1

THE EMPEROR IN
THE LATE ROMAN
WORLD

2
THE EMPEROR IN THE LATE
ROMAN WORLD

U03386

5ECTION I: Gcncra! inInrmatinn

COUR5E ORGANI5ER

The course organiser is Dr Gavin KeIIy. The besl vay lo conlacl him is by e-maiI:
Gavin.KeIIy+ed.ac.uk. If you need lo seak lo him in erson, his office is in lhe
David Hume Tover 4.16 or you can hone on 650 3581.

BRIEF DE5CRIPTION nI COUR5E

Roman emerors ossessed and vere seen lo ossess exlraordinary ersonaI over.
ul vilh a massive emire vhich look monlhs lo cross, and dislanl and varied
subordinales vilh lheir ovn ambilions and agendas, emerors' room for aclion vas
aIvays conslrained and lheir ersonaI survivaI oflen under lhreal. In lhe Ialer
Roman Imire (284-565), lhe resenlalion of lhe emeror became ever more
grandiose, dislanl, and semi-divine, a vasl and burgeoning bureaucralic slale arose,
and imeriaI alronage fIoved lhrough nev channeIs, mosl nolabIy Chrislian
bishos. This course viII Iook bolh al lhe individuaIs associaled vilh lhese greal
changes, from DiocIelian and Conslanline lhrough lo }uslinian, via characlers Iike
lhe agan reaclionary }uIian and lhe leenage uel Honorius, ve viII examine lhe
deveIoing eIiles of lhe eriod, ve viII Iook al vhal difference Chrislianily made,
and al hov sub|ecls, greal and humbIe, erceived and vere execled lo erceive lhe
emeror.

TEACHING ARRANGEMENT5

Tcaching cnnsists nI twn nnc-hnur mcctings pcr wcck:
Tuesday and Iriday, 2 m, in Room G.02 WiIIiam Roberlson uiIding.

Dr KeIIy viII aIso meel vilh sludenls in smaII grous before lhey underlake
resenlalions.

A55E55MENT

This course viII be assessed by a combinalion of rescribed coursevork, vhich viII
counl for 40% of lhe finaI mark, and a lvo-hour examinalion (laken al lhe end of lhe
3
academic session in vhich lhe course is laughl), vhich viII counl for lhe remaining
60%. See beIov for furlher delaiIs.

EXPECTATION5

Iarlicianls are execled lo give a shorl resenlalion in lhe course of lhe semesler, lo
conlribule fuIIy lo discussion and lo read lhe reIevanl lexls in advance of each cIass.
They are aIso required lo submil an essay for assessmenl al lhe end of lhe semesler.
Allendance is of course execled, and il viII be arecialed if sludenls vho for
vhalever reason cannol allend a arlicuIar meeling give nolice of lhis by e-maiI.
Sare coies of Ieclure handouls and maleriaIs for lhe seminar viII be avaiIabIe.
Iersislenl absence vilhoul sufficienl |uslificalion viII be reorled lo lhe sludenl's
Direclor of Sludies.

Messages aboul lhe course viII be circuIaled lo sludenls by e-maiI. They may aIso be
osled on a dedicaled arl of lhe CIassics vebsile.

There is no re-sil examinalion for lhis course, unIess il is being laken as arl of an
Ordinary degree rogramme.

LEARNING OUTCOME5

On comIelion of lhe course, sludenls viII have gained, and viII be abIe lo exress in
vriling in lheir assessed essay and examinalion, as veII as oraIIy in cIass discussion

- An underslanding of lhe Iace of lhe emerors in lhe Roman emire of lhe Iale
lhird lo sixlh cenluries.
- An underslanding of lhe changing ercelions of emerors in lhe eriod and lhe
sources, Iilerary and maleriaI, lhough vhich lhey are erceived.
- An underslanding of lhe governmenl of lhe Iale Roman slale, lhe roIe of eIiles,
and lhe effecls of Chrislianisalion.
- An underslanding of lrends vilhin modern hisloricaI vriling on Lale Anliquily
- An abiIily lo use crilicaIIy a variely of differenl melhodoIogies and aroaches lo
lhe sub|ecl.
- ibIiograhicaI research skiIIs, for essays on sub|ecls nol laughl direclIy.

4
TIMETABLE

Tuesday 9 }anuary Leclure 1. Thc !atc antiquc wnr!d and its cmpcrnrs

Icciurcs 2-5. narraiitc

Iriday 12 }anuary Leclure 2 and discussion: Thc third ccntury, Dinc!ctian and thc
tctrarchy
Tuesday 16 }an. Leclure 3: Cnnstantinc tn Ju!ian
Iriday 19 }an. Leclure 4: Thc wcakcning nI thc impcria! nIIicc, 363-450
Tuesday 23 }an. Leclure 5: Thc Ia!! nI thc wcst, thc cxpansinn nI thc cast, 450-565

Icciurcs 6-10. cnrisiianisaiicn

Iriday 26 }an. Leclure 6, resenlalions (1): Thc cnnvcrsinn nI Cnnstantinc
Tuesday 30 }an. Leclure 7: Orthndnxy and hcrcsy
Iriday 2 Iebruary Leclure 8: Thc 'wavcring' Inurth ccntury,
resenlalions (2): Thc prnhibitinn nI sacriIicc?
Tuesday 6 Ieb. Leclure 9: Thc crcatinn nI a Christian statc
Iriday 9 Ieb. Leclure 10: Empcrnrs and bishnps,
resenlalions (3): Ambrnsc

Icciurcs 11-14. inpcria| pcnp an! gran!cur

Tuesday 13 Ieb. Leclure 11: Ccrcmnny
Iriday 16 Ieb. Leclure 12, resenlalions (4)
Acccssinn and !cgitimacy. Ju!ian, Prncnpius, Va!cntinian
Tuesday 20 Ieb. Leclure 13:
Thc Empcrnr and his Capita!s: Cnnstantius II in Rnmc
Iriday 23 Ieb. Leclure 14, resenlalions (5):
}uIian, citi|is princcps`

Icciurcs 15-18 inc |urcaucraiic siaic

Tuesday 27 Ieb. Leclure 15: Ncw mcn Inr ncw Cnnstantincs: thc grnwth in thc
administrativc scrvicc
Iriday 2 March Leclure 16, resenlalions (6)
Burcaucrats, histnry and pancgyric
Tuesday 6 March Leclure 17: Thc 5cnatc and sncia! c!imbing
Iriday 9 March Leclure 18, resenlalions (7): Cnrruptinn

Icciurcs 19-22 jai|urcs cj cnpirc, ccnc|usicn

Tuesday 13 March Leclure 19 and discussion: AItcr thc dcath nI Ju!ian
Iriday 16 March Leclure 20 and discussion: AItcr thc dcath nI Va!cntinian I
Tuesday 20 March Leclure 21 and discussion: Thc Nika Rint
Iriday 23 March Leclure 22: concIusions.

5

PRE5ENTATION5

In generaI, Tuesday's meelings viII be in Ieclure formal, and Iridays viII be much more
arlicialory. You'II be execled lo have read a cerlain quanlily of ancienl maleriaI and/ or
modern schoIarshi for each Iriday's cIass, and in addilion aII sludenls viII be asked lo sign
u lo do one shorl resenlalion in lhe course of lhe lerm. There viII usuaIIy be four eoIe
seaking each veek, and logelher lhe four of you shouId aim lo make your resenlalion no
more lhan 25 minules Iong. This gives you room for aboul 700 vords each: lhis is nol very
much. This is nol because you need lo do a liny amounl of resenlalion, you shouId knov lhe
sub|ecl veII enough lo be abIe lo cul slraighl lo lhe mosl imorlanl oinls. Aim lo have a
cIear and uncIullered argumenl suorled by lhe besl exemIary assages and use a handoul
(and/or over-oinl) lo quole suorling assages in fuII and lo give indicalions of furlher
reading. The handoul shouId be as usefuI as ossibIe a slarling oinl for olhers vho vanl lo
Iook al lhe same area.

AIlhough resenlalions are nol for credil, lhey are on sub|ecls vhich are IikeIy lo equi you
vilh knovIedge for lhe exam. The lexls covered in resenlalions are ossibiIilies for lhe
olionaI gobbel queslions on lhe exam, and mosl of lhem deaI vilh lhe ma|or emerors,
Conslanline and }uIian, vho are al lhe hearl of lhe course and vho viII rovide exceIIenl
examIes for bolh lhemalic and reign-secific queslions in lhe examinalion.

I viII arrange lo meel lhose resenling a fev days beforehand lo laIk over lhe sub|ecls: lhis
viII aIso offer you an oorlunily lo geI your argumenls vilh lhose of your co-resenlers.
6

A55E55MENT: COUR5EWORK

The coursevork lhal you are required lo do for lhis course, and lhal viII make u 40% of
your lolaI mark for lhe course, consisls of nnc cssay of up tn 3,500 wnrds (incIuding noles bul
excIuding bibIiograhy). The essays are quile deIiberaleIy on sub|ecls vhich are nol lhe focaI
oinl of lhe Ieclures, lhough lhey'II have been louched on: lhe Iess gIamorous emerors, lhe
hislorians and anegyrisls, or lhe gIamorous emerors in lhe differenl caacily of aulhors. So
arl of vhal you'II be assessed on is your abiIily lo idenlify bolh vhal's usefuI bolh in lhe
bibIiograhy beIov and vhal you can find indeendenlIy. You're veIcome lo consuIl me
aboul bibIiograhy.

1. 'Ammianus delerminedIy undermined aII emerors excel }uIian.' Discuss.

2. Hov did anegyrisls coe vilh raising robIemalic emerors` Discuss vilh
arlicuIar reference lo nnc nI VaIens, Gralian, and Honorius.

3. Hov crilicaI couId Iale-anlique hislorians be of Iiving emerors

4. To vhal exlenl did lhe emeror delermine lhe vorkings of governmenl of nnc of
Conslanlius II, VaIenlinian I, Theodosius II and Anaslasius`

5. 'The emeror's vrilings are reveaIing of his characler, and hardIy refIecl veII on il.'
Discuss vilh reference cithcr lo Conslanline nr }uIian.

Dcad!inc: Mnnday, 19 March, at 12 nnnn. Tn bc submittcd tn thc C!assics OIIicc.

A55E55MENT: DEGREE EXAMINATION

The degree examinalion consisls of a 2-hour aer, covering lhe vhoIe range of Ieclure and
seminar lhemes. The degree examinalion consisls of a 2-hour aer, covering lhe vhoIe range
of Ieclure & seminar lhemes. Il viII conslilule 60% of your lolaI mark. Sludenls musl ansver
twn queslions. There viII be lhe oorlunily lo ansver a gobbel queslion.


7

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ancicnt Authnrs

Ammianus Marcc!!inus: Tnc Iaicr |cnan |npirc AO 354-378 (W. HamiIlon and A. WaIIace-
HadriII, Harmondsvorlh, 1986) |lhe Loeb lransIalion by RoIfe calures lhe siril of lhe
aulhor bellerj

Aurc!ius Victnr: Oc Cacsari|us (H.W. ird LiverooI, 1994)

Ausnnius (H. IveIyn-While, Cambridge, Mass. 2 voIs. 1919). Nole eseciaIIy lhe Graiiarun
Aciic (anegyric of Gralian), lhe Tuc|tc Cacsars, lhe reresenlalion of VaIenlinian in lhe
reface of lhe Nupiia| Ccnic.

Chrnnngraphy nI 354 (a Iale Roman iIIuslraled caIendar, inleresling for hov lhe Roman eIile
sav lhe vorId. Some fine iclures)
hll://vvv.lerluIIian.org/falhers/chronograhy_of_354_00_einlro.hlm

Church histnrians:
Iusebius: hll://vvv.cceI.org/cceI/schaff/nnf201.iii.hlmI
Socrales: and Sozomen: hll://vvv.cceI.org/cceI/schaff/nnf202.hlmI
IhiIoslorgius: hll://vvv.lerluIIian.org/falhers/hiIoslorgius.hlm

C!audian (M. IIalnauer, Cambridge, Mass., 2 voIs, 1922). A nolabIe range of anegyrics of lhe
ineffecluaI Honorius).
hll://eneIoe.uchicago.edu/Thayer/I/Roman/Texls/CIaudian/home.hlmI

Cnnstantinc Oraiicn ic inc Sainis (M. Idvards, Ccnsianiinc an! Cnrisicn!cn (LiverooI, 2003)).
See aIso Iusebius, Iijc cj Ccnsianiinc

Eunapius (for lhe fragmenls of lhis oIemicaI agan hislorian see R.C. IockIey (1981, 1983)
Tnc |ragncniarq C|assicising Hisicrians cj inc Iaicr |cnan |npirc, 2 voIs, LiverooI. See aIso
Zosimus.)

Euscbius: Iijc cj Ccnsianiinc (A.M. Cameron and S.G. HaII, |usc|ius Iijc cj Ccnsianiinc,
Oxford, 1999). See aIso
hll://vvv.cceI.org/cceI/schaff/nnf201.iv.i.hlmI (incIudes Conslanline's seech lo lhe
assembIy of lhe Sainls). See aIso under Church Hislorians, and }erome, Cnrcnic|c

Eutrnpius: Brctiariun (H.W. ird, LiverooI, 1993). See aIso
hll://vvv.lerluIIian.org/falhers/eulroius_breviarium_2_lexl.hlm

Grcgnry nI Nazianzus: |ntcciitcs againsi ju|ian
hll://vvv.lerluIIian.org/falhers/gregory_nazianzen_2_oralion4.hlm
hll://vvv.lerluIIian.org/falhers/gregory_nazianzen_3_oralion5.hlm

Hlstorlu Augustu. This Iale fourlh cenlury-lexl relends lo have been vrillen by six aulhors
nearIy a cenlury earIier, and conlains oflen viIdIy ficlionaI biograhies of emerors from
Hadrian lo lhe accession of DiocIelian. Il is exceIIenl evidence for hov high-slalus Romans
erceived vhal vas good, bad, and amusing aboul lheir emerors.
8
hll://eneIoe.uchicago.edu/Thayer/I/Roman/Texls/Hisloria_Augusla/home.hlmI

Jcrnmc: Cnrcnic|c
hll://vvv.lerluIIian.org/falhers/|erome_chronicIe_00_einlro.hlm

Ju!ian (W.C. Wrighl, Cambridge, Mass, 1913, 1923. The vrilings of an arlicuIale emeror are
aII vorlhy of allenlion. They incIude lhree anegyrics, and lvo memorabIe Salires, lhe
Miscpcgcn and lhe Cacsars. His Iellers and his anli-Chrislian vork Againsi inc Ga|i|cans are aIso
vorlh a Iook)
hll://vvv.fordham.edu/HaIsaII/ancienl/|uIian-misogon.hlmI
hll://vvv.lerluIIian.org/falhers/|uIian_aoslale_gaIiIeans_1_lexl.hlm
Tvo lheoIogicaI vorks, of Iess inlrinsic inleresl
Or 4: hll://vvv.lerluIIian.org/falhers/|uIian_aoslale_1_sun.hlm
Or 5: hll://vvv.lerluIIian.org/falhers/|uIian_aoslale_2_molher.hlm

Lactantius: On inc !cains cj inc Pcrsccuicrs (}.L. Creed, Oxford, 1984). Anolher lransIalion here:
hll://vvv.cceI.org/falhers2/ANI-07/anf07-15.hlm-I3916_1567226

Latin Pancgyrics (C.I.V. Nixon and .S. Rodgers, |n Praisc cj Iaicr |cnan |npcrcrs. Tnc
Ianegyrici Lalini. |nirc!uciicn, Trans|aiicn an! Hisicrica| Ccnncniarq uiin inc Iaiin Tcxi cj
|.A.B. Mqncrs, erkeIey, Los AngeIes, Oxford, 1994. A number from lhe age of DiocIelian,
Maximian and Conslanline, Mamerlinus on }uIian, Iacalus on Theodosius I. Ior lhese see
aIso S. Lieu, ed. Tnc |npcrcr ju|ian (LiverooI, 1986) (Mamerlinus) and C.I.V. Nixon, Pacaius.
Pancgqric ic inc |npcrcr Tncc!csius (LiverooI, 1987)

Libanius (A.I. Norman, 4 voIumes of Loebs: Oraiicns 1 conlains severaI anegyric of }uIian,
Oraiicns 2 vorks from lhe age of Theodosius I, incIuding |cr inc Tcnp|cs, see aIso nis Aniiccn
as a ccnirc cj Hc||cnic cu|iurc as c|scrtc! |q Ii|anius (LiverooI, 2000) and S radbury, Sc|ccic!
Iciicrs cj Ii|anius jrcn inc agc cj Ccnsianiius an! ju|ian, LiverooI, 2004). The Iasl is arlicuIarIy
reveaIing of sociaI reIalionshis in lhe governing cIass).

Jnhn Ma!a!as, Cnrcnic|c. (I. }effreys, R. Scoll, M. }effreys, Sydney, 1986)

Prncnpius. (H. Deving, 7 voIumes Loeb) Bui|!ings:
hll://eneIoe.uchicago.edu/Thayer/I/Roman/Texls/Irocoius/uiIdings/home.hlmI
Sccrci Hisicrq.
hll://eneIoe.uchicago.edu/Thayer/I/Roman/Texls/Irocoius/Anecdola/home.hlmI

Thcmistius (anegyrics of Conslanlius, }ovian, VaIens, Theodosius lo be found in I.}.
Healher and }.I. Mallhevs, Tnc Gcins in inc |curin Ccniurq (LiverooI, 1991), I.}. Healher, and
D. Moncur, Pc|iiics, Pni|cscpnq an! |npirc in inc |curin Ccniurq. Sc|cci Oraiicns cj Tncnisiius
(LiverooI 2001). The Ialler voIume aIso has a seech by Conslanlius II himseIf).

Znsimus: Ncu Hisicrq (R.T. RidIey, Sydney, 1982), faiIing lhal, see lhis 19
lh
cenlury version
hll://vvv.lerluIIian.org/falhers/zosimus00_inlro.hlm

CoIIeclions:
S.N.C. Lieu, ed. Tnc |npcrcr ju|ian. Pancgqric an! Pc|cnic (LiverooI, 1986) |CIaudius
Mamerlinus, }ohn Chrysoslom, Ihrem lhe Syrianj

9
Mndcrn 5chn!arship

arlicuIarIy recommended
-arlicuIarIy recommended as a good read
1avaiIabIe on hll://uk.|slor.org, or olhervise via IUL

A}I American }ournaI of IhiIoIogy
CI CIassicaI IhiIoIogy
CQ CIassicaI QuarlerIy
DOI Dumbarlon Oaks Iaers
G&R Greece and Rome
}HS }ournaI of HeIIenic Sludies
}RS }ournaI of Roman Sludies
ICIS Iroceedings of lhe Cambridge IhiIoIogicaI Sociely
RSA Rivisla Slorica d'Anlichila
TAIA Transaclions of lhe American IhiIoIogicaI Associalion
YCS YaIe CIassicaI Sludies
ZAC Zeilschrifl fr Anlikes und Chislenlum


Esscntia! nr Rccnmmcndcd Purchascs

-Annianus Marcc||inus. Tnc Iaicr |cnan |npirc AO 354-378 (W. HamiIlon and A. WaIIace-
HadriII, Harmondsvorlh, 1986) |IssenliaI urchase. N acluaIIy lhe exlanl books of
Ammianus' hislory begins in 353j.

-I.R.L. rovn, Pcucr an! Pcrsuasicn in Iaic Aniiquiiq (IhiIadeIhia, 1992)
-C.M. KeIIy, |u|ing inc Iaicr |cnan |npirc (Cambridge, Mass., 2004)
S. MilcheII, Tnc Iaicr |cnan |npirc (Oxford, 2007)
D.S. Ioller, Tnc |cnan |npirc ai Baq, AO 180-395 (London, 2004)

Othcr basic narrativcs
A. ovman, AveriI Cameron and I.D.A. Garnsey, eds, Tnc Can|ri!gc Ancicni Hisicrq tc|. 12.
Tnc Crisis cj |npirc. AO 193-337 (Cambridge, 2004)
AveriI Cameron, Tnc Iaicr |cnan |npirc. AO 284-430 (London, 1993) |readabIej
AveriI Cameron, Tnc Mc!iicrrancan Wcr|! in Iaic Aniiquiiq (London 1993) |bellerj
AveriI Cameron and I.D.A. Garnsey, eds, Tnc Can|ri!gc Ancicni Hisicrq tc|. 13. Tnc Iaic
|npirc, A.O. 337-425 (Cambridge, 1998)
AveriI Cameron, . Ward-Ierkins and MichaeI Whilby, eds, Can|ri!gc Ancicni Hisicrq tc|. 14.
Iaic Aniiquiiq. |npirc an! Succcsscrs, A.O. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000)
-I. Healher, Tnc |a|| cj inc |cnan |npirc. A Ncu Hisicrq (London, 2005)
A.H.M. }ones, Tnc Iaicr |cnan |npirc (Oxford, 1964)
I. MiIIar, Tnc |npcrcr in inc |cnan Wcr|! (London,
2
1992)

Ancicnt Histnringraphy
G. Marasco, ed., Grcck an! |cnan Hisicricgrapnq in Iaic Aniiquiiq 4
in
-6
in
Ccniurq AO (Leiden,
2003)
D. Rohrbacher, Tnc Hisicrians cj Iaic Aniiquiiq (London, 2002)

AureIius Viclor
H.W. ird (1984) Scxius Aurc|ius Vicicr. A Hisicricgrapnica| Siu!q, LiverooI
10
H.W. ird (1996) '}uIian and AureIius Viclor', Iaicnus 55: 870-874

Ieslus
. aIdvin (1978b) 'Ieslus lhe Hislorian', Hisicria 27: 197-218

Ammianus MarceIIinus
N.}.I. Auslin (1983) 'Aulobiograhy and Hislory: Some Laler Roman Hislorians and lheir
Veracily', in . Croke, and A.M. Immell, eds, Hisicrq an! Hisicrians in Iaic Aniiquiiq, Sydney
and London, 54-65
T.D. arnes (1998) Annianus Marcc||inus an! inc |cprcscniaiicn cj Hisicrica| |ca|iiq, Ilhaca and
London
1A.M. Cameron and A.D.I. Cameron, 'Chrislianily and Tradilion in lhe Hisloriograhy of
lhe Lale Imire', CQ 14 (1964), 316-328
}.W. Dri|vers and I.D. Hunl, Tnc Iaic |cnan Wcr|! an! |is Hisicrian. |nicrprciing Annianus
Marcc||inus (London, 1999).
Nole eseciaIIy:
Hunl on SiIvanus
Smilh on }uIian
Healher on }ovian
Humhries on VaIenlinian
G.A.}. KeIIy (2005) 'Conslanlius II, }uIian, and lhe examIe of Marcus AureIius: Ammianus
MarceIIinus XXI, 16, 11-12', Iaicnus 64: 409-416
}.I. Mallhevs (1989) Tnc |cnan |npirc cj Annianus, London
A.D. MomigIiano (1974) 'The LoneIy Hislorian Ammianus MarceIIinus', ASNP n.s.3.4: 1393-
1407 (rerinled in |ssaqs in Aniccni an! Mc!crn Hisloriograhy, Oxford, 1977, 127-140, and in
Scsic ccniri|uic a||a sicria !cg|i siu!i c|assici c !c| ncn!c aniicc, Rome, 1980, 143-157)
I. Iaschoud (1992) 'VaIenlinien lravesli, ou: De Ia maIignile d'Ammien', in }. den oefl, D.
den Hengsl and H.C. TeilIer, eds, Ccgniiic gcsicrun, Amslerdam, 67-84
L. Warren onfanle, 'Imeror, God and Man in lhe Iourlh Cenlury. }uIian lhe Aoslale and
Ammianus MarceIIinus', Ia Parc|a !c| Passaic 19 (1964), 401-427

Hisicria Augusia
Sir RonaId Syme, Annianus an! inc Hisicria Augusia (Oxford, 1968)
-- |npcrcrs an! Bicgrapnq (Oxford, 1971)
-- Hisicria Augusia Papcrs (Oxford, 1983)

Irocoius
A. KaIdeIIis, Prcccpius cj Cacsarca. Tqrannq, Hisicrq an! Pni|cscpnq ai inc |n! cj Aniiquiiq
(IhiIadeIhia, 2004)

Pancgyric
R.C. IockIey, 'The Ianegyric of CIaudius Mamerlinus on lhe Imeror }uIian', AjP 93 (1972)
437-50
A.D.I. Cameron, C|au!ian. Pccirq an! Prcpagan!a ai inc Ccuri cj Hcncrius (Oxford, 1970) |see
ch. 6 on anegyricj
R.M. Irringlon, 'Themislius and his Imerors', Cnircn 30 (2000) 861-904
S.G. MacCormack 'Lalin Irose Ianegyrics', in T.A. Dorey, ed., |npirc an! Ajicrnain. Si|tcr
Iaiin || (London, 1975), 143-05
.S. Rodgers, 'Divine insinualion in lhe Pancgqrici Iaiini', Hisicria 35 (1986), 69-104
R.D. Rees, Iaqcrs cj Icqa|iq in Iaiin Pancgqric (Oxford, 2002), es. 185-192
11
M. Whilby, Tnc Prcpagan!a cj Pcucr. inc rc|c cj pancgqric in |aic aniiquiiq (Leiden, 1998), es.
aers by Healher, }ames and Walson

Ccrcmnnia!

W.T. Avery, 'The A!craiic Purpurac and lhe Imorlance of lhe ImeriaI IurIe in lhe Iourlh
Cenlury of lhe Chrislian Ira', Mcncirs cj inc Ancrican Aca!cnq in |cnc 17 (1940), 66-80
A.D.I. Cameron, Circus |aciicns. B|ucs an! Grccns ai |cnc an! Bqzaniiun (Oxford, 1976), es.
ch.7-9
1I. Grierson, 'The Tombs and Obils of lhe yzanline Imerors 337-1042', OOP 16 (1962), 1-63
-C.W. Hedrick, }r, Hisicrq an! si|cncc. purgc an! rcna|i|iiaiicn cj ncncrq in |aic aniiquiiq (Auslin,
2000)
K. Hokins, Ccnqucrcrs an! S|atcs (Cambridge, 1978), 221-231 ('The Imeror's Slalue')
--- 'Iunuchs in IoIilics in lhe Laler Roman Imire', PCPS 189 (1963), 62-80 (Ccnqucrcrs an!
S|atcs , 172-196)
S.G. MacCormack, Ari an! Ccrcncnq in Iaic Aniiquiiq (erkeIey, 1981), es. Iarl 1
-- 'Change and Conlinuily in Lale Anliquily: lhe Ceremony of A!tcnius', Hisicria 21 (1972),
721-752
1C. Roueche, 'AccIamalions in lhe Ialer Roman Imire: Nev Ividence from Ahrodisias',
j|S 74 (1984), 181-199
I. Theuvs and }.L. NeIson, eds, |iiua|s cj Pcucr. |rcn Iaic Aniiquiiq ic inc |ar|q Mi!!|c Agcs
(Leiden, 2000): see es. aers by Gasarri, Arce, and NeIson

Thc rn!c nI thc Empcrnr

1G.W. oversock, 'Irom emeror lo bishos: lhe seIf-conscious lransformalion of oIilicaI
over in lhe fourlh cenlury AD', CP 81 (1986), 298-307
I. rovn, Pcucr an! Pcrsuasicn in Iaic Aniiquiiq. Tcuar!s a Cnrisiian |npirc (Madison, 1992),
es. ch. 1
-C.M. KeIIy, |u|ing inc Iaicr |cnan |npirc (Cambridge, 2004), ch. 5
-- 'Imire-uiIding' in G.W. oversock, I.R.L. rovn and O. Grabar, eds, Iaic Aniiquiiq. A
Gui!c ic inc Pcsic|assica| Wcr|! (Cambridge, Mass., 1999), 170-195, nov rerinled in lhe same
aulhors' |nicrprciing Iaic Aniiquiiq. |ssaqs cn inc pcsic|assica| ucr|! (Cambridge, Mass., 2001)
I. KoIb, Hcrrscncri!cc|cgic in !cr Spaianiikc (erIin, 2001)
M. MacCormick, |icrna| Vicicrq. Triunpna| |u|crsnip in Iaic Aniiquiiq, Bqzaniiun an! inc |ar|q
Mc!icta| Wcsi (Cambridge, 1986)
S. Svain and M. Idvards, eds, Apprcacning Iaic Aniiquiiq. Tnc Transjcrnaiicn jrcn Iaic ic
|ar|q |npirc (Oxford, 2004): coIIeclion incIuding MichaeI Whilby, 'Imerors and armies AD
235-395', 156-186, N.. McLynn, 'The lransformalion of imeriaI Churchgoing in lhe Iourlh
Cenlury', 235-270

Aristncrats, Administratnrs, and Christianisatinn
1T.D. arnes, 'Slalislics and lhe Conversion of lhe Roman Arislocracy', j|S 85 (1995), 135-147
G. Iovden, 'Nicagoras of Alhens and lhe Laleran ObeIisk', jHS 107 (1987), 51-57
C.M. KeIIy, 'Lale Roman bureaucracy: going lhrough lhe fiIes', in A. ovman and G. WooIf,
eds, Iiicracq an! Pcucr in inc Ancicni Wcr|! (Cambridge, 1994), ch. 1-2.
R. MacMuIIen, Ccrrupiicn an! inc Occ|inc cj |cnc (Nev Haven, 1988)
-- 'Roman ureacralese', Tra!iiic 18 (1962), 364-378 (Cnangcs in inc |cnan |npirc, Irincelon
1990, ch. 8)
A. Marcone, 'Lale Roman SociaI ReIalions', in A.M. Cameron and I.D.A. Garnsey, eds, Tnc
Can|ri!gc Ancicni Hisicrq X||. Tnc Iaic |npirc A.O. 337-425 (Cambridge, 1998), 338-370
12
M.R. SaIzman, Tnc Making cj a Cnrisiian Arisiccracq. Sccia| an! |c|igicus Cnangc in inc Wcsicrn
|cnan |npirc (Cambridge, Mass., 2002)
.H. Warminglon, 'On lhe career of Romanus, Ccncs Ajricac', Bqzaniiniscnc Zciiscnriji 49
(1956), 55-64

Impcria! Bingraphics and Pcrind-Bascd 5tudics

Third cenlury
A. Walson, Aurc|ian an! inc Tnir! Ccniurq (London, 1999)

DiocIelian and lhe lelrarchy (284-305)
T.D. arnes, Ccnsianiinc an! |usc|ius (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), Ch. 1-2.
T.D. arnes, Tnc Ncu |npirc cj Oicc|ciian an! Ccnsianiinc (Cambridge, Mass., 1982) |ralher
hard-corej
S. Corcoran, Tnc |npirc cj inc Tcirarcns. |npcria| Prcnccunccncnis an! Gctcrnncni, AO 284-324
(Oxford, 1996)
R.D. Rees, Oicc|ciian an! inc icirarcnq (Idinburgh 2004)
C. WaIden, 'The lelrarchic image', Oxjcr! jcurna| cj Arcnacc|cgq (1990), 221-236
S. WiIIiams, Oicc|ciian an! inc |cnan |ccctcrq (London, 1985)

Conslanline (306-337)
T.D. arnes, Ccnsianiinc an! |usc|ius (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), es. Ch. 1-5, 11-15 |briIIianl
bul singIe-minded. See reviev by A.M. Cameron in j|S 73, 1983, 184-190j 1
R. Lane Iox, Pagans an! Cnrisiians (Harmondsvorlh, 1986), ch. 12-13
H.A. Drake, Ccnsianiinc an! inc Bisncps. Tnc Pc|iiics cj |nic|crancc (aIlimore, 2000)
AveriI Cameron, 'Iusebius' Viia Ccnsianiini and lhe Conslruclion of Conslanline', in M.}.
Idvards and S. Svain, eds, Pcriraiis. Bicgrapnica| |cprcscniaiicn in inc Grcck an! Iiicraiurc cj
inc |cnan |npirc (Oxford, 1997), 145-174
.S. Rodgers, 'Conslanline's Iagan Vision', Bqzaniicn 50 (1980), 259-278
1R.R.R. Smilh, 'The ubIic image of Licinius I: orlrail scuIlure and imeriaI ideoIogy in lhe
earIy fourlh cenlury', j|S 87 (1997), 170-202

Conslanlius II (337-361)
T.D. arnes, Ainanasius an! Ccnsianiius, Cambridge, Mass. (1993)
N. Henck, 'Conslanlius' Pai!cia, InleIIecluaI MiIieu and Iromolion of lhe LiberaI Arls', PCPS
47 (2001a), 172-187
1--, 'Conslanlius o 4tok1o1)', OOP 55 (2001b), 279-304
S. Tougher, 'In raise of an emress: }uIian's seech of lhanks lo Iusebia' in Mary Whilby,
ed., Tnc prcpagan!a cj pcucr. inc rc|c cj pancgqric in |aic aniiquiiq (Leiden, 1998a), 105-123
1--, 'The Advocacy of an Imress: }uIian and Iusebia', CQ 48 (1998b), 595-599
1--, 'Ammianus MarceIIinus on lhe Imress Iusebia: A SIil IersonaIily`' Gc| 47 (2000), 94-
101

SiIvanus (355)
I.D. Hunl 'The Oulsider Inside: Ammianus on lhe rebeIIion of SiIvanus', in }.W. Dri|vers and
I.D. Hunl, eds, Tnc Iaic |cnan Wcr|! an! |is Hisicrian (London, 1999) 51-63

}uIian (355-363)
I. Alhanassiadi, ju|ian. An |nic||cciua| Bicgrapnq (London, 1990) (firsl ubIished as I.
Alhanassiadi-Iovden, ju|ian an! Hc||cnisn, Oxford, 1981)
. aIdvin, 'The Cacsarcs of }uIian', K|ic 60 (1978), 449-466
13
1R.C. IockIey, 'The Ianegyric of CIaudius Mamerlinus on lhe Imeror }uIian', AjP 93 (1972)
437-50
G.W. oversock, ju|ian inc Apcsiaic (Cambridge, Mass., 1978)
--, 'The Imeror }uIian on his Iredecessors', YCS 27 (1982), 159-172
R. rovning, Tnc |npcrcr ju|ian (London, 1977)
}.I. Drinkvaler, 'The Iagan Underground. Conslanlius II's 'Secrel Sevice' and lhe SurvivaI
and Usuralion of }uIian lhe Aoslale', in C. Deroux, ed., Siu!ics in Iaiin Iiicraiurc an! |cnan
Hisicrq ||| ( Cc||cciicn Iaicnus 180) (russeIs, 1983), 348-387
1M. GIeason, 'Ieslive Salire: }uIian's Miscpcgcn and lhe nev year al Anlioch', j|S 76 (1986),
106-119
-A. Murdoch, Tnc Iasi Pagan. ju|ian inc Apcsiaic an! inc Ocain cj inc Ancicni Wcr|! (Slroud,
2003)

}ovian (363-364)
I.}. Healher, 'Ammianus on }ovian: hislory and Iileralure', in }.W. Dri|vers and I.D. Hunl,
Tnc Iaic |cnan Wcr|! an! |is Hisicrian. |nicrprciing Annianus Marcc||inus (London, 1999), 105-
116
N. Lenski, 'The IIeclion of }ovian and lhe RoIe of lhe Lale ImeriaI Guards', K|ic 82 (2000)
492-515

VaIenlinian I (364-375), VaIens (364-378), Gralian (367-383)
N.}.I. Auslin 'A Usurer's CIaim lo Legilimacy: Irocoius in AD 365-366', |SA 2 (1972) 187-
194
T.D. arnes, 'Ambrose and Gralian', Aniiquiic Tar!itc 7 (1999) 165-174
R.M. Irringlon, |cnan |npcria| Pc|icq jrcn jctian ic Tncc!csius (Auslin, 2006)
1N. Lenski, '|niiiun na|i |cnanc inpcric: Conlemorary Reaclions lo lhe allIe of
AdrianoIe', TAPA 127 (1997), 129-168
-- (2002a) 'Were VaIenlinian, VaIens and }ovian confessors before }uIian lhe Aoslale`' ZAC 6:
64-117
-- (2002b) |ai|urc cj |npirc. Va|cns an! inc |cnan Siaic in inc |curin Ccniurq A.O., erkeIey,
Los AngeIes, London
-}. Mallhevs, Wcsicrn Arisiccracics an! |npcria| Ccuri AO 364-425 (Oxford,
2
1990)

Theodosius I (379-395)
I.R.L. rovn, Pcucr an! Pcrsuasicn in Iaic Aniiquiiq (IhiIadeIhia, 1992), 103-117
R.M. Irringlon, 'The accession of Theodosius', K|ic 78 (1996a), 438-453
-- 'Theodosius and lhe Golhs', Cnircn 26 (1996b), 1-27
-- (2006) |see abovej
Mallhevs (1990) |see abovej
N.. McLynn, An|rcsc cj Mi|an (erkeIey, 1993)

Arcadius and Honorius (395-408 and 423)
A.D.I. Cameron, C|au!ian. Pc|iiics an! Prcpagan!a ai inc Ccuri cj Hcncrius (Oxford, 1970)
-- 'The emress and lhe oel: aganism and oIilics al lhe courl of Theodosius II', YCS 27
(1982), 217-289
A.D.I. Cameron, }. Long and L. Sherry, Bar|arians an! Pc|iiics ai inc Ccuri cj Arca!ius
(erkeIey, 1993)

Theodosius II (408-450)
K. HoIum, Tncc!csian |nprcsscs. ucncn an! inpcria| !cninicn in |aic aniiquiiq (erkeIey, 1982)
I. MiIIar, A Grcck |cnan |npirc. Pcucr an! Bc|icj un!cr Tncc!csius || 408-450 (erkeIey, 2006)
14

Anaslasius (491-518)
I. Haarer, Anasiasius |. pc|iiics an! cnpirc in inc Iaic |cnan Wcr|! (`Leeds, 2006)

}uslinian I (527-565)
G. Grealrex, 'The Nika riol: A rearaisaI', jHS 117 (1997), 60-86
-T. Honore, Tri|cnian (London, 1978), ch. 1
A. KaIdeIIis, (2004) Prcccpius cj Cacsarca. Tqrannq, Hisicrq an! Pni|cscpnq ai inc |n! cj Aniiquiiq,
IhiIadeIhia