Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

National Competency Standard for CARPENTER (FURNITURE) Qualifications Code: CON04S09VI

Module 2: Handle and Maintenance of workplace tools and equipments
Hand tools are extensions of our hands. When we misuse our hands, we experience pain. When we misuse hand tools, the possibility of injury to ourselves or people working around us increases considerably. Furthermore, using a tool incorrectly can damage the tool or even cause the tool to fail. Here are some guidelines for hand tool safety. Use the Right Tool for the Job Using the correct tool for the job is the first step in safe hand tool use. Tools are designed for specific needs. Thats why youll find screwdrivers with various lengths and tip styles and pliers with different head shapes. Using any tool inappropriately is a step in the wrong direction. To avoid personal injury and tool damage, select the proper tool to do the job well and safely. Quality professional hand tools will last many years if they are taken care of and treated with respect. Manufacturers design tools for specific applications. If you use your screwdriver as a chisel or a pry bar, you cant expect it to be in good shape when you actually need to drive a screw. Use tools only for their intended purpose. Use Insulated Tools When Needed Many jobs require the use of insulated tools. Hand tools are often used in combination with lockout tag systems to ensure that the circuits are not live. Most maintenance technicians claim they never work a job hot. But, what happens when a computer is on the circuit and it cant be shut down, or when medical equipment is connected to the circuit? You never know when a situation will arise where insulated tools are required. All professionals need to have some insulated tools in their collection. Inspect insulated tools frequently. Watch for any wear or cracking of the insulation. Keep them clean, dry, and free of surface contaminants, which can compromise their insulating properties. If the dielectric insulation has been breached by cutting, wear, or a burn, the tool should be taken out of service to ensure safety. Follow General Safety and Maintenance Practices Safe tool use contributes to a safer, more efficient work environment. Misusing tools is not only
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Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

dangerous, it shows a lack of understanding of tool safety and a lack of respect for those around you. Also, if improper tool use causes an accident, downtime will impact the entire job. Always wear approved eye protection when using hand tools. Metal will fly when it is cut. Safety glasses protect your eyes and prevent serious injury. Other workers in the vicinity should wear eye protection, as well. Keep cutting tools sharp, lubricated, and in good repair. This applies to knives, bolt cutters, cable cutters, many types of pliers, and all other cutting tools. When cutting wire, bolts, and similar materials, cuts should be made at a 90-degree angle to the work to avoid chipping the edges of the knives. Pliers should not be wiggled or rocked as you attempt to cut material, as this puts tremendous side pressure on the cutting surfaces and can result in the failure of the cutting knives. Most accidents happen because one or more safe operating procedures were not followed. History usually tells us what we did right or wrong and how that affected our job performance. The old saying Do it right the first time applies to using hand tools safely. This includes staying up-to-date on safety techniques and following safe practices in the work place. Professionals shouldnt need second chances, because professionals do the job right the first time. Use Well-Designed, High-Quality Tools Finally, investing in high-quality tools makes the professionals job safer and easier.

If extra leverage is needed, use high-leverage pliers, which give more cutting and gripping power than standard pliers. This helps, in particular, when making repetitive cuts or twisting numerous wire pairs. Knurled jaws provide sure-gripping action when pulling or twisting wires. Some side-cutting and diagonal-cutting pliers are designed for heavy-duty cutting. When cutting ACSR, screws, nails and hardened wire, only use pliers that are recommended for that use. Pliers with hot riveting at the joint ensure smooth movement across the full action range of the pliers, which reduces handle wobble, resulting in a positive cut. The knives align perfectly every time. Induction hardening on the cutting knives adds to long life, so the pliers cut cleanly day after day. Sharp cutting knives and tempered handles also contribute to cutting ease. Some pliers are designed to perform special functions. For example, some high-leverage pliers have features that allow crimping connectors and pulling fish tapes. Tool handles with dual-molded material allow for a softer, more comfortable grip on the outer surface and a harder, more durable grip on the inner surface and handle ends. Well-designed tools often include a contoured thumb area for a firmer grip or colorcoded handles for easy tool identification. Insulated tools reduce the chance of injury where the tool may make contact with an energized source.

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Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

Well-designed tools are a pleasure to use. They save time, give professional results and help you do your job more safely.

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Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

Basic Carpentry Tools and equipment Hand Woodworking Tools

Carpentry Tools Carpenters use various special tools to carry out their job. These tools are categorized into hand tools and power tools. Most often carpenter uses hand tools for carrying out simple or even complex jobs. Power tools are used when working with heavy wood or large amount of work is to be done. Some very popular tools used for carpentry are mallets, hammers, chisels, saws, file, clamp, pliers, punches and measuring tapes. Some useful tips about Carpentry A carpentry job may include many small functions as part of a big project. These functions include measuring, marking, cutting, sawing, striking, chiselling, checking, boring, lengthening, sharpening and framing of joints. Cut once after measuring twice, this is the most important rule of the carpenters who believe in making perfect objects in perfect time. This is why measuring tape and 90 degree angled tool are among the most important tools for carpenters. An end product is always perfect if you measure right and cut materials perfectly. A square is used for drawing straight lines and measuring tapes give you right measurements. Simple saw is the best choice for cutting wood in straight lines, especially for the beginners. Coping saw is used for cutting curves. But for beginners, it is not recommended to use electric saws and cutters as they may injure themselves. Even if you are using it, you must read all the instructions carefully, about its usage.

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Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

Drill machines are the perfect carpentry tools to make holes in walls and wood. These are the power operated tools which make the job very easy and less laborious. Various kinds of nails and glue are the other elements you would need for any kind of carpentry job. Nailing requires skill which a person learns with practice. A beginner can start making simple things like bookshelves, simple tables, closet fixtures, etc. While going for a project, choose the wood carefully. Measure and mark it even more carefully. If you have drawn some wrong marking, make a cross sign over it to differentiate it from the other lines. Job of carpenter involves too much precision without which you cannot make a perfect product. After you have chosen an object and the appropriate wood for it, you can start your first carpentry project. Measuring is important for making a perfect carpentry object. So measure you wood twice according to the pattern before cutting it. Mark them with pencil and cross out the lines drawn by mistake. After you have cut wood pieces, it is time to put them together. Use nails and screws and according to the thickness of your wood, they should not stick out of the wood. Along with nails, you can use wood glue as well to make the joint stronger.

Hammer
Types of Hammers

Proper hammering begins with selecting the right hammer for the job. Using a hammer for tasks that its not suited for can result in injury and shoddy work. Below, we give you the skinny on the different types of hammers a man has to choose from. Claw Hammers

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Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

Claw hammer is one of the most used woodworking tools in each and every single individual. There will be no one who would have not seen the hammer. There are different types of hammers but the most versatile and most used one is the claw hammer which has a smooth finish. The best one suggested for woodworking will be 20 oz. model.
Ball peen hammer Ball peen hammers are used in metalworking tasks like center punching and shaping soft metal.

How to Safely Use a Hammer To safely use a claw hammer, select the weight appropriate to the fastener to be struck. A 7-, 10-, or 13-ounce hammer is adequate for tacks, brads, and small finish nails; 16- and 20-ounce hammers are used for framing and roofing with 8-d (eight penny) nails or larger. Firmly grasp the lower half of the handle, slowly swing the head face, and touch the fastener head squarely to determine trajectory. Make sure your hand will not be struck by the hammer head or handle. Then swing the hammer with more force to drive the head into the wood. Continue striking the fastener head squarely to drive it into the material. How to Maintain a Hammer No maintenance is required for hammers. The head of a wood-handled hammer can be replaced; replacement handles and installation wedges are available at larger hardware stores.

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Carpenter (Furniture) Layout Square

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

A Layout Square is an invaluable woodworking tool. Not only is it probably the quickest and easiest tool for marking a square line for an end cut, but can be used to quickly mark any angle up to 45-degrees or measure up to six inches. I keep one in my back pocket or nail pouch whenever I'm in the shop.

What a Tape Measure Does A tape measure is a portable measurement device used to quantify the size of an object or the distance between objects. The tape is marked along the tape edge in inches and fractional inches, typically in quarter-, eight-, sixteenth-inch increments. Some tape measures are marked in millimeters, centimeters, and meters on one edge.

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Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

The most common tape measures are 12 feet, 25 feet, or 100 feet in length. A 12-foot tape measure is handiest for consumers. The 25-foot length is called a builder's tape and is marked in feet and at 16-inch increments to make measuring the standard distance between wall studs easier. The 100-foot tape, usually of reinforced cloth, is useful for determining property boundaries and other exterior measurements. How to Safely Use a Tape Measure Tape measures are relatively safe and easy to use. Extend the tape from point to point placing the end-clip at the location you want to measure from. Most tape measures have a clip that can be attached to a fixed object to measure spans easily. Many steel blade tapes have tension-control brakes that lock the blade in place for measuring spans. Longer tapes have a crank on the side of the case to retract the cloth tape. To minimize injury, slowly retract metal blade tapes, keeping fingers away from edges. How to Maintain a Tape Measure Tape measures are virtually maintenance free. To extend their life, keep the measurement blade clean and don't retract the blade into the case too fast.

Utility Knife

Utility Knife is a multi purpose knife with a locking mechanism which uses disposable razor blades. The Utility Knife can be used for scribing a mark in a piece of stock, cleaning up a hinge mortise or any of a hundred other times when a knife is needed.

Chisels Chisel is yet another essential woodworking tool. There are two types of chisel namely skew chisel & straight chisel. A finely-sharpened chisel is perfect for cleaning out waste from joints and mortises.

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Carpenter (Furniture) Screwdrivers

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

Screwdriver is also a must like other woodworking tools. There would be no one in this world without using a screwdriver in their lifetime. A screwdriver amplifies the hand's turning motion to the small, specially designed tip that is inserted into the screw's head. There are numerous tip designs for special applications (such as appliance assembly), but the two most common are standard (also called flat, flared, or straight) and Phillips (X-shaped) tips. The screwdriver handle can be of plastic or wood, sometimes with a rubberized cover to improve grip. Other tips include clutch (hourglass shape), Robertson (square), and Torx (six slots). Some fasteners can be turned either by standard or Phillips tips. How to Safely Use a Screwdriver To safely use a screwdriver, first select the appropriate tip and size to fit the fastener's head. The fastener may require that a starter hole be made with a drill or by pressing the tip into the material. Insert the screwdriver tip into the screw head and turn the handle clockwise, applying pressure on the handle to hold the tip firmly in the head. Continue turning the screwdriver firmly, making sure the screw remains straight as it enters the material. Make sure your hand is away from the screw in case the screwdriver slips off the screw head. How to Maintain a Screwdriver Screwdrivers require no maintenance beyond ensuring that the tips do not become misshapen. Standard screwdriver tips can be filed down if necessary, but Phillips and other screwdriver tips cannot easily be reshaped. For best results, buy screwdrivers of hardened steel.

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Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

Sliding Bevel

The sliding bevel is almost similar to the layout square and the instrument can be adjusted to any angle and locked in place using a locking mechanism. The sliding bevel is a handy device which helps in duplicating an angle. Plane

What Is a Plane?

A plane shaves wood much as a razor shaves body hair, by setting the blade at an angle to cut without gouging. Components of most planes include the flat bottom, called the sole, the cutting iron or cutter, an adjustment nut, and one or two handles for steadying. There are many types of planes designed for specific purposes. Most modern planes use a 45degree cutter to remove thin layers of wood. Planes of 14 to 18 inches for general work are called jack planes. Planes of 6 to 9 inches are smoothing planes for finish work. Longer planes of

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Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

22 to 24 inches are jointer planes to square long edges. Power planes also are available, though used mainly by serious woodworkers.
How to Safely Use a Plane

To safely use a plane, be careful when handling it, especially the sole and the exposed cutting edge. Select the appropriate plane for the task. Use the adjusting nut to set the height of the cutting iron. Test the cut on scrap wood if necessary. Carefully place the sole down at the edge of the wood to be planed and carefully push it across the surface to remove wood without gouging. Repeat as needed.
How to Maintain a Plane

When not in use, set the plane on its side with the cutting iron retracted. To verify the position of the cutting iron, turn the plane over and look along the sole from the end of the plane. Periodically disassemble the plane and clean excess wood shavings from the assembly and visually inspect the cutting iron. Sharpen or replace as needed.

Hand Saws

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Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

Cross cut saws A crosscut saw, as its name implies, cuts across the grain of wood. A crosscut saw has five to ten or more teeth per inch to produce a smooth cut in the wood. It is used for cutting plywood and hardboard panels and for cutting miters (angles). Crosscut saws have 8 to 15 pointed teeth per inch. Rip cut In woodworking, a cut made parallel to the direction of the grain of the workpiece. A rip saw is used to make this type of cut. How to Safely Use a Crosscut Saw To safely use a crosscut saw, draw a straight line on the wood member you want to cut. Firmly hold or fasten the wood so that it will not move during cutting. Place the saw's central teeth on the line opposite you and push the saw in a short stroke to start the cut. Once started, pull and push the saw to cut the wood, making sure the cut follows the line. When nearly done, make sure the end of the wood being cut is held and will not splinter due to the unsupported weight. For safety, always be aware that the teeth of a crosscut saw are sharp and pointed. Placing them point-down on an object or a body part will cut it. How to Maintain a Crosscut Saw Crosscut saws require periodic sharpening by a professional saw sharpener or with a quality saw sharpening tool available at major hardware stores. Keep your crosscut saw sharp for safety and for optimum cuts.

What a Level Does

A level indicates the horizontal plane. With a bubble of air inside a vial of encased liquid, the level shows when its frame is exactly horizontal with the earth's surface, called "level." Longer
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Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

levels typically have additional vials turned perpendicular so the tool can measure vertical "plumb." Builders typically use longer levels, measuring 2-, 4-, or 6-feet in length. Homeowners and renters usually prefer levels that are 2-foot or shorter in length. A 6-inch level is useful for leveling smaller picture frames on walls. Small 2-inch square levels are used in recreational vehicles to ensure that major appliances are level before operation. How to Safely Use a Level Levels are simple in operation. Place the level's frame on the object to be leveled (horizontal) or plumbed (vertical). Move the object until the bubble is in the center of the vial, typically marked. That's it. If working with a longer level, be careful when carrying or using it to ensure that the vials are not damaged. Most modern level vials are made of plastic. How to Maintain a Level Make sure that the vials are not damaged. If broken, replace the entire level rather than just the vial. Longer levels typically have a hole on the end so they can be hung up for protection.

Squares

What a Square Does The main purpose of a square is to ensure that components are perpendicular, or at right angles to each other. In addition, most squares serve as measurement rulers marked in inches, fractional inches, and sometimes in centimeters and millimeters.

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Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

Large framing squares, also called carpenter squares, are used in building cabinets and homes. Speed squares, sometimes referred to as try squares, are smaller and include additional angles for measurement. Combination squares have a ruler blade with an adjustable sliding stock to measure 90-degree and 45-degree angles. Combination squares include a built-in bubble level that is useful for leveling small components such as picture frames. How to Safely Use a Square A combination square is easy to use. Lay the stock against an object edge, then use the nut to loosen and move the ruler as needed. Most combination squares also have a removable pointed pin called a scribe that can be used to mark measurements on the object being squared. Framing and speed squares typically come with instructions for various tasks. How to Maintain a Square Maintaining a square is relatively easy. Most important, do not store it where it can become damaged or bent, as accurate measurement is its primary task. Steel squares should be kept clean and dry so they don't rust. Most framing and speed squares now are made of aluminum and, with care, will be useful for decades.

Chisels

No matter how many power tools you have at your disposal, one hand tool you'll always want to keep around (in varying shapes and sizes) is the chisel. It can likely trace its origins back to the sharp rocks used to carve wood in prehistoric times, yet the chisel still remains one of the most versatile tools in the wood shop today. 14 | P a g e

Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

While there are literally hundreds of different types, shapes and uses for chisels, they all operate on the same basic premise: a sharp cutting edge that can be guided through the stock with a handle that is built specifically to aid the chisel's intended cutting task. Types of Chisels: Different types of chisels include gouges designed to be used with a lathe, as hooks, and with square, round-nosed or curved cutting edges. However, for this article, we're going to stick to the most commonly used type of chisel, the bevel-edged chisel. These chisels have a blade that is typically 4 to 7 inches in length, with about a 20-25 degree bevel on three edges, but only on the top side of the chisel (the bottom side of the chisel is flat). Chisel Construction: The blade of a bevel-edged chisel narrows at the top to connect to the handle, which is typically made of either hardwood or plastic. Chisel handles come in various shapes and sizes, but in the case of the beveledged chisel, the choice of handle is a matter of preference rather than function. The butt, or back end of the chisel is sometimes reinforced for strength, as certain circumstances call for the chisel to be tapped with a mallet to guide the blade through the stock. Using a Chisel: The term for cutting with a chisel is "paring". To pare with a chisel horizontally, you should place the flat side of the chisel against the stock. Hold the handle of the chisel firmly with one hand with your index finger steadying the blade. Use your off hand to steady the chisel by holding the blade between your thumb and index finger. Stand in front of the work piece with your weight evenly distributed and the chisel parallel to the floor. Use your body weight to ease the chisel through the stock. If extra force is needed, use the heel of your main hand to strike the butt of the chisel. When paring vertically, hold the handle of the chisel with your thumb on the butt, steadying the blade with your off hand. As before, use your body weight to ease the chisel through the stock, this time in a downward manner. Should extra force be needed, you can always use a wooden mallet to tap the butt of the chisel. However, avoid using a steel-head hammer, as it can damage the chisel. Taking Care of Your Chisels: Avoid storing your chisels loosely in a drawer, where they can bang into one another, thus dulling the cutting edge(s). A better option is to hang your chisels on a rack or in a drawer with individual dividers (for each chisel) where you lessen the chance of the tip getting banged up. Proper use of a chisel requires that the cutting edge remain sharp. To properly sharpen a chisel, use sharpening stones of progressive grades. You may need to touch up your chisels regularly by honing the flat side to keep them at their best. 15 | P a g e

Carpenter (Furniture)

Module 2: TRN01S1U03V1

Lecture: 1

Using Your Chisels Safely: The number one rule of chisel safety is to keep them sharp. A dull chisel is a dangerous chisel, as it will require more effort to push the chisel through the stock. However, if keeping the chisel sharp is safety rule #1, then rule #1a is to always pare away from your body and keep your hands behind the cutting edge. And of course, as with all woodworking tasks, never use a chisel without your safety glasses.

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