An Experimental Study of the Influence of Gyroscope Mohammad Afriza Azhari1, Amiruddin Sarno2, Mohd Lutfi Azmy3, Syazwan Zainuddin4,

Nur Hidayah Ab Kadir5, Nurul Nadia Abdullah6

1,2,3,4,5,6

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, MALAYSIA

Email: 4syaz_caer88@yahoo.com momentum must be produced by the action of a Abstract couple in the disc. The study focuses on the influences and effect of gyroscopes reaction to the direction of angular momentum and to determine the direction and magnitude of gyroscope couple Gyroscope action occurs whenever the axis of the rotating body is made to change its direction. The angular momentum of a rotating body causes the axis of rotation to remain in the same direction so long as no external couple acts on the system. When applying the turning couple to the axis produces torque reaction, which tends to turn the axis in a plane at right angle to the plane in which Methodology applied couple acts. This torque reaction known as gyroscopic couple results from attempting to alter the Procedures direction of angular momentum of the body. The study of gyroscope is important in vehicle Section A Determination of Moment of Inertia engineering field as the effect will lead towards the Measurement of the spare is weighted armature and instability vehicle such as overturning of vehicle rotor assembly is taken. The bifilar support arm is wheels when travel a bend of gyroscopic couple. The attached to the gyroscope unit and the spare armature results obtained in this experiment provided validity and rotor assembly is hang. The length of the wire of the following gyroscopic couple equation; and distance between them is measured and recorded. The assembly is twisted about the vertical o Introduction axis by about 10 . The assembly is released and the Take a stationary flywheel with moment of inertia I stopwatch is started. The stopwatch stopped after 50 on a shaft mounted in a trunnion frame. If it is oscillations and the reading is recorded.The assembly supported but free to rotate about an axis, then any is removed and attached to its clips. couple applied to the system will cause the shaft to move in the plane of application of the couple. Section B Magnitude of Gyroscopic Couple In figure 1, the flywheel disc is pinning with angular The gyroscope cover is opened and the movable velocity, and the axis of spin simultaneously balance weight is positioned so that the torque arm rotating in the horizontal plane ZOX with angular lines up with the bracket strip. 50 g weight is screwed velocity p. The vector OA can represent the angular to each side of the torque arm and the cover is closed. momentum of the disc at one instant and OB after a The connection of rotor supply to tachometer is short interval of timet. The momentum vector lies assured The rotor is connected and run and along the axis of rotation, in the direction such that precession motor supplies so that the torque arm is the rotation is clockwise when viewed in the lifted. (The poles of connection are changed if direction of the vector[1]. necessary) .The rotor speed is increased to 3000 rpm. The precession speed is changed so that the torque arm lines up with bracket strip. The speed of precession is calculated by measuring the time for the assembly to make 5 complete rotations using the stopwatch. The reading is recorded. The rotor speed is decreased by 500 rpm and repeat step 6 and 7. The It is clear that there is a change in angular momentum whole procedures of Section B are repeated by represented by the vector AB. This change in changing the mass to 100g, 150g and 200g.

.Observation is recorded in Table 1 in Appendix section.

0 100 0 500

Result and Discussion Section A Mass, m = 1.083 kg Time for 50 oscillations, t = 46.0 seconds Periodic time, T = 0.92 seconds Length of wires, l = 0.525 meter Distance between wires, d = 0.07 meter Moment of Inertia, I = 5.77x10-4 kg m2 Section B Ma ss (g) Rotor speed () (rp (rad m) /s) Time for 5 rotat ion (seco nd) 37.50 31.50 25.69 18.81 10.16 4.590 Preces sion speed, (rad/s) 0.838 0.997 1.223 1.670 3.092 6.844 1/ (s/r ad) Gyrosc opic Couple (Nm) 20 0 300 0 250 0 200 0 150 0 100 0 500

10 104. 70 52.4 0 314. 20 261. 80 209. 40 157. 10 104. 70 52.4 0

4.880 2.630

6.483 11.945

7 0.15 5 0.08 4 0.31 6 0.25 6 0.20 3 0.15 8 0.11 3 0.07 8

0.3894 0.3616 0.4206 0.5743 0.5196 0.5957 0.5748 0.5322 0.3897 0.5430

Average 9.93 3.164 8.03 6.38 4.96 3.57 2.44 Average 3.912 4.924 6.334 8.800 12.875

50

300 0 250 0 200 0 150 0 100 0 500

314. 20 261. 80 209. 40 157. 10 104. 70 52.4 0 314. 20 261. 80 209. 40 157. 10 104. 70 52.4 0 314. 20 261. 80 209. 40 157.

1.19 3 1.00 3 0.81 8 0.59 9 0.32 3 0.14 6 0.61 6 0.52 4 0.41 3 0.29 8 0.18 3 0.09 2 0.42 2 0.34 6 0.27 2 0.19

0.1521 0.1508 0.1479 0.1515 0.1870 0.2072 0.1661 0.2947 0.2884 0.2929 0.3049 0.3305 0.3302 0.3069 0.4294 0.4370 0.4455 0.4606

Section A Determine of Moment of Inertia Several errors occurred during the experiment and cause the different between the experimental and theoretical moment of inertia for same mass. Parallax error occurred when our eyesight does not perpendicular with the meter ruler when measuring the length of the wires, l, and the distance between them, d. In addition, the assembly required to twist about the vertical axis by about 10, student do not measure exactly 10, and just by assuming the angle. When the armature start to twist about the vertical axis passing the equilibrium position and then oscillating about that position. Student required to calculate the time for 50 oscillations. The oscillation occurred to fast. Therefore the time taken for 50 oscillations is not more accurated. This will influenced the reading when calculate periodic time, T. The formula of moment inertia is I = Mgd2T2 =162 L (1)

10 0

300 0 250 0 200 0 150 0 100 0 500

Average 19.34 1.624 16.47 12.97 9.350 5.750 2.880 1.907 2.422 3.360 5.464 10.908

15 0

300 0 250 0 200 0 150

Average 13.28 2.366 10.87 8.530 6.190 2.890 3.683 5.075

When taking the reading, the length of wires,l, the distance between wires, d, and periodic time, T by student. There will be parallax error and this will affecting the moment of inertia, I. Section B Magnitude of Gyroscopic Couple The results obtained from these experiments can now be used to verify the theoretical relationship between the gyroscopic couple, the angular momentum and the rate of precession.

M=Ix I = moment of inertia = rotor speed = precession speed For each of the masses applied to the torque bar, the balance position represents a constant gyroscopic couple, M. Since the moment of inertia, I, is constant then for a particular mass the equation can be rewritten as M/I = K = x where K is a constant. (2)

or torque on the shaft, around the point at the top of the pedestal. Graph of mass vs. average gyroscopic couple.

Mass vs Average gyroscopic couple

250 200 150 100 50 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Average gyroscopic couple(M)

= K/ or = K(1/ )

(3)

This means that for a given mass the graph of the reciprocal of the rate of precession (1/) against the rotor velocity () should be a straight line. There are several error encounter when doing the section B. student required to take down the time of 5 rotation, which it occur in a few second. Therefore a human error occupied due the time taken by student for 5 rotations is not similar with the exactly time for 5 rotations. That mean it will vary the precession speed and the gyroscopic couple will be influenced also. This happen because of M = I x . When increase the gyroscopic couple will also increase. During the experiment, vary the rate of precession until the torque arm is level (the scribed line on the arm should line up with the stripes on the bracket). In this state the Gyroscopic Couple is equal to the Applied Couple. Slowing down of the gyroscope rotor, and a slowing down of the gyroscopic precession, again, essentially due to friction or external forces. Under a constant torque due to gravity or not, the gyroscope's speed of precession is inversely proportional to its angular momentum. This means that, for instance, if friction causes the gyroscope's spin to slow down, the rate of precession increases. This continues until the device is unable to rotate fast enough to support its own weight, when it stops precessing and falls off its support, mostly because friction against precession cause another precession that goes to cause the fall. Since our gyroscope is horizontal, the force of gravity is directed straight downward and is equal to the weight of the (whole) gyroscope. That weight is going to try to tilt the spinning shaft downward, because we have the one end supported on its pedestal. This means we are (unintentionally) applying a downward Moment

From the graph of experimental mass, g vs average gyroscopic couple, we found that the mass should be directly proportional to the average gyroscopic couple. As the mass increase, the average gyroscopic couple will also increase. CONCLUSION State your conclusion base from the experimental results. From the experiment, for the mass 50g, 100g, 150g, 200g, the magnitude of gyroscopic couple are 0.1661 Nm, 0.3069 Nm, 0.4206 Nm and 0.5430 Nm respectively. As the mass is increased, the magnitude of gyroscopic couple will also increase. For each of the masses applied to the torque bar, the balance position represents a constant gyroscopic couple, M. Since the moment of inertia, I constant, this means that for a given mass the graph of the reciprocal of the rate of precession (1/) against the rotor velocity () should be a straight line. By convention, these three vectors, torque, spin, and precession, are all oriented with respect to each other according to the right-hand rule. A gyroscope is made up of a rotor

Mass(g)

Since and are perpendicular then

spinning about an axis. Any attempt to change the axis of rotation requires work as it is an attempt to change the angular momentum. As long as the system keeps spinning the orientation of the axis of rotation will remain constant unless an outside force or couple is applied. Precession refers to a change in the direction of the axis of a rotating object. In physics, there are two types of precession, torque-free and torque-induced. REFERENCE [1]Thomas B. Greenslade, Jr., "Gyroscopic Control of Hovercraft", Phys. Teach., 31, 4-5 (1993) [2] "Internal combustion engine", Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Third Edition, Sybil P. Parker, ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994, p. 998 .