HANDOUT 10-1

xx

yx
xy yy

yy

xy
yx
(a)

xx

Normal Shear (b) Max

Min

MAX NORMAL SHEAR STRESS AXIS

MOHR CIRCLE

NORMAL AXIS

(c)

MIN NORMAL

HANDOUT 10-2
JYL Shear Stress

Critical Point (End Point)

Normal Stress

JYL Shear Stress

Normal Stress

fc

JYL Shear Stress

Critical Point (End Point)

Normal Stress

HANDOUT 10-3
Multiple JYL curves Critical Points

Shear Stress

Normal Stress

More cohesive

fc

MFF Less cohesive

Non-cohesive

HANDOUT 10-4
50

=60 =50 =30

Flow Factor Curves

1.9

Wall Friction Curves

40 1.8

=40

=35
1.7

Wall Friction, degrees

30

1.6

=30
1.5

20

=40

1.4

=45
10

1.3

=50 =30 =60 =50 =60

1.2

1.1

=40
1 60 70

0 0 10 20 30 40 50

Semi-included angle, degrees

Figure 10-17. Design chart for symmetrical slot outlet hoppers. For example (dashed arrows), and

= 50 o gives = 30.5 o

and ff = 1.19 .

Flow Factor, ff

w = 22o

HANDOUT 10-5

40

=60 =50 Wall Friction Curves

1.9

Flow Factor Curves =40

30

=30

1.8

=30 =35
Wall Friction, degrees

1.7

1.6

20

1.5

1.4

=40
1.3 10

=50 =60

=30 =40 =50 =60

1.2

1.1

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Semi-included angle, degrees

Figure 10-18. Design chart for conical outlet hoppers. For example,

w = 22o and = 50 o

= 20.5 o

and ff = 1.29 .

Flow Factor, ff
gives

HANDOUT 10-6
Steps on using the shear stress data to design a hopper. 1. Rotating Shear Test Plot SHEAR STRESS vs NORMAL STRESS JYL SHEAR STRESS

Internal Friction Get fc vs 1 Get

fc NORMAL STRESS

2.

Rotating Shear Test Wall material

SHEAR STRESS

Get

w
NORMAL STRESS

3.

Fit w and to hopper correlation

Get and ff. ( is the theoretical angle of the hopper; in final design subtract 3 degrees for margin of safety)

ff

4.

Plot 1/ff on mff curve (fc vs 1) to get CAS CAS Get CAS fc

MFF

Slope 1/ff

5.

Use CAS and in correlations to select opening size.

HANDOUT 10-7

For conical hoppers, Figure 10-20, the opening diameter, D , is given by

D = H ( )

CAS g / gc
o

(10-12)

H ( ) = 2 +

(10-13)

Semi included angle

Where is in degrees, from the charts in Figures 10-17 or 10-18. Typical values for H are about 2.4.

60

D
Figure 10-20. Conical Hopper with outlet size D and semi included angle .

For symmetrical slot outlet hoppers the opening size is determined from

W = H ( ) H ( ) = 1 +
L > 3W

CAS g / gc
o

(10-14)

L
(10-15) (10-16) Figure 10-21. Symmetrical slot outlet hopper of opening size W x L.

180

HANDOUT 10-8
10.4.1 COARSE PARTICLES (particles > 500 microns in diameter) MASS FLOW JOHANSON EQUATION

& m = oA
where

Bg 2(1 + m)Tan( )

(10-17)

= semi included angle of the hopper & m = discharge rate (kg/sec)

o = bulk density (kg/m3)

g = gravity acceleration (9.807 m/s2) Table 10-3. Parameters in the Johanson Equation, Eq.(10-18) Parameter Conical hopper Symmetric slot hopper B A D, diameter of outlet W WL

D2
1

FUNNEL FLOW BEVERLOO EQUATION

& m = 0.58 o g 0.5 ( D kd p ) 2.5

where

(10-18)

dp = particle diameter (m) k = constant, typically 1.3 < k < 2.9 with k = 1.4 if not discharge rate data are available.

D=
10.4.2 FINE PARTICLES (dp < 500 microns) CARLETON EQUATION

4(cross sectional area ) (outlet perimeter)

3 3Vo 4Vo2 sin + 15 5 B pd p3

& m = o AVo
where

=g

(10-19)

Vo = average velocity of solids discharging (m/s)

A, B = given in Table 10-3 , = air density and viscosity

p
o

= particle density = bulk density of the powder bed