38

Reactive Acrylic Adhesives

Dennis J. Damico
Lord Corporation, Erie, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

I. INTRODUCTION Curing acrylic adhesives can be dened as reactive, cross-linked, high strength structural adhesives that cure by way of free radical initiation. They typically contain methacrylate monomers that are generally toughened with elastomeric polymers as part of the formulation. Curing acrylic adhesives are distinctly dierent from anaerobics, cyanoacrylates, and acrylic solution adhesives and emulsions. These related chemistries use dierent formulating materials, cure via dierent curing mechanisms, and often possess minimal high performance properties over long periods of time, or when exposed to aggressive environments. Curing acrylic adhesives were rst developed in Germany in the late 1960s as an outgrowth of poly(methyl methacrylate) chemistry. Early formulations were simply low molecular weight solutions of poly(methyl methacrylate) dissolved in methyl methacrylate monomer. These simple systems could be cured by way of peroxide initiation and found utility in bonding aluminum windows and doors. Since that time, a considerable amount of research has occurred resulting in the emergence of the very sophisticated adhesive systems that are on the market today. A considerable amount of the most recent work in developing what are now being referred to as high performance acrylic adhesives has been conducted in the United States. This chapter will cover acrylic chemistry, the various types of acrylic adhesives that have come into existence over the years, advantages and limitations of these systems, properties of adhesives, lap shear strength, what makes these systems unique among other types of adhesives, and examples of performance.

II.

HARDENING (CURE KINETICS) addition polymerization reactions. These chain reactions are of free radicals that result in the adhesive curing by way of a growth. This cure chemistry is signicantly more rapid than condensation type) found in epoxy and urethane adhesives. prole of condensation (epoxy and urethane) versus addition

Acrylic adhesives cure by initiated by the formation very rapid polymer chain a typical cure curve (i.e., A comparison of the cure

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Figure 1

Cure prole of condensation versus addition polymerization.

(acrylic) polymerization is shown in Fig. 1. The free radical reaction or addition polymerization used in acrylic adhesives oers the user certain advantages over other types of adhesives, again, namely epoxies and urethanes. As can be seen from the cure curve only little polymerization is noticeable in the early stage of the reaction after the adhesive is mixed. This allows the user to position and re-position parts for longer periods of time after the adhesive is mixed. The time to reposition parts is relatively longer for acrylics when considered as a percentage of the overall cure time than is typically possible with other types of adhesives. This can be a signicant advantage for some manufacturing methods. Once cure is initiated with acrylics, it tends to proceed at an increasingly accelerated pace until full cure is reached. This rapid achievement of nal properties is in contrast to urethanes and epoxies which tend to more gradually build properties to full cure. The rapid setting (cure) feature of acrylics allows the user to more clearly determine when parts are securely bonded (i.e. the adhesive is fully cured) and nished goods are suitable for shipment. The fact that this rapid setting is possible at room temperature is also a unique feature of acrylic adhesives. Due to the availability of a large number of formulating tools and choice of polymerization initiators, it has also been possible for formulators to develop systems that have a whole spectrum of cure rates. This allows manufacturing and design engineers to custom-t specically designed adhesives to a variety of dierent production schedules.

III.

STORAGE

Like most adhesive types, acrylic adhesives do not have an indenite shelf life after manufacture. Typically suppliers of acrylic adhesives list shelf lives of at least three months, with some as long as a year. One dierence with acrylic adhesives is the fact that they do often contain large amounts of highly reactive substances (monomers) that are used to achieve some of the unique properties associated with this family of products. In some cases, certain monomers may have a tendency to autopolymerize (cure without the use of externally added accelerators or hardeners). Consequently, shelf stability with some systems can be a problem at relatively low temperatures. Even at as low as 44 C some acrylic formulations will begin to cure and harden in as little as a few weeks if maintained at these temperatures. Large containers [above 5 gallons (ca. 19 L)] can worsen this problem.
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This problem with shelf stability above 44 C is largely historic in nature since recently introduced products have much improved stability over early prototypes. Users of these products should, however, consult with suppliers to conrm recommended storage conditions.

IV. PHYSICAL FORM AND HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS Most acrylic adhesives are supplied as two high viscosity liquids or pastes that are mixed together, called Mix-in Accelerator systems. Some types can also optionally be cured by no-mix accelerator lacquers. Accelerators are low viscosity liquids which are brush or spray applied to one or both of the substrates being bonded. Following accelerator application, the unmixed adhesive is applied to the primed substrate. This method eliminates the need for premixing the adhesive and accelerator, which eliminates pot life concerns. Many acrylic adhesive products also go through a notable color change as they cure, which is unique to these materials. This color change can be used as a rough indicator of cure state and can be utilized in many manufacturing situations as an eective means of verifying the presence of both adhesive components. Because many acrylic adhesives cure very rapidly with a signicant exotherm, manufacturers generally recommend that quantities greater than a pint (ca. 0.47 L) should not be mixed at one time. As a consequence of the rapid exothermic cure of many acrylic adhesives, the use of dual component cartridges is often ideal. Most products can be purchased in ready-to-use cartridges. For large continuous operations, various automated types of meter-mix-and-dispense equipment are marketed by a number of engineering companies. One typical concern with acrylic adhesives, specically those containing methyl methacrylate as a component, is the characteristic odor of the methyl methacrylate monomer. This odor may be objectionable to some people and may result in the use of other types of adhesives instead. Later in this chapter some of the new low odor formulations will be briey discussed as alternative adhesives where odor has been an issue. This new technology oers performance characteristics equal to methyl methacrylate-containing products, albeit at a higher price.

V. PRODUCT COMPOSITION As with almost all commercially available high performance products on the market today, there are many proprietary, highly formulated products described as acrylic adhesives. The formulations vary widely with dierent families and subfamilies of products constantly being introduced, each oering certain advantages over previous generations. In general, however, they can all be characterized as having a signicant portion of the formulation composed of acrylic monomers, used in combination with various other polymers. They all contain ingredients to initiate hardening or curing of the adhesive. In addition, they contain various other organic and inorganic components designed to achieve desired handling properties, exibility, specic adhesion, and shelf stability. Methyl methacrylate and some of the other related monomers that are typically used in acrylic adhesives are shown in Fig. 2. These monomers vary in volatility with the lower molecular weight members of this family having a rather high odor and low ash point.
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Figure 2

Reactive species (monomers) for acrylics.

Higher molecular weight members oer lower odor and higher ash point, and also impart greater exibility in the nished adhesives. Additionally, the lower molecular variants tend to be lower in overall cost and result in somewhat better adhesion to some surfaces. Depending on which properties are of most importance in a particular application, the lower molecular weight, the higher molecular weight, or blends thereof can be employed. The tendency of acrylic monomers to spontaneously and quickly polymerize makes it necessary for adhesive formulators to include various types of chemical stabilizers as part of the formulation to assure good shelf stability. These stabilizers are generally complex organic compounds that have a strong ability to react with free radicals (the cure chemistry most commonly employed with acrylics). These stabilizers stop unwanted side reactions and assure good shelf life of formulated adhesive products. In addition to the methacrylate monomers that are responsible for adhesive hardening, and the initiators and stabilizers already mentioned, most acrylic adhesives also contain polymers of various types and molecular weight. These additional components are included by formulating chemists to control handling properties, cure rates, exibility, strength, adhesion, and environmental resistance. The exact nature of specic components is held as a trade secret by companies. Some insight into the types of polymers used and their combinations and levels can be found by searching patent literature and various technical journals. It should be noted that modiers to improve exibility are particularly important in systems based on the most common monomer, methyl methacrylate. Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomer is a hard brittle material, not very useful as an adhesive. Consequently, most companies have developed unique proprietary ways to add exible polymers to acrylic adhesives to achieve desired exibility. In summary, in light of a broad spectrum of acrylic adhesive formulations, it can be assumed that any purchased acrylic adhesive on the market today will be a complex, highly formulated product having numerous ingredients to control cure, handling properties, shelf life, physical properties, and adhesion.

VI.

CURE INITIATING CHEMISTRY

As has been noted above, in order for adhesive systems containing methacrylated monomers to cure, a free radical must be generated. A typical means of generating a
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free radical is shown in Fig. 3. This method of initiating the cure of acrylic adhesives is also known as a redox reaction. Redox reactions for acrylics typically involve the use of a chemical substance, often an aromatic amine (as shown in Fig. 3). These amines are present in one portion or component of the adhesive. They typically react with another chemical substancetypically a peroxide (also shown in Fig. 3). The result of the reaction of amine and peroxide is the formation of a free radical which is capable of reacting with methacrylated monomers to begin the polymerization process and subsequent cure. The curing reaction will generally continue as long as there are unreacted monomer molecules present and there are no chemical or other factors present that could interfere with the reactions completion. With some formulations, certain surfaces and certain contaminants can interfere with the reaction resulting in incomplete cure of the adhesive, and low bond strength. Surfaces and contaminants to avoid are usually mentioned in the manufacturers literature. Barring any unwanted interfering reactions as mentioned above, the polymerization and curing process, once begun, will ultimately lead to the formation of the high molecular weight polymers useful as adhesives. The complex details of properly initiating and appropriately controlling the chain reactions in acrylic adhesives have been carefully worked out by adhesive chemists (with the most eective ways of achieving this kept secret by companies that supply these adhesive materials). When accomplished skillfully, the nal result is a tough high molecular weight complex polymer, useful as an adhesive. A full and complete review of even the published information on this cure chemistry is beyond the scope of this chapter. The reader can gain further insight by consulting the bibliography at the end of this chapter. It should be noted that in addition to the use of amines and peroxides there have been other initiating reactions reported as methods to generate free radicals and cure acrylic adhesives. One example is shown in Fig. 4. In addition to this example, literature searches will reveal numerous other mechanisms to initiate cure. As seen in Fig. 4, organic compounds used to initiate the reaction can vary considerably; however, they all tend to result in the formation of critically important free radicals. These radicals are capable of

Figure 3

Redox reaction for acrylics.

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Figure 4

Amine plus sulfonyl chloride initiation of the cure of acrylic adhesives.

reacting with monomeric species found in the composition, ultimately resulting in polymerization and cured high molecular weight polymers.

VII.

UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF ACRYLICS

The polymerization of acrylic adhesives via free radicals (chain reaction) allows acrylic adhesives to be dispensed and cured using unique techniques. Other types of adhesive products often cure by condensation polymerization reactions which dictate certain cure characteristics and handling techniques. Dierent curing possibilities for acrylics follow from the fact that the free radicals, once formed, during acrylic adhesive cure will continue to propagate throughout the curing adhesive. This means that cure, even if begun at a very localized region, can proceed throughout the adhesive glue line without additional mixing. This is in contrast to epoxy and urethane types which require intimate mixing for full cure. As a consequence, two distinctly unique methods of handling and curing acrylic adhesives follow from their cure chemistry. These are the so-called accelerator lacquer cure and the no-mix or honeymoon cure. These methods of handling acrylics are depicted in Figs. 5 and 6. Figure 5 depicts the use of a peroxide-containing accelerator lacquer to cure the acrylic adhesive. The accelerator lacquer is usually in the form of a low viscosity liquid that is brush or spray applied to one or both of the substrates being bonded. Figure 5 shows the use of a solvent-carried peroxide-containing lacquer lm former. When this accelerator lacquer is applied to one of the surfaces and dried, it represents a source of free radicals due to the presence of the peroxide incorporated into it. The peroxide in the accelerator lacquer will remain unchanged chemically, until adhesive is applied over the lacquer. At this point, amines in the adhesive react with the peroxide-containing lacquer to disassociate the peroxide, forming free radicals. These free radicals are then transported into the bulk of the adhesive and continue to propagate through the polymerizing methacrylate monomers to give the nal full cure. The use of accelerator lacquers as a means to cure acrylics has been a very popular method since it allows the priming and storing of parts, the achievement of very rapid cures, and does not require expensive meter-mix-dispense equipment. It should be noted that this cure mechanism is not possible with condensation polymers, such as epoxies and urethanes, since they require full and intimate mixing of both components to achieve complete cures. Figure 6 depicts another unique method of curing acrylics, the honeymoon or no-mix method. This technique also takes advantage of the ability of free radicals to
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Figure 5

Accelerator lacquer cure.

Figure 6

Honeymoon, or no-mix, cure for acrylic adhesives.

propagate throughout the adhesive to complete the cure without the need for intimate mixing. In this approach, a bead of component A is applied to one surface, while a bead of component B is applied to the other. As in the case of the accelerator lacquer, no reaction occurs until the two surfaces are mated. Once the two surfaces are joined, a rapid generation of free radicals occurs followed by monomer polymerization and full adhesive cure. As with the accelerator lacquer, this technique requires the use of only inexpensive dispensing equipment, but is not possible with adhesive types other than acrylics.

VIII.

ACRYLIC ADHESIVE FAMILIES

Acrylic adhesives, like many other adhesive types on the market today, have had a series of technical improvements often referred to as generations or families. These so-called generations of acrylic adhesives originally did represent fundamental changes in the formulations and signicant improvement options to potential users. In recent years, these distinctions have been blurred considerably. Most products on the market today are advanced formulations oering performance, handling, and safety features well beyond products introduced decades earlier. Nevertheless, some of the early nomenclature is still used, and certainly is common in older literature. Consequently, they are reviewed here for historical purposes. In the following sections, each of the important acrylic types is covered separately in an attempt to clarify what they are and how they dier from one another. A. Conventional Acrylic Adhesives

Conventional or rst generation acrylic adhesives are the earliest examples of this technology. They contain methacrylated monomers, a variety of polymers, an
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Table 1

Conventional, or First Generation, Acrylic Adhesives Parts by weight 40 9 49 2

Component Styrenemethyl methacrylate copolymer syrup Methacrylic acid Poly(methyl methacrylate) syrup Acceleratorstabilizer package

Table 2 Substrate

Bond Performance of First Generation Acrylic Adhesives Lap shear strength (MPa)a 26.2 21.4 17.9 20.5 16.7 17.1 2.9

Clean steel Clean aluminum Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) Steel to nylon Steel to polystyrene Steel to ABSb Galvanized steel
a b

ASTM D1002. 1000 psi % 6.9 MPa. Acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene.

initiator/stabilizer package, and methacrylic acid. Such formulations, a typical example of which is shown in Table 1, emerged in the early 1970s and found considerable utility in bonding thermoplastics. Products classied as rst generation are still on the market and are sold primarily for bonding thermoplastics. They provide excellent gap lling characteristics, rapid cure and adhesion, and are generally stronger than the substrates themselves. Typical bond performance of adhesives of the rst generation type is shown in Table 2. The adhesives have good adhesion to thermoplastics such as polystyrene, ABS, and poly(vinyl chloride), to wood and rubber, and to steel and aluminum provided the metals are clean. It can also be seen from this table that adhesion to galvanized steel is lower than to other metals. Bonding to galvanized steel was a problem with rst generation acrylic adhesives but it has been overcome with more recent embodiments of this technology covered later in this chapter. It should be noted that if adhesives of the type shown in Table 2 are applied and cured using an accelerator lacquer, bond strengths equivalent to those achieved with mix-in peroxide pastes are obtained. In bonding ABS to itself, for example, the literature reports stock breaks in the range of 5.9 MPa when either a mix-in accelerator or an accelerator lacquer are used. Data have also been reported in company literature claiming rst generation acrylic adhesives will resist aggressive environments such as exposure to alcohols and hot water immersion. The patent literature also reports that when using mix-in accelerators, good bond strengths are retained for at least 35 days in aggressive environments (e.g., in condensing humidity cabinets). The failure mode of substrate failure in plastic substrates, such as ABS, is also reported.
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B.

DH Acrylic Adhesives

The so-called Dexter Hysol (DH) acrylic adhesives are an example of one of the later generation products and are loosely an extension of the original technology. DH and other generations are often lumped together under a general term, second generation acrylic adhesives. These adhesives dier from the original oerings in the polymers used, the monomers used, and an increasing use of novel cure chemistry and specialty adhesion enhancing additives. In some cases the term DH is used interchangeably with second generation, although adhesive suppliers would argue that this is not accurate and the two terms represent quite dierent types of products. Nevertheless, one obvious dierence between these materials and earlier types is that the accelerator lacquers used with these newer systems often were oily, and peroxides other than benzoyl peroxide were often used. The oily accelerator lacquers that are available for curing DH acrylics are dicult to apply and once primed, parts are dicult to handle. Second generation and DH acrylic adhesives were notably dierent from earlier systems in that they were the rst type of acrylic adhesives that could be cured and good bonds to unprepared metals could be obtained. These systems showed the ability not only to bond to unprepared steel and aluminum surfaces, but also to aluminum and steel surfaces that still had varieties of dierent oils and drawing compounds on them. This ability marked a signicant advancement in acrylic adhesives and established them as a unique family of adhesive materials for bonding oily and unprepared metals. These types of acrylic adhesive systems enjoyed considerable popularity when they were rst introduced. More recently, however, they have been replaced by other, more user-friendly adhesive formulations that do not require nondrying (oily) primers and accelerators. In addition, some of the key raw materials have been of limited availability, interfering with manufacturers ability to supply product consistently.

C. HP Second Generation Acrylic Adhesives The emergence of the DH acrylic adhesives occurred concurrent with the introduction of the so-called HP or high performance acrylic adhesives. This type of system, as with the DH types, oered users the ability to bond through oily metals, but did not require the use of awkward oily primers. They also were based on formulations that contained specialty adhesion promoting components, often contained monomers that were less ammable than rst generation products, and often were also considerably lower in odor. Adhesives of HP type have been shown to bond bronze, lead, nickel, magnesium, copper, aluminum, steel, and stainless steel, in addition to most of the other substrates that earlier oerings were capable of bonding. They did, however, continue to show weaknesses when zinc surfaces were bonded. So these adhesives may not be well suited for certain applications in the automobile area where galvanized steel is being bonded (Note that later generations covered in this chapter do not necessarily have this shortcoming). Table 3 gives the lap shear bond strength of typical substrates bonded with high performance acrylic adhesives. It can be seen from these data that bonds to oily metals are at least as strong, and often stronger, than bonds obtained with clean surfaces. When HP acrylics were used to bond oily metals, and the bonded parts were subjected to aggressive environments (e.g., condensing humidity, salt spray, water immersion, and gasoline immersion) for up to 1000 hours, little or no reduction in overall bond strength was reported.
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Table 3 Bond Performance of High Performance Acrylic Adhesives on Oily Metals Substrate SAE 1010 steel (oily) SAE 1010 steel (solvent wiped) SAE 1010 steel (grit blasted) 6061-T6 aluminum (oily) 6061-T6 aluminum (solvent wiped) 6061-T6 aluminum (grit blasted) 2024-T3 aluminum (oily) 2024-T3 aluminum (solvent wiped)
a

Lap shear strength (MPa)a 44.1 42.1 41.0 35.1 33.6 34.7 35.1 32.5

ASTM D1002. 1000 psi % 6.9 MPa.

D. HI and Current Families of Acrylic Adhesives Another advancement in acrylic adhesives has been in the area of acrylics with improved low temperature properties, sometimes called HI or high impact acrylics. These variants of the technology not only oer outstanding low temperature properties, but also signicant heat resistance makes them ideal for applications where product performance over a wide temperature range is required. Formulators have also further advanced the art in the use of ingredients that are nonammable and have little or no odor. These products represent additional advances made by polymer scientists and formulating chemists. They use unique molecular building blocks and polymers, sometimes of dierent families than strictly acrylic, leading to numerous hybrids involving other polymer and elastomer types emerging very recently. In addition to the properties noted above, HI products retain virtually all of the performance features of earlier variants.

E.

Equal-Mix Acrylic Adhesives

A disadvantage of many acrylic adhesive products on the market today is that those that require mixing may require an awkward mix ratio. The rst generation products, for instance, generally required a mix of 20 parts adhesive to 1 part curing agent, making highly automated production very dicult to achieve eectively. As the various generations of acrylics have emerged, more convenient mix combinations also have been introduced; rst 10 to 1, then 4 to 1 variants, then 2 to 1, and even certain products with 1 to 1. Recently true equal-mix products have emerged, and even products that do not require signicant mixing at all have come to the market. The no-mix or honeymoon type acrylic adhesives are unique in that polymerization is adequately achieved after the A component of the adhesive is applied to one substrate to be bonded, and the B component is applied to the other substrate to be bonded. When these two halves are joined together, as shown in Fig. 6 previously, enough free radicals are generated to initiate and complete the cure. The no-mix technology is unique in that it has found extensive use in the electronics industry, and is a very useful technique in bonding magnets for electrical motors where the fast cure and easy application technique have found extensive utility.
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Figure 7

Typical photoinitiators.

F.

Photocurable (1-Part No-Mix) Acrylic Adhesives

A separate class of acrylic adhesives, not always listed with this family of materials, is the systems that will cure via exposure to light of various wavelengths. Of most interest are the ultraviolet (UV) radiation (below 300 nm wavelength) and, to some extent, the visible range (400 to 700 nm wavelength). These types of adhesives obviously are of utility in bonding substrates that are transparent in the UV and visible regions which is typical of many clear plastics and glass. To achieve UV cure requires a specic type of initiator called a photoinitiator. These materials are added to the formulations and result in the formation of free radicals when exposed to UV or visible light. Representative compounds that are sensitive to UV light, particularly of 200300 nm wavelength, are the benzoin ethers, benzophenones, and similar compounds. These and a compound that can activate in the visible region are shown in Fig. 7. When these photoinitiators are exposed to the correct wavelength of light they dissociate into smaller segments to form free radical-containing molecular fragments that ultimately result in a cure much like other acrylic adhesives. Compositionally, photoinitiated acrylics are much like the formulations already reported in this chapter, but it should be noted that these use special photoinitiators in place of redox or other forms of generating free radicals. The only signicant dierence is found in the use of acrylate, rather than methacrylate, as the carrier monomer. The acrylates are much more prone to UV initiation and propagation than the methacrylates and are consequently the better choice for the formulators. Company literature from several adhesive suppliers is currently available that lists UV curable and visible light curing acrylic adhesives as part of their product package. This type of acrylic adhesive is being used successfully in polycarbonate lens bonding.

IX.

USES OF ACRYLIC ADHESIVE

Worldwide use and sales for acrylic adhesives of the types discussed here are dicult to determine, particularly since so many of the chemistries involved are nowadays hybrids of more than one type. Acrylics would, no doubt, not be considered the major chemical family of adhesives, when compared to epoxies and urethanes. Nevertheless, due to the need for the unique handling characteristics and performance properties achievable with acrylics, they maintain and will continue to maintain an important position among high performance structural adhesive types.
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Acrylic adhesives distinct ability to bond quickly to a variety of unprepared metals has meant that they are a signicant factor in bonding certain electrical components, such as magnets for fractional horsepower motors. Acrylics have also been found to be the most eective way to bond aluminum, where fast room temperature bonding to unprepared aluminum is required. Their unique adhesion to aluminum has translated into their use in bonding aluminum for construction (windows and doors), recreation (boats), and military (repair and primary bonding) applications. They also oer potential in the automotive area where bonding metals used in primary structures is becoming a possibility. The use of acrylics for metal exterior structures has also been an area of active investigation. Acrylics oer some unique capabilities to bond to plastics without surface priming. They are also very good gap lling materials which makes their use preferable to solvent welding in many cases. The markets served include the recreational and industrial areas. Uses in the area of plastic appliances and other plastic molded devices are also known to exist. In the future the various families of acrylic adhesives are expected to grow as more and more design engineers specify bonded parts and as specialty substrates continue to emerge that are bondable only with acrylic adhesives. The development of formulations with lower overall odor, 1-part systems, and hybrid types will also have a positive eect on overall growth.

X.

SUMMARY

Curing acrylic adhesives were introduced decades ago and have been a class of adhesive materials that have continued to be improved since their introduction. Signicant advances have occurred in making these materials tougher, faster curing, more resistant to aggressive environments, and easier to handle. Current versions will no doubt be replaced by even more improved variants as this technology continues to be a rich area for research.

XI.

ACRYLIC ADHESIVE SUPPLIERS

PRODUCT Versilok , Lord , Fusor Depend QuickbondTM MVPTM Engineering Adhesive Magnacryl COMMENT General purpose and most types Modied pastes Toughened acrylics Acrylic adhesives Modied types Paste UV curable

SUPPLIER Lord Corporation Erie, PA Loctite Hartford, CT Permabond Englewood, NJ Devcon Danvers, MA Hysol Pittsburgh, PA Beacon Chemical Mount Vernon, NY Dymax Torrington, NJ

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SUPPLIER Ciba Geigy Madison Hts., MI 3M Minneapolis, MN IPS Corp. Newark, DE Saf-T-Lok Lombard, IL Denka Japan Dexter Hysol, CA

PRODUCT AraviteTM DP-810 Weld-On High ImpactTM HardlocTM H4200 and H4400

COMMENT 2-part general purpose General purpose 2-part general purpose Syrup Syrup High elongation

SELECTED

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. A. G. Bachmann, Aerobic acrylic adhesives (new technology in acrylic adhesives), Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Adhesives 84 Conference, 1984. 2. R. L. Bowen and H. Argentar, A method for determining the optimum peroxide-to-amine ratio for self-curing resins, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 17: (1973). 3. W. H. Brendley, Jr., Fundamentals of acrylics, Paint and Varnish Production, July 1927 (1973). 4. Catalysts for the Polymerization of Acrylic Monomers, Rohm and Haas Company Brochure, June 1959. 5. D. J. Damico, Bonding galvanized steel with RT curing acrylics, Adhesives Age Oct. (1987). 6. D. J. Damico, Putting todays new structural adhesives to work for you, Design News, June 6768 (1991). 7. L. R. Gatechair and D. Wostratzky, Photoinitiators: an overview of mechanisms and applications, J. Radiation Curing July (1973). 8. K. Kramer, The new century of adhesives, Adhesives and Sealants Industry, Jan. 241247 (2000). 9. W. A. Lees, The science of acrylic adhesives, Brit. Polymer J. 11: June (1979). 10. W. A. Lees, Toughened structural adhesives and their use, Int. J. Adhesion Adhesives 1(5): July (1981). 11. G. Pasternack, Fundamental aspects of ultraviolet light and electron beam curing, J. Radiation Curing July (1982). 12. R. B. Seymour, Introduction to Polymer Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971. 13. Structural adhesive is key to vandal-proof coin box, Adhesives Age, 41 Dec. (1998). 14. D. W. Wood and R. N. Lewis, Free radical initiators for styrene polymerization, Modern Plastics July (1974). 15. J. E. Yeames, A new adhesive for structural bonding of engineering materials, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Adhesives 84 Conference, 1984.

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