KVK COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,SURMAIGUDA,HYD.

ANTI-DIABETIC POTENTIAL AND BENEFICIAL PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS

INTRODUCTION:
Diabetic mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin or by a resistence to the action of insulin at the celullar level. It is most common endocrine disorder. The person suffering from this metabolic disease is considered to die-a-bit and hence die-a-bit is called as diabetes. Range of sugar levels in normal persons, Prediabetic persons, Mild Diabetic, Severe Diabetic persons:
Sl.no 1 2 3 4 Particulars Fasting Blood Sugar Blood Sugar Reaches it peak in 1 hr. Returns to the fasting level Urine Normal person 80-120mg/100ml 130mg/100ml At the end of 2hrs No Glucose Prediabetic person 105-110mg/100ml 150-160mg/100ml At the end of 3 hrs No Glucose Mild Diabeties 115-125mg/100ml 190-200mg/100ml _ 1-2% Glucose Severve Diabetes 150-160mg/100ml 320-350mg/100ml At the end of 4 hrs More than 2%

CLASSIFICATION:
On basis of etiology two main catagories of diabetes are recognized:1) PRIMARY DIABETES 2) SECONDARY DIABETES

1) Primary Diabetes:- It is Divided into two Types (a) TYPE I /JUVENILE / INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS (IDDM). (b) TYPE II / NONINSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS (NIDDM). In juvenile type of diabeties there is a profound decrease in the number of b-cells in the islet of langerhans of Pancreas and thus there is absoulte deficiency of insulin. In Type II diabetes the patients are usually obese and the treatement is usually dietary. 2) Secondary Diabetes:- The symptoms results from the following . Pancreatic dysfunction

 Harmonal Imbalance Insulin Receptor abnormalities Malnutrition

SYMPTOMS OF SEVERE DIABETES:

Hyperglycemia Glycosuria Loss of weight due to increased breakdown of fat and tissue protien. Increased production of ketone bodies by liver and their incomplete utilization by the tissue leading to their accumulation in blood (Ketosis) and elimination in Urine (Ketonuria) Lowering of pH of blood due to circutlating keto acids (acidosis). Dehydration due to elimination of large amounts of water with glucose in Urine. Increased levels of lipid, fatty acids and cholestral in blood (lipemia). Inreased tendency to develop cataract in the eye and atheromatous and artherosclerotic lesions of blood vessels

TREATEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS:

1) Insulin 2) Oral hypoglycaemic drugs 3) Herbal drugs

INSULIN:
The pancrease secrete insulin. Corbohydrate metabolism is primarily under the control of insulin. Insulin deficency occurs in a person due to functional disorder of the pancrease. Adverse effects: Local reactions, allergy, edema, hypoglycemia and its route of administration is not comfortable as it is IV .

ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC DRUGS:

(a) SULFONYLUREAS:: First Generation Tolbutamide Chlorpropamide Acetohexamide Tolazamide Second Generation Glibenclamide Glipizide Gliclazide

Adverse effects: Hypoglycemia

(i) Non specific: Nausea, Flatulence. (ii) Hypersentitivity: Rashes, photosensitivity. (b) BIGUANIDES: Phenformin Metformin Adverse effects: abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, metallic taste, lactic, acidosis. (c) Miscellaneous: Acarbose Guargum HERBAL DRUGS: Since ancient times a number of herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of diabetes. Herbal medicines are great body balancers that help regulate body functions and it can be used to support balance process of our body and after the nutrients that the body face to receive due to poor diet or enviromental deficiencies in soil and air. They can be used to treat many diseases such as diabetes, asthma, premenstrual syndrome, migrane, chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome etc. Herbs promote health and serve as excellent healing agents without side effects. The potency of herbs varies on genetic variation. The different Herbs used in the treatement of diabetes mellitus are as follows: (i) ACACIA ARABICA (Babhul) : It acts as anti diabetic by releasing powedered seeds of Acacia. When adminstered (2,3&4Kg per body weight) induces hypoglycemic effect by initiating release of insulinfrom pancreatic Beta cells. Along with exhibiting hypoglycemic activity this extract also prevented peak rise in blood sugar at first hour in OGTT.

(ii)

ALLIUM CEPA (ONION): Various ether soluble fractions

as well as unsoluble fraction of dried onion powder show potent hypoglycemic & anti hyper glycemic activity. It is also known to have antioxidant & hypolipidemic activity.

(iii)

ALLIUM SATIVUM (GARLIC): Allicuin, a sulphur containing compound is responsible for its pungent odour & it shows a significant hypoglycemic activity. This effect is though to be due to increased hepatic metabolism, increased insulin release from pancreatic Beta cells.

(iv)

ALOE VERA: Aloevera shows a potent hypoglycemic e effect, this action is through the stimulation of synthesis or release of insulin from pancreatic Beta cells. This plant also has an anti inflammatory activity which depends on dose.

(v)

AZARDIRECTA INDICA (NEEM): Hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant show hypoglycemic as well as antihyper glycemic activity. It also shows antibacterial & anti malarial, anti fertility & antioxident effects.

(vi)

COCCINIA INDICA: Dried extracts of coccinia indica (500mg/Kg body wt.) were administered to diabetic patients for 6 weeks. These extracts restore the activites of enzymes LPL which was reduced in untreated diabetics patients & glucose -6- Phosphatase , the levels of which were raised in plasma of severe untreated diabetics.

(vii)

EUGENIA JAMBOLANA (JAMUN): Decotion of kernals of Eugenia is used as house hold remeady for diabetics. This also forms a major constituent of many herbal formulations for diabetics. Anti hyperglycemic effect of acequ ous & alchoholic extract as well as lypophyllised powder shows reduction in blood glucose level.

(viii)

MAGNIFERA INDICA (MANGO): The leaves of this plants are used as an antidiabetic agent. It pocesses hypoglycemic activity due to intestinal reduction of the absorption of glucose.

(ix)

MOMORDICA CHARANTIA (BITTERGOURD): It is commonly used as Antidiabetic & anti hypoglycemic agent. Extracts of fruit plup, seed, leaves & whole plant has shown to have hypoglycemic effect. This is because of incubation of glycose-6-phosphatase enzyme.

(x)

OCIMUM SANTUM (HOLY BASIL, TULSI): The aqueous extract of leveas showed the significant reuction in blood sugar level. It shows hypoglycemic effect.

(xi)

TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM (FENUGREEK): 4-hydroxy leucine, a noval aminoacid has been extracted and purified from fenugreek

seeds. It increases glycose stimulated insulin release by isolated islet cells.

some other indian medicinal plants: Name Camellia sinesis Hibiscus rosaninesis Murraya Koeingii Phyllanthus amaras Punica Granatum Common name Tea Gudhal/Jasson Kurry patta Bhui Amla Anar Antidiabetic & other benificial effects Hypoglycemic Effect initiates insulin release from pancreatic Beta Cells Hypoglycemic Hypoglycemic Anti Hyperglycemic effect

CONCLUSION:

Diabetes is a serious metabolic disorder. Differences in social structure, psychic stress,

obesity, hormonal imbalance and heredity are optimizing the growth of pandemic. At present the treatment of diabetes mainly involves a sustained reduction in hyperglycemia. However due to unwanted side effects the efficacies of these compounds are debatable and there is demand for new compound for the treatment of diabites.

Hence plant have been suggested as a rich useful antidiabetic drugs.

BY:GUIDED BY: PROF. SAI BABA R.DIVYAREDDY, K.VIJAYA LAKSHMI, M.SWARNA LATHA.