Useful Constants R = 8.31451J/mol K, 1 atm = 1.013 105 Pa, 1 atm litre = 101.

.3 J One can use 1 atm 1 105 Pa and 1 atm litre 100 J. The density of water is 1 gram/cm3 =1000 kg/m3 . StefanBoltzmann constant = 5.6704 108 W m2 K 4 . Mechanics 1 Linear Motion: x = x0 + 1 (vx0 + vx )t, x = x0 + vx0 t + 2 ax t2 , vx = vx0 + ax t, 2 2 2 vx = vx0 + 2ax (x x0 ) 2 Circular Motion: ac = vr d Forces: F = ma, F = dt p, Friction: F = N , Spring: F = kx, Damping: F = bv Bouyant: FB = V g r 1 W = rif F dr, W = F r, K = 2 mv 2 , U gravity = mgy, U spring = 1 kx2 , P = dW , P = F v. 2 dt Thermodynamics Thermal Expansion: L = LT Stress and Strain: F = Y L A L Ideal Gas Law: P V = nRT , Kav = 3 kT , 1 kT for each degree of freedom. 2 2 Thermal Conductivity: I = Q = kA T t x Black Body Radiation: P = eAT 4 , max T = 2.8977685 103 m K Internal Energy: U = nCV T First Law: dQ = dU + dW for an ideal gas dW = P dV . For isothermal expansion W = nRT ln(Vf /Vi ). For adiabatic expansion T V 1 = constant, if the number of moles is constant P V = C where C is a constant and = Cp /Cv . dS = dQ/T e = W/QH COPCooling = |QC |/|W | COPHeating = |QH |/|W | eCarnot = 1 TC /TH Work for adiabatic process
V2 V2

W =
V1

P dV = C
V1

dV C = (V2 1 V1 1 ) V 1
f 2R

Q = mcT , Q = mL. CP = CV + R, CV = monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic. Integrals xn dx = Trig sin 1 + sin 2 = 2 cos( xn+1 + constant n+1

where f =degrees of freedom. f = 3 for

n = 1

x1 dx = ln x + constant

1 2 1 + 2 ) sin( ) 2 2

Area and Volume Area of a sphere A = 4r2 . Area of a cylinder A = 2rl. Area of a circle A = r2 . Volume of a cylinder V = lr2 . Volume of a sphere V = 4 r3 . 3 Oscillations
1 = 2f , T = f , x = Acos(t + ), 2 =
bt

k m. b E 0 2 ( 2m )2 , Q = 2 E .

Damped Oscillations: x = A0 e 2m cos(t + ), where = Energy for damped E = E0 e m Waves v= v=

T ,
bt

k=

2 ,

v = f , P = 1 2 A2 v, p0 = vs0 2 = 10dB log( II0 ) Doppler Eect f = f0 (1 y = A cos(kx t + )

(1
vD v ) vs v )

RT M

,I=

Pav 4r 2 ,

Beats f = f2 f1

Interference kx + = 2n or (2n + 1) n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . Standing Waves fm = mv m = 1, 2, 3, . . . fm = mv m = 1, 3, 5, . . . 2L 4L

C 1 Constants: k = 4 0 9 109 N m2 /C 2 , 0 = 8.84 1012 N m2 , e = 1.6 1019 C 0 = 4 107 T m/A, c = 1 0 = 299, 792, 458 m/s 0

Point charge: |F | = k|q12q2 | , |E| = k|q| , V = kq + Constant, r r2 r Electric potential and potential energy: V = Va Vb = Ex = dV and E = V . dx U = Ua Ub = q(Va Vb ) Maxwells Equations: E dA =
S

b a

E dl =

a b

E dl. Also

Qenc
0

= 4kQenc
S

B dA = 0 E dl =
C

B dl = 0 Ienclosed +
C

dE dt

dB dt B dA.

where S is a closed surface and C is closed curve. E = Energy Density: uE =

1 2 2 0E

E dA and B =

and uB =

1 2 20 B

(energy per volume).

Forces: F = q E + qv B, F = I L B. Capacitors: q = CV, UC = 1 q , 2 C For parallel plate capacitor with vacuum (air): C = di Inductors: EL = L dt , UL = 1 Li2 , 2
2

A d ,

Cdielectric = KCvacuum

F or a solenoid B = 0 nI where n is the Number of Turns per unit length. DC circuits: VR = IR, P = V I, P = I 2 R (For RC circuits) q = aet/ + b, = RC, a and b are constants. (For LR circuits) I = aet/ + b, = L/R, a and b are constants. AC circuits: XL = L V = ZI, Z = XC = 1/C
2

VC = XC I, VL = XL I
2 Paverage = Irms R, Irms = Im 2

(XL XC ) + R2

If V = V0 sin(t), then I = Imax sin(t ), where tan =

XL XC . R