Lecture 3.

ANTENNA PARAMETERS

Lecture 3.

ANTENNA PARAMETERS.

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

Properties of antennas are described through antenna parameters

Antenna parameters are also used for comparing various antenna configurations
Antenna parameters define the performance of an antenna, from various perspectives Certain antenna parameters are mutually related to each other
ANTENNA PARAMETERS: [1] radiation pattern [2] directivity [3] gain [4] efficiency [5] axial ratio [6] input impedance [7] frequency band, etc.
Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

RADIATION PATTERN
[1] this is the most important and the most comprehensive antenna parameter [2] graphical representation of electromagnetic radiation that characterizes an antenna, as a function of three dimensional space coordinates
RAVAN ELEVACIJE ELEVATION PLANE

Field pattern:

MAIN GLAVNA LOBE LEPEZA

SPOREDNE SIDE LEPEZE LOBES

Power pattern:

AZIMUTALNA RAVAN AZIMUTHAL PLANE

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Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

RADIATION PATTERN (cont.)

LOBE (BEAM)
MAJOR LOBE MINOR LOBE side lobe back lobe

FIRST NULL BEAM WIDTH IZMEU PRVIH NULA (FNBW) (FNBW)

IRINA SNOPA HALF POWER BEAM WIDTH SA 50% SNAGE (HPBW) (HPBW)

IRINA SNOPA

MAIN LOBE (BEAM) GLAVNA LEPEZA

MINOR SPOREDNE LOBES LEPEZE

BONA LEPEZA SIDE LOBE

POZADINSKA LEPEZA BACK LOBE SPOREDNE LEPEZE MINOR LOBES

DIJAGRAM POLJA FIELD RADIATION PATTERN (linearna skala) (linear scale) DIJAGRAM SNAGE POWER RADIATION PATTERN (linearna skala) (linear scale) DIJAGRAM SNAGE POWER RADIATION PATTERN (logaritamska skala) (logarithmic scale)

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Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

The First Null Beam Width (FNBW) represents an angle between the two straight lines with an origin in the center of the radiation pattern that pass through the two points on the opposite sides of the beam characterized by the zero radiation. The Half Power Beam Width (HPBW) is an angle between the two straight lines with the origin at the center of the radiation pattern that pass through the two points on the opposite sides of the beam characterized by a radiation intensity equal to the half of the intensity present on the main axis of the beam (maximum intensity).

RADIATION PATTERN (cont.)

FIRST NULL BEAM WIDTH IZMEU PRVIH NULA (FNBW) (FNBW)
IRINA SNOPA HALF POWER BEAM WIDTH SA 50% SNAGE (HPBW) (HPBW) IRINA SNOPA

MAIN LOBE (BEAM) GLAVNA LEPEZA

MINOR SPOREDNE LOBES LEPEZE

BONA LEPEZA SIDE LOBE

POZADINSKA LEPEZA BACK LOBE SPOREDNE LEPEZE MINOR LOBES

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

RADIATION INTENSITY
The total power that an antenna radiates through a specified surface S that is a part of a sphere of radius r : 1 1
1 E(r) H * (r) rr 2 s i ndd 2 S P S(r) ds E(r) H * (r) ds E(r) H * (r) ds 2 2 S S S

The total power that an antenna radiates through a unit space angle d=sindd or through any other space angle obtained through integration of unit angles, is constant

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

RADIATION INTENSITY (cont.)

To avoid dependence on r, we introduce a new quantity called RADIATION INTENSITY:

Radiation intensity is proportional to the antenna radiation pattern because it can be shown that :

Average radiation intensity:

Coefficient 4 represents the value of the total space angle (units steradians)

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

BEAM SOLID ANGLE

The beam solid angle A physically represents a solid angle through which an antenna would radiate if its radiation intensity would have been constant and equal to the maximum value Umax for all directions within the angle A.

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Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

DIRECTIVITY
Antenna directivity D is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in a certain direction to the average radiation intensity in all directions.

If the direction for which the directivity is considered is not specified, we assume the direction in which the antenna has maximum radiation, i.e. we are considering the maximum value of the antenna directivity

Antenna radiation directivity D and the beam solid angle A are interrelated through the following expression
Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

OMNIDIRECTIONAL PATTERN
Antenna has omnidirectional radiation pattern if its radiation pattern is characterized by the uniform radiation intensity in the horizontal plane, i.e. for a constant value of angle .

Figure 3.5. Omnidirectional radiation pattern

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
Antenna represents a device that transforms energy brought on its input terminals into the energy of an electromagnetic wave radiated into the surrounding environment, or opposite.
This transformation of energy is characterized by certain energy losses. A measure of these losses is given through an antenna parameter called antenna efficiency (e).

Types of losses: [1] conductor losses, [2] dielectric losses, [3] mismatch losses

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY (cont.)

Lc coefficient of conductor losses, Ld coefficient of dielectric losses, L coefficient of mismatch losses, voltage reflection coefficient on the antenna input terminals [VSWR= (1+||/(1-||)]

ANTENNA RADIATION EFFICIENCY (depends on the antenna only and NOT on the feeding line):

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

ANTENNA GAIN

Antenna gain (G) is an antenna parameter that takes into account both its efficiency and its directional properties.

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

POLARIZATION

Consider the vector of electric field E(r,t) and the corresponding phasor form E(r) where E(r,t)=Re{E(r)e-jt} then we may notice that the amplitude of this vector forms a spiral path in time as shown in Figure on the right.
If we fix the point at which we observe the vector of electric field, i.e. E(r=const,t), then this vector is exclusively a function of the time variable t.

Antenna polarization is defined as a curve made by the end point of the vector E(r=const,t) in a plane perpendicular to the direction of electromagnetic wave propagation.
Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

POLARIZATION (demo)

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

POLARIZATION (cont.)

Antenna polarization is defined as a curve made by the end point of the vector E(r=const,t) in a plane perpendicular to the direction of electromagnetic wave propagation.
Ey(r,t)

Ex(r,t)
MAJOR AXIS GLAVNA OSA MINOR AXIS SPOREDNA OSA

Three types of polarization: [1] linear (AR=0 or AR=infinity), [2] circular (AR=1) [3] elliptical

Axial Ratio:
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Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

POLARIZATION (cont.)
E(r=const,t) E(r=const,t)
VERTIKALNA LINEARNA POLARIZACIJA HORIZONTALNA LINEARNA POLARIZACIJA VERTICAL LINEAR POLARIZATION HORIZONTAL LINEAR POLARIZATION

E(r=const,t)

E(r=const,t)

DESNA KRUNA POLARIZACIJA RIGHT CIRCULAR POLARIZATION

LIJEVA KRUNA POLARIZATION LEFT CIRCULAR POLARIZACIJA

E(r=const,t)

E(r=const,t)

RIGHTDESNA ELIPTIKA POLARIZACIJA ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION

LIJEVA ELIPTIKA POLARIZACIJA LEFT ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

LINEAR POLARIZATION
E(r=const,t) E(r=const,t)
VERTIKALNA LINEARNA POLARIZACIJA HORIZONTALNA LINEARNA POLARIZACIJA VERTICAL LINEAR POLARIZATION HORIZONTAL LINEAR POLARIZATION

E(r=const,t) E(r=const,t) In practice, it is impossible to achieve ideal linear polarization for which OA or OB is equal to zero.

Let us assume that we have polarization for which OA0.

DESNA KRUNA POLARIZACIJA RIGHT CIRCULAR POLARIZATION LIJEVA KRUNA POLARIZATION LEFT CIRCULAR POLARIZACIJA

In this case, the component of electric field in the direction of desired polarization (OB) is called the E(r=const,t) copolarized component while undesired field component (in the E(r=const,t) direction of OA) is called the crosspolarized component. Very often in practice, the goal is to reduce the undesired component (crosspolarized) component. By reducing the crosspolarized component, the quality of linear polarization is LIJEVA ELIPTIKA POLARIZACIJA LEFT ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION RIGHTDESNA ELIPTIKA POLARIZACIJA ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION improved.
Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

LINEAR POLARIZATION (demo):

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA E(r=const,t) PARAMETERS

E(r=const,t)

CIRCULARLINEARNA POLARIZACIJA HORIZONTALNA LINEARNA POLARIZACIJA VERTIKALNA POLARIZATION HORIZONTAL LINEAR POLARIZATION VERTICAL LINEAR POLARIZATION
E(r=const,t) E(r=const,t)

DESNA KRUNA POLARIZACIJA RIGHT CIRCULAR POLARIZATION

LIJEVA KRUNA POLARIZATION LEFT CIRCULAR POLARIZACIJA

E(r=const,t) If OA=OB, then we have circular polarization. Circular polarization is a special type of elliptical polarization. In the case of elliptical polarization we define the direction of polarization as either left or right. If the vector of electric field rotates clockwise, then we have the right elliptical (circular) polarization. If the same vector rotates counterclockwise, then we have the left elliptical (circular) POLARIZATION LIJEVA ELIPTIKA POLARIZACIJA LEFT ELLIPTICAL polarization RIGHTDESNA ELIPTIKA POLARIZACIJA ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION

E(r=const,t)

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Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

CIRCULAR POLARIZATION (demo)

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Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

INPUT IMPEDANCE OF ANTENNA

Input impedance of an antenna is equal to the ratio of voltage and current on the antenna input terminals when the antenna is fed from a generator
GENERATOR (Zg)

ANTENA

GENERATOR

ANTENA

Xg

XA

Real part of antenna input impedance is called ANTENNA INPUT RESISTANCE:

Rg

RA

Antenna input resistance represents the measure of power dissipation on the antenna that occurs through two different processes: [1] the portion of the power is being radiated into the surrounding environment as an electromagnetic wave [2] the portion of the power is irreversibly lost as a heat in the antenna structure.
Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

INPUT IMPEDANCE OF ANTENNA (cont.)

Antenna Input Impedance: Antenna Input Resistance: Rr radiation resistance (radiated power) Rl ohmic loss resistance (heat)
GENERATOR GENERATOR (Zg)

ANTENA

ANTENA

Xg

XA

XA antenna reactance:
the portion of input power that is not utilized and is stored in the near field of the antenna

Rg

RA

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

INPUT IMPEDANCE OF ANTENNA (cont.)

Antenna Input Impedance: Generator Impedance: Z g R g jX g Impedance Matching: R g R A , X g X A
If above conditions are met, then the maximum power from the generator will be delivered to the antenna:
GENERATOR GENERATOR (Zg)

ANTENA

ANTENA

Xg

XA

1 1 2 2 Pul Pr Pl Rr IA Rl IA 2 2

Rg

RA

Rr Rr Rl R

er

Rr Rr Rl

Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

ANTENNA FREQUENCY BAND

1. Antenna frequency band is defined as a frequency range in which antenna meets certain standards relative to a specified antenna parameter. 2. In other words, for a specified antenna parameter (input impedance, beam width, axial ratio, efficiency, etc), a corresponding criterion is defined and then the frequency band would be the range of frequencies for which that criterion is satisfied. 3. In practice, two frequency band definitions are used one for the radiation pattern and another for the antenna input impedance.
Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)

Lecture 3. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

ANTENNA FREQUENCY BAND (cont.)

1. There exist different definitions of antenna frequency band. 2. For broadband antennas, frequency band is usually defined as the ratio of the highest to the lowest frequency in the band (for example, 10:1 frequency band means that the highest frequency in the band is ten times higher than the lowest frequency in the band). 3. For narrowband antennas, frequency band is defined as the difference between the highest and the lowest frequency given as a percentage of the center frequency. For example, a frequency band of 5% means that the difference between the highest and the lowest frequency is equal to 5% of the center frequency.
Dr Hasanovic: ADVANCED ANTENNA THEORY (Spring 2012)