofGermans. ofthe whole ProtestantsNorth inthe oflreland, British was inthe Empire involved fighting: who descendants were ofthe for example, over introduced 1million fought behalf settlen Indians on inthe plantations, 1 7th-century ofthe all the UK over world, Around were Men threatened Home toresist Rule 40,000 killed. force from theWest Africa, Indies, by ofarms. Australia, New lealand and Because outbreak ofthe ofthe Canadafought behalf also on of Wal British FintWorldthe the British.

gOvernment tne p0stp0ned changes promtsed ithad to lreland. however, ln1916, there (the was uprising Easter an Rising) the againstBritish by lrish nationalists Ihe inDublin. leaders uprising ofthe were executed military This law. under only strengthened the support for nationalism and inlreland led aguenilla against to war the British and police. army the ln 1 1apeace was 92 treaty signed

prepared Inthe 1920s were there The Germans toinvade improvements housing the inpublic United Kingdombefore but and generalinliving a rise they do they could this needed standards worldwide but the tocontrol airThe the Brrtish 'Great fron Depression' 1929 resisted Germanforce the air with

6ermans inWestern in Europe landings1 After theD-Day of 944. bitter fightingthe on bearhes ofNormandy,pressed they on through and Germany. France into With Russian they their allies

mass planes, created unemployment, their fighter 5pitfires and and 1930s atime the were of Hunicanes, the won crucial brought thetotal and about defeat of economic depression and crisis. aerial againstGermans Germany summer1945. battle the inthe of called the'Battle ofBritainl Even British Ministen Prime inthe 1930s toundentand failed the

so, Germanforce able the was air to(ontinue night-time bombing itsnewly developed bombs atom over cities Hiroshima the of and Nagasaki weeks afew later. Although played ithad an

The against was war Japan ended when United exploded the States

seriousnessthreat ofthe ofthe ofLondonofother and British German and dictator leader of cities as su(h Coventry, was which (hurchill party, Hitler. in lreland separated theNazi Adolf The and 1922 was nearly destroyed. totally into parts. six two The counties British tomake tried concessions encouraged spirit anational of in toHitler,apolicy known as resistance United inthe Kingdom. 'appeasementi people Many inthe lntheFar however, British East, the United Kingdom, therest while of UK blamed (onservative the Prime were inSingapore defeated by lreland became lrish State Ministers time being the Free ofthe for too the who were Japanese, allies and became arepublic in1949. complacent Hitler his ofGermany. towards and IheJapanese then people parts Some inboth of expansionist ambitions racist occupied and and Burma threaiened government lnd lreland opposed were ideology. British tothis The ia. compromisestillwished and for realised togotowar it had against independence for whole the of lreland.has This caused many years in ofconflicttheNorth This conflict, between wishing those for lrish full independence and those wishing toremain loyal government, tothe British is sometimes the'Troublesi called recently peace has returned 0nly lreland. toNorthern When Japanese the the bombed United naval atPearl States base Hitler's succesfully Harbor, USA ofwar; armies the entered war. the invaded France the qained Belgium, and Iheallied gradually forces Netherlands. national Inthis crisis, theupper winning hand, victories (hurchill Prime inNorth and while Winston became Africa ltaly, the Minister Britain's leader and war Germans lost millions ofsoldiers as result their a of attack Russia on in1942. the were Finally, Allies strong enough toattack the Germany Hitler when invaded Poland1 Inthe year in 939. first intheNorth, were which mainl, Protestant, part remainedofthe

important inwinninq war, role the the was UK exhausted economically. Liberation orselfgOvemmenl grew movements stronger more and successful in India other and colonies.

people lil 1 the The it for Ihere 945 British elected In1951 was Labour defeated. than paid inexports). government, government too oflabour aLabour despite had demanded was ashortage also Churchill's as leader. much success war and as fiom 1940s austerity restraint the and, the onwards, The Prime was new Minister recovered war after the After governments the encouraged UK (onservative governments Cement The Attlee. government 1 1, 95 arrivalin UKof the immigrant establishedNational afree Health made changes new few tothe workers the from former colonies guaranteed nationalised and Indian Service which a institutions to inthe subcontinent and the {NHS) standard welfare which been (aribbean. minimum ofhealthcare the state had reduced introduced Ihe for Unemployment all. Labour.country by rapidly. railways,minfs, was under The run a'mixed was of coal economyi This atime ronflict gas, and water electricity supplies afree the market aframework betweengovernment within and put public were under ownenhip ofpublic Many ownership utilities, the unions. believed ofkey trade transportcommunications. the had much and that unions too {nationalised). Afailed invasion in1 ofSuez 956 power that restrained and they government The Party believed showed Britain no Labour also that could and business. (onservative power inself-government for the longer on rely military and Labour Both globaleconomic governments former coloniesso and granted toprotect its fared many independence Pakistan, interests.so, 1950s toIndia, were large-scale strikes the during Even the (eylon Sri (now Lanka) prosperity. 1970s did to in which much and aperiodincreasing of 1947. colonies the Ihe Africa, 0ther in Minister day confidence British inthe Prime ofthe destroy ftribbean the and Pacific achievedsummedup aphrase this in that eronomy. atthis ltwas time, quoted:'You've il too, the independence next over {he isstill never had that tensions between years. goodl inNorthern so the 20 {*mmunities lreland into flared violene government provided The The led controversial Labour Labour returned Party to whirh tothe power 1 to1 and for UK's the defence by developing from964 970 ofthe there deployment army its atomic and own bomb joining then from to1979, but and suspension, the in1972, again 1974 lreland new Atlanti(Treaty the now many UK faced economicofthe original Northern the North (NAT0), problems inflation, Parliament.3,000lives Some of 0rganisation an surh alliance as personnel and ofnationsup resist set to the unstable internaiional cunency civilians security perceived ofinvasion lost decades 1 after 969. threai the exchangeand rates the'balance were inthe by (importing Soviet and allies. ofpayments' more Union its

(onservatives general The invasion West not convinced UK the was The won the by Argentina ofthe Meanwhile, Germany, that in lslands was committed aims the tothe of EE( election and in1979 remained Falkland in1982 France, ltaly, Belgium, military led the as had without office 1997. Margaret unforeseen, until Under but action Luxembourg Netherlands these developed and involvement aho Thatcher, Minister Prime from tothe recovery islands. ofthe The had formed European the British De Gaulle '1979 (EE(). her and way Economic Community The believed the influence that UKt until the 1990, governmentwar her ofdefending returned principles sense UK's ofthe interests inthe EEC the ofharmonisingwould too and its had goal be great, that tothe ofa political, and Mn trade closeness United tothe States, strict control money ofthe supply Eurooean established Union economic The Thatche/s culturallyeconomically, afree economy. credentials as nati0nal a relations itsmembers both between and and market (0mm0n privatised main leader many although with voters, and crealng a would undermineaims. those Conservatives the policy. planned a agricultural ltalso nationalised and industriespublic for others remained many she fiaure. free the Prime services: gas, water, divisive tomake borden between In1972. Conservative the electricity, its member AEuropean Minister Heath lhe states. Edward negotiated telephones railways. and the power trade was Parliament was established the entry the The ofthe unions in UK's into EEC. greatly by legislation was dividedthe on reducd new Strasbourgcivil and service, country still a called Europan the [ommission,issue and led reslricting tostrike. ofjoining, this the the right government people gave inBrusels. the did tohold The Atfrnt UK not next Labour Conservatives nousrng wish join EEC Eritish areferendum inwhich wno InmunKrpal to the Many in1975, lrveo politicians that links the majority tocontinue {council the tobuy voted its believed the houses}right homes. led amuch This to betweenUK the and membership. many their the and U5A Since then, were important more lower ofpublic housing the empire more European have countries stock including countries by 1990s.Thatcher's many Mn and the that (ommonwealth joined, the policies inEastern In1992, could an form economic bloc Europe. the economic controlled poliry Treaty renamed basedsterling,this on but ofMaastricht the inflation some but believed thev institutions, also amassive wrongly that assumed the EEC its and relaed the caused decline inindustry. howevet countries [ommonwealth European(EU). ofthe Union 0thers, (see foreign wished tied the chapter 4) say was this caused by tobe to UK this there economically. British When the comOetition. time At governmenr that in it was agreat did decide also incease wanted i6appli(ations the ofthe ofLondon role (ity tojoin, as internationalfor an centre were twice in1963 vetoed first insurance The tnvestmentt and othel and in1967. French again (harlesGaulle, President, de was financial services.

- ' 19l (onservatives Asembly fewer governmefitseveral societyalong without were the has legislative Todayt faces for timg problems this athreattoBritish powers considerable in general by :i::?n the election but control issues. ofthe Some being its '- i -abour now public Party, branded over services. InNorthern are international, global identity, English, its such as or Scottish, Labour toemphasise the lreland Blair was Welshlrhh national the government warming, and tenorism, the or culturaland "i,,, -: ^qeshad (onservatives' it undergoneits able build the since to on violence 0ther inInq. debates identities. are ,.,'sofpowerthe innEotiating to in 1970s. New success an end domestic as such disagreements pensions, led -,::ur, byTony wished the'Troubles'which Blair, had afflicted over taxation, law 'l%9 '. :'eak the Labour province from old ihe since and, and health, ordet education, of and with the immigration :, iies publicownenhip inco-operation lrish and asylum. - l^ taxationpublic for services. government, political,. toseek ' ::d re-nationalise not am0ng nationalist, United any of agreement the The Kingdom isperhaps ": services which unionist other orindustries and parties. more mobile less socially and -:i been proved privaised by the ihit however, has more clas consciousitwas the than in goals to --nservatives. were for hs elusive,anangements past. have heahh and People better - rke public generations existing services devolution, in1998, such agreed have than previous in and health more :: education and Although there been intenuptedare and cunently tend live to longer. .'ficient more and accountable. susoended. isstillgreat inequality between -aboul the like (onservativet the rich poor, are very and people 'avoured partnerships generally inreal between wealthier terms. public private pluralistic :.e and sectors. The isalsomore UK a -he were longer argumentsno society itwas years than 100 agq public should ,vhether utilities be both ethnic religious in and terms. privately orpublicly but owned, Post-war immigration that means about right ofpublic the mix nearly ofthe 10% population and private enterprise. hasparent a orgrandparent born outsideUK. the Racism The governmentwith remains insome Blair broke aproblem areas, policy introducing itis [onservative by althoughactively combated Parliamentand in aScottish aWelsh both opinion inlaw and and people that AssemblychapterThe 4). most believe it has {see has The UK been Scottish Parliament substantial diminished. has a powenlEislate. Welsh The multi-national and muhi-cuhural to

ChAPtCr2: A CHANGING SOCIETY

MigrationBritain to

- :hrs chapter isinformation there about Migration to Britain The history immigration long of tothe United Kingdom reasons people Different why migrated UK tothe = Iheidentity, interests, tastes patterns lifestyle and of people childrenyoung and =tEducation and work inimmigration Basic changes patlerns the 30 Health hazards: cigarettes, over last years .=' alcohol illegal and drugs Ihechanging ofwomen role n Young people's political and thanges tofamily structures women's since rights the and 1 century 9th Women! campaigns for rights, including tovote, the right inthe 1 and 20th late9th early centuries against women Discrimination workplace in inthe and education Changing towomen attitudes working,responsibilities and of men women home and inthe socral attitudes Children, and family young people

people inBritain have origins other Many living today their in countries. They trace roots regions can their to throughout world asEurope, the such past, the Middle Africa, and [aribbean. distant East, Asia the lnthe (see invaders toBritain, land stayed, chapter More 1). came seized and jobs a people to recently, come Britainfind to safety, and better life. Britainproud itstraditionoffering topeople are is of of safety who 'lBth perse(ution escaping hardship. For example, 16th inthe and and (French centuries, Huguenots Protestants) Britarn came to toescape -1840s wastenible penecution lnthe religious inFrance. mid there a famine lreland many people in lrish migratedBritain. lrish Many and t0 men labourers helped canals railways became and tobuild and acros Britain. people toBritain From to1910,large 1880 numberJewish a of came (called'pogrom()was called t0escape attacks racit inwhat then the Rusian Empire from countries called and the now Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. Migration 1945 since After Second War 939-45), was huge of World (1 the there a task people rebuilding Ihere not work, the Britain. were enough t0dothe so government worken lreland other 0f British encouraged from and parts Europe In1948, tocome theUK help thereconstruction. people t0 t0 with from West were invitedcome work. the Indies also to and in The During 1950s, was ashortagelabour theUK. UK the there still of immigration 1950s economic and inthe for reasons many encouraged For industries advertised forworkers overseas. from example, centres peopledrive were upinthe Indies recruit West to to buses. and Iextile set sent engineering from north England theMidlands frrms the of and

people aqents India Pakistan workers. about yean, t0 and tofind For 25 from theWest India, Indies, Pakistan, later and Banqladesh, to travelled work settleBritain. and in The numberpeople of migrating these fellinthelate from areas 1960s pased laws and 70s early because the Government new torestrict

During time, this howevet UK able help large the was to a number of refugees.972 UK In1 the aaepted thousands ofpeople Indian of origin programme who been toleave had forced Another Uganda. tohelp '1970s. people Vietnam introduced late from was inthe Since more 19/9, than 25,000 refugees South Asia been from East have allowed settle to in the UK.

immrgration t0Britain, immigrants bld'[ommonwealth from althouqh (ountries as such Australia, lealand [anada nothave face Inthe1980s largest New and groups from did to immigrant were theUnited the States, such controls. strict groups Australia, Africa, New South and Zealand. early990s, Inthe 1 of people the from former Union toBritain Soviet came looking anew for and way life. 1994 has aglobal inmass safer of Since there been rise migration politicaland reasons. for both economic

The changing ofwomen role

WomenBritain in today

poorer r lgth-century families usually and many Britain, were large in romes women children men, and towardsfamily allcontributed the rcome. Although made important they an economic contribution, ,,,'omen had rights men. 1857, inBritain fewer than Until amanied ,voman no todivorcehusband. 1882, awoman had right her Until when qot property m0ney manied,earnings, and her automatically to belonged her husband. In late and 20th the 19th early centuries, an increasing ofwomen number greater and, campaigned and demonstrated rights inparticular, for protests the htt0vote. became as'Suffragettesi rig Ihey known lhese during FirstWorldbecause joinedthe War women in war decreased the greater of than had effort therefore much varietywork they and did a before. the World ended191 women the When First War in 8, over age of30 finally the tovote tostand election were given right and for to Parliament. not 1928 w0men the tovote 21, ltwas until that won riqht at at same as trle age men. inthe Despite improvements, stillfaced these women discrimination workplace. For itwas common for employers toask example, quite womenleave jobs they manied. jobs closed Many were to their when got for t0enter During t0women itwas and difficult women univeruities. the pressure womenequal 1960s 1970s was for and there increasing from passed laws women right equal pay rights. Parliament new giving the to prohibiting from employersdiscriminating women against because of and (see chapter their sex also 6).

WomenBritain make 5170 thepopulation 4570 in today up of and workforce. days leave These girls school, average, ofthe on with qualifications boys there now women better than and are more than atunive6ity. men greater Employment f0rwomen n0w opportunities are much than they inthepast. were Although women continuebeemployed to in traditional areas ashealthcare, female such teaching, and secretarial retail there strong work, is evidence attitudes changing, that are and wOmen now are active amuch range work before. in wider of than Research that fewpeople believe women shows very today in that Britain should athome notg0out work. to Ioday, stay and almost three-quarters ofwomen schoo children inpaid with l-age are
WOTK.

Inmost households, continue the women tohave main responsibility for There childcarehousework.isevidence and is greater in that there now equalityhomes that and more men are taking responsibility the some for raisingfamily doing and housework. this many Despite pr0gress, people believe more that greater needs bedone achieve equality women. are to to for There particularly stillexamples inthe ofdiscrimination women, against workplace, thelaws exist preventWomen do it. despite that to still jobs. not always thesame t0promotion better-paid have and access The is les average pay forwomen2070 than men, hourly rate for most still less men. and leaving after univerity women earn than

Children, and family young people

IntheUK, are there almost million 15 people tothe children young and up age 1 Thisalmost of 9. is one-quarter UK ofthe population. Over last years, patternsBritain been the 20 family in have transformed because ofchanging attitudes divorce separation. towards and Today, 65% childrenwith birth of live both parents, 25% inlonealmost live parent families, 1070 within stepfamily. childrenBritain and live a Most in receive pocket from parents many extra weekly money their get and jobs moneydoing around house. for the [hildren theUK notplay in do outside home much they in the as as did past. ofthe the Part reason this increased entertainment for is home such as television, and videos computers.isalso There increased for concern children and are stories ssafety there many innewspapers about child molestation bystrangers,there noevidence this ofdanger but is that kind isincreasing. people different Young have identities, and interestsfashions toolder people. young people away their Many move from family when home they become but varies one adults this from community t0another. Education The states children law that between ages 5and 6 must the of 1 attend school. tests pupils are important, inEngland The that take very and and Scotland children national inEnglish, take tests mathematicsscience and when are,11and yean (ln they 7 14 old. Wales, assess teachers children's progress they 7and 1and take national atthe when are 1 they a test age of14). tests important The give information children's progress about and achievement, thesubjects are they dolng inand areas they well the where need help. extra

Wo* job they people apart-timewhile are young take General young tohave Education Itiscommon for Most people the Certificate ofSecondary (G(5E), 5cotland,Scottish Authority Standard still school. thought are million in ltis children atany atwork or, at there 2 Qualifications (SQA) jobs newspaper and in when they 16. and many one time.lhe common are most delivery work Grade examinations are At17 18, take qualifications, (ertificates parents that work vocational General ofEducationAdvancedsupermarkets atan and newsagents. Many believe part+ime (AGGs), unirorHigher/Advanced in Higher helps tobecome independent as more as wdl providing them level A5 level Grada children good orSQA will sometimes theirfamilies) inc0me. with extra Scotland. and Schoolscollegesexpect GCSE Standard (and resuls allowing astudent on AGCE toenrol an orScottish Grade before Higher course. There laws the when are about age children take paid can up work Higher/Advanced (usuallybefore the 0fwork can and number not 14), type they do the of qualifications by gainedcompleting houn can (see for information). more Subsidiary they work wwwworksmart.org.uk A5 are levels Advanced AS as one-halfofan AGCE. three units.lhree are A5 units considered part course, more units be for to Itisvery important that are t0note there concerns Hfety the of Inthe second ofthe three A5 can studied qualification. who illegally are properly work who not supervised AQCE children or and the complete the law also 84 employment isstrictly ofchildren controlled (see pages by people AGffs old of AGCEs the and 85). Many referto bythe nameAlevels. are courses, many route entry education but higher traditional for tohigher qualifications. Health hazards students with kinds education enter different of parents that children misuse and Many wony their may drugs addictive eduotion atcollEe or Onethree people go tohigher in young now on entrance a 50me people their univerity. young defer univenity for year substances. voluntary often and a'gap lhis out take yeal year ofeducation includes pmple to and young work eam save Smoking: work travel and overseas. Some ' money for university living t0pay their fees and expenses. @ more Although smoking fallingthe population, cigarette isslowly in adult young are people smoking,more age smoke boys. and school girls than tostudy of People 16 ofage also over years may choose atColleges products under range From 10ctober it isillegalsell 2007 to tobacco toanyone orAdult Centres. is Further Education Education lhere awide of years Smoking inpublic 18 old. isgenerally not allowed buildings and well courss which and vocational available as courses as academic places for the UK. leisure and (ontact local develop interestsskills. your collegedetails. work throughout

Alcohol: people the of'18 not Younq under age are allowed alcohol tobuy in Britain, thereconcern the some people but is about age young start drinking and amount alcohol the ofalcohol drink one known they at time, lt is as'binge drinkingi illegalbe to drunkpublic there now in and are penalties control problem, more tohelp including this onthe-spot fines. lllegal drugs: As most in countries, toposess such heroin, itisillegal drugs as cocaine, (urrent ecstasy, amphetamines and cannabis. statistics that show half young and athird population ofall adults, about ofthe have as whole, a used drugs time another. illegal at one 0r Ihereastrong betweenuse hard (e.9. cocaine link is the 0f drugs crack and heroin) crime, also drugs mental and and hard and illness.Ihe misuse has ofdrugs ahuge and social financial for country. isa This cost the serious and society tofind effective ofdealing isue British needs an way with problem. the

political social peopleS and aftitudes Young

Ched pu undershndkey and that the terms vocabulary chapter for this a birth stepfamily parent, i compulsory * informal * methodsofassessment I defer t gapyear t independent a income I misuse ] addictive substances i abuse I bingedrinking f on-the-spotfines r controlled drugs I criminaloffence I possess I heroin, crack cocaine, cocaine, ecstasy, amphetamines, cannabis r burglary, mugginq r debate t politicians, process, political paqpolitics, isues political I specific I concern t environment I tenorism, racism a participation | fund-raising

people Young inBritain vote elections the of1 Inthe from age 8. Migration can in toBritain: general however,1in5firsttime used 2001 election, voters their only I migrate, vote. has agreat over reasons Some Ihere been debate the for this. immigrate, people not researchers one think that reason young are interested immigration, isthat immigrant I persecution, confl political proces. inthe famine, ict tlabour, labourer Although young show interest politics, is t recruit most people little inparty there strong evidencemany interested political such I restrict that are inspecific issues as r political the and cruelty environment toanimals. asylum I the effoft war people In2003survey a ofyoung inEnglandWales that and showed they believefive important inBritain crime, war/ ftanging ofwomen: the most issues were drugt role racism health. same asked people The survey young about renorism, 9nd participation and inpolitical community They that events. found 86 t income, rheir earnings people taken in %ofyoung had part some ofcommunity over r rights,equal form event righr past and had part rhe year, 50% taken infund-raising orcollecting money I campaign, 4emonstrate I discriminate, for Similar have found inScotland and charity. results been insurveys discrimination f'lorthern Many o prohibit get lreland. children involved activities first inthese while (uniculum. t workforce part National where study atschool they (itizenship ofthe as . household a promotion family young Children, and people: I eligible I concern o molestation I anitudes I hazards

ftAPtCr3: UKTODAY: A PROFILE

Population

Inthis chapter isinformation 2005 population United there In the ofthe Kingdom justunder million was 60
ADOUT:

oeoole.

= Ihe population UK ofthe lhecensus + Ethnicdive6ity The regions ofBritain

population UK 2005
England (8470 population) ofthe population) Scotland (8% ofthe million 50.l 5.1 million 2.9 million 1.7 million million 59.8

Wales

(5%ofthepopulation)

* Religion religious and freedom N. lreland (3% population) ofthe Customstraditions and

IoUIUK
source: Statistics National

population grown 7./% The has since and 1971, growth been has by population UK years. fa$er more recent Although general inthe has in the increased last years,some such theNorth-East inthe 20 in areas as and North-West ofEngland has adecline. there been Both birth and death are the rate the rate falling as result UK and a the population.instance, are people now anageing has For there more over under 6. is a numberpeople of aged 60than children 1 Therealso record 85and over. The census population. collects isa lt also statistics 0n Acensus count whole ofthe place birth, housing, health, occupation, ethnicity, topics as such age, of and maritalstatus.

population UK 2001
Acensus been every years 1 except the has taken ten since 801, during World The censustake in20'l will olace 1. second War next

Million White (including of European, people Australian, descent) American

Mixed 54.2

population UK 7o 92

During acensus, isdelivered household country. aform toevery inthe This ask detailed form for information each about member ofthe
household must completed and be information bylaw.Ihe remains confidential and anonymous; be itcan only released public tothe after

0.7

1.2

years, many 100 when people researching family their history it very find population General information toidentifl isused useful. census trends Asian Asian or British More and help to planning. information the about census, the census form and statistics previous from censuses found can be at Ind n ia www.statistics.gov. uk/census Pakistani Ethnic diversity Bangladeshi The population UK isethnically and changing especially diverse is rapidly, inlarge such London, isnot cities as it always t0get exait s0 easy an 0ther Asian picture ethnic ofallthepopulation census ofthe origin from $atistics. Each four ofthe countries UK 0fthe (England, Scotland Wales, and Black Black or British lreland) different Northern has customs, and attitudes histories Black [aribbean PeopleIndian, Pakistani, Black of Chinese, [aribbean, African, Black Bangladeshi ethnic and mixed descent up make 8.370 UK ofthe population.Todayhalf membenthese about the of communities were born the in United Kingdom. Black African Black other

1.1

'l.B 1.3 0.5 0.4

0.7 0.3 0.2

0.6
i'.0.5

1.0 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.4

0.'l 0.2 0.2

Ihere also are considerable ofoeoole inthe who numbers resident UK are Chinese (anadian, oflrish, Greek Turkish Polish, lulian, and Cypriot, Australian, New ZealandAmerican Larqe and descent. numbers also have arrived 0ther since from new European states European 2004 the East member ofthe
Union. groups notidentified Ihese are separately census inthe statistics in the followinq table. Source: srarhticsrhe census Narional from 2001

The nations regionstheUK and of

groups lVhere the do largest minodg ethnic live? -re figures the census that members large from 2001 show most ofthe groups U|( in i:tnicminority inthe live England, they up where make population.45% minofity live people in ?r ofthe total ofall ethnic :'e London where form one-third population area, they nearly ofthe populations -"1fr). areasEngland large minority Other of with ethnic West :'ethe Midlands, the South the West, Yorkshire Ea$ North and and --mberside. The isamedium+ized UK country.The distance mainland, longest on the fiom 0'Groats north of5cotland End the John on the coast t0Land's in (approximately south-west ofEngland, 870 corner isabout miles 1,400 kilometres). the Most population towns cities, live in and of

parts There many are variations and inculture language different inthe ofthe Kingdom.This indifferences isseen United inarchitecture, insome local intypes customt offood, especially and inlanguage. The English i:portion groups countries UK ofethnic minority inthe ofthe language accentsdialects. are clear has many and Thesea indication ofregional inthe Well*nown inEngland differencs UK. dialects are l'oland 9% Wales (Iyneside),Scouse and (Liverpool) (London). Geordie Cockney Many languages inaddition other toEnglishspoken UK, are inthe especially in iiotland 2oh Northem lreland lesthan rnuhicuhural 1% cities. In Wales, ScotlandNorthern people different and lreland, speak varieties and dialects ofEnglish. toqan In Wales, increasing ofpeople number speakWelsh,istaughtschools unirlersities. which in InScotland and lslands in Gaelic isspoken partsthe insome of Highlands and and Northem afew lreland people lrish speak Gaelic. ofthe Some dialem ofEnglish inScotland the spoken show influence old ofthe Scottish languagg Scots.One dialects inNorthern iscalled lreland ofthe spoken Ulster Scots.

Religion

has the AlthoughUK historically the is aChristian everyone legal society, just right practisereligion choice. 2001 to the oftheir Inthe census,over There 75% they areligion: of10 had 7out ofthese Christians. were said were aconsiderable ofpeople followed religions. number who other also Although people UK they religious cunently many inthe said held belieft, only around ofthe 10% population religious More anend services. people inScotlandNorthern than England and lreland in and attend services InLondonnumber ofpeople attend who religious is services Wales. the increasino. Religions UK inthe (10% Catholic) ftristian ofwhom Roman are Muslim 71.6 2.7 1.0

sikh
Jewish Buddhist 0ther ToulAll No religion
Not stated
Source: Statistics the census National ftom 2001
b

0.6

0.3 0.3 t7 15.5 7.3

(hurches (hristian The

Patron saints'days

link ingland isa(0nstituti0nal there between and The church state. rcralchurch state the[hurch ofthe is ofEngland.Ihe ofEngland St. thurch David's Wales day,

lMarch

Anglican inother [hurch countries theEprscopal and [hurch .a edthe isa lreland l7 March -.rotland intheUSA. [hurch England Protestant and The of church 5t.Patrick Northern sday, (see , : has inthe 1530s chapter 1for existed the since Reformation ': anatron)king queen monarch) head,Supreme 5t.Georges England (the isthe The or 23April or day, ,ernoI [hurchEngland. ofthe of The monarch allowed isnot to ''ryanyone isnotProtestant.spiritual ofthe who The leader thurch of 5t.Andrew's Scotland day, i0 November The has I andistheArchbishop nterbury. monarch theright ofCa to , i.t the public holidays (most Archbishop senior officials, and other church but usually the There four'Bank Holidayland other four ayear are peopleall is by Minister arommittee and appornted bythe holidays Holidays). Bank r ce made thePrime call these - rrchSeveral ofEngland (see [hurch sit of bishopsintheHouseLords ,rter4). Ihurch Scotland The of isPresbyterian, and from nati0nal free ',:t control. nobishopsisgoverned purposes lthas for spiritual and , : series ofcourts, most representative s0 its senior isthe Moderator ' :rrperson)annual Assembly.isno There established ofits General ,,rh Wales Northern in lreland. orin ' :r Protestant gr0ups UK Baptists, Presbyterians, Chnstian inthe are .:rodists Quaken. ofChristians [atholic 1070 Roman and are : , lnNorthern lreland). )atron saints : and, Wales Northern each anational lreland have saint Scotland, and -.1 patron Each hasfeast Inthe these pa$ were a saint saint a day holy when people aday had offwork. Today i:rfated days many as ' .:: are public l/ MarchNorthern in lreland. not holidays exceptfor

(ustoms traditions and

Festivals Throughoutyear are the there festirlals music culture, 0fart, and such as Notting [arnival west the Hill in London theEdinburgh and Festival. other and cards decorate houses. people their Many decorate atree. [hristmas special forchildren young isa time Very children that believe (or an man, [hristmas old Father Santa brings presents Caus), them

Customs and traditions various from reliqions,as ul-Fitr such Eid (Muslim), (Hindu) Hanukkah (Jewish)are recognised during night. isalways Diwali and widely in the He shown pictures along in with white beard, theUK. thildren about atschool. main learn these The Christian festivals dressed Boxing 26December, day Christmas.a inred. Day, isthe after lt rs are IhristmasEaster.Therecelebrations and are also ofnon-religious public hollday traditionsas such NewYear Other festivals traditions and NewYear 1lanuary,apublic is holiday. usually People celebrate night 0nrhe 0f 31 December. InScotland, 3l December Hogmanay iscalled and 2January apublic isalso holiday.Scotland In Hogmanaybrgger isa people Christmas. holidaysome than for Valentine's Day 14February, lovers iswhen exchange and Sometimes people cards gifts send anonymoustosomeonesecretly cards they admire. April Day Fool's The Christian main festivals Ihristmas Day 25December, celebratesbirth the oflesus Irtsapublic Christ. holiday. Many go [hristians tochurch Christmas(24 on Eve December) oron Christmas itself. Day [hristmas usually isalso celebrated bypeople who are Christian. usually theday home eat special The not People spend at and a Sunday weeks Easter day three before isa when children cards send meal, often which includes They each gifts, each turkey. give other send gifts orbuy fortheir mothers. isalso important Easter an Christran festival. people lokes each unril 1April, aday play on other midday. is when 0ften TV newspapen stories and carry intendeddeceive to credulous viewers and readers. Mother's Day

Sport -,llowe en festival. people often up 0ctober, ancient Younq will dress isavery 'frrqhtening toplay'trick Giving sweets costumes 0rtreati them 0r rocolates stop playing 0n Sometimes you people might them atri(k lanterns out pumpkinsacandle made of :rry with inside. .ryFawkes Night 'lovember, occasion peopie isan when inGreat set Britain offfrreworks it h0me inspecial 0r displays oriqin this The of celebration anevent was ^ 1605, agroup [atholics byGuy plan when of led Fawkes intheir failed , kiI the Pr0testant abombthe king with in Houses ofParliament. ' plays part peoples Football, 5port kinds aimportant inrnany ofall lives. tennis, and ruqby cricket very are popular intheUK. are sports There no United Kingdom forfootball rugby. teams and England, Scotland, Waies and Northern have Own lreland their teams lmportant sporting events (FA) include, Grand the National race, Football horse the Associationcup (and final equivalents inNorthern lreland, Scotland Wales), 0pen and the golf championshrp and Wimbledon tournament the tennis

lemembrance Day I November, r0mmemorates who fighting World l, War those died in (a flower) people poppiesred \ror War and wan. d 2 other Many wear in nemory ofthose died. ll am. who At there two-minute isa silence.

ChAPICI4: UNITED THE HOW KINGDOM I5GOVERNED

The British Constitution

about:

governeda Inthis chapter isrnformation As constitutional there theUnited Kingdom rs by a democracy, provide oneach wide range institutions, ofwhich of many checks other's Government Ihesystem ofgovernment Ihe monarchy Iheelectoral system parties Political The British [Onstitution written inany isnot down single document, Being acitizen Voting (ontactingMP your This because as theconstitutions other are ofmany countries. ismainly like theUnited Kingdom never alasting has had revolution, America or France, most important institutions been existence have rn for so 0ur hundreds Some believe there be srngle ofyean. people that shoulda constitution more allows document, others but believe anunwritten that publrc forinstitutions tomeet changing circumstances and scope toadapt powen. ofthese the Most institutionsoflong are standing: include they (c0nsisting House[ommons the monarchy, Parliament, and ofthe of HouseLords), offce Prime of the of Minister; Cabinet, judlciary, the the police,civrl the the service,the and institutions government. oflocal More recently, devolved have set administrationsbeen upforScotland, Wales Northern Toqethe; formal lreland. these institutions, and laws and would that conventions theBritish form [0nstitution. people argue Some theroles less formal institutions, as media pressure such the and ofother groups, also seen part (onstitution. should be as ofthe

The inEurope the UK and world expecIaIr0ns. The European Union The [ommonwealth The United Nations The monarchy ll is of Kingdom. isalso She ElizabeththeHead State theUnited of Queen inthe themonarchHead State many or of for countries [ommonwealth. has The like the Norway, and UK, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain Sweden, a queen notrule monarchy. means theking Ihis that or does constitutional which have the the country, appoints government thepeople chosen but warn indemocratic Although queen king advise, and the or can elections. policies MinisteI decisi0ns the 0ngOvernment are enc0uragePrime the made the MinisterCabinet. and by Prime

ofthe of[ommons. House Ihememben House ofthe of(ommons are called'Memben ofParliament'or short. MP MPs for Each reDresents a parliamentary constituency, ofthe orarea country: are ofthese. there 646 The has ceremonial as opening roles such the ofthe MPs anumber have ofdifferent responsibilities. They represent Queen important everyone parliamentary each new session year.0n occasion Queen a intheir this the makes constituency, tocreate laws, scrutinise help they new they and policies year government's for speech summarises that the the ahead. c0mment the 0n what q0vernment and debate isdoing, they important national issues.
lheQueen reigned her has since father's in1 Prince deah 952. [harles, the Prince ofWales,oldest isthe tothe her son, heir throne. Government

Elections There be general toelect atleast five must a election MPs every years, atleast five voters each every years in constituency their elect Member though may held they be sooner Prime ifthe Minister so decides. lfan (MP) ofParliament inageneral election. oftheelected form All MPs the MP orresigns, willbe dies there another called election, aby-election, in party the House[ommons. MPs of Most belong apolitical and party to past his her or constituency. elected asystem MPs are through called'first government. with larqest the number forms posti ofMPs the the Ineach constituency, the candidategerthe votes who most government formedthe which the iselected.Ihe party wins isthen by Ihelaw requires elections that new toParliament held least tobe at every majority ofconstituencies.
fveyearsso is fundamental nogovernmentsought change that has t0 it. ABill change theonly towhich HouseLords give to it is one the of must its consent. Ihesystem ofgovernment United inthe Kingdom parliamentary isa democracy.Ihe divided 646 is UK into parliamentary constituencies and

The Whips

group appointed party The are small ofMPs Whips a by their leaden. Ihey people that power Parliament Some argue the of islessened of because are responsible for discipline party making MPs intheir and sure attend theobligationtheUnited 0n Kingdom toaccept rules European the the ofthe House of(ommons t0vote.The ChlefWhip attends or often [abinet (abinet judgments European butit was Union the and ofthe Court, Parliament 5hadow meetingsarranges and the schedule ofproceedings in itself created obligations. which these House the ofCommons Soeaker. with the
The House ofCommons The House[ommonsthemore of is importantthetwochambers of in

parliamentary European elections

Elections European for the Parliament held five Ihere are also every years. Parliament,itsmembers democratically Nowadays and are elected. the are seats representatives UK the 78 for from the in European Parliament Prime Minister almost themembentheGbinet members and and all of are elected members Members Eurooean are called of the

The Prime Minister (MEPs). :' ament Electionst0the Eur0pean Parliamentasystem use 0f p0rti0naJ representati0n, seats ailocated party whereby are toeach in portion total itwon. tothe votes The HouseLords of 'rbers House ofLords, as knownpeers,not are elected do and ofthe represent The roie membership|-|ouse of aconstituency. and ofthe 1958 peers were rshave recently undergone big chanqes. Until all ' er'hereditaryi that meaningtheirtitles inherited, judges, were senior :rshopsthe[hurch England. 1958 Prime of Since the Minister has of peen for own These , : thepower appoint just their lifetime. peers, to ,'i as Peen, usually adistinguished politics, had career in n Life have in law other Ihrs means debates , ness, 0rsome profession. that often on specialist knowledgeis than - llouseLords draw more of Lrfe are , abetomembers House[ommons. Peers appointed ofthe of , :ne Minister; include but they 0n advice Prime ofthe Queenthe parties by and an r enominated leaden other by the ofthe main peers, ::pendent for Appointments [ommission non-party -e ast years hereditary have peers lostthe right few the automatic of although are lowed elect few they al to a of ,.:end HouseLords, the ' rLnDerrepresent to tnem. - ethe less important ofthetwo House isusuallythe ofLords ,rbers Parliament,m0re lt can , it is independent government. ofthe of lJest 0rpropose laws, new which then are discussed by amendments very House can ofLords become important , 'louse of[ommons.The --emalorityitsmembers not the will agree passlaw which to a for of has to .se [ommonsvoted. House has The of[ommonspowers of ,'rule House the ofLords,these very used. but are rarely (abinet The The Prime Minister about MPs ministers appoints 20senror tobecome inchargedepartments include Chancellor Exchequer, These the of ofthe responsible e(onomy, Home forthe the Secretary, responsible for aw, (called ministers order immrgration, 5ecretary, and the Foreign and 'Secretaries health defence. Ihe Lord ofState') for education, and responsible affairs, a for legal isalso Ihancellor; the who minister is ofLords the memberof the Cabinet nthe butsat House ratherthan passed itis legislation in2005, now |-|ouse ofCommons. Following (PM) party The Prime lt/inister istheeader thepolitical inpower. of He orshe appoints members [abinet has the ofthe and control many over public important appointments. The home Minister is official ofthePrime 10Downing incentral Street, London, nearthe Houses he ofParliament, orshe has country not from house far London edChequers. cal The also a party Prime ifthe in Minister bechanged MPs theqoverning decide can More todoso, if he she or or wishes resign. usually, Prime to the Minister resigns his her isdefeated when or party inageneral election.

(hancellorsitintheCommons. ministers possibletheLord for t0 Jhese form [abinet,small the which meets a committee usually weekly and policy makes important decisions government which then about often have be to debated orapproved byParliament. The 0pposition The largest in House second party the ofCommons the iscalled 0pposition. The Leader 0ppositi0n person hopes isthe who ofthe to party thenext general Prime if his wins become Minister orher election. The Leader 0pposition his her leads or party pointing the ofthe in out government's and failures weaknesses; 0ne rmportant 0pp0rtunity to place week dothis atPrime is Ministers which Questions takes every while Parliament issitting. Leaderthe0pposltion appoints The of also senior 0pposrtion tolead criti(ism government MPs ministers, the of and together form Shadow they the [abinet. The Speaker Debates House inthe of(ommons chaired theSpeaker,chief are by the ofhcer theHouse[ommons. Speaker of of The ispoliticlly neutral. or He politi(al she anMB is MPs eleaed fellow tokeep during by order debates and make therules followed.Ihis to sure includes making the are sure 0pposition aguaranteed oftime debate it chooses. has to issues amount Parliament The Speakerrepresents atceremonial also occasions. party The system parties orone ofthe representing Welsh, Northern Scottish, or lrish interests. are afew who notrepresent ofthemain There just MPs do any political parties are political parties and called'independentslThe main voters their actively members ordinary tojoin debates, seek among

Under British the systemparliamentary of democracy, can anyone stand for forelectionanMP they unlikelywinanelection they contribute costs, help electionsParliament local t0their and at orfor as but are to unless gO\/ernment;have political parties. inmOst have nominated represent major they branches constituencies hold and they been t0 one ofthe year. conferences every These theLabour the(onservative theLiberal Party, Party, are Democrats, policy-making

:-rsure lobby groups and gets number in t0the 0fvotes re(etve. they a ofseats proportion number -'. and groups organisations toinfluence lobby are thattry .'- - ent pr0porti0nal policy. play very Similarly, representationinNorthern ln isused lreland role There They a important inpolitics. are . , l'rssuf inthe Ihey represent (ma the ist groups UK. may to sharing' : economic interests order ensure'power between Union majority inly -,, rhe (mainly minority to Protestant)the aligned lrish the Consumers'Asociation, and substantial Catholic) [onfederation Industry, ofBritish '-. :'ade parties. form representation isused or unions) onparticular (e.9. orviews subjectsGreenpeace nationalist Adifferent ofproportional -", The public likely pressure than for groups general ismore tosupport elections European tothe Parliament. - ':rlitical party. The Welsh Assembly Government -'e rivil service (WAG), The National Asembly forWales, Assembly Government orWelsh , ,:'vants managenadministraton out is lt has Members in the city who carry governmentsituatedCardiff, capital ofWales. 60Assembly are and (AMs) elections every years. Memben speak in and are held four can have politically and neutral professional, of regardless . , They tobe ' :- political isinpower. party are both in eitherWelsh and its orEnglishall publications lanquages. Although servants tofollow civil have - , : -.icies the government, can ministers The has decisionsimportant on matters ifthey Asembly thepower make to they warn of elected ' - -. apolicy impractical inthepublic policy, health transport and as is 0rnot interest. ageneral such education theenvironment, services, Before - :.: 0ntakes topcivil government,topass forWalesthese place, party's laws on matters a wrthin and servants the0pp0siti0n policies local study government Parliament statutory framework by UK set out the atWestminster. with they to readyserve t0 anew ,t,yincase need be : -:'ent and aims policies. The Parliament ofScotland Devolved administration - rrder give in more of to peopleWales Scotland control matters and independence Along inScotlandmore for and democratic campaign which control tothe led formation1999 theParliament in of ofScotland,

'- :: directly them, 199/ government aprogramme sits Edinburgh, in the capital ofScotland. city r,. began affect in the 'jevolving powerfrom government.1999there has Since central (MSPs), by periodically, Parliament elected a There 129 are Memben Scottish ofthe Asembly, aScottish Parliament and, :.enaWelsh ',t(hernlreland policy laws This has to sharing of representation.led the defence, aform proportional of Asembly. Although and governing ':,r'eign taxation social parties. power Scotland and Democrat The UK in between Labour Liberal the all under and security remain central affairs, n0w under control, other services come the lovernment many public inWales Scotland. administrations and -ontrolthe of devolved for on that Parliamentpass can legislationScotlandallmatten Scottish Parliament.matters which The on are specifically totheUK not reserved

include and law, Parliamentlegislate civil criminal health, can theScottish planningthe ofadditional uxes. Assembly been upusing education, and raising have set ParliamentWelsh and 3oth Sconish the 'orms proportional that party representation which ensures each of

IheNorthern Assembly lreland ANorthern Parliament lreland was established when was Most the in1922 lreland of moneythe authority comes the for local services from divided, itwas but abolished shortly the in1972 after lroubles out government taxes. about isfunded through broke thr0ugh 0nly 2070 locally in1 6ee 969 chapter 1 touncil local set councils pay local tax'a tax by tohelp for services. lt ). properties, houses, applies domestic toall including bungalows, flats, Soon the ofthe after end Troubles, the Northern Asembly lreland was maisonettes, homes mobile orhouseboats, ownedrented. whether or established power-sharing which with a agreement distributes ministerial offices the parties. Assembly elected among main The has 108 memben Local elections for councillon inMay year. candidates are held every Many knownMLAs as (Members Legislative ofthe Assembly). Decision-making for party. standcouncil as election members ofapolitical powers devolved t0Northern include lreland education, agriculture, the judiciary environment, social inNorthern , health and services lreland. The Inthe the made Parliament highest UK laws by are the authority. But questionsabout the are be often important arise how laws to interpreted (who together inparticular ltisthe 0fthe cases. task judges are called 'thejudiciary') t0interprettheand government interfere law, the may not with role. the their 0ften actions government ofthe are claimed ' tobe judges then governmenteither illegal ifthe and, agree, the must change itspolicies Parliament the This become orask tochange law. has allthe government Local more important years, judges have task inrecent as the now the of applyingHuman Act chapterlfthey that public the Rights (see 7). find a Towns, and areas UK governed cities rural inthe are by democratically bodynot is respecting human they order body aperson's rights, may that elected councils, called authorities. areas both often local Some have practices pay tochange its and compensation, t0 ifappropriate. lfthe and district county councils have which different functions, most judges that Act Parlianunt although believe an of isincompatible Human with the larger and willhave towns cities local asingle authority. councils Rights they Many Ac1 cannot itthemselves can Parliament change but they ask representingand appoint who the towns cities amayor is ceremonial toconsider so. doing leader council insome amayor ofthe but towns isappointed the tobe leader administration. has local effective ofthe London33 authorities, Judges however, whether are orinnocent people guilty cannot, decide of with 6reater Authority the the London and MayorLondon of serious When crimes. someone isaccusedserious ajury ofa crime, will policies the co-ordinating acros capital. authorities Local are required decide whetherorshe innocent and, he is orguilty ifguilty, will thejudge provide'mandatory their These include to services'inarea. services decidethe on penalty.lesimportant amagistrate For crimes, willdecide passenger the service, on and any education, social housing, services, guilt on penalty. transport, fire planning, rubbish collection, environmental libraries. health and The government powersuspendNorthern UK kept the t0 the lreland Asembly political no ifthe leaders longer towork agreed together orif Asembly not the was working interests people inthe ofthe ofNorthern lreland. has This happened times the several and Asembly iscunently (2006). means the suspended This that elected assembly do members not power bills have topas ormake decisions.

-re

police

". :olice political government isorganised with police for locally, 0ne service each service opinions run and campaigns and totry influence -:yorgroup counties. largest istheMetropolitan . of Ihe force Police, policy public As itis and opinion.aresult sometimes to difficult - -r serves London isbased New and at Scotland Northern Yard. lreland distinguish opinion fact from innewspaper coverage. , : ,,;hol isserved Police for by the Service Northern (PSNI). lreland Ihe partieselection independencei means thegovernmentBy radio television which that law, and , ,ehavebperational coverage political ofthe at - - otinstruct onwhat doinany particular But powers periods be , them to case. the must balancedso and equal has be time t0 given rival to ---epolice limited thelaw their politicians tough are by and finances controlled are by viewpoints.broadcasters tointerview But are free ina '-. rovernment police and by authorities up made ofcouncillon and and way. lively (or, The Independent Police in , r strates. Complaints Commision ':rern Who vote? lreland,Police the 0mbudsman) intlestigatescomplaints can serious police. -: rstthe (quangos) public \on-departmentalbodies The has a democratic since when United Kingdom had fully system 1928, present women allowed at21, same as were t0vote the age men.Ihe votlnq of1B set 1969, (withfew and a exceptionsas such age was in

' ^ public also prisoners) as are convicted citizens full departmentalbodies, knownquangos, allUK-born naturalised have civic and jury public rights, organisations 0ut that 0nbehalfofthe includingright vote do service. ::pendent cany functions the t0 and - ih it would inappropriate under political be toplace the control ofa (ifresident r: net minister. are hundreds bodies, out Ihere many [itizens theUK, Commonwealth lrish ofthese carrying of the and the Republic , .',devariety public of duties. Appointments bodies usually t0these are je byministers, must s0 an but they d0 in open fair : and way. Iherole themedia of : ',reedings inParliament and are broadcast television 0n diqital you Inorder vote aparliamentary,orEuopean local election, must to in your have name theregister ofelectors, as electoral known the register. 0n intheUK) vote allpublic elections. ofEU [itizens states are who can in parliamentary resident UK vote allelections national except inthe can in (general) elections.

you registercontacting local your council in reports asHansard, isavailable such which inlarge lfyou eligible vote, can are t0 by : -rlished official people, Most regi*ration lfyou know your authority is, :raries 0ntheinternet:www.parliament.uk. however, election and office. don't what local (LGA) (often you findoutbytelephoningLocal from the Government Association ::i information political and about issues events newspapers can information on020 3131 7664 between and Monday 9am 5pm, to television and radio. line , led pres), the postcode fulladdres your your Friday. willhave tellthem or and You to -^e local You also meaning what written newspapers is in is they beable give thename will to you ofyour authority. can UK afree has pres, that "te from government Newspaper and hold voter forms Welsh some languages other control. owners editors strong get registration inEnqlish, and 0nthe internet: www.electoralcommision.orq.uk

Contacting members elected All elected members aduty serve representconstituents. have t0 and their You get can contact for your detailsall representatives parties and their your library. members, MPs MEPs MSPs, and are from local Asembly listed phone and Pages.can MPs also inthe book Yellow You contact by of letter phonetheir or at constituencyortheir inthe office office House (ommons:Theof(ommons, This is individual House Westminster, 5W1A or London 0AA, InNorthern adifferent operates. called lreland system vote complete own must their 3000. Asembly Many Members, MPs MSPs, and registration those and all entitled t0 telephone: 0207729 provided MEPs regular you hold local'surgeriesi often These inthe registration form.Once registered, stay the can 0n register are advertised local go talk issues penonal do change.more your For information the paper constituents and about inperson.can telephone can You detailsnot and with by lreland 028 6688. find the ofyour MP get touch them fax out name local and in Electoral for 0ffice Northern on 9044 isfiee. throughwebsite: the www.writetothem.com.Ihis service for has its regi$er By each authoritytomakeelectoral available law local Administrations Iheregister How visit is to Parliamentthe and Devolved anyone at, t0look although now tobe this has supervised. kept each electoral registration (or offce council inEngland office at local public listendebates Palace inthe from Wales).also ltis posiblesee register public t0 the atsome buildings * Ihe can to ofWestminster and public galleries the libraries. inboth House ofCommons House and the ofLords. such as local in or You either toyour MP advance for can write toask tickets yOu queuethe atthe for Standingoffice can on day public entrance. isfree. Entrance for the and Sometimesare queues House there long ofCommons you havewait atleast ortwo for ltisusually Kingdom, Republic the lrish orthe may to one hours. easier Most citizens United ofthe (ommonwealth orover stand public Ihere information on the 18 can for office. are t0get the into House You find ofLords. can further aged forces, UK Parliament www.oarliament.uk website: s0me excepti0ns include and these members armed civil ofthe E found 0f criminal offences. of Members servantspeople guilty certain and r InNorthern elected knownMLAs, inthe meet of(ommons lreland, members, as the House may stand election House ofLords not for tothe public inBelfast.Northern Northern Asembly lreland atStormont, The for other officel but eligible are all There two t0 lreland Asembly ispresently suspended.are ways You either the must alocal arrange t05t0rm0nt.can contact Education To alocal acandidate have connection avisit become councillor. (details Northern Asembly website: register, Service on the lreland with area the through being the work, on electoral orthrough property. MLA www.niassembly.gov.uk) or contact an renting land 0r owning or An The electoral isupdated year September register every in or0ctober. it registrationissent every form to household has be and to electoral in returned, the with names ofeveryone isresident who completed and household eligible on 50ctober. tovote I the and

.'rtland,elected the members, MSPs, inthe cal ed meet Scottish (for :rment atHolyrood inEdinburgh information more see parliament ran lnf0rmati0n, ,', srottish uk). You get b00k ti(kets '',in0e rhr0tr0h visir0r (anwrite them I0Llrs the Y0u services. t0 at Parliament, EH99 or 1 - rcottish Edinburgh,5? telephone ' 148 oremail 5200, sp.bookings@siottish.parliament.uk members, as meet theWelsh : es, elected the knownAMs, in ,:mblythe in Senedd in[ardiff (for information see: Bay more ', ,va gov You boo[ es Lk). car guided 0rsears t0u6 i1rl"e for We : i galeries the shAssembly To makebookrng, a telephone ' .ssembly lrne 029 B4l7 email: bookrng on 2089 or gov ,.rb ybookinq@wales.gsi uk '

and world UK The inEurope the

The Commonwealth (ommonwealth were most ofcountries, ofwhich isan asociation The that not part British though countrieswere in Empire, afew once ofthe have joined the Empire also it. members Commonwealth and Antigua Barbuda Australia The Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Darussalam (ameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Fiji lslands Gambia Ihe Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Maldives Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru* Zealand New Nigeria Pakistan New Papua Guinea and 5tKitts Nevis 5tLucia and Grenadines 5tVincentthe Samoa 5eychelles Leone Siena 5ingapore lslands 5olomon Africa 5outh Sri Lanka 5waziland Tonga Trinidadlobago and Tuvalu Uganda Kingdom United ofTanzania Republic United Vanuatu Zambia
*NauruSpecial Member. is a

has cunently53 which The isthe ofthe Queen head Commonwealth, has and Commonwealth isvoluntarythe member Membership states. The membership. power itsmembers itcan although suspend over no good government to and democracy, to aims Commonwealthpromote poverty. eradicate Union European (EU) The Economic called European Union originally the European (EU), The (EEt), set by European who Community was up sixWestern countries for 1957. of main signed Treaty on March One the reasons the ofRome25 between would co-operation states reduce this the doing was beliefthat not the decided 0riginallyUK war likelihood ofanother inEurope. the part European in1973. Union t0join group only this and became ofthe joined EU, afurther in two countries the with ten member In2004 new countries. atotal member 2006 making of27 as states of main of EU is member tofunction One the aims the todayfor currency, ofthe have Most countries EU ashared market. ofthe asingle unless its cunency the retainown to the but UK decided euro, the has (itizens people t0accept euro areferendum. ofan the in British choose if to work EU state the to member have right traveland inany country EU 0n card. right be or they avalid have pasportiderfty This can restricted public Ihe to public and security.right grounds health, order ofpublic the that joined citizens 0fc0untrieshave restricted is sometimes f0r work also EU the recently. of called (ouncilMinisten) Union ofthe The Council European (usually the up governing ofthe lt ismade ofgovernment body EU. the iseffectively with European inthe and, from country EU together the ministers each (ouncilMinisters of body EU. isthe Parliament,legislative ofthe The (ommission and pases law the European ofthe EU on recommendations about decisions and takes most Parliament the important European the

(UN) The United Nations

The : ) run. European [ommission inBrusels, isbased the The isamember United (UN), international UK Nations an ofthe ' , ,' Belgium. civil ltisthe service EU drafts ofthe and proposals organisation over towhich 190 now belong.The

countries

UN set was

: . :o icies laws administers programmes. up the and and its funding after Second War aims prevent and World and to war promote

peace security.There international and 15 on are memben UN the :,:n Parliament inStrasbourg, meets innorth-eastern France, Security which Council, recommendsby UN there action the when -::els. country members, Members Each elects called ofthe internationaland are crises threats tooeace. UK one five The is ofthe (MEPs), yean.The , ::rliament everyfive European Parliament permanent members. produced Ihree important very agreements by UN the the are Univeral (onvention Elimination Declaration Rights, ofHuman the 0n the ofAll Forms ofDiscriminati0n and the [onvention againstWomen, UN on the law .' ,- Jnion islegally inthe and binding UK allthe member Rightsof other Although these the(hild. noneof hastheforceof law,theyare : -'rpean called laws, directives, regulations widely inpolitical and cases orframework used debate legal toreinforce and law to the -, have alotofdifference made rights UK, topeople's inthe assess the behaviour ofcountries.
' :' yatwork. example, are directives the For there EU about ' --'es making for workers redundant, regulations limit and that the :.' ofhoun can madework. to oeoole be 'e CouncilEurope of was , .lncrlEurope created and UK one of in1949 the was ofthe - ::r members. ofthe Most countries lt has 0fEur0pemembers. are - , ,',r make but t0 laws draws conventions up and which charten -, ln human democracy, the rights, health education, environment, (onvention : -.llture.The m0$ important0fthese isthe European on -:n Rights; (onvention member are all states boundthis by and a penistently toobey Convention be .- rerstate which refuses the may (ouncil ,:: red the from ofEurope. ', :ecisions by European and European made the Councilthe rt the , r, and has powerrefuse to agreement toEuropean laws ',I t/ the fommission checkthe and to on spending funds. ofEU

(hAPtCr5: EVERYDAYNEEDS
Housing

Buying a home Inthis chapter isinformation Two-thirds there in Most people ofpeopletheUK their home. other own own a00ut: ,:.Housing = Services for home inand the - Monel credit and = Health Pregnancycare and ofyoung children rent houses, orrooms. flats Mortgages pay People buy own who their home usually forit with mortqage, a aspecial frombank building This ispaid loan a or society.loan back, period withinterest, along over oftime, usually years. can 25 You get information mortgages abank building from about or society. Some (Sharia) banks also information lslamic mortgages. can give about problems your paying mortgage you lfyou having repayments, can are (see on gethelp advice Help page lt isimportantspeak and 57). to to your orbuilding as as ran. bank society s00n you Estate agents lfyou tobuy home, wish is a usually first the place start anestate to go to agent. Scotland proces different you In the is and should first a person their solicitor agents Estate represent the selling house flat. or Ihey for t0 homes are sale. are that for There estate anange buye6 visit in have where agentsalltowns cities they and and usually websites they for You also for advertise homes sale. can finddetails homes the about sale the on internet innationallocal and and newspapen. Making offer an you to you IntheUK, exceptScotland, you ahome wish buy in when find have make offerto seller usually this You do through estate to an the an price the is agent solicitor people alower than seller asking or Many offer if Your offer besubjert contract's0 you withdraw fint must t0 that can

= Education = Leisure = Travel transport and ':' ldentity documents

purchase. whyyou there reasons cannotcompletethe InScotland are amount.The aprice buyers offe6 make overthat the sellersets and in elsewhere becomes binding than agreement legally earlier itdoes UK. the and 5olicitor surveyor

You then according toyour department local atthe authority. are assessed pointsyou if You This throughsystempoints. getmore a of needs. isdone priority or for ifyou homeles have and children have needs, example are illhealth. chronic of that areas there It isimportantnote inmany oftheUK isashortage t0 people towait very that have a long council accommodation, some and

for or time ahouseflat. the ofbuying It isimportant asolrcitor you that helps through process you will an on the ahouse flat. or When make offer aproperty, solicitor associations the and of checks theproperty, seller thelocal Housing on rarry anumberlegal out foryou necessary to The will the agreements area. solicitor provide legal you The or society isproviding with that buy property. bank building the wish your or mortgage also outchecks thehouse flatyou will cany on Ihe see These done does tobuy. are byasurveyor. buyer notusually the n0t-f0r-profi t organisations are independent Housing associations provide areas have over which housing rent. some they taken the for In housing. also schemes They run called administration authority oflocal orfla which people part house ifthey buy ofa shared ownership, help

surveyor tocheck s0 often a result survey,thebuyer askssecond ofthrs Ihere usually waiting for lists all cannot tobuy ofit atonce. are afford an is the is out thehouse well. Scotland surveycanied before offer as In property. homes byhousing people how owned assocrations. they to for made, help to decide much want bid the Rented accommodation (the from the authority Itispossible accommodation local torent property 0wne6 from association private orfrom council), ahousing landlords. called The authority local (or provide This called local Most authoritiescouncils) houslng. isoften 'council isprovidedthe by housingiNorthern social In lreland housing (www.nihe.co.uk). you InScotland lreland Executive Northern Housing Everyone housing at:www.sfha.co.uk. is find onsocial can rnformation forcouncil accommodation.Ioyou putyour apply must entitled apply t0 from registerlist. isavailable thehousing name thecouncil on or This rented Privately accommodation

people housesflats from Information rent or privately, landlords. Many private newspapers, notice can be in accommodation found local about agen6' estate and boards, agents letting Tenancy agreement you a you a agreement, When rent house flatprivately sign tenancy or must while follow explains conditions 0r'rules'you orlease.Ihis the very to must renting property. agreement bechecked carefully the This problems The fu iture lso ins listofany rn conta a later. agreement a avoid Ihis an Before sign in orfittrngs theproperty. iscalled inventory. you the your check deuils keepsafe and it during tenancy. agreement, the

Deposit rent and

Homelessness

You probably togive landlord will be asked the adeposit beginninglfyou homeless atthe you go help local (0r, are shouldfor tothe authorityin your rf tenancy.ist0cover cost damage.usually This the ofany ltis equal Northern the lreland, Housing Executive). alegal t0offer They have duty i0One month's The rent. landlord return money atthe must this toyou help advice,willnot you placelive you and but offer a to unless have :nd your 0f tenancy, you caused t0the unless have damage property. priority (see and aconnectionthe such need above) have with area, as work family. must show you not y0u6elf or You also that have made 'our isfixed your rent with landlord beginning tenancy. atthe ofthe The intentionally homeless. :ndlord raise rent cannot the without agreement. your Help '/ouhave income unemployed be toclaim alow you orare may able - lusing (see tohelp pay rent. Benefit Help) you your lfyou homeless problems your are orhave with landlord, can help be found the from following: Renewing and ending atenancy r lhehousing department local ofthe authority give on will advice ' . Jrrenancy agreement for fixed oftime, six willbe a period often homelessness and Housing as as with on Benefit well deal problems - lnths. this the After time tenancy be can endedifboth and or, you havecouncil-owned tenant property may in ,"dlord renewed. end tenancy the time, agree, lfyou the before fixed you -,,ally topay rent the have the for agreedperiod tenancy. o The full ofthe [itizens Bureaugive on types Advice will advice all of problems. may be housing centre housing There also a advice inyour : : nd cannot atenantleave. landlord atenant lord force to lfa wishes t0 neighbourhood .:,ethey follow conect procedures. according must the These vary tothe ' ,:eoftenancy.acriminal for landlord threats his o Shelterhousing which a24-hour on offencea touse isa charity runs helpline ' , olence atenanttoforce t0leave , against or them without order an 0808 4444, www.shelternet.org.uk 800 or visit -: - (ourt. !r Drrgimination ' , rnlawful alandlord for todiscriminate someone for against looking ^'t : .. modation oftheir race, because sex, nationality, group, orethnic ' :ecause are they disabled, the unless landlord close ofthe ora relative :' : lrdissharino the accommodation. I Help the ofmoving setting home be with cost and up may available from Social Thisrun the the Fund. is by Department and forWork (DWP). provides and such the grants loans as Community Pensions lt (are for Grant people up setting home being after homeles orafter they beenprisonother have in institutions. loans available or 0ther are people have an for who had emergency flooding. such as Information about isavailable Citizens Bureau these a the Advice orJbbcentre Plus.

inand Services forthehome

Water The for is the is to in WatersuppliedallhomestheUK. charge this called (bought rented), you in home or water when move t0anew rates. you you responsible 0f receive telling thename thecompany aletter should your The rates be in payment forsupplying water. water may paid one (alump orininstalments, monthly. receive Housing lfyou usually sum) you the rates. cost check ifthis Benefit, should tosee coven water The property, but some water on the ofyour 0fthe usually depends size water have meter tells exactly much you how homes awater which you (2006) in have InNorthern water cunently includedthe lreland is used. (ouncil onpage althoughmay (see rates 59), this change tax domestic infuture.

Telephone line a line). need Most homes have already atelephone (calledland lfyou Many acable company. line, BT 50 0r anew telephoneon1 442, contact internet telephonebroadband and companiesland mobile offer line, your about or changing company services. can advice prices about You get payphones You can from from al 0fcom www.ofcom.org.uk. call public phonecards ordebit Calls cards. made orcredit using pre-paid cash, more Dial or are from hotels hostels usually expensive.999 112for and fire service. calls free. emergency forpolice, orambulance These are calls you always if it a emergency;can Do use numbers isnot real not these inthe for these services phone book. find local the numbers Bills

and Electricity gas gas, for and telephone Information t0pay water, electricity the 0nhow y0u pay properties UK electricity bill. have account can on ofeach lfyou abank inthe have supplied240 Most at volts. homes isfound theback All you your bystanding ordirect Most debit. companies a operate order into home leave oldone, or an bills have When move anew also gas. you you sum month.you lf which a readings. have budget lfyou scheme allows topay fixed every make ofthe electricity gas and meter should anote you ring donotpay bill, service becut To aservice off. get reconnected, problem your electricity can supply, can a the with gas, 0rwater anurgent you topay Pages have another charge. on bill, Yellow or helpline. can found your inthe This be a24-hour phone book. inthe Refuse collection and suppliers Gas electricity authority the collects Refuse called orrubbish.local isalso waste, }le gas electricity week. must regularly, onthesame ofeach Waste be day supplien. waste usually differentand Itisposiblechoose to between place collected. parts prices different and Insome ofthe ina Get outside particular t0get have terms conditions.advice put These different and it is into the is into bags, To find which company country wasteput plastic inothers put bins you a with supplier. out before sign contract anew your telephoneTransco 1524 on 08i0 608 supplies gas, your places must you recycle rubbish, separating wheels.many In with which paper, metal plastic theother glas, rubbish. objects Large from or

need you t0thr0w ora away, as bed, wardrobe fridge, such a a want telephone Iofind which out company your supplies electricity, to this. Contact authorityarrange lf to separately. thelocal www.energywatch.org.uk. becollected on 0845 0708 Energywatch 906 orvisit you make you abusiness, as factory ashop, must special or your have such a of on Energywatch give advicechanging supplier can also you lt is for waste be t0 collected. with authority your arrangementsthelocal orgas. electricity rubbish anywhere. offence acriminal todump

Tax -:uncil you toshow what problems when started. are and they have exactly the police, refuse such as : t0vpt'fl srvices, education, roads, rrr]t ., : 0n libraries, for and may taken nuisancebe tocourt government Neighbours avery who cause serious paid partly grantsfrom the by and are - Local can evicted their be from home (see 4 In Tax : : i,rly Council chapter Government). by '-.'n lreland isasystem rates ofthe there ofdomestic instead Council -^e to which neighbours organisationshelp There several mediation are you depends size value on the and of Tax ofCouncil pay amount ' ,:se flat talk Mediators both to without to t0 their when solve disputes havingg0 court. topay You register [ouncilTax or (dwelling).must 0f You get cn details toboth. acceptable a and You or tenant. can sides trytofind solution eitherthe , /einto new a property, as ownerthe '-: tax one Citizens and from the auth0rity, Advice, organisations local instalments mediation inten intwo in payment, instalments,0r iationuk.co.uk. :cril January). 6661 www.med K Mediation 0'l 7904 orvisit: U on 1 to you a reduction person inthe atorhouse, get 250/o , -ine lives fl lreland). may Tax. does apply -' [ouncil (This not inNorthern You property disability. People has a inthe ifsomeone -':areduction Support who benefits as , ,',' in(ome receive suchIncome or or ..-'. sAllowance CouncilBenefit. can advice on get You get Tax can er ' r the authoritv Citizens Bureau. Advice 0rthe local insurance :.-ldings household and you against must the with : Ly home amortgage, insure building a '-:'r and landlord anange damage.The should insurance accidental '-:ed your against ltisalso t0 buildings. wise insure possesions theft ..rge. are companies provide insurance. that : Ihere many r*ghbours you agreement. will atenancy accommodation,have , ,'e rented in .'rlains the include ltwill ofyour all conditions tenancy. probably - arion what do you problems your with housing. on to if have lfyou have with neighbours.do , ,rally, may problems your there be to by be your they usuallysolvedspeaking :rs with neighboun,can -'st. cannot the local speak landlord, lfyou solve problem, toyour ' ' :yor incase arecord problems Keep ofthe association. housing

Money credit and

Cash debit and cards (values) f10, notes UK in Bank inthe comedenominations off5, f20and have own notes are Northern and lreland Scotland their bank which f50. people not valid everywhere UK, inthe though sometimes may realise them. this may wish accept and not t0 The euro the as InJanuary twelve 2002 European (EU) adoptedeuro Union states government not adopt to the decided their common IheUK cunency. people at time, has it do if British \/ote eur0 that and saidwillonly so the tosome in for euro areferendum. does the in Ihe euro circulate extent near border lreland. with Northern particularly towns the lreland, inthe

towithdraw from money you Cash allow touse machines cards you cash ldentification (PlN) Number which For this need account. you aPersonal without you keep Adebit allows topay things must secret. card you for You have must enough inyour money account what tocover cash. using you lfyou your card debit you inform ban buy. lose cash or card must the immediately. Credit store and cards

(redit can used buy inshops,the on telephoneove and cards be to things card used in internet. cardlike credit but only aspecific Astore is a the [redit store do draw from bank shop. and cards not money your accoun you sent every lfyou not the amou but willbe abill month. do pay total credit store are the you charged Although and cards interest. on bill, are Foreign currency isusually high many fall debt very and people into this useful, interest the lf lose credit cards must the large way.you your orstore you inform compan foreign atbanks, societies, You get change currency building can or post and You have de change.might to immediately. offrces exchange orbureaux shops The exchangevary you rates and should order cunencies some inadvance. for best checkthe deal. Banks building and societies

Many society Most inthe have orbuilding aaount. large adults UK abank have intowns cities national orbuilding banks societies branches and checking the different ofaccount types throughout ltisworth the UK. pay salaries into bank directly a or each offers. employers one Many societies building account. are banks building society There many and you to documents t0 from. open account,needshow tochoose To an prove identity, as passport, your immigration ordriving document such a with address like on it You need somethingyour licence.also toshow posibleopen h to bank orhousehold isalso bill. atenancy agreement insome or the on accounts suoermarkets internet.

-redit loans and

Social security

: eintheUK bonow often money banks other from and organisations UK asystem Ihe has ofsocial security pays which welfare benefits to goods, and people donothave :,, for things household cars holidays. more like This is who money on. enough tolive Benefits usually are ron intheUK inmany rountries. must very 0f availablethesick disabled, people, unemployed than You be sure other for and older the and , ::rms conditions you and when decidetake aloan. can You qet those lowincomes. who nothave rights to out on People do legal ofresidence from fitizens Bureau are -eonloans the Advice ifyou uncertain. (or'settlement') UK inthe cannot usually receive Arrangements benefits. :erng refused credit .: and organisations information you other use different about to ,.: adecision aloan, as occupation, salary about such your address, you lfyou :revious record. apply aloan might refused. credit for be lf ^rppens,have riqht ask reason you the to the why. -':dit unions : : unionsfinancial are co-operativesand owned controlled their by - rers. memberstheir pool savingsthen loans The and make from ratescredit are : rol. lnterest rn unions usually than and lower banks : rq societies. are There credit in unions many and cities towns. find To -:arest union credit contactAssociation fredit the ofBritish Unions
lncludingJobcentresand social security offices

forpayinq receiving and benefits complex are because have cover they t0 peoplemany in different situations. tobenefts available Guides from are post Jobcentre offices, libraries, offices the Plus local and Citizens Advice rea Bu u.

- ., L)on: www.abcul.coop. 'turance

',:I as (see insuring propertyposessions their and above), many phones. also They buy : : insure credit and their cards mobile ':nce they abroad they their when travel inrase lose lugqaqe or you acar : nedicaltreatment. iscompulsoryhave or Insurance if ' 'rycle. can You usually insurance with insurance arrange directly an who help get ben :any, you usebroker will you the deal. 0r (an a

Health

with RegisteringaGP area. should t0 as as move anew You look You should foraGP soon you Health under National Service inthe is HealthcareUK organised the what will 0r centre,surgery, tellyou wait you ill. health in orqanisations not until are The (NH5). NH5 largest ofthe ln and The began 1948, isone you havemedical lfyou card. do you todotoregister. Usually must a need treatment. and with healthcare lt provides allresidentsfree Europe. to to should you receptionist give aform send the s nothave theGP one, card. Ihey then you health local authority.will send amedrcal adoctor Finding you can what you check (GPs) they in Before register should thesurgery offer you Practitionerand work General Family are docton called services. you Gf need For practice.Ihis issometimes need. example, might awoman ormaterntty ln GPs work surgeries.often toqetheragroup new to and unable accept ones. 6Ps many Sometimeshave patients are Health Centre. aPrimary [are called you t0 authorityhelp find you ask local cannot aGB can your health lfyou you the treatment receive. fororganisinghealth Your rs GP responsible lfyou to a illneses. need see and Treatment for can physicalmental be refer to GP you g0 GP specialist, must t0your fint.Your willthen you a find one. your Using doctor

if treatment ina Your can refer for specialist hospital. GP also you specialist check. t0a health with are registeringaGP entitled free Allpatients you special needs. have phoneinperson. or by the can made tosee Appointments GP be days you see you towait several before can might have Sometimes post the You get Iist local from can a of GPs libraries, offices,tourist

ask medical lfyou immediate attention foranurgent Authority adoctor. need the Health Advice Bureau, local office, information the[itizens before go afew s You appointment.should totheGPsurgery minutes websites: from following and the need attend lfyou the appointment. cannot ordonOt theappointment patients to The needs you letthe know. GP surgery more, must any inEngland; for health www.nhs.uk/ practitioners practiti0ne6 inWales; health for www.wales.nhs.uk/directory.cfm practitioners lreland; inNorthern for health www.n-i.nhs.uk inScotland. ndnearest/healthservices www.show.scot.nhs.uk/fi local for oftheir doctor and You also neighboursfriends thename can ask without letter in case ahospital aGP's only the ofan You attend can go and you lfyou an emergency. have emergencyshould totheAccldent (A E) hospital. ofthe & Emerqency department nearest in to out is questions as fully posibleorderfind what as all answer and confidential cannot you GP Everythingtellthe iscompletely wrong. your lfyou pased t0anyone without permision. donot else 0n be with lfyou difficulties ask s0mething,forclarification. have understand for who help or the bring Engllsh, someonecan you, ask receptionist This must done you the aninterpreter. be when make appointment. that keep it is have for lfyou asked aninterpreter,important you your isexpensive. service because appointment this

Feeling unwell . , ' .:ptional circumstances,visit GPs can patients but athome they lfyou your feels you the or child unwell have following options

prioritypeople are , ,', give ',: t0 who unable lfyou the totravel. call GP .' :enormal working you haveanswer questions For hours, will to several information oradvice ,:, -: /0ur your is. will situation.istoassess serious caseYou Ihis how -,- :etold adoctor comeyour You be if can t0 home. might advised w ask local your pharmacist The give on to can khemist). pharmacy advice .' :lenearestA&Edepartment. medicines illnessesconditionsare serious and some and that not ''arges c speak nursephoning Direct0845 47 toa by NHS on M

':'-?ntfrom GP free you topaychargeyour s use NHS website, Direct wwwnhsdirect.nhs.uk the is but have a for the Direct NHS 0nline: ..*: . res for and certain services,as such vaccinations abroad. for travel ' '-, :r decides totake you you need medicine be a will given To adoctornurse see or . - :tion. must this apharmacy : You take to khemist). a make appointment your oranurse an tosee GP working surgery inthe r::rriptions '. ' tlions free anyone is are for who - :er yean (under Wales) 16 ofage 25 in .- ::r 19 infull-time and education ::al60 over or '::rdnt with baby '12 0r a undermonths old ,-:,rng aspecified from medicalcondition o visit NHS centre. an walk-in For medical urgent treatment . contact GP your I g0 your t0 nearest with A(ident Emergency hospital an and 0epartment t call for ambulance. free. use servicea 999 an Calls are 0NLY this for real emergency.

NHS isa24-hour Direct telephone which information service provides on , . ,ing Income Jobseekers'Allowance, or particular conditions. Support, Working Families health Telephone: 47. may for 46 0845 You ask an .,rilitiesCredit. Tax interpreter inyour language. for advice own InSmtland, at: NHS24 www.nhs24.com 0845424 teleohone 24 24.

providing NHS 0nlineawebsite Direct is information health about servicesFree treatment dental isavailable t0 medical and several conditions and treatments: www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk w people 18 people 25 over under(inWales underand 60) NHS walk-in provide centres treatment injuries illnesses for minor and seven aweek. donot an days You need appointment. ofyour r pregnant and For details women women babies 12 with under months old nearest call Directvisit NH5 centre NH5 or the websitewww.nhs.uk at (for Northern www.n-i.nhs.uk) on'local servicesl * peopleincome Jobseekers'Allowance lreland NH5 and click on support, [redit orPension Guarantee Going hospital into 0pticians you lfyou minor atahospital,willprobably the need tests attend 0utpatients people to for tests glases, children, department. treatment severa you I lfyour takes I hours, wil Most have pay sight and except go hospital day into you as patient. needstay lfyou to overnight, go people 60, people a will over people certain conditions with eye receivin and into hospital in-patient. as an certain In benefits. Scotland, are tests free. eye You take should penonal belongingsyou, as towel, with such a night gown. will clothes, for things washing,adressing You receive and all your while are in-patient. need about meals you an lfyou advice going (ustomer orthe into hospital, contact Advice Liaison Services Patient and (PALS) hospital you receive Service atthe where will treatment. Dentists Pregnancy ofyoung and care children

You get name dentistasking local atthe can the ofa by atthe library, Citizens Bureau through Direct. people to Advice and NHS Most have pay dental for treatment. dentists for NHS some Some work the and are private. dentists less private NHS charge than dentists,some but dentists Ashort after have child, willbegin contact time you your you regular with have sets two ofcharges,NHS private. Adentist explain ahealth She he aqualified and advise about both and should visitor. or is nune can you your treatment charges the and the beforetreatment begins. for baby. first will in home, after caring your The visits be your but that

you lfyou pregnantwillreceive ante-natal This are regular care. is from local available your hospital, health orfrom local centre special clinics. will antenatal You receive fromGP frommidwife support a and a Midwives inhospitals centres. GPs not work orhealth Some do provide you wish maternity so may tolook anotherduring services for GP your pregnancy. UK Inthe women have babies usu@ their inhospital, especially their baby. common fatherattend ifit is fint ltis for the to the birth, onlythe but if mother him be wants to there.

:etthehealth ataclinic. can advice your visitor You ask from your is yean In rntil childfive old. m0$ towns cities and groups :'erand toddler orplaygroups children. for small jreplacelocal at churches and community You centres. your to . :osend child anursery (see school 6oing school to

*''--.:l l0 0npregnan(y ' ' rmation onmaternity and ante-natal inyour services area ,'ealth authority, visitororyourGPThe ahealth number of .'-ority be the will in phone book. (FPA) advice ,- ^ ng Associationgives 0ncontraception and --t FPA's is0845 1334, helpline 310 or:wwwfpa.org.uk - jbirth gives Trust information and support inpregnancy, .'''yparenthood: www.nctpregnancyandbabycare.com
u':.! -::birth

baby the rour with Registrar ofBirths, Maniages and . rrfice) within weeksthebirth.The six of addres your of *:e isinthephone lftheparents manied, book. are either ':'-?r register (an the birth. are married, lfthey not only '.:ister birth. parents manied want the lfthe not are but --. child's birth certificate, mother father both and must :"ey register baby. their

'-'

Education

Going school to Education UK free compulsory children inthe is and forall between the ages and (4to'16Northern of5 16 in lreland).Ihe system education varles inEngland, Wales Northern Scotland, and lreland. parent ihechild's 0rguardian isresponsible sure (hild for making their goes school, ontime attends thewhole year. to anives and for school lf they not this, parent do do the may prosecuted. orguardian be Some ofthe areas country free offer nursery educationchildren for over parts isdivided theaqe 3.Inmost oftheUK, of compulsory education primary secondary. places isa into stages, and two Insome there middle+chool InEnglandWales primary lasts system. and the stage from to I 1,inScotland 5to12 inNorthern trom from lreland 5 and 4to1l. The secondary lasts the of1 Atthat young stage until age 6. age people choose school iontinue their with education can toleave 0rt0 'll until are or18. they Detailslocal of schools available your education are from local auth0rity or The numberslocal office website. addressesphone and of education authoritiesthe are phone in book. Primary schools These usually are schools both and learn where boys girls together are and group usually toachild home. close s Children tobe thesame tend with parents their and teacherday. all Schools encourage t0help children with particularly learning, with reading writinq. and

Secondary schools go Ataqe 1(12 Scotland) 1 in children tosecondary This school. mlght normally theschool be nearest home, parentsEngland their in but and Wales allowedexpress are to apreference different Insome fora school. gettinq areas, asecondary placeaprefened can school in school be diffrcult, parents apply several and in often t0 schoolsorder make to sur. their gets child offered aplace. Northern many In lreland schools select children atest atthe of11. through taken age

places, lftheprefened has school enough thechild beoffered will apla.. places, places lfthere not will : are enough children beoffered according theschools Admission admission arrangements. anangementsfrovary area area. to Secondary are schools larger primary than schools. are Most mixed sex,

in although are there single schoolssome Your educatior sex areas. local will you authority give informationschools area.willalso on inyour lt you give information why you tell which schools spaces have and about places only few available r,l' some children be will given when a are and

other children not. willalso you toapply aseconda might lt for tell how place. school Costs parents t0pay Education schoolstheUK fr.,,,Uut in i, atstate harte tor school uniforms sports There sometimes charges wear are for and extra music lessons forschool Parentslowincomes get and outings. on can help costs, with cost school You get with and the of meals. can advice on from thls thelocal educatron authoritythe[itizens 0r Advice Bureau.

.'.rch other schools and faith

Assessment

, :' mary secondary inthe are tothe and schools UK linked Church InEngland, of the cuniculum into stages, Key isdivided four called Stages. . :' r 0rthe Catholic Roman fhurch.These are called'faith schoolsi After stage each childrentesui98989898989999 ted. take Sta are They Key '16 : areas are there Muslim, and schools. Jewish Sikh In Northern SATs) 7,1l and At they atages 14. usually the take General Certificates . : r >0rlr are Integrated schoolscalled Schools.Theseschoolsaim to ofSecondary (GCSEs) subjects, some Education inseveral although . - dren different of religionstogether. on schools schools offer qualifications.young who Information faith people have also other At1 8, : ;:'e your education from local (Advanced authority. stayed atschoolAGCEs do G(E often called levels) just Alevels. nr*rendent schools In Wales, follow schools theWelsh Curriculum abolished National have but national for tests children 7andl. There also inWales atage 1 are plans to stop testing children Teachen still t0assessreport at14. inWales have and on pupils'progress their and achievements11. at7and

full oftheir education. . ,, :re cost child's indeoendent fromto14. are levelsthis Some 5 There six in phase, AtoF. are levels Ihere no ':r scholarships someall the of child's tests whole pay or of costs which groups this Teachenindividual for the during time. test children '14 when are From to16, young do peopleSundard they ready. Grade. After they study Intermediate, 0rAdvanced In 1 6 can at Higher level. 1r rsssdtol cuniculum Scotland willsoon asingle there be cuniculum pupils ageto for all from 3 18.This A(uniculumExcellence. age iscalled for More information can be ,, :' raryand secondaryschools inEngland,Walesand foundwww.acurricul Northern at umforexcellencescotland.qov.uk. - : ' -,r'the National Cuniculum.IhisEnglish, science, covers maths, - :' r::chnology, information and communication (1(T), Help English technology with .--rraphy foreign modern languages, design, art and music, (PE) citizenship. children Welsh. lfyour main , -r -.ation and In Wales, learn child's language English,school arrange isnot the may for language fiom EAL extra support an (English Additional Language) -ary schools all lessonsaretaught inWales, ",' the inWelsh. soecialist In teacher. , : : -rLls abroad follow cuniculum by informed nationalguidance. - -,: by provide education all (areers law, religious (RE) pupils. to education - : " : owedwithdraw children these RE to their from lesons. -' : , : ; I h r i s t i a n b a s i s b u t c h i l d r e n a l s o l e a r Allchildrencareers r from age 14. n a b o u get e o t advice the of Advice available tth he isalso ) people: from Connexions, serviceyoung telephone anational for

-,- - :?nt schoolsprivate They not orpaid are schools. are run for ' ',:e. Independent schools sometimes secondary are also called 'tols. are 2,500 Thereabout independentinthe schools UK. ' . : of got0theseschools. children parents AtindependentschoolsScotland, In the cuniculum into phases.fintphase isdivided two The is

In or: inEngland. 080 13219www.connexions-direct.comWales, 800 'l Careen offers tochildren the of 1 For Wales advice from age . further informationwww.careerswales.com 0800 900. visit: ortelephone 100

InScotland, 5cotland information, and Careers provides servicessupp0rt visit: toall and For further information Further education also courses over age collegesoffer toadults the of ages stages. people toimprove skills wishing www.careers-scotland.org.uk 502 or telephone8 502. 0845 18. include for These courses their in (English English. courses These are ES0L called for Speakers of0ther Parentsschools and There courses for English who to Languages). also are speakersneed improve literacy numeracy people need learn their and and for who to parentsinvolved their school. Many are with child's Anumber ofplaces new for skills employment. E50L are available courses incommun also governing are parents.governing centres training There for The body and centres. issometimes list E50L on school's a body reserved awaiting for produces 0n courses demand InEnglandWales, literacy how school and isrun administered and reports because ishigh. ES0L, decides the and parents be progres school year year.Scotland, can ofthe from t0 In and numeracy are called for courses. get courses also Skills Life You can the members boards councils. information local orlocal or learndirect on ofschool orparent atyour college libraryfrom 1 00 0800 900. Schools be 190 ayear. dates decided must open days ;Term are by the governing orby local people other education t0learnnew or must body the education Children attend Many join adult authority. classes a skill the whole year. school Schools parents guardians expect and toinform hobby tomeet people. are varied range and new Classes very and from to absent school.schools from All to instrument language. are them child going be iftheir is ask sportslearning amusical oranew Details parents ahome-school Thisalist agreement. is ofthings that usually available your library, oradult from local college education centr tosign good parentguardian todo ensure agree to a both school the the and or Universig for the All receive every 0n education child. parents areport year their progres. also the They have chance tothe togo school to totalk child's young go More peopletouniversity than the Many after now in past. go their teachers. child's (or grades posible Alevels Higher inScotland) 18 it isalso atage but to g0 university inlife. present, students Further educationadult most inEngland, Wale and education t0 later At and Northern havepay lreland to towardscost the oftheir fees tuition (Higher and pay their expenses. younq can school 0n do levels people leave 0rstay to A InScotland are tuition fees to for living there n0 At16, grades for Some people but students university pay some cost after finish they back ofthe ofthe inScotland) inpreparation university. young go (FE) toimprove exam grades education inapayment an endowment. Atpresent, local educationcollege their called universitie totheir further year their free t0 fees, students do no for career. courses up the are can charget0f3,000per for tuition but up 0rtoget qualifications Most new a

with incomesget age 19. people families low of Young from can financ with studies they school when leave at16.This the help their iscalled Maintenance (EMA). Allowance Information this Education about is available local or atyour college at:www.dfes.gov.uk.

Leisure

Information : ' anything their beforeduring studies. towards fees or their ,'^rentpays tuition and charges their fees then for when them ' ):arts working university. families lowincomes after Some on -. r with children's fees. their tuition Thiscalled is agrant. Ihe ' .' also help,the give in form bursaries.students get of Most 'i'est student from bank. pays their costs loan a Ihis for living '-., ere university.When at astudentfinishes university starts and -: orshe pay the . must back loan. Information theatre, about cinema, and music exhibitions in isfound local newspapers,libraries tourist local information Many and offices. museums galleries art and are free. Film, and video DVD Films theUK asystemshow they suiftble children. in have if to are for This called classification lfachild below age the is the system. is the of classification,should watch filmatacinemaonDVD. they not the or All films receive classification, a follows: as U(Universal): for suitableanyone 4years over aged and (parental guidance): foreveryone some ofthe PG parts film suitable but might unsuitable be for children. parents decide. Their should 12or12a: children 12 not under are allowedsee rent filmuness to or the they with adult. are an 15: children 15 not under are allowed 0rrent film. tosee the 18: one no under'lB isallowed 0rrent film. tosee the Rl8:noone under'18 isallowed see film, t0 the which only in is available specially cinemas. licensed

Television and radio

and clubs Pubs night

(TV), or part life UK. houses, are important ofsocial inthe To inthe with recorder, computer Public orpubs, an Anyone UK atelevision DVDvideo pub must 1 0rover. under are you be 8 programmes drink People 1 not ina 8 TV alcohol orrecording orany whichused watching device is for either. tobuy ina orinan allowed alcohol supermarket off-licence The must covered valid be by a television One covers licence. licence allof people rent landlord pub allow of14to into pub ti:, ofthe may people come the but who different ina rooms the equipment address, atone but with can wine are allowed At16, not todrink. people drink orbeer am:' house each a licence. shared must buyseparate inahotelrestaurant. or (2006) lasts AcolourlV cunently f131.50 and for12 licence costs wants Pubs usually during day until1 lfapub tc are open the and 1 pm. People 75, Blind months. aged orover apply afree licence. can for TV people claim50% licence. clubs anc $ay later, apply a licence.risk You prosecution open it must for special Night open can a discount on theirlV later pubs. There close than a ifyou TV are coveredTV by licence. are a and fine watch but not many t0buyTV ways a licence including local Point or from Pay outlets possible for licence Betting gambling and at: lt isalso on-line www.tvlicensing.co.uk. topay the ininstalments. information 0870 3763 write For more teleohone 576 or to into clubs People 18 not under are allowed betting orgambling shops IVLicensing,8598 Bristol 1IL. prizes,made There National for isa Lotterywhich with draws, large are week. can by aticket card. Sports, and clubs societies every You enter buying orascratch People '1 ticket card. under are allowed alottery orscratch 6 not tobuy can usuallyfound local be at Information local and about clubs societies your authority. information sports about you Pets libraries orthrough local For centres should inthe leisure Librariesleisure often ask local centre. and people UK pets as and ltis thr Many inthe have such cats dogs. against holidays. children the during school 0rganise for activities places or it.All in law treatpet to a cruellytoneglect dogs public must owner wearcollar the md ofthe Places ofinterest a showingname address owner.Ihe ) up after for keepingdog control for responsible the under and cleaning for and medical treatment animalaoublic Vaccinations in inthe Many the olace. The haslarge UK a network ofpublic footpaths countryside. affc parts countryside ofinterestkept by places from surgeons lfyou animalsavailable veterinary (vets). cannot are are open the ofthe and Dispens called PDSA a you g0 important buildings t0payvet, can t0acharity the (People's National Thisacharity workspreserve Trust. is that to your To find nearest visit: branch, www.pdsa.org Sick Trust and countryside UK. inthe Information National buildings for Animals). about and publicavailable www.nationaltrust.org.uk 0pen is on: areas t0the

a:vel transport and

drr buses coaches and

The driving licence

-:tion roads.get on must a licencedrive public To adriving to NationalEnquiry Rail Service: You havedriving the ab0ut telephone trains :: -19 orvisit. where you pass There many schools you driving For inNorthern licence must atest. are trains www.nationalrail.co.uk 50, -:ne instructor. learn the ofa can www.translink.co.uk with help qualified Translink 90 66 orvisit: on 02B 66 30 . -,:lon about bus ohone 608 For local times 0870 250. ' . on B0 National on coaches, telephone Expres08705 8080, For wwwcitylink.co.uk 50 50 :,link 0870550 orvisit: on ': and, www.translink.co.uk visit: get driving inthree licence stages: You afull while are licence. need licence you 1.Apply aprovisional You this for upt0 to a learningdrive. this are to With you allowed drive motorcycle putLplates thevehicle,DplatesWales. in on or You 125cc acar. must or lfyou a you drive Learner (annot 0namotorway. drive car, must driven

, ,', nati0nalexpress.com inScotland, telephone !v For coaches

' .ets trains underground such the for systems as L0nd0n and for 21 who had with who train. fare before get --dmust bought you 0nthe The varies be someone isover and has afulllicence over be -, rhe and you totravel. licence years. can an form three You get application foraprovisional from inthe Travelling rush . day time wish ',r rsr1r0r office. for families, apost : Discount are expensive. tickets available people, under and -.: 60 over; and disabled studentspeople 26. ' ocal station theory awritten test. may buy ticket result 2.Pass a fordetails. Failureto train test. 3.Pass apradcaldriving the s may their until are Afterthat licence Drivers use licence they 70. for years valid three atatime.

a and must licenseddisplay .qally,taxis minicabs be all and ': Taxis cabs nolicence notinsured forfare-payinq are and with (for an driver display R-Plate lreland, should use notalwavs safe.Women not unlicensed InNorthern anewly-qualified must :rdare the regi$ered for year pasing test driver) one after

:r!'r,:

licences Overseas Union in licence acountrytheEuropean (EU), isfrom driving 18 to a 1 7 a or : : atleast todrivecar motorcycle,drivemedium- lfyour you drive for long 0rNorway, can intheUK as as Liechtenstein or , ,rd21 drivelarge orbus.Io alony, drive minibus lceland, to a lony licence isvalid. licence.your seats, must aspecial eight ,'ethan pasenger you have

Speed limits

lfyou alicence acountry the you use inthe For and have fiom outside EU, may it cars motorcycles limits the speed are: for to months. this you get UK UK up 12 During time must a provisional driving and both UK licence pas the theory practical tests, 30 per (mph)built-up unless shows and driving or miles hour in areas, asign adifferen lim you not able drive 12 will be to after months. mph single 60 on caniageways 70 on mph motorways caniageways and dual Insurance Itisacriminal tohave without motor offence acar proper insurance. Drivers insurance without can receive high lt isako very fines. illegalto allow someone your ifthey not touse car are insured it. todrive Road and tax MOT You also atax drive car the Thiscalled must pay t0 your on roads. is road tax. vehicle have tax which you paid. Your must aroad disc shows have You buy atthe office. donot the tax, can this post lfyou pay road your vehicle be may clamped away. or towed Speed are for limits lower buses, and pulling lonies can caravans.

hisillegaldrive you over alcohol ordrunk. poli to when are the limit The can you give atest see much you in stop and you to how alcohol have your Thiscalled body. is abreathalyseradriver more the test lf has than permitted ofalcohol beingbver (called amount the limit') refuses or to take test, orshe be the he will anested. who and can People drink drive expect disqualified tobe fiom period. drivingalong for Accidents

lfyou involvedroad are ina accident: lfyour vehicle three old, must itevery for isover years you take year a (M0T) You do at approved Ministry ofTransport test can this an garage. t dont away drive without stopping-this offence isacriminal garage give an certificate your passestest. The will you MOT when car the hisan offencetohave MOT not an certificate. donot an lfyou have MOT . callthe and police ambulance or112if 0n999 someone isinjured your certificate, insurance be will not valid. @ o get names, the addresses, registration and vehicle numbersinsuran 5afety details oftheother drivers

Everyone inavehicle wearseat (hildren 1 years should a belt. r give detailsthe drivers under 2 your to other orpassengersthe of and police to age need may aspecial seat booster Motorcyclists pasengers and their must acrash (this does apply Sikh ifthey wear helmet law not to men are I make ofeverythinghappened anote your that and contact insuran wearing aturban). illegalto while lt is phone. drive holding amobile company as as soonposible.

' ' rou admit accidentyour the the was fault, insurance company ' : topay.isbettertowait lt until insurancecompanydecides the ' ^rse the fault accident was. ar':, documents ' -Kcitizens haveto identity (lD) donot cany cards.Ihe '-: s, however, plansintroducethem making to inthe next

-:!'r,: iour identity j ,?t0prove identity your you atdifferent such when times, as . 3r(ount, rentaccommodation, college hire enr0l fora course, '-, benefits as , such housing orapply amaniage benefit, for ferent organisations for may ask different documents as ''-: tyTheseinclude: can your ..lments theHome showing immigration from Office

,::ofidentity ': lr travel dOcument (Nl) : rsurancenumber card -:l orfull driving licence your -,,, electricityphone showing name addres or bill and :.refits book.

ChAPtCr6: EMPLOYMENT
Looking work for

lnthis chapter isinformation are there lfyou looking work, you thinking changing job, your for or are of
ADOUT:

you find there anumber are ofways can outabout opportunities. work provides guidancewho allowedwork theUK. The Home Office in on is to

* Looking and for work applying Not people work everyone UK allowedwork some inthe is to and need jobs for permits,it isimportantcheck status taking work. your s0 to before up
Also, employers tocheck anyone employlegally have that they is entitled

* Training and volunteering towork theUK. more in For information guidance,theHome and see
Offi website'Working ce inthe UK'-www.workingintheuk.gov.uk

c Equal and rights dixrimination

Jobs usually are advertised and inlocal national newspapen, local atthe

* Rights responsibilities and at in Jobcentre employment You find address and aqencies. can the and work telephone ofyour Jobcentre Jobcentre the number local Plus under in

phone orsee: jobcentreplus.gov.uk advertised jobs book www Sone are . Working foryourself on supermarket and shop notice boardsin windows. lobs ihese are part-ilmethe arc quite lf usually and waqesoften low.there partkular are (hildarethildren * and at work clmpantes like wlrk yluan l00k vacanctes yluwluld to flr, f0( on

iletwelrtes
Jobcentre run agovernment Plus by is departmenr_the ro, Deparfmenr Work Pensions. staffgive and infinding and Irained advice help and applying as daiming forjobswell benefits. can arrange They also for interpreters. Their website www.jobcentreprus.gov.ukand rists vacancres training opportunities general gives and information on benefits. is There alsolow telephone a cost serviceJobseeker 60 2i4. is Direct, 60 This 0g45 open to 6.p.m.weekdays a.m. 1p.m. Saturdays. 9a.m. on and to 9 on Qualifications Applicants jobs special 0rqualifications. for some need training lfyou qualifications have from another you find how country, can out they compare qualificationsUK the with inthe at National Academic Recogniti0n Centre www.naric.or0.uk Information(NARIC),

For further information UK contactNARlt, Ltd, House, ECflIS 0riel Road, Oriel (heltenham GL50 telephone:0870 Glos, 1XB 990 4088, email: info@naric.org.uk Applications Interviews paid local can be for lower and jobs often ananged by telephonepenon. many you tofillinan orin For jobs need application (CV) acovering or form send ofyour or acopy cuniculum vitae with letter letter ofaoolication. Acovering isusually letter letter ashort attachedcompleted toa gives detailed application whileletter application more form, a of information you applying job why think why are on for the and you you suitable. (Vgives detailsyour Your are specific on education, qualifications, employment, interests. previous skills and lt isimportant (Von computer processor t0type letten your a any and 0rword as this your ofbeing for interview improves chance calledan

you applying job during intervieq importan: When are for and a the it is tobe honest your about qualifications lat. and experience. lfan employer finds that gave you out you inconect information, lose might yourjob. (riminalrecord For jobs, some particularly work ifthe involves with working children people,employerask your orvulnerable the will for permission todo acriminal check. can more record You get information from 0n this the (GB) Home Criminal Bureau information Records 0ffice line, telephone 90 81 InScotland, Disclosure 0870 90 1. contact Scotland: www.disclosurescotland.c0.uk Heloline:609 0870 6006. Training

Takingtraining people their helps improve qualifications up for work. Some training be may offered oryou do atwork can courses home from oratyour college. includes language You local This English training. can get informationyour library college websitt more from local and orfrom Employersask the often for names addresses ortwo and ofone referees. such www.worktrain.gov.uk as and www.learndirect.co.uk. Learndire(l Thesepeople as current are such your orprevious employer orcollege offers ofonline courses arange training atcentres the acrosscountry. you and tutor. Refereestoknow well t0agreewriteshort need t0 a report Ihere charges are for coursesyou do startertaster but can free or sessio'your orreference suitability job. on for the Personal ormembers You get informationtheir information friends of can more frOh free lir. advice and your are normally family not acceptable as referees. 0800 900. 1 00 lnterviews Volunteering experience and work

job In descriptions peoplevoluntary and can agood t0support and interviews, employers give details should full of Some do work this be way what job the involves, the holidaysworking includingpay, your community and conditions. local and organisationsdependvolunteers which : on lfyou more need information any you ask provides experience help future applicatio", about ofthese, can questions also in useful can with job that questions interview you Your library have the interview. asking Infact, some inthe shows local will information volunteering about opportunrtie: your ofgettingjob. interested improvechance are and can the

Equal and rights discrimination

You also information can get advice websites as. from such and www.do-it.org.uk www.justdosomething.net www.volunteering.org.uk and Itisagainst law employers the for todiscriminate s0me0ne against at work. means aperson notberefused training Ihis that should work, or promotion ortreated favourably oftheir: les because ;:.sex = nationality, group race, orethnic colour = disabiliry = religion = sexual orientation age. grounds InNorthern the also discrimination ot lreland,law bans on religious orpoliticl belief opini0n. job, Ihelaw says men women dothe also that and who same orwork protecting value, receive pay. all ofequal should equal Almost thelaws j0bs. peoplework equally people part{ime full-time at 0r apply to doing Ihere however, numberjobs discrimination do laws are, asmall of where not For isnot the apply. example, discrimination against law the when job involves for workingsomeone own intheir home. You getmore information thelaw racial and discrimination can about The 0pportunities Equal from (ommission Equality. the for Racial issues the help Commission withsex can discrimination and Disability

Rights Commission disabiliry Each with isues. of deals these organisations offers and advice information insome and can, cases, support individuals.0ctober their From 2007 functionsbe will brought together new ina Commission and for Equality Human You Rights. can get information the protecting atwork the people from more about laws Advice website: Citizens Bureau www.adviceguide.org.uk (ommission information provides InNorthern the lreland, Equality and inrespect advice of allforms ofunlawful discrimination. The Commission Equality,5t House, for Racial Dunstans -2 1Borough Street, SE1 telephone: 20 1 1 Hh ig 1 London, Gl, 7939 fax:020 0001, 020 000, 7939 www.cre.gov.uk

you that you comments theway look make feel about uncomfortable orhumiliated

'-= questionsyour life comments or about sex = inappropriate or touching demands sexual =.= bullying behaviour treated way isrude, orbeing ina that hostile, degrading orhumiliating ofyour because sex

Men women be and can victimssexual of harassment lfthrs atwork. happens tell friend, toyou, a colleague union ortrade representative a': you ask person the harassing stop.isagood tokeep to lt idea awritte. record happened, and whenhappened ofwhat the ,,, days times it and IheEqual 0pportunities Arndale Arndale Commision, House, (entre, problem else have orheard harassment. may seen the lfthe continues Manchester telephone: 601 fax: 838 2, M4 3EQ 0845 5901, 0'161 831 report person employer union. the t0your ortrade Employers are www.eoc.org.uk responsible behaviour employees they atwor, for the oftheir while are They treat should complaints harasmentseriously ofsexual very and The Disability (ommision, Helpline, Rights DR( FREEPOST M1D02164, take effective todeal the action with problem. are satisfied lfyou not v," (V37 telephone: 622 StratfordAvon 9BR, upon 0845/ 6i3, your employer's you ask advice support the response, can for and from (ommision, trade orthe fax: 77 87 www.drc.org.uk 08457 8, 8 your union [itizens Equal 0pportunities Advir. Bureau. The Equality [ommission Northern Equality for lreland, House, /-9Shaftesbury Belfast 7Df Square, BI2 telephone:028 90 500600, www.equalityni.org Sexual harassment harassment different This Sexual can take forms. includes: indecent remarks

.ttwork

,rployers employees responsibilities and have legal atwork. ,:rshave pay to employees work they treat forthe that do, them ,- Jtake responsiblefortheir care health safety. and Employees rotheir with work reasonable care follow skill and and all ': einstructions. They not should damage employer's their

Employers pay worken than are who their less this breaking law. the You get can more information theCentral ofInformation from 0ffice Directgov website, www.direct.gov.uk awide ofpublic which has range service information. you Alternatively, telephone National can the Minimum Wage Helpline, telephone:0845 600 0678. Your contract 0rstatement the will you show number ofhours are expected towork. employer ask ifyou work Your miqht you can more hours this itrs decision ornot do. than and your whether you Your employer require towork hours thehours you cannot more than aqreed your 0n contract.

. r-1frcontractstatement 0r

' '.I months ofstarting job, employer give anew your should you ' .0ntract 0rstatementall details conditions with the and for . Ihis pay, should includeyour responsibilities, hours, working pay pension. also , :k and ltshould includeperiod the ofnotice lfyou tobeabsent work, example are oryou need from for ifyou ill have '- , :uand employer give your should for employment the t0end amedical appointment,importanttellyour it is t0 employer as as s00n '.t orwritten statementimportant isan documentisvery you inadvance. employees are 0rover entitled at and can Most who 16 are t0 '-.'eiseverdisagreement a your pay about work, orconditions.least weeks, holiday year includes fornationa paid four every This time : r ',rJr's holidays and (see holidays chapter Your 3). employer give apay ora must you slrp, similar written statement, time are This show , each you paid. must exacr how much money been offfortax national has taken and insurance you your , rreed betweenand employer isaminimum c0ntributi0ns. There person . -:K rs legal for that a right every employed above . ,rhool leaving The age. compulsory leaving is1 school age 6, Tax yearwhen . r theschool 16-year-olds can leaveschool in ; ,r,/ales isdifferent that ScotlandNorthern from in and lreland For people, isautomatirally from earningsthe most tax taken therr by

-:r'ent minlmum rates different groups. wage for age From rates as : :he are follows: .'', agedand - f5.35 hour 22 above an , ,ear - f4.45 hour olds an ,ear - f3.30 hour olds an

employer paid and directly HM to Revenue [ustoms, government and the department responsible forcollectinq lfyou seltemployed, taxes. are you need pay own (see 82). to your tax page Money from raised income tax pays government such roads, for services as police the educatron, and armed 0aasionally Revenue [ustoms out return forces. HM and sends tax forms which forfullfinancial ask details. receive it isimportant lfyou one, tocomplete return form s00n posible. cn gethelp it and the as as You and advice theHM from Revenue [ustoms and self-assessment helpline, on:0845 45 300 55.

National Insurance Almost everybody UK isinpaid including inthe who work, self-employed information registeringNational about for a Insurance you number,car(Nl) people, pay must National Insurance Money contributions. raised telephone the National Registrations Insurance Helpline on from contributions topay Nl isused contributory such the benefits as 0845 57006 91 91 or 0845 55670. State Retirement and fund National 5ervice. Pensionhelps the Health Employees Nl have contributions from pay their their deducted their by Pensions employer week month. who self-employed every or People are need to pay contributions Nl themselves: contributions,by Class 2 either direct inthe who paid Everyone UK has enough Insurance ,National contribur (las4contributions profits debit every months or three and on the willget State a Pension they Ihe Pensionfor when retire. State age me' paid from trade business.4contributions alongside currently ofage for their or Clas yean and women 60, the Pension are 65 it is but State . -' income Anyone does pay their tax. who not enough Nl contributions for will women increase instages will to65 between and You 20'10 2020. c,not able receive benefits, as be t0 certain such Jobseeker's or Allowance find details State full ofthe Pension on State scheme the Pension :. webs pension. Maternityand not Pay, may receive state afull retirement www.thepensionservice.gov.uk the oryou phone Pension can Service Helpline:0845 60 265. 60 Getting aNational Insurance number Inaddition State toa Pension, people receive many also apension -' thropeople UK sent Just their birthday, before 16th pension too. allyoung inthe are a their and also into personal plan ltisver, work some pay a penon it important good about National Insurance number.Ihis isaunique for numbereach and toget advice pensions. The Pensions Advisory tracks National c0ntributi0ns. their Insurance gives and persona Service free confidential on adviceoccupational and pensions.helpline Their telephone is0845 2923 therr number 601 and Refugees asylum whose applications succesful the have been have same website iswww.opas.org.uk. financial ca" address Independent advisen rightswork any UK and receive to as other citizen to Insurance also advice you give but usually topayfee this aNational You have a for service.ca' number. who appliedasylum have received People have for and not a find financial inthe local Pages Thomson guic. advisen Yellow and local positive do usually permission and do decision not have towork so not 0r0n internet the atwww.unbiased.c&uk get National number. a Insurance Health safety and You aNational need Insurance when start lfyou number you work. do not aNational have Insurance you apply one number,can for through Employen alegal tomake the have duty issafe. sure workplace Jobcentre your Social 0ffice.isagood tomake Employees alegal tofollow regulations wo'. Plus local Security lt or idea also have duty safety and to you an appointment by telephone which and ask documents totake safely responsibly. wonied health safetyyou. need and lfyou are about and at you. usually toshow birth pasport your certificate, and with You need workplace, your talk to supervisor, ortrade representati\. manager union procedures employer not Home documents you stay the 0ffice in country. need You tofollow right your allowing t0 lfyou need the and must you treat unfairly for raising dismissor you aconcern.

'-:de unions the and , :. .lnions organisations t0improvepay working that aim are They give members and advice : : ons their of members.also their join trade problems You choose to a whether atwork. can i : -10n - ornot your cannot you treat unfairly and employer dismiss or you :. rqaunion member. they to ,nfind details unions UK, benefits offer oftrade inthe the , - ters useful lrades rights on Union and information atwork the on (TUC) www.tuc.org.uk :'ess website, -':blemswork at you for longer needs lfyou yourjob lose because the companywork no ' - have you, may problems kind work, toyour afford someone your orcannot toemploy you be todo job, ofany at speak supervisor, ' :-:qer, union pay. you The ofmoney receive depends entitledredundancy amount t0 0rsome0newith trade representative else responsibility Again trade the oftime have employed. your union itis idea , , ,1fl posible. needtake action, agood toget 0n length you been lfyou to any ds (entrethe (itizens Bureau Advice can your asolicitor, will , :, .: first.you amemberrade lf are ofa union, representative representative, aLaw or '- : /0u also (GB) you. your Citizens Bureau orLaw advise Advice can contact local ':'e The Arbitration (A[AS) Service national Advisory, Conciliation and -: i te, gives your at ACAS Unemployment www.acas.org.uk information rightswork. on helpline, 0845747 , rffers anational telephone: 47 47. people become Allowance claim Most who unemployed Jobseeker's can (JSA).Ihis aged iscunently for aged and available men 18-65 women your and dismissal --'sing job unfair work trying 18-60 are who capable available ofworking, for and , ' :.nployeebe may be for work. 16 and at immediately misconduct tofind Unemployed l7-year-oldsnot eligible for serious can dismised '1.Anyone cannottheirjob aYoung Bridging Penon's properly,unacceptably Jobseeker's but be toclaim Allowance may able late or who d0 oris (YPBA) The Jobcentre help claims. Plus can with given Allowance instead.local lftheir warningtheir employer, :: :ntfrom should work, be a by '. '<, Advice and informationthe from Ctizens Bureau the punctuality can further can the orattendancenot does improve,employergive You get '-.-rnotice theirjob. website: www.jobcentreplus.gov.uk Jobcentre Plus toleave ' . aqainstlaw employers someone work from unfairly. todismiss the for -'- shappens orlife work madedifficult you you you, at is so that feel to ' , ,: toleave, may able get you be to compensation your ifyou take case in Thisacourt specialises is toan Employmentlribunal. which t0make matters.normally have months only three employment You acomplaint. toget lfyou dismissedyour it isimportant advice from job, on are your as as You ask advice information and cases00n posible. can for your rights the action fiom trade on legal and best totake your union Advice representative, aLaw orthe asolicitor, Centre Citizen3 Bureau. Redundancy

)0e

Working yourself for

New Deal

Tax

programme togive New isagovernment Deal that aims unemployed Self-employedare people responsible their tax paying own and for people help support needget work. people National the and they to into Young Insurance. tokeep They have detailed ofwhat records they who been have unemployed for months adults have 6 and who been earn spendthe and on businesssend business t0 and their accounts unemployedmonths usually tojoin Dealthey HM for18 are required New if Revenue people and Customs year. self-employed use every Most wish continue benefit. are to receiving There different Deal New schemes an accountant sure pay correctand allthe t0make they the tax claim for different groups.can out about Deal age You find more New on oossible tax allowances. 0845 2626 www.newdeal.qov.uk 606 or: As as become you soon you self-employed register for should younelf government work-based programmesoffer tax National (ustoms The also runs learning which and Insurance the Revenue by ringing HM and training t0people they atwork. receive 0ran while are People awage telephone for helplinepeople are who self-employed, 915 on 0845 45': allowance attend for dayweekget and can college one a to a qualification. new Help advice and You find more the government and can out about different schemet the Banks give can information and on advicesettingyour business up own schemes area, Jobcentrewww.jobcentreplus.gov.uk, start-up which tobe inyour fiom Plus, or and offer loans, need repaid interest. with local Advice vour Citizens Bureau. grants other Government and financial may available. support be You ca' get details and on 0fthese advicebecoming self-employed from , Busrne project Link,government-funded people 0rrunning a for starting a business-www.businesslink.gov.uk telephone: 9006. 0845 600 Working inEurope British (an inany citizenswork couffiy isamember Europea" that ofthe Economic(EEA). Area Ingeneral, have same they the employment righr: as citizen country a ofthat orstate.

Childcare childrenwork and at

New mothen fathers and Women are who expecting have right time work ababy alegal to off for 26 maternity antenatal They also care. are entitledatleast weekl t0 leave. rights tofull-time part{ime These apply workers it makes and and lt is, no differencelong woman workedher how the has for employer. procedures give however, important the tofollow correct and to the employer notice taking enough about maternity Some may leave. women pay this also entitledmaternitybut depends long have be t0 onhow they working employer. for been their Fathers have who workedtheir for employer least weeks for at 26 are entitledpaternity which t0 leave, provides two up to weeks'time off pay, the isborn.lsimportant your from with when child work, h totell employer advance. well in You get and information onmaternitypaternity and can advice more matten the from personnel at officer your union work, trade your (itizens Bureau,Citizens representative, Advice the Advice local government website Bureau www.adviceguide.org.uk website orthe www.direct.gov.uk Childcare morethan (13-l4yearolds)hours ,.' five hours oreight (15-15 (or policy people childcare weekdays school on firing holidays) ItisGovernmenttohelp with responsibilities olds) Saturdays totake work. employenhelp this. Childcarelink up Some can with The gives 7.00am website www.childcarelink.gov.uk about information different types before or 7.00pm after ofchildcareregistered and childminders area,telephone inyour or * before close inareas local .,' the ofschool (except where by houn 0800002 96 96. allow children one before towork hour school). Hours time children and for atwork * for than houn any week more 1 2 in school Inthe there strict t0protect from children exploitation and UK are laws for week morethan 25 hoursa (13-l4yearolds) hou6 or35 a,',-. education. The tomake that does get the oftheir sure work not in way (15-16 olds) school year during holidays. not legal for todo work 3, earliest age children paid is1 althoughalllocal , for authorities this. are allow There exceptions typesperforsome of ' (including work modelling) younger may allowe: when children be (16) work. Anychild leaving underschool age seeking paid todo r,'. (hildren p;" must for licence the authority. taking apply a from local may have insome ofperformances t0obtain kinds amedical :''certif working. before i' : Bylaw,children16can under onlydolightwork.Thereareparticu milk, that childrennot are allowed These delivering s. . . todo. include working alcohol, cigarettes ormedicines, inakitchen orbehind the with machinery ., counter chip working dangerous orcherr 0fa shop, c doing other of that be any kind work may harmful health - :' totheir 0r -: The sets clear for working and for law out limits the houn times l3 ,-, children. child haveleast consecutive . ,-, Every must at two weeks old n :'. when do work. cannot during school the holidays they not Ihey * for thanhours aone rest more 4 without hour break e for thanhoursany day aSunday more 2 on schoolor

,l6. j: 0nal minimum for waqe those under '-0nty withdraw may achildt licencework, example to for : ,vorks hou6 the allows.Ihe would longer than law child : et0cOntinue t0work. employer beprosecuted An may .- ploying Aparent who achild. 0rcarer makes afalse - achild's licence application also prosecuted. can be Ihey .''osecuted donot ifthey ensure child their receives aproper find information , can more on theIUC website, - art.org.uk

(hAPtCrT: KNOWING LAW THE

The and rights duties acitizen of

The law Inthis chapter isinformation Every there persontheUK theright equal in has to treatment thelaw. under about: The appliesthesame t0everyone-regardless are law in way ofwho they orwhere are they from. * The police < (rime the and law * (riminalcourts = Human rights * Maniage divorce and * (hildren young people and (onsumer protection Ihelaw bedivided criminal civil Criminal relares can into and law. law t0crimes, are which usually investigatedpolice by the orsome other authorityare and punished courts. law usedsetrle by the tivil is ro disputes individuals between 0rgroups. IntheUK isacriminal it offencecany weapon as gun knife to a such a or 0ranything ismade adaptedcause tosomeone, if it that or to rnjury even isfor self-defence. Reporting acrime Inanemergency,you the orif are victim acrime you acrime of or see place, 999 taking dial or112.The operator ask which will you you service need-police,ambulance thecoast, coastguard. you fire, or, by the Then need explain thepolice needed where need go. to why are and they to lfthesituation anemergenry,ianeither toyour police isNOT you go local station telephone You find telephone 0r them. can the number under 'Police'in phone Some'mino/crimes the book. can reported be online 5ee www.online.police.uk for details. Racially religiously and motivated crime lntheUK isacriminal it offenceuse to abusiveinsulting rn or words public because ofsomeone's orethnic religion origin. Anyone causes who harassment, ordistress alarm pe0ple t0other because religion oftherr or ethnic can prose(uted given origin be penaltiesthecourts. and strong by lfyou the are victim religiousracially of or motivated it isimportant crime,

police stop lfthe ever you prevent detect are tohelp police and i' -. action. can citizensexpected the this police they aduty t0report t0the and have totake You ask Allgood ofthe or can any else. whenevercan. police stop member public ' ':' they Ihe for interview police atyour orsomewhere atthe station, home an to oris inconnectionacrime has committedaboutta.. with that been place. can peoplevehicle time. get atany Equality They stop ina information advice the Council You can further and fiom Race Advice or your Citizens Bureau. from local give officer narr. your lfyou stopped police should the are by the you questions, any althouc' address. not t0answer more You need d0 and Police duties peopleYou ask the ofthe who do. can for name officer stopp=: usually questioned police where orshe based :" you, is and station he and the The of oolice UKto: rob the inthe is why have stopped. reason you been protect property life and police ask to to more ,station The can you go apolice toanswer quest .,.prevent go. goto (known volur:'', you choose peace) whethertolfyou apolicestation and can keeping the disturbancesas ruc:' you entitledleave you t0. you obsnuctive, t0 when want lf are are police,risk anested. you being * oreventdetect the decide tomislead and crime help protect everyone. Search Ihepolice isapublic and force service should and the for You not afraidreporting orasking police acrime should be of ' police stop search they might involved The can and anyone think be their help. officers obey law they not Police must the and must misuse ' ofi' ::, orpossession This offences as burglary crime. includes such theft, rude, racial make statement, abusive be orcommit authority, afalse Ihey ' criminal or to used committing damage. car : Ihe very numbers offcers are ofpolice who conupt drugsthingsbe for discrimination. small punished. the vehicle penon stop. ofthe they search severely ormisuse authority their are
q:

Complaints

t0 and any Police do have powerenter search buildinq officersnot the (tha: ifthey awarrant choose,they enterbuilding have but can a they permision amagistrate, inScotland 0rt0 from aSheriff), arrej: special To a Anyone make official can an complaint the against police.make ordamage. serious someone, alife toprevent disturbance t0save or you the can t0 station to complaint, g0 apolice orwrite either Chief you, pol can for name officer has Police for that force IndependentComplaints You ask the ofthe who stopped the i. [onstable police orthe (inNorthern the 0mbudsman). serious station he shebased the for their and reason search. whereor is lfit isa lreland,Police [ommission Advice it is idea toa orto [itizens matter, agood tospeak solicitor the first. Bureau

Arrest This caution that police forceperson means the cannot a t0answer questions. asuspect not questions police if But does answer atthe station, orincourt, can used evidence him her. caution this be as The against or fyou difficulty inunderstanding the have English,police provide also that should states anything does toapolice can be ape60n say officer also interpreter they adelayfinding interpreter an unless think in an might usedevidence as incourt. result inserious toaperson harm 0rproperty. The solicitor duty police normally interview person the The should only ayoung under age parent rf 1 iftheir oran'appropriate present.could a 7 is Ihis be Anyone has anested toapolice voluntarily who been station adulf orgoes worker, isentitledlegal inprivate. can with solicitor adult or a t0 advice This be a oftheir 'ocial an friend teacher. choice duty orthe solicitor. solicitors for firms Duty work local that Information and advice specialise incriminal and afree law offer consultation. the Usuallyadvice isgivenperson sometimes be over telephone. in but it may given the are ordeuined police you given ata station, are written 'you anested jetails importantrights: legal lfyou been have anested, being about offence, of three orare questioned aserious you unsure your position,have right to you the not or feel about legal (except your and questiOns togive name addres) you I the rightto asolicitor until have answer see spokensolicitor. toa 2 the tosendmessage right a toafriendamember family, or ofyour There some are differences the system inEngland and telling where are them you betweencourt lreland. Wales the and system inScotland and Northern that police the 3 the tolook the ofpractice-guidelines right at codes ar: Magistrates'and courts should when follow searching collecting for and evidence district -ris police given writen also note includesofficial caution toall the ,Jspects: 'tudo havesay not to anythinE. ifyou not when : Ltit may your harm defence do mention, questioned, you rely incourt. later on irmething which :rything do may given you say be inevidence. InEngland, and Wales Northern most criminal are lreland minor cases InScotland, criminal go offences dealt inamagistrates'court. minor with toadistrict court. lfyou anested takenapolice apollce willtell are and to station, officer you reason arrest. your the for

Criminalcourts

Civil courts

County courts

Magistrates, as also knownJustices Peace, less cases Most and havecounty t0deal awide i' ofthe hear serious in range towns cities a court wlth people t0getback magistrateland courts. are district They members local ofthe community. disputes. include trying m0ney is0,', civil These that . penonal family InEnglandWales usually unpaid have legal and they work and no t0them, involving injury, matten, of cases breaches qualifications, they receive InNorthern cases contract divorce.Scotland, although do training. lreland, In allofthese matten dealt rr 'and are with are heardpaid only by magistrates. sheriff court. Crown and courts sheriff courts
procedure The small claims

procedure informal ofhelping people nEngland, and Wales Northern serious are infront Ihesmall lreland, offences tried claims isan way to judge ajury afrown InScotland, cases heard settle disputes spending oftime money ofa and in court. serious are minor without usinc alot and -jury. jury procedure rn sheriff with a court eithera ora sheriff sheriff a A with This isusually forclaims lesthan 5,000 . solicitor used of f ismade ofmembers public atrandom the up from local room ofthe chosen hearingheld anordinary withajudge people bot" is in and from register [hapter InEngland, and electoral (see 4). Wales Northern lreland sides dispute around You getdetails tl'. ofthe sitting auble. can about procedure your county (inScotland ajury l2 members, Scotland has members. has in ajury 15 Everyonesmall from local loca and claims court (ourtsthe jury who summoned service do unles are is must it they not todo sheriffcourt),islisted which under in phone book. provide for ifthey in enforcement,0rthey eligible,example work law reason excused,as health. jury agood tobe such ill The decides on the isinnocent and verdict, iswhether defendant that the 0rguilty, ifthe verdict the decides penalty. isguilty judge on the

Youth court penon 7 lfan accused is1 years 0ryounger, casenormally old their is heardayouth infront up three in court of to specially magistrates trained judge. most cases to 0radistrlct The serious willgo aCrown court. parents young are The ofthe personexpected the toattend hearing. Memben public not ofthe inyouth and the are allowed courts neither name the nor photograph young can published in ofthe pe60n be newspaper by media. InScotland isaunique orused the there system lreland has called thildren's System,Northern now a the Hearings and system 0n'y0uth based conferencingl

Legal advice aid and

Solicitors jolicit06 trained who advicelegal are lawyers give on matten, action solicitor take t0taking as win, fee, there often acaseno no as are hidden costs clients representclientscourt. are their 'ortheir and in Ihere solicitors' suchpayingcosts other as the ofthe side. rffices throughout lt isimportant out the UK. t0find which aspects oflaw : solicitor specialises tocheck they the experience Law inand that have right Centres you your Many :ohelp with case. advertise papers the inlocal and Pages,the Advice can you oflocal Most cities one more Centres by large have or Law staffedqualified "ellow and fitizens Bureaugive names ;olicitors which oflaw specialise can get and areas they in. You also this lawyers. can legal and They give advice posibly on case.find take a To (telephone: nformation Law from the Society 02012421222, the addres nearest you telephone Centres ofyour centre, can the Law ,vww.solicitors-online.com) Legal and Community the Service Federation7387 or www.lawcentres.oro.uk on 020 8570visit: teleph0ne: 4345, 0845 345 www.clsdirect.orq.uk). Other and advice information (osts There (itizens Bureau towns cities I .;'..,.1 isa Advice inmost and -ir, Soliciton'charges basedhow time spenda are usually on much they on and confidential manydifferentoflega e-, --: prot adviceon types :ase.isvery It important out the h0w acaselikely website gives rangeinformationglish, si,r:- :. t0find at start much is also awide of inEn !\,e you eligible aid. tocost whetherare and for legal Chinese, Punjabi www.adviceguide Gujarati, and Urdu: org.uk Financialorlegalaid help Anyone isquestioned who orcharged inconnectionacrime with rs (see and entitled advice aduty tofree from solicitor above) free representati0n for fintappearance ltmay by solicitortheir a incourt. also possible help costs any be toget with for further appearances incourt, althoughdepends type this on the ofcase the and income savinqs and of give the Asolicitor information on client. can and advice this. Solicitors give can also information on schemes the 0fa tocover cost solicitor's but alltypes are help, not ofcase covered schemes by these and the availabledepends income savings client. help also on the and ofthe paid the on win, fee'basis. 5ometimes are by client a'no no the costs In no no cases,solicitor chargesclientthey the win, fee the only the if win case. important allthe lt is tocheck possible before costs agreeing toa Just ask! www.clsdirect.org.uk ofthe isthe website Community Service Legal and gives it informationwide oflegal on a range questions inseven languages.also you ltcan give detailslocal of soliciton places and togo for your advice area. in For teenagers The (itizen's Young Pasport practical toeveryday guide isa law written especially needs for people '14 lt the ofyoung aged to19. isproduced by (itizenship the Foundation are different England and there three editions: and ScotlandNorthern You order through Wales, and lreland. can acopy a local publishers,Munay, bookshop or telephone the Hodder on 0207837 6372.

Human rights

Victimscrime of Anyone isthevictim aviolent can who of crime apply the[riminal to (ompensation Injuries for Authority compensation injuries. fortheir The has be crime t0 reported policequicklyposible t0the as as and for must within years the application compensation made two be ofthecrime. can more You find information Criminal Injuries onthe [ompensatron website: Authority www.cica.gov.uk

The Human Rights Act AllUK courts follow principles European must the ofthe [onvention Riqhts. rights set law onHuman These are outinBritish intheHuman intheUK. Public such Rights 1998 apply everyone Act and to bodies as thepolice, schools hospitals towork away follows and have in that the Rights Human Acl general Theremore is informationtheHuman Act the Rights on on

Victimscrime also free and from of can get help guidance Victim Support Department ofConstituti0nalwebsite: Affain phone ring You find telephone can their numberthelocal in book, their www.dca.gov.u k/peoplesrig n-rights/index. hts/huma htm national on 30 900 g0 their helpline 845 30 or t0 website: www.\/ictimsupport.com InNorthern there aHuman Commission, is lreland is Rights which whether lreland its additional human considering Northern needs own rights lt also law. works itscounterpart Republic with inthe oflreland with aim achieving the of common standards parts theisland inboth of Equal opportunities For than years law theUK been more 30 the in has developed and t0try make that wort sure people not are treated unfairlyallareas lifeand in of because sex, disability, oftheir race, sexualityreligion.2006 or In unfarr age discrimination also atwork became unlawful. you get lfyou problems discrimimtion,can more face with information (itizens Bureau one the from the Advice orfrom of following organisations: (ommission Equality - www.cre.gov.uk The for Racial - wwweoc.org.uk The 0pp0rtunities Equal Commision - www.drc.org.uk The Rights Disability Commision r. (Ihese organisations brought three willbe togethertheCommission in Rights Oaober 200/). EqualityHuman from and

(ommissionNorthern - www.equalityni.org The for lreland Equality further information For on discrimination see atwork, chapter 6. Military service Inthe there been compulsory service military since'1960. UK has no Marriage ln0rdermarry, partner be yean orolder, t0 each must 16 old and unmarried. who 16 17 wantsget Anyone is or and to married needs permissiontherr written from parents. blood not Close relatives are allowed tomany other each although are cousinsallowed tomany. No can forced getmanied to regardless strong wishes ofhow one be the family be. may (ouples have tomany who agreed oftheir usually Inthe an was as announce engagement. past engaqementseen a their legal contractthese itisnot. but days

inthe Iheprocedure formaniages ChurchEngland of isslightly differen: isthe The traditional method bymost used couples publication n ofban ' by which thesame as civil takes time the methodgetting of manied certificate. banns publishedbeing aloud Ihe by read during ser' the are ofthe 5undays theceremony.donothave b. before You to oneach three manied butit isusual thecouo . amemberthechurch be of to there for toattend churchatleast ofthe occasionsthe the on one three when details eitherreligious from ministe' banns read. can more are You get a is marriages local who authorised t0conduct 0rthe registrar ofmarriacphone Registration maniagesdeaths inthe see ofbirths, and book. IntheUK, women their many when get take husband's surname they prefer manied. there noleqal todothis some duty women ' But is and keeo own their surname. Living together

getting . ma" Ihese many days, couplestheUK together in live without (ouples live place aregistry aregistered place orlive get Amaniaqe ceremonytake in can office, together they manied. who together before ',', ofworshipinpremises have approved local or that been bythe authority. without manied nothave same rights couples being do the legal as You get list from local married may some can a ofthese your authority. are and face problems relationship -: iftheir breaks For example, one if only partner's isonatenancy name 0' aqreement' for Inorder amaniage ceremony place, need get totake couples to (ertificatesthe from registrar ofmaniages district(s) they inthe where live. order get certificate,partners toshow birth In to a need the their partner have in deeds aproperty, other to may difficulty stayinga the property orclaiming inits ashare value.

penon without or, their identity making their orwife certifcatesifthese notavailable, personal documents.lfamarried dies are awill, husband proof entitled allormost their possesions.ifacouple notma". lf either thepartners been of has manied before, need show they to t0 of But are partner maniageended. has collected isnowill,it can very forthesurviving t, that this Certificates can be between 21 and there be difficult days 3 months the ofthe and before date wedding. partner's posessions. claim oftheir any lf anunmanied havechild, parents aduty supr both have t0 couple a yean thachild he she 1 until or is B old.

partnerships Same-sex register relationship and ,-oles same can legally their ofthe sex now - ,'kthis acivil knowna partnenhip. they When with ceremony as civil : , :hrs have legal tothosemanied couples. they similar rights of Drvorce r : /orce take during fintyear maniage. for Inorder a of cannot place the - :r 0rawoman for divorce must t0acourt pr0ve they that toapply a -= ' maniage has'inetrievablydowniorderdo he she broken In to this, or - -jrprove 0fthe one following has things happened: . :reir partnercommitted has adultery ' :'reir partner behaved This can many has unreasonably. cover things tohave ,.lch domestic assault, violence, orrefusing children as 1 :hey lived for years both adivorce have apart two and want E:ney lived for years only partner a wants have apart five and one
llv0rce

lfyou facing has you, important are divorce, partner left itisvery orifyour particularly ifyou advice your position asolicitor, from toget about legal young m0ney have children is over oriftheredisagreement 0rproperty. violence Domestic is crime. Inthe brutality violence homeaserious Anyone UK, and inthe partner-whether aman a they are 0r who violent is towards their prosecuted. who Any man woman, orliving manied together-can be husband, be forces awoman's can awomanhave including to sex, with chargedrape. toget as as Itisimportant woman situation help soon for inthis any posible. the Asolicitor (itizens Bureauexplain available Advice can orthe Insome there safe for to and in options. areas are placeswomengo stay telephone inthe called orshelten.Ihere refuges are emergency numben Pages for women, the Helpline atthe 0fthe section fiont Yellow including, (entre. The can help number nearestWomen's police also women ofthe find safe tostay. a place

c tne partner deserted for least yean the has the other at two before ication :ppl for divorce ttelp advice and -'. breakdown can a difficult for time everyone ofamaniagebe very - ,rlved. doctorssometimes ananging help by an Family can There a and with therapist. isalsovoluntary :::ointment afamily - ::pendent inEngland and called which organisationRelate, operates phone under or ,l: es. can their book Relate details You find contact inthe ww.relate.0rg.uk :',,,

Children

Parent( responsibilities have The says parents child are law that 0fa who manied another toone for equal responsibility child. continues ifthe their This even parents parentsnot separate ordivorce.whenchild's are manied, the But a only motherparental has responsibility unles: ::= father registen the jointly the child's with mother birth the the subsequently m0ther father marries the the obtainsmother's father the agreement parental for equal responsibility * the parental father by tocourt acquires responsibility applying Parental responsibility untilchild18 old. continues a is years 5upport isafree confidential for helplinechildren young ChildLine and and parents, they manied other not, alegal people UK talk any whether are with Both toeach 0r have inthe to about problem acounsellortelephor. responsibility their tomaintain children financially. who Afather does 1111, In UK, are about the 0800 or:wwwchildline.org.ukthere laws (see have responsibilitystill aduty support inlaw has t0 his not parental employment and childrenChapter 6). children frnancially. people f0r cHdren young Medical and advice treatment and Control peoplenot their From age 1 young do need parents'permisro" the of 6, Parents responsible care control children they for for medical as long the 0r are the and oftheir until consultation 0rtreatment as doctornurse penon understands involved. 18. law, can reasonable discipline but force to them, ifthis believesthe what is are By they use that young fully punishmentsevere, can prosecuted orthe person the of nc for for advice istoo they be assault child lfayoung under age 'l6asks contraceptivea ,' may taken the ofthe authority. be into care local treatment, the doctor encouragetodiscusswith paren: will them this a ' contraception pe60r for young carer. most But doctors prescribe will a what is they believe are tounderstand involved. they able local Many voluntary organisations authoritiesparenting and offer Parentline anatio". is courses, and on support advicebeing aparent. Plus They a 24-hour, . / da, charity works and parents. offerfree that for, with, telephone: serviceparentstelephone: 20helpline for 0808 800 aweek parentir get www.parentlineplus.org.uk information You also can on : 0r: on BB( the website: www.bbc.co.uk/parentinq protection Child local inits fr: Every authorityalegal toprotectchildren area has duty all and danger, must the and place safety interest child allels. ofthe above lfit believesachild suffering harm it must that is significant athome, ta,. Where local actiontryand this to stop happening. posible, authorities parents,they the powertakechild :, with tryt0work but have t0 a from home into Thisonly inan and care. is done emergency allothe' orwhen posibilities have failed.

t I

(onsumer protection

Leaving on own achild their :sageneral it isagainst law children left inthe rule, the for tobe alone By when buy law, you something ashop, from itshouldeverything do unles are the ofaresponsible aged orover. you reasonably and that seller manufacturer person 16 'ome they in care can expect all the and claim. The ofGoods 1 states the Sale you from or Act979 that goods buy ashop rrldminders and nurseries be must registered inspected and by the trader must: (0fsted).can detailsregistered lffice Standards for inEducation You get 0f (hildren's your from local .rildminders area your authority, in Informations be satisfactoryand quality, of (C15). :ervice [hildcareLink 96 96 www.childcarelink. on 08000 02 or :ov.uk give the can you telephone ofyour ClS. can number local You also mmatch description, the and '169 (NCMA) .rntact National the Childminding Asociation on 0800 4486 ' www.ncma.orq.uk {ftbe for their purposes. fit all intended quality Satisfactory 'Being quality'means must free '.- :, g00ds be tor ofsatisfactory the scratches ordamage-unless assi(ant you l. . '. - : the sales told abour oryou achancet0 had lookcarefullyatthe you item before b0u0fi:' l : had opportunity the the tofind fault. Ihis applies goods buy ashop trader-new rule toany you from or or second-hand. not t0qoods privately But does apply it bought trom an individual, for example anewspaper window through 0rshop advertisement. cases,buyerexpected responsibility Inthese the is totake quality goods buy. forthe ofthe they 'i Match description the 'Matchingdescription'means you must the the that g00ds buy be the samethe as description packaging on the 0radvertisement of atthe time This applies goods including sale. rule goods toall sold, second-hand privately. sold

purposes for intended Fit alltheir 'Being foralltheir purposes'means goods do fit intended must that the packaginq what seller, the oradvertiser claims. purchases Taking withyour care Sometimes are there problems goods with bought shops, mail from by idea orderon internet s0 isag00d touke followinq or the and it the sreps: Be cautious ofadvertisements exaggeratedand that make claims, of people try sell thingsyour who t0 you at d00r proofofpurchase, ifthe particularly g00ds Keep receipts were as expensive

5ervices Ihelaw covering services-such as hairdressing repairs+tates orshoe that must done: services be ,,with reasonable skill care and . within areasonable time for reasonable charge. a problemsagood toagree price the Ioavoid it is idea the before work starts. Mail order internet and shopping

people buy There special regulations are toprotect who goods hom. from , lfthere aproblem something bought, using straight bypost, you is phone 0ntheinternet. well therights above, you with stop it As as listed 0r your within working ifyou away tell shop trader the and the or about problem are entitled cancel order to 7 thai days decide you not to the But does apply allpurchases do want buy item. this not to . lfyou tomakecomplaint shop company, arecord For you your for have a toa 0r keep of example, cannot change mind tickets accommodatio' or telephone and calls makecopy ofany letters emails you a or that send. bookings, and audio video recordings have opened, that been newspap' Prices usually marked most goods these the are clearly on new and are prices customer t0pay. general, inthe do people UK that expect In prices notbarter negotiate forgoods. some 0r But may bargaining take place buying second-hand as 0rsome goods cars, when houses, such household such decorating servicesas orgardening. and magazines,perishable such flowers food. are and items as You a or ' entitled afullrefundyou notr,eceivegoods thedate to if do the by agree: orwithin days, did agree ifyou not 30 adate. goods lfyou buying ontheinternet, importantmake tha' it is are to sure you thetraders address. also tomake that have full You need sure the picture website asecure ofpaying-this way isshown asmall .' offers by yellow padlock bottom screen. atthe ofthe

(omplaints lfafault appears after have an and are soon you boughtitem you not responsible, you entitled t0your backtoa are either money or replacement. shop's lt isthe responsibility with problem. todeal the

Help advice and You get can advice from lrading locally the Standards listedthe Office, in phone under local book the authority, the orfrom Citizens Bureau. Advice

You check prices performance products can the and ofmany inWhich? f an worked atfirst then item well and developed you still afault, may be an independent You subscribe magazine it in magazine. can tothe orread :ntitled allorsomeyour t0 of money tobe back, offered areplacement the or reference department public ofmost libraries. :ohave item the repairedofcharge.action will fiee Ihe taken depend on row you had goods, seriousfault and long have the how the is whether Ihere more it is information consumer from BBC about rights the websrte sunreasonable todeveloo for fault a so soon. www.bbc.co.ukYou informationthe can qet also from government's official department 0rotects which c0nsume6-the0fFair Ofn(e TraCirr, Paying by credit card www.oft.oov.uk have acredit to something cost which between fl 00 ' you used card buy :nd f10,000 thereaproblem it,you claim money and is with can the rack the card from credit company. be This useful trader ifthe does can r0thelp solve problem gone ofbusines. t0 the orhas out

ChAPtErs: OF HELP INFORMATION SOURCES AND

lntroduction offering of organisations allkindshelp In UK, are different In chapter isinformation the there many this there to of Inother ofthis there detailswherego and advice. chapters book are aD0ut: you particular This tells subject. section information 0n a t0getfunher centres, and r Help refugeesasylum more the about services by offeredadvice libraries about for and sources other ofinformation. seekers t Libraries (itizens Bureau a The Advice e The police o Sources ofinformation o Jhe internet general onhow get to tips and information and advice o Eefore ask information carefully what need you for about you to think know. afew about key you toknow Make notes the things want you o Take and tomake about information receive notes the apen paper o lfyou not with to English well, someone you do understand very take isan available help,ask or ifthere interpreter you. you I Takethe will an with all relevant documents Sometimes have your reference for case number account or o lrytoavoid explanations long you to you refer a Make ofthe ofthe anote name person talk so can toil need visit ifyou tophone again. or prepared Be followrng you lookinginformation consider the orhelp, for When are advice:

Public libraries

public libraries. can You has 0r town city Every and intheUK one more phone Most ofthe book. find addres local inthe the ofyour library libraries free. are forbynational are They paid offered services bypublic want library, ifyou tobonow but local Anyone use local may a and taxes.

lf facilitles events. and good toask place about and local community might a libraries offer you notunderstand very some English well, do service. translation

photocopiers machines and fax To become Computers, amember. have items usually tobecome books other you and proofofyour and you identity have amember usually toshow which public use do can to word also have Libraries computers the y0ur a00ress. ltis the processing, receive and emails browse internet.als0 send and (hildren photocopy tosend might faxes.Ihere b. posible some and libraries to in for services. achargethese -.rre usually Libraries for is section librarychildren. aseparate 0fthe reading there special books sometimes are and :- :r r raqe chrldrenread to for i.: , : es children. items and Books other period libraries At ','enbers borrow foraspecific oftime. some books can books often and CDs, : spossible tobonow audiotapes DVDs.Thereare on There also other English. are books audiotape kalled 'n anguages than problems. print with with and books large forpeople sight talking booki) you to a f you notreturn and items time, willhave pay books other on do you order they usually it a fine. library nothavebook need, can lfthe does you another library. for from Reference such dictionaries, Inthe reference there books as section are Local Yellow and telephone encyclopaedias, directories, Pages Thomson section The reference ishelpful guides. Sometimes are there newspapers. library a inparticular.Ihe isalso need 0n ifyou informationsomething

.itizens Bureau Advice

police The service

Advice (tAB) free, impartial The role the , lrzens Bureau gives confidential and main of police deal crime, they offer isto with but also protection asistancethepublic. are independent .: ltisan organisation with trained advise6. [4ost They expected friendly and to tobe -, and haveCAB You find addres theohone and (ities a office. can the in helpful people to lfyou wonied about seeking assistance. are their . the library the website personal orhavequestion thelaw crime, polrce local orvisit CAB atwww.nacab.org.ukyour safety about or the a ' ': you a(AB you parts country are visit willbeable help Insome ofthe office should theopening ofyour check times to you. there special purpose. rfflce. isalso Help available Details this availabletelephone by email. about are information forthis lines Inmany communrtres '- : website. (t50s) work leve there community officers who atalocal to are support provide presence streets reassure people local They' and avisible onthe :'actical give help may talk onsafety inschools community and issues and centres generallythe help police their duties. with local r, qrve and across range advice help awide oftopics.These include -:y,benefits, pensions, employment, housing, immigration, theNH5, ':stic violenceconsumer and oroblems. , ,AB also withcompleting and forms writing letters. They can help lf you problems , sohelp you togot0court atribunal. have if have 0r ::rstanding they be toprovide English may able interpreters also an website -AB runs information atwww.adviceguide.org.uk -- gives information rangetopics. available on wide of a ltis in -r Welsh, Punjabi Urdu. Bengali, Gujarati, and [hinese, - 'sh,

Other sources ofinformation

(ontactingpolice the lfyou advice need report whichnot need oryou to acrime is dangerous * Yellow ayellow Pages: telephone which details directory gives of you orlife+hreatening phone local station. number organisations, and should the police Ihe servicesbusinesseslocal Iherealso inthe area. is , isinthe telephone under'Policei phone or1 unless book D0 NOT 999 12 website atwww.yell.com there emerqency. isan I Thomson aguideyour area Local: to local (available Britain in6reat lfthereadanger oracrimeprogres, 999 i 12. is t0life in dial or The similar Yellow tothe Pages. police, ambulance operatorask service require: fire, will which you or coastguard You be where are service.will asked you calling and from the o Local authorities: information their allgive about services as such location accident ofthe 0remergency. call orll2underany not 999 Do educationsocial and services. The numbers section , for each 0fthe (ir(umstances. other phone Most authorities authoritybe can foundthe in book. local h;,, useful websites. have Some information and centres rc advice open The Service Fire the oublic. -'e nre (known areasthe and service) c Tourist (entres: information local service insome as fire rescue j information give about attractionj .an help fire and prevention. often with safety fire giving This includes places well on as transport, ofworship, surgeries o" doctor's and so advice what do thereafire, tomake escape about to if plan is how afire for and family advicefire you your and on hazards home.some o Post inthe In offices:the role the officetocollect delive' main of post is and areas are home safety and fire there free fire checks the service might mail. also They provide information benefits state . ' about and pens also able fitsmoke be to detectort for especially elderly.further the For You also abank post pay :' can open accountatthe officeandbills information y0ur contact localfire (the service number the isin telephone the office get post you application for forms driving licences, othe' g0 book under'Fire') wwwfire.gov.uk or t0 licencespasports. can check Ihey also passport and applications you them passport before send tothe office.
"l

t Helplines: organisations many have specialtelephone : ,lines which advicespecific orproblems. get from ( r : on isues You can these the (see orpublic or the library from internet below). I Newspapers: either these are national Local 0rlocal. newspdprs ;': good local for information the such opening oflate che-' as times night

Television channels: are national Local and radio these either orlocal. radio can agood oflocal stations be source information. Directgov:this is Government-sponsored websitegives a that government information local national issues,ranging from about and you how complete returnhow renew atax t0 you alibrary book, www.direct.gov.uk Using internet the -he internet be can accessed acomputer athome,the through either in libraryinan rcal or internet To informationthe cafe.get from internet ,lu needknow addres specific (this to the ofa website usually begins ,', ith'www')you tousesearch The popular or need a engine. most search .rgine Google is atwww.google.co.uklhe uses words search engine key ' . find information aspecific lfyou the words about thing. enter key .lnsumer for rights, example)the into search itwilllook engine, for give millions : ,thwords separately you and ofresults. put lfyou inverted (tonsumer the ,rmas around words the rights') search willlook engine " websites words combination. with inthis only Websites -ere many are addresses websites guide. ofuseful inthis Aparticularly gives access :fulwebsite BBC isthe websitewww.bbc.co.uk you This at ' ocal, national international and information newsservice and hasa - rver languages. has 40 ltalso sections on education, science, history, and and links valuable sources -;iness law orovidestoother ' rformation.

(hAPtCr9: BUILDING BETTER COMMUNITIES

(ohesive communities Becoming [itizen aBritish or senled UK becoming inthe brings opportunities but also responsibilities. This section looks Although isone theworld's diverse Britain of most societies, people most believe there that should aset shared withwhich be of values everyone parts Many inother ofthis can agree. ofthose are values mentioned book.

principleall There general isa that people respectlaw should the and atsomethe of responsibilitiestherights ofothers. inadditionobeying law, want But to the people to getonwell their gives and information with neighboun contribute well-beingall. about and t0the of purposethis istohelp migrants want become ways some themany inwhich The of of book new who t0 people help make can to their settled theUK tobecome [itizens become aware in or British to more of (ommunities place live thelaws, abetter to customs traditions Knowing these will and here. about things w0rK. an0 makeeasier become and it to afull active citizen, reading isno but abook part substitutebeing ofsociety.getting know undentand for to By and your community, be life will better everyone. for have us 5urveys given some interesting very information what about people good about area live Everyone makes feel orbad the they in. r! should tobeagood try neighbour.(anstart dothrs introduc You t0 by yourselfthepeople live t0you. isqood avoid to who next lt to makinq toomuch and respect privacyyour hbours. ofthe noise to the of neig One most isabout common ofcomplaint neighbours leaving causes about rubbish outside house. make you what you the 5o sure know days can put your you what out rubbish tobe for it collected and that know arrangements inyour for there are area recycling. Good citizens Aspecial survey{he Citizenship in2005-tellsagreat UK Survey us deal what about people about rights responsibilities a think the and ofbeing citizen.The that things people strongly should theresponsibilities felt be of people inthe were: all living UK To and obey respectlaw the

properly Ioraise children

To others fairness respect treat with and # To behave responsibly * To and your help protect family To respect preserve and the environmenl + To morallyethically behave and

To all equally treat races yourself Iowork provide to for Iohelp othen -+ Iovote.
::lr: :i. :i

randomly they Becausejurors are selected represent allsections ofsociety. Ihey be totake unbiased tothe t0ensure will asked an approach case that fair takes Being isavery trial place. ajuror importantand a role is a positive chance something for community. people not todo the Some are jury qualified service othen be for and might excused doingMore from it. for Affairs details be can found the 0n Department Constitutionalwebsite, www.dca.gov.uk Helping atschools

you help lfyou children, are wayswhich can attheir have there many in Supporting the communig schools. parentshelp clasrooms mealtimes 0ften, can in orduring by helping tosupervise orhelping with reading.Often activities children their you be Ihere anumber are ofpositive inwhich can agood ways citizen. you fndout these will about opportunities inthe by notices school or include: Ihese from your notes children home. bring Many schools events moneyextra organise toraise for equipment 0r Activities include sales, sales, out ofschool activities. might book toy or Apart getting right vote, on electoral might bringing tosell. might good ofyour for from the to peoplethe register food You have ideas own raising jury page Jurors chosen (see 90). are parent staffassociations be t0serve a asked 0n Sometimes are eventsorganised and by atrandom money. (PSAs). are knownparent associationsand (PIAs) from electoral Anyone ison electoral and the register. who the reqister Thesealso as teacher isaged can asked 1 The ofjurors decide volunteering with orjoining association of isaway B-70 be toserve. task isto the tohelp events the good the ofa inthe doing something for school also ald making friends new inyour outcomecriminaltrial Crown Court.They among willbe jury people each for service they have localcommunity. many chosen year and will an opportunity involved legal t0be inthe system. hear more the Jurors governors serious cases as burglary,drugs criminal such theft, and offences. Jurors School also cases hear involving and although types murder rape, these ofcases governors people the from school who to are common. tess School are communitywish positive make t0children's They be a contribution education.must aged presented election orappointment.isno There upper Iheir istoconsider task the evidence throughout and 1 orover the 0ftheir the trial 8 at date guilty'based evidence. reach aoe limit. then averdict of'guilty'0r'not on that service Jury

Governorslarge are a volunteer and an force have important toplay Volunteering part inra schoolndards. have key ofsetting ising sta They three roles strategic direction, accountability ensuring and monitoringevaluating and school Volunteering for causes payment. are isworkinggood without There performance. many benefits volunteering. you chance new from ltgives a tomeet people can ifyou boredhome. volunteer and help are at Some activities You contact local toask neednew your school ifthey a governor. might you giving achance can Your help by you your topractice English give orto local you a education (tEA) be tohelp find school authority will able you skills willhelp find job improve [V.But or work that you a or your many advise on opportunities an governor. t0become people LEA rlolunteer becausewant do simply they to something other tohelp pe0pre. parties Political you as Activities do avolunteer can include: joining parties welcome members, Political always new and apolitical partyan is important ofdemonstrating for views . helpinqeldedy way supportthe you the proces. parties especially hold for democratic Political are and the busy I youth work atelection when memben hard persuade to people I helping the times, their work to improve environment vote their for candidates, For instance by handingleaflets $reet I working the out inthe with homeles people! and for support. knocking orby on doors askingtheir Becoming I ment0ring (itizen you stand office alocal I workhealth hospitals aBritish allows to for as [ouncillor a oras in and I workinq animals. Member Parliament provides of and so an opportunity for becoming even with more involved political the inthe life UK. of Many charities volunteen with activitiestohelp want tohelp their and Local Services them money. often raise They advertise newspapers inlocal most and charities websiteswillgive more have you inforntation. want that lfyou to Many service local providers toinvolve people want local indecisions you get informationwww.do-it.org.uk about volunteercan more from which is way the inwhich work. are they Thereopportunities as Board adatabase toservea of thousands ofvolunteering 0pp0rtunities. (areTrusts member inPrimary orRegional Development Agencies. local Universities, LearningSkills and Councils, associations housing and arts Inrecognition importantvolunteers not-for-profit 0fthe role and the people as councilsadvertise t0servevolunteers governing sector inboth also for play intheir society the and economy, oftheThird the 0ffice Sector ltis posiblebecome (non-police) bodies.also to alay representative (0TS) set inMay todrive on a was up 2006 forward Governmentb the role in police authority toapplybecome oreven to You will find supp0rting voluntary The sector amagistrate. often athriving sector. third includes v0luntary advertisements inyour newspaperlocal for vacancies local or0n radio. and community organisations, social charities, enterprises gr0ups. faith and

(5V is Make Day, volunteering, aDifference campaign topromote Active the of former Communities tSV's Ihe brings 0TS togetherwork the (ACD), has inthe CSV ofdirect volunteeringcommunity. UKI day Enterprisethe biggest inthe Office the Directorate originally Home and Social (DTl) for (SEnU), inthe and CSV 10,000 volunteersrun who activitiesprojects and over senior formerly Department and ofTrade Industry Unit q0 For more to for recruit senior closely the other volunteers. information within [abinet ltwillwork with Department the Office. (D(LG) role www.csv.org.uk sector on [ommunities and LocalGovernment the ofthird incommunities and decision-making and atalocal regional organisations Having in1 by Prince Prince's was lrust founded976 The ofWales. visit the of Third website level. more For information, 0ffice the Sector at: The dedicated toimproving his completed inthe Navy,became duty Royal he www.ca ce.gov.uk/thirdsector binetoffi young inthe and theTrust people UK, began to the ofdisadvantaged lives (MV)anational programmedeliver commitment. people, on that younger Millenium Volunteersis For people 16-24.an you achance others As MV get tohelp at aged aimed youth offering of your at same has UKt leading chariry arange you becomethe something and enjoy develop skillsthe time. TheTrust by doing instarting support including personaldevelopment, up training, opprtunitia lfyou 200 of There schemes cities towns. do hours are inmost and people 14-30. young aged go get mentoring for and advice you AwardExcellence. information For more t0 abusinesl volunteering, an of www.m illeniumvol unteers.gov.uk TheTrust key groups: has four target people isanational that t0inspire connect and TimeBank charity seeks people young appeals who that r Unemployed toshare give time. and their TimeBank topeople know a young underachieving people know to about dont their and are demand-butjust what do time skills in a people care inpartnershipGovernment Young leaving with wherestart. to TimeBank has worked itor people. offenders and ex-offenders. infinding tohelp disadvantagedFor I Young departments volunteers with TimeBank has worked the with Home tofind 0ffice volunteers example, managers need Manytew activities volunteers. oraspiring help find and towork refugees mentors-tothem jobs toget Allofthese with as their group go Prince3Trust them helps with find volunteering with a that insociety. more to more involved For information real issues their career havetackle managementina own as they to www.timebank.org.uk t0help lfyou to challenging environment.want volunteer disadvantaged (CSV) of largest people can the at organisationsyoung you contactTrustwwwprinces-trust.0rg.uk Service Community V0luntee6 isone the prides pioneering new lt inthe that volunteering. itselfon UK promotes needs has 40 over ways society's and solutionsinnovative totackle and years'experience partnersvolunteers inactivities that insupporting and really adifference lives. make topeoplel

_'anues :'-rain many has thousnds chadties, t0impruve ofactive working the ,es people-and awide ofwayr ofthe of animals-in variety Some :rganisations mentioned chapterchadties, will already inthis you arc but -ra about work many Afnvofthe imprtant r the of othen most chaftia *orkinq inBritaindEkribed are below.

inmany opportunities fields, The Red isa British [ross first emergenty member International includingaid, ofthe (rescent respon5e, an0 (ross Red amessage Red and service worldt largest radng t0tryt0reunite the movemenl who been organisation. people have humanitarian conflict, by champions separated and The movement refugees. helping and individualcommunity which values encourage for respect human other beings towork andwillingnes a to together solutions tofind problems. The Red community [rescent [ross/Red movement and iscommitted bound to, Principles. its by, Fundamental These are: Humanity lmpartiality Neutrality lndependence service voluntary Unily Universality. affiliation Ithas religious and no inthe offers UK volunteering

ofthe isone Friends Earth ofthe charities environmental leading in inthe and founded UK was can Further 1971. information at from website be obtained its lts interests www.foe.org.uk are:

(www.greenpeace. Greenpeace is an org.uk) international organisatlon environmental British founded inVancouver, (anada lt in1971. Columbia, for campaigns isknownits and atmospheric tostop nuclear as underground testing agrip climate Getting on an to well tobring end high as change Inlater the whaling. years, seas inlaws Bringing tobring turned ofthe recycling doontep. focus organisation toyour issues, toother environmental more Warmer, energy including trawling, bottom homes effcient global warming, forest ancient countryside. Protecting our nudear de$ruction, power genetically Keeping genetic engineering. modified off menu. and food the national has to big companies 6reenpeace and Persuading regional in41 offices countries befter behave inrespect including UK. worldwide, the environment. ofthe income Itreceives through its individual contributions the million 2.8 ofan estimated well as financial supportert from from as grants charitable foundationt not but does from acceptfunding governments attons. orcorpof