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There is mysterious DM that binds stars and galaxies together. Uncovering DM is like making the one in a million shot. The importance of DM is that it may lead to an answer to two fundamental Q : How is the Universe created(what happened at the BB) and whats its ultimate faith? DM is unlike anything weve ever encountered on Earth. Billions of these strange particles pass through everything each second. They are so massive in weight, they have the power to influence the galaxies(how they form and how fast they spin) DM invisible presence is everywhere. Science has not directly proven DM particles exist. There are many suspects, but no answers. It doesnt emit light or absorb light, no interaction with light at all. The old famous scientific quote(long-held belief) everything is made up of atoms proves to be wrong. For more than a decade, scientists have been trying to capture DM, but no success. Everything began when some 90 years ago, Edwin Hubble, declared that the Universe was bigger than just the Milky way. There were galaxies outside our own. As new galaxies were discovered, scientists looked up to the neighbouring cluster of galaxies and observed something strange. They measured the movements of galaxies and from that estimated the amount of mass in the cluster. But there was a mismatch. The galaxies were moving too fast within the cluster for the amount of illuminated stuff they could see. By these calculations, there should have been a 160 times more illuminated mass to account for this fast motion. Something else was affecting their motions. In other words, the clusters could not be stable unless there was a large amount of DM present (missing matter). DM is gravitationally interactive and can affect the speed of galaxies in a cluster. One approach to measure DM is based on measuring the mass in galaxies. But how can stuff be weighed in space? You cant go and put the Sun on a scale. a little bit hard. But you can measure how fast the planets are moving around the Sun. And the more stuff there is in the Sun, the faster those planets have to move to stay in orbit. According to Newton and Einstein, the more mass or stuff you have in an object , the more gravitational pull it will have. And the further an object is from the center, the slower it should travel in orbit, because the G pull is weaker. All of the Galaxies are pulling on each other. Its like the Suns influence on our solar system. The mass of the sun pulls mercury faster than Pluto, because mercury is in an orbit closer to the Sun. This happens to galaxies as well. As you get further and further away, youll expect things are moving more and more slowly to stay in their orbits. But what you observe is a whole different thing. Actually when you get further and further away from the center, the rotational speed (velocity of the orbiting gas and dust remains constant). Despite the amount of stuff, the orbiting speed remains the same.

One can conclude that the amount of mass should be way more, otherwise the galaxies would have flown apart. The only way to resolve this paradox, a galaxy spinning 10 times too fast, is to assume that there is a halo of invisible matter, surrounding the galaxies, keeping it whole. Its been estimated that there is 10 times more DM than ordinary illuminated stuff. Hundreds are galaxies have been analyzed, all have the same pattern. Another approach(technique) to reveal the presence and distribution of DM, is G lensing. what it does is what ordinary matter does, it refracts , bends the light ray, passing through it. By tracing the light path, G lensing detected DM concentrated in the halos of galaxies. GL is most precise, because it can be used not only to uncover how much DM is present, but how its distributed. We can measure the distortions of the light rays passing through the DM. How do I know youve worn glasses, because it bends light. In the same way by looking at Hubble space pictures of the universe, and distortions of light, we can have maps of the DM. but what is DM? There have been several suspects, one of which are black holes. They bend light and dont emit light. Yet they are not enough to account for the DM needed. The other are neutrinos, high energy particles, low min mass, but they are too light to account for... Axions are another candidate, but they are unstable(can turn into protons) and DM has to be stable.

Exhausting all the usual suspects, Scientists believe that it may be a new undetected particle, more exotic and unlike anything on Earth and millions are passing through us each second. So, atoms are not the only building blocks, out of which universe is made. o o o o o Cant be seen Cant move very quickly (as fast as light) massive enough Doesnt interact very well (hard to track down) Billions pass through Earth at a time, never colliding with ordinary matter.