Contents

Definitions....2

Kinetic component of internal energy: Potential component of internal energy: Heat capacity: Specific Heat Capacity: Latent heat: Latent heat of fusion: Specific latent heat of fusion Latent heat of vaporization: Specific Latent heat of vaporization: Melting: Freezing: Boiling: Boiling point: Evaporation:

Difference in boiling and evaporation..3 Factors affecting evaporation...3 Formulas. 4

Definitions
Kinetic component of internal energy: is due to vibration of the particles directly related to temperature. Potential component of internal energy: is due to the starching and compressing of the inter atomic bonds. Heat capacity: amount of thermal energy required to raise temperature by 1 oC [sign for Heat capacity is C] Specific Heat Capacity: amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg by 1oC [sign for Specific Heat Capacity is c] Latent heat: is the energy released or absorbed during a change in state. Latent heat of fusion: is the thermal energy needed to change a solid to liquid. [Sign of latent heat of fusion is Lf] Specific latent heat of fusion: is the amount of thermal energy required to change 1 kg of the solid to liquid or vise versa. [Sign of Specific latent heat of fusion is l f] Latent heat of vaporization: is the thermal energy required to change it from liquid to vapor [Sign of Latent heat of vaporization is Lv] Specific Latent heat of vaporization: of a substance is the thermal energy required to change 1kg of it from liquid to vapor. [Sign of Specific Latent heat of vaporization is l v] Melting: when a solid changes to liquid upon heating. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55ZmB1sc4WQ Freezing: changing from a liquid to solid Boiling: when a pure liquid is heated and it changes to a vapor Boiling point: the point at which a liquid turns to a liquid. Evaporation: is a cooling process

Difference between 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Boiling At a fixed temperature Fast process Occurs in the entire liquid Bubbles are formed Temperature remains constant Supplied by energy source Evaporation Occurs at any temperature Slow process Takes place only on the surface of the liquid No bubbles are formed Temperature may change Thermal energy supplied by surrounding

Factors affecting evaporation: Temperature Humidity of surrounding air Surface area of the liquid Movement of air Pressure (reducing atmospheric pressure increases evaporation) Boiling point of liquid (lower boiling point of liquid result in faster evaporation)

Key: C = Heat Capacity Q = thermal energy = is change in the unknown c = specific heat capacity m = mass V = potential difference I = Current T = Time P = Power Lf = latent heat of fusion lf = specific latent heat of fusion Lv = Latent heat of vaporization lv = specific latent heat of vaporization.

Formulas: Heat capacity: C=

Specific heat capacity

or C = m x c

Specific heat capacity: c =

or

c=

Thermal energy: Q = mc or Q = C () or

Q = VIT or Q= PT or Q = lf

Power :

P = VI or P =

Potential difference in current : Latent heat of fusion :

VI =

Lf = lf x m or Lf = Q
lf = Lf m Lv = lv x m or Lv = Q lv = Lv m or lv =

Specific latent heat of fusion:

Latent heat of vaporization:

Specific latent heat of vaporization:

Time:

T=

or T =