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=
2. Reynolds Number for mixing:
It represents the ratio of the applied to the opposing viscous drag forces.
2
Re
A
M
ND
=
3. Froude Number for mixing:
It represents the ratio of the applied to the opposing gravitational forces.
g
D N
Fr
A
M
2
=
4. Weber Number for mixing:
It represents the ratio of the applied to the opposing surface tension forces.
3 2
A
M
D N
We =
Weber number is only important when separate physical phases are present in the liquid mixing
system as in liquid-liquid extraction.
Where:
: Liquid density (kg/m
3
) : Liquid viscosity (Pa.s), : Liquid surface tension (N/m)
A
P : Agitator power consumption (Watt) N : Agitator rotational speed (rev/s)
A
D : Agitator diameter (m)
By dimensional analysis, it can be shown that the power number
0
P can be related to the Reynolds
number for mixing
M
Re and the Froude number for mixing
M
Fr by the equation
x
M y
M
C
Fr
P
Re .
0
= = ----------------------- (5-4)
~ -'= , Sirte University
~--)- -- Faculty of Engineering
--'----- ~--)- ;~- Chemical Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics II F. Al-Taher, 01.06.2010 Spring 2009-2010
Where:
C: Overall dimensionless shape factor which represents the geometry of the system.
: Dimensionless power function.
In liquid mixing systems, baffles are used to suppress vortexing. Since vortexing is a gravitational
effect, the Froude number is not required to describe baffled liquid mixing systems. In this case the
exponent "y" in equation (5-4) is zero, that is " 1 =
y
M
Fr ".
Thus for non-vortexing systems equation (5-4) can be written as
x
M
C P Re .
0
= =
Or as
M
xLog LogC LogP Re
0
+ = ----------------------- (5-5)
Power curves:
A power curve is a plot of the power function (or the power number P
0
) against the
Reynolds number for mixing
M
Re on log-log coordinates. Each geometrical configuration has its
own power curve and since the plot involves dimensionless groups it is independent of tank size.
1. For baffled non-vortexing system:
Figure (5-8) shows the power curve for this system configuration. It can be distinguish three
flow regions:
Laminar flow region (AB): [ ] <10 Re
M
x = -1 and C = 71 of eq.(5-5)
Transition flow region (BCD): [ ] < < 10000 Re 10
M
x and C are vary continuously.
Turbulent flow region (DE): [ ] >10000 Re
M
x = 0 and 3 . 6
0
= = = P C
Calculation procedure:
1. Calculate Re
M
from equation of Reynolds number.
2. Read P
0
(or ) from figure (5-8).
3. Calculate the agitation power from equation of power number as follow
5 3
0 A A
D N P P =
~ -'= , Sirte University
~--)- -- Faculty of Engineering
--'----- ~--)- ;~- Chemical Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics II F. Al-Taher, 01.06.2010 Spring 2009-2010
2. For unbaffled vortexing system:
Figure (5-9) shows the power curve for this system configuration. Up to point "C", Fig.(5-9) is
identical with Fig.(5-8), as the Reynolds number for mixing increases beyond point "C" in the
unbaffled system, vortexing increases and the power falls sharply.
Calculation procedure:
1. Calculate Re
M
from equation of Reynolds number.
2. Read P
0
(or ) from figure (5-9).
3. Calculate the agitation power from the following equation
y
A
A A
g
D N
D N P
=
2
5 3
Where,
( )
M
Log
y
Re
=
For six-blade flat blade turbine agitators of D
A
= 0.1 m:
= 1 and = 40
The power curves given in Fig.(5-8) and Fig.(5-9) were obtained for experiments using Newtonian
liquids. It is possible to calculate the apparent viscosities of non-Newtonian liquids in agitated
tanks from the appropriate power curves for Newtonian liquids.
~ -'= , Sirte University
~--)- -- Faculty of Engineering
--'----- ~--)- ;~- Chemical Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics II F. Al-Taher, 01.06.2010 Spring 2009-2010
~ -'= , Sirte University
~--)- -- Faculty of Engineering
--'----- ~--)- ;~- Chemical Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics II F. Al-Taher, 01.06.2010 Spring 2009-2010
Example #1:
Calculate the theoretical power for a six-blade flat blade turbine agitator with diameter D
A
= 3 m
running at a speed of N = 0.2 rev/s in a tank system conforming to the standard tank configuration
illustrated in Figure 5.5. The liquid in the tank has a dynamic viscosity = 1 Pa.s and a density of
= 1000 kg/m3.
Solution:
The Reynolds # for mixing is
( )
1800
1
3 2 . 0 1000
Re
2 2
=
= =
A
M
ND
From Fig.(5-8),
5 . 4
0
= = P
The theoretical power for mixing is
( ) ( )
5 3 5 3
0
3 2 . 0 1000 5 . 4 = =
A A
D N P P 8748 =
A
P Watts Ans.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example #2:
Calculate the theoretical power for a six-blade flat blade turbine agitator with diameter D
A
= 0.1 m
running at N = 16 rev/s in a tank system without baffles but otherwise conforming to the standard
tank configuration illustrated in Figure 5.5. The liquid in the tank has a dynamic viscosity = 0.08
Pa.s and a density of = 900 kg/m3. For this configuration = 1 and = 40.
Solution:
The Reynolds # for mixing is,
( )
1800
1
1 . 0 16 900
Re
2 2
=
= =
A
M
ND
From Fig.(5-9),
2 . 2 =
Calculating y,
( )
05638 . 0
40
) 1800 ( 1 Re
=
=
Log Log
y
M
The theoretical power for mixing is:
( ) ( )
( )
=
05638 . 0
2
5 3
2
5 3
81 . 9
1 . 0 16
1 . 0 16 900 2 . 2
y
A
A A
g
D N
D N P =
A
P 76.83 Watts Ans.