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Evolution of Eurocodes
The Commission of European Community (EC) Action programme in the construction industry based on Article 95 of the Treaty of Rome Eliminating technical obstacles to trade between member states Set of common technical rules for the design of buildings and civil engineering works Established a steering committee in 1975
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Eurocodes
After publication of an EN 2 year period is allowed for national calibration During which National Annex is issued There is a 3-year coexistence period Adapt there national provisions to withdraw conflicting national rules At the end of the coexistence period The former national standards will be withdrawn (e.g. withdrawal of BS 8110 )
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National Annexes
The National Standards body of a state should publish the parameters in a National Annex On behalf and with the agreement of the national competent authorities A National Annex cannot change or modify The contents of a EN text in anyway other than Where it indicates that national choices may made by means of Nationally Determined Parameters
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EN Text EN Annex(es)
Normative, and Informative
National Annex
e.g. NA to SLS EN 1992-3:xxxx
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Related Eurocodes
EN 206-1: Concrete: Specification, performance, production and conformity EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete EN 10138: Prestressing steels
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(1) Design which employs the Principles and Application Rules is considered to meet the requirements, provided that the assumptions given in EN 1990 to EN 1999 are satisfied
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Principles and Application Rules (EN 1990:2002 Cl 1.4) The Principles comprise:
General statements and definitions for which there are no alternatives, as well as; Requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is permitted unless specifically stated
The Principles are identified by the letter P following the paragraph number
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Temporary structures (1) Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry girders, bearings Agricultural and similar structures Building structures and other common structures Monumental building structures, bridges, and other civil engineering structures
(1) Structures or parts of structures that can be dismantled with view to being re-used should not be considered as temporary
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Basic Requirements (EN 1990:2002 Cl 2.1) A structure shall be designed and executed In such a way that it will during its intended life With appropriate degrees of reliability; and in an economical way Sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during execution and use, and Remain fit for the use for which it is required
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Terminology
Action means a load or an imposed deformation Effects of actions or Action effects mean internal moments and forces and deformations caused by actions Strength is a mechanical property of a material in units of stress Resistance is a mechanical property of a cross-section of a member, or a member or structure
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Actions Permanent action, G Variable action, Q Accidental action, A Seismic action, AE Geotechnical action
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The combination value, represented as a product y0Qk, used (y0 - factor for combination value of a variable action ) For the verification of ultimate limit states and irreversible serviceability limit states
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The frequent value, represented as a product y1Qk used (y1 - factor for frequent value of a variable action ) For the verification of ultimate limit states involving accidental actions and For verifications of reversible serviceability limit states For buildings, for example, the frequent value is chosen so that the time it is exceeded is 0.01 of the reference period
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Other Representative Values of Variable Actions (EN 1990:2002 Cl 4.1.3) (continued) The quasi-permanent value, represented as a product y2Qk, used (y2 - factor for quasipermanent value of a variable action ) For the verification of ultimate limit states involving accidental actions; and For the verification of reversible serviceability limit states. Quasi-permanent values are also used for the calculation of long-term effects
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For example, loads on building floors, the quasipermanent value is usually chosen so that the proportion of time it is exceeded is 0.50 of the reference period The quasi-permanent value can alternatively be determined as the value averaged over a chosen period of time In the case of wind actions, the quasipermanent load is generally taken as zero
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Characteristic value, Qk Instantaneous action, Q Combination value, y0Qk Frequent value, y1Qk
Time
Variable action
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Number formats
Word of warning , is used in place of .
e.g. 2,9 means 2.9 1,000 means 1.000 NOT one thousand Be vigilant on using expressions with constants
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(102)P Principles and Application rules are given in this part for the design of those elements of structure which directly support the stored liquids and materials (i.e. the directly loaded walls of tanks, reservoirs or silos). Other elements which support these primary elements, the tower structure which supports the tank in a water tower) should be designed according to the provisions of Part 1-1.
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Tightness class 1
cracks which can be expected to pass through the full thickness of the section should be limited to wk1. (Provided self-healing of cracks is assumed) provisions in 7.3.1 of EN 1992-1-1 apply
where the full thickness of the section is not cracked, and where the conditions in (112) and (113) are fulfilled.
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Tightness Class 3
generally, special measures (e.g. liners or prestress) will be required to ensure watertightness
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Note 1: For X0, XC1 exposure classes, crack width has no influence on durability and this limit is set to guarantee acceptable appearance. In the absence of appearance conditions this limit may be relaxed. Note 2: For these exposure classes, in addition, decompression should be checked under the quasi-permanent combination of loads.
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Control of Cracking
Provision of minimum reinforcement
Verification of crack widths - without direct calculation of crack widths - with direct calculation of crack widths
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Tutorial
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