HB3 - Electrical and Electronic Drawing - noPW

SAA/SNZ HB3:1996
Handbook
Electrical and electronic drawing practice for students
Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND on 19 Mar 2012
Copyright
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand publications and software. Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payment. Australian requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia. New Zealand requests should be directed to Standards New Zealand. Up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard may be copied for use exclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand. Inclusion of copyright material in computer software programs is also permitted without royalty payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs. Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified. The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand at any time.
Electrical and electronic drawing practice for students
PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY: STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 1 The Crescent, Homebush NSW 2140 Australia STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND Level 10, Standards House, 155 The Terrace, Wellington 6001 New Zealand
ISBN 0 7337 0246 5
SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996
INTRODUCTION
Electrical and electronic drawings communicate precise information on a specialized subject. They use the language of technical drawings which is a combination of symbols, conventions and a uniform approach to preparing and reading drawings. A technical drawing is a specification. As the term specification implies, the drawing deals with specifics information that is precise, unambiguous and presented efficiently. This Handbook was prepared to help students and educators to acquire skills in electrical and electronic drawing and to understand the approach to drawing. It also provides an introduction to the relevant Standards. The Handbook was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee TE/13 on Symbols, Units and Quantities for Electrotechnology. Particular recognition is accorded to the outstanding contribution of Mr Vaughan Williamson of the School of Electrical Engineering, Illawarra Institute of Technology, N.S.W., who brought together existing and original material to form this edition of the Handbook. The input of all contributors and reviewers of the document is appreciated. The Handbook draws heavily from the AS/NZS 1103 series of Standards titled Preparation of documents used in electrotechnology. Other Standards which are referenced are also listed below. As the contents of the Handbook is a summary of the Standards and other information, there is a limitation to the amount of detail which can be presented. For a more detailed understanding of the subject, reference should be made to the source documents listed below. Acknowledgment is made for the material drawn from the following documents:
International Standard Designation
IEC 1082 (series) IEC 617 (series) IEC 445
Australian/New Zealand equivalent Designation

AS/NZS 1103* (series) AS 1102 and AS/NZS 1102 (series)
Title
Preparation of documents used in electrotechnology Graphical symbols for diagrams
Title
Preparation of documents used in electrotechnology Graphical symbols for electrotechnology
Identification of equipment terminals and of terminations of certain designated conductors, including general rules of an alphanumeric system Specification for low voltage switchgear and controlgear for industrial use. Item designation in electrotechnology
BS 5583
IEC 750
AS 3702
Item designation in electrotechnology
Appendix A provides a description of Standards and other reference material which are related to electrical and electronic drawing. THIS HANDBOOK SHOULD ONLY BE USED FOR STUDENT INSTRUCTION. STANDARDS AUSTRALIA AND STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND CANNOT ACCEPT ANY LIABILITY FOR ANY CONSEQUENCES THAT MAY ARISE FROM THE USE OF THIS HANDBOOK IN LIEU OF THE STANDARDS FROM WHICH EXTRACTS HAVE BEEN TAKEN.
* In the course of preparation.
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CONTENTS
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CHAPTER 1 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS 1.1 1.2 1.3 TYPES OF DRAWINGSGENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TYPES OF DRAWINGS AND RELATED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIAGRAM LAYOUT METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 26
CHAPTER 2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DRAWING 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 DRAWING SIZES AND IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . SIZE OF DRAWING SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TYPES OF LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIMENSIONS OF LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LINE SPACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LINE DENSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TYPICAL APPLICATION OF LINES . . . . . . . . . . . LETTERS AND NUMERALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METHODS OF INDICATING SYMBOL LOCATION REPRESENTATION OF OPERATIONAL STATE . COLOUR ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TITLE BLOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MATERIAL OR PARTS LISTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 . 28 . 30 . . 30 . 30 . . 30 . . 30 . 36 . 41 . 42 . 43 . 43 . 43
CHAPTER 3 ITEM DESIGNATION 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ITEM IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LOCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TERMINALS AND CONDUCTORSDESIGNATIONS HIGHER LEVEL ASSIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QUALIFYING SYMBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SEQUENCE OF SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 45 46 46 52 52 53
CHAPTER 4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15
GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONTENTS OF A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAYOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LOCATION REFERENCE SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METHODS OF THE REPRESENTATION OF COMPONENTS AND CONNECTIONS IN DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYMBOLS WITH A LARGE NUMBER OF TERMINALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UNUSED PARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DISTRIBUTED CONNECTIONS (WIRED-AND, WIRED-OR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAYOUTS OF COMMONLY USED FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUITS . . . . . . . . . . . . SIMPLIFICATION TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOTES ON DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ORIENTATION OF CONTACT SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REPRESENTATION OF SUPPLY CIRCUITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REPRESENTATION OF COMBINED ELECTRICAL AND NON-ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTERRUPTED LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54 54 54 57 57 65 69 69 70 73 80 84 84 86 87
CHAPTER 5 INTERCONNECTION DIAGRAMS AND TABLES 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTERCONNECTION DIAGRAMS TYPES OF DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . INTERCONNECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 88 89 92
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CHAPTER 6 UNIT WIRING DIAGRAMS AND TABLES 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ITEM DESIGNATION AND MARKING . LAYOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIEW OF EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMPONENTS, DEVICES AND PARTS TERMINALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WIRING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UNIT WIRING TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . EXAMPLES OF WIRING DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 . 95 . 95 . 95 . 95 . 96 . 96 . 99 . 100
CHAPTER 7 OVERVIEW DIAGRAMS 7.1 7.2 7.3 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . LAYOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . OVERVIEW DIAGRAMS PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . .............. .............. FOR CONTROL .............. .............. .............. SYSTEMS FOR .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 NON-ELECTRICAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
CHAPTER 8 PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . TYPES OF PROJECTION . . . . ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 113 114 115
CHAPTER 9 PICTORIAL DRAWINGS 9.1 9.2 9.3 AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 CHOICE OF AXES FOR ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION ADDITIONAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
CHAPTER 10 DRAWING GRAPHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 CHAPTER 11 NOTES ON DRAWING PRODUCTION 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EQUIPMENT REQUIRED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DRAWING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DRAWING REPRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOTES ON COMPUTER-AIDED DRAFTING (CAD) EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 CAD TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND MAGNETIC MEDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 126 127 128
. . . . . . 128 . . . . . . 130 . . . . . . 131 . . 133 . . . . . . . . . . 136 137 156 185 188
APPENDICES A LIST OF STANDARDS AND REFERENCE MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B ITEM DESIGNATIONLIST OF LETTER CODES FOR THE DESIGNATION OF KIND OF ITEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C EXAMPLES OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E SELECTED QUANTITIES AND THEIR LETTER SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F EXERCISES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Originated as SAA HB3 1982. Previous edition 1986. Jointly revised and designated SAA/SNZ HB3:1996.
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CHAPTER 1
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS

1.1 TYPES OF DRAWINGS GENERAL A technical drawing is a document presenting information in a graphical manner which may include text. An individual drafting officer may not be required to prepare all types of electrical drawings, but may be required to refer to other types of drawings. The main types of electrical drawings are summarized below. 1.2 TYPES OF DRAWINGS AND RELATED DOCUMENTS 1.2.1 General Australian/New Zealand Standard Series AS/NZS 1103 contains definitions of typical documents encountered in an electrical drawing office. These are as follows: 1.2.2 Function-oriented documents Function-oriented documents show functional behaviour. Examples of these are: (a)
Overview diagram
A relatively simple diagram, often using single line representation, showing the main interrelations or connections among the items within a system, subsystem, installation, part, equipment, software or similar. (See Figures 1.1 and 1.2.)
(b) (c)
Block diagram
An overview diagram using block symbols predominantly.
Network map
An overview diagram showing a network on a map, for example, generating and transforming stations and power lines, telecommunication equipment and transmission lines. (See Figure 1.3.)
(d)
Function diagram
A diagram showing details of the theoretical or ideal operation of a system, subsystem, installation, part, equipment, software or similar by means of theoretical or ideal circuits without necessarily taking into account the means used for implementation. (See Figure 1.4.)
(e) (f)
Logic-function diagram
A function diagram that predominantly uses symbols for binary logic elements.
Equivalent-circuit diagram
A function diagram showing equivalent circuits, used as an aid for the analysis and calculation of characteristics or behaviour.
(g)
Function chart
A chart describing the functions and behaviour of a control system, using steps and transitions.
(h)
Sequence chart (or table)

A chart (or table) showing the succession of operations or status of the units of a system, the operations or status of the individual units being listed in one direction and the process steps or time being plotted at a right angle to that. (See Figure 1.5.)
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FIGURE 1.1 EXAMPLE OF AN OVERVIEW DIAGRAM WITH FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT A STEELWORKS
FIGURE 1.2 EXAMPLE OF AN OVERVIEW DIAGRAM WITH FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT A RADIO RECEIVER
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FIGURE 1.3 EXAMPLE OF A NETWORK MAP A HIGH VOLTAGE OVERHEAD LINE WITH A TRANSFORMER STATION AND A 400 V BRANCH
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FIGURE 1.4 EXAMPLE OF A LOGIC-FUNCTION DIAGRAMTIMING PULSE GENERATOR EQUIPMENT
(i) (j)
Time sequence chart

A sequence chart with the time axis plotted to scale.
Circuit diagram
A diagram showing the implementation of the circuits of a system, subsystem, installation, part, equipment, software or similar, depicting parts and connections by means of graphical symbols arranged to show the functions, but without necessarily taking into account the physical sizes, shapes, or locations of the items. (See Figures 1.6, 1.7 and 1.8.)
(k)
Terminal function diagram

A diagram for a functional unit showing the terminals for the interface connections and a description of the internal functions. These may be described by means of a circuit diagram, simplified if applicable, a function diagram, a function or sequence chart, or text. (See Figures 1.9 and 1.10.)
(l)
Program diagram, table or list

A diagram, table or list showing in detail the program elements, modules and their interconnections, so arranged that the interrelations are clearly recognizable. (See Figure 1.11.)
(m)
Single-line diagram or one-line diagram

These show the equivalent of a simplified circuit diagram by single lines and graphic symbols. They are frequently used with drawings of polyphase power circuits, where all phases in a circuit start and terminate at the same location. For example see Figure C15.
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FIGURE 1.5 EXAMPLE OF A TIME SEQUENCE CHART THE CONTROL OF A DRIVE SYSTEM
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FIGURE 1.6 EXAMPLE OF A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM USING ATTACHED REPRESENTATIONA DRIVE SYSTEM FOR TWO DIRECTIONS OF ROTATION
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FIGURE 1.7 EXAMPLE OF A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM USING SEMI-ATTACHED REPRESENTATIONSAME DRIVE SYSTEM AS IN FIGURE 1.6
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FIGURE 1.8 EXAMPLE OF A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM USING DETACHED REPRESENTATION SAME DRIVE SYSTEM AS IN FIGURES 1.6 AND 1.7
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NOTE: A1, A2, 1, 4 and 3 are terminal numbers
FIGURE 1.9 EXAMPLE OF A TERMINAL FUNCTION DIAGRAMSCREENED ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY
NOTE: + are terminals for a 24 V d.c. supply to internal equipment
FIGURE 1.10 EXAMPLE OF A TERMINAL FUNCTION DIAGRAMFUNCTIONAL UNIT FOR DETECTING OVERCURRENT
(n)
Ladder diagrams
These diagrams are a subset of circuit diagrams which have found particular application with relay and programmable controller circuits. The ladder diagrams are so named because of their appearance which consists of at least two vertical lines (usually considered as the power supply rails), between which are placed the horizontal rungs which contain input devices on the left and output coils on the right. Usually, these diagrams will be produced as part of software packages involved with programmable controllers. Provision is usually made for rung and instruction comments, and extra features in software packages include cross reference tables. A disadvantage of some software packages is that the manufacturers symbols are used rather than Australian or New Zealand Standards Symbols which are based on International Electrotechnical Commission Standards.
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NOTES: 1 5/B etc., are sheet references of other drawings 2 211ST etc., are wire numbers
FIGURE 1.11 EXAMPLE OF A PROGRAM DIAGRAM FOR AN INDUSTRIAL PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLER A PROGRAM FOR THE CONTROL OF THREE SETS OF DRIVE EQUIPMENT
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1.2.3 Location documents Location documents show the position of plant or components. Examples of these are: (a)
Site plan
A plan showing the location, in relation to setting-out points, of construction works, service networks and roadworks, and information on landscape, means of access and the general layout of the site. (See Figure 1.12.)
(b)
Installation drawing or plan

A drawing or plan showing the location of the components of an installation. (See Figures 1.13, 1.14, 1.15 and 1.16.)
(c) (d)
Installation diagram
An installation drawing showing the connections between items. (See Figure 1.13.)
Assembly drawing
A drawing representing the spatial position and shape of a group of assembled parts, normally to scale.
(e)
Arrangement drawing
An assembly drawing simplified or supplemented to give information needed for a particular purpose. (See Figures 1.17 and 1.18.)
(f)
Printed circuit board diagram

A diagram showing the artwork required to lay out a circuit on a printed circuit board which serves the dual purpose of mounting and interconnecting the electronic components.
(g)
Printed circuit overlay

A drawing similar to a component location drawing, in that it shows the physical placement of components on a printed circuit board, but it will also normally show a shadow view of the printed circuit underneath. For a double-sided board, the component side and printed circuit etchings would need to be clearly identified.
NOTES: 1 Location documents should have a clear layout to facilitate reading and understanding of the contained information. 2 Non-electrical objects should only be shown if the information is important for the understanding of the document and for the proper erection of the electrical installation. This is particularly important if there is a tendency to overcrowd the document with unnecessary details. If non-electrical objects are shown they should be presented in such a way that they are clearly distinguishable from the electrical objects. 3 Any conductors should be drawn in single-line representation as described in Clauses 4.5(g) and (h). Multiline representation should only be used if it is necessary to explain complicated connection details.
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NOTE: Symbols for engineering survey drawings are contained in AS 1100.401, Technical drawing Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing. Symbols on this drawing may differ from AS 1100.401
FIGURE 1.12 EXAMPLE OF A SITE PLANAN INDUSTRIAL PLANT
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FIGURE 1.13 EXAMPLE OF AN INSTALLATION DIAGRAM (DRAWING) WITH TOPOGRAPHICAL LAYOUTLIGHTING INSTALLATION IN A BUILDING
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FIGURE 1.14 EXAMPLE OF AN INSTALLATION DRAWINGPART OF A FACTORY
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FIGURE 1.15 EXAMPLE OF AN INSTALLATION PLANA SWITCHGEAR ROOM WITH ASSEMBLIES OF SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR
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FIGURE 1.16 EXAMPLE OF AN INSTALLATION DRAWINGAN ELECTRICALLY POWERED ROBOT
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FIGURE 1.17
EXAMPLE OF AN ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGTHE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR ASSEMBLY +A IN FIGURE 1.15

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FIGURE 1.18 EXAMPLE OF AN ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGPRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

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1.2.4 Connection documents Connection documents provide information on physical connections among, for example, components, devices, assemblies and installations. Connection documents are used when assembling, installing or maintaining equipment. Examples of these are: (a) (b)
Connection diagram or table

A diagram or table showing or listing the connections of an equipment installation.
Unit connection diagram or table

A connection diagram or table showing or listing the connections within a constructional unit. (See Figure 1.19.)
FIGURE 1.19 EXAMPLE OF A UNIT CONNECTION DIAGRAMA SUBASSEMBLY IN A CONTROLGEAR ASSEMBLY
(c)
Interconnection diagram or table

A connection diagram or table showing constructional units. (See Figure 1.20.) the connections between different
(d)
Terminal connection diagram or table

A connection diagram or table showing the terminals of a constructional unit and the internal or external connections to the terminals. (See Figure 1.21.)
(e)
Cable diagram, table or list

A diagram, table or list providing information on cables, such as the identification of the conductors, the location of the ends and, if needed, the characteristics, routes and function. (See Figure 1.22.)
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NOTE: Cables have a cable number (e.g. 112) and core numbers (e.g. 3)
FIGURE 1.20 EXAMPLE OF AN INTERCONNECTION DIAGRAMPART OF AN INSTALLATION INCLUDING, TWO TERMINAL STRIPS = A1 X1 AND =A1X2, LOCATED IN THE CONSTRUCTIONAL UNITS +A AND +B
FIGURE 1.21 EXAMPLE OF TERMINAL CONNECTION DIAGRAMA CONTROL UNIT
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NOTE: ... indicates a range of numbers, in this case, 1...5 is 1 to 5
FIGURE 1.22 EXAMPLE OF A CABLE DIAGRAMCABLE INSTALLATION FOR THE ASSEMBLIES +A1, +A2 AND +A3
1.2.5 Item lists Item lists provide details for parts. These are: (a)
Parts list
A list specifying the items (parts, components, software, equipment and similar) that constitutes an assembly (or subassembly) and if necessary, the reference documents. (See Figure 1.23.)
(b)
Spare parts list

A list specifying the items (parts, components, software, bulk material and similar), for preventive and corrective maintenance.
1.2.6 Installation-specific documents Documents giving instructions or information regarding the installation conditions and the supply, delivery, off-loading, erection and testing of a system, installation, equipment or component. 1.2.7 Commissioning-specific documents
Documents giving instructions or information regarding the commissioning of a system, installation, equipment or component and stating prior adjustments, simulation modes, recommended setting values, and actions to be taken in order to achieve proper development and functioning. 1.2.8 Operation-specific documents Documents giving instructions or information regarding the operation of a system, installation, equipment or component. 1.2.9 Maintenance-specific documents Documents giving instructions or information regarding maintenance procedures; for example in maintenance or service manuals, for a system, installation, equipment or component. 1.2.10 Reliability- and maintainability-specific documents Documents giving information on the reliability and maintainability of a system, installation, equipment or component. 1.2.11 Graphic drawings These present mathematical and other technical data in pictorial form, such as charts or graphs. Such drawings can be used to display design calculations, to compare values visually, and to display test results.
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1.2.12 Technical sketches These drawings are often used in preliminary design stages and can be hand drawn. Their purpose is to enable concepts, dimensions, early costing or similar to be carried out before a commitment is made on the preparation of working drawings. The preliminary sketching of details to determine the feasibility of ideas can save many hours of unnecessary drawing. Many drawings will begin as a technical sketch. Even sketches will require a title, date, drafting officers name and job number for identification purposes, to ensure traceability of design details at later stages of a project. 1.2.13 Other documents Other documents may be necessary, such as handbooks, guides, catalogues, and drawing and document lists. 1.3 DIAGRAM LAYOUT METHODS 1.3.1 Functional layout A layout method in which the symbols for the components or their parts are placed in the diagram, so that the functional relations can be easily recognized. (See Figures 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.7, 1.8 and 4.6.) 1.3.2 Topographical layout A layout method in which the symbols for the components are placed so that their relative positions in the diagram correspond to the relative physical locations of the components. (See Figures 1.3. and 1.13.)
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FIGURE 1.23 EXAMPLE OF A PARTS LIST PUMPING SYSTEM =W1P1
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CHAPTER 2
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DRAWING

2.1 DRAWING SIZES AND IDENTIFICATION 2.1.1 Drawing sheets and sizes Details of drawing sheets are given in Clause 2.2. The choice of drawing sizes should be decided after taking into account the following: (a) Volume and complexity of the design. (b) Level of knowledge of personnel who will use the diagrams. (c) Using a smaller sized sheet and increasing the number of sheets. (d) Requirements of filing and handling. (e) Requirements of microfilming. (f) Requirements of computer-aided design or plotter. 2.2 SIZE OF DRAWING SHEETS 2.2.1 Preferred sizes The preferred sizes of drawing sheets are the ISO-A series for which the designation and dimensions are as given in Table 2.1. Preferred size drawing sheets, with slightly wider borders to take account of preprinting considerations, shall have dimensions as given in Table 2.2. Such sheets are additionally designated by the prefix R, i.e. RA0, RA1, RA2, RA3 and RA4. Where drawing sheets of a greater length are required, they should be selected from, and have dimensions in accordance with, one of the series given in Table 2.3. Such sheets are designated A3 x 3, A3 x 4, A4 x 3, A4 x 4, and A4 x 5.
NOTE: ISO refers to the International Organization for Standardization.
2.2.2 Non-preferred sizes The non-preferred sizes of drawing sheets are the ISO-B series for which the designations and dimensions are as given in Table 2.4. Non-preferred size drawing sheets, with slightly wider borders to take account of preprinting considerations, shall have dimensions as given in Table 2.5. Such sheets shall be additionally designated by the prefix R, i.e. RB1, RB2, RB3 and RB4. 2.2.3 Roll drawings Standard widths of roll drawings are 860 mm and 610 mm. Lengths of the roll drawing sheets shall be determined to suit the requirements of the individual drawing.
NOTE: Care should be taken to ensure that the chosen length of a roll drawing is suitable for microfilming (see AS 1203, Microfilming of engineering documents ) and for folding purposes.
2.2.4 Tolerances The cut sizes in Tables 2.1 to 2.5 shall be subject to the following tolerances: (a) For dimensions 600 mm, 2 mm. (b) For dimensions >600 mm, 3 mm. Neither diagonal of any cut sheet shall exceed the diagonal of the appropriate maximum length and width, nor shall it be less than the diagonal of the appropriate minimum length and width. For the purpose of checking the sheet sizes, the material shall be conditioned at 20 2C at a relative humidity of 65 2% and measured under these conditions.
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TABLE 2.1 DIMENSIONS OF PREFERRED SHEETS

Standard designation A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 Cut sheet dimensions mm 841 594 420 297 210 1 189 841 594 420 297
TABLE 2.2 DIMENSIONS OF PREFERRED SHEETS WITH WIDER BORDERS

Designation Ordering purposes only RA0 RA1 RA2 RA3 RA4 Standard A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 Cut sheet dimensions mm 860 1 610 430 305 215 220 860 610 430 305
TABLE 2.3 DIMENSIONS OF ELONGATED PREFERRED SHEETS

Designation Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND on 19 Mar 2012 A3 A3 A4 A4 A4 3 4 3 4 5 Cut sheet dimensions mm 420 420 1 297 297 297 1 891 189 630 841 051
TABLE 2.4 DIMENSIONS OF NON-PREFERRED SHEETS

Designation B1 B2 B3 B4 Cut sheet dimensions mm 707 1 500 353 250 000 707 500 353
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TABLE 2.5 DIMENSIONS OF NON-PREFERRED SHEETS WITH WIDER BORDERS

Designation Ordering purposes only RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 Standard B1 B2 B3 B4 Cut sheet dimensions mm 733 1 510 361 255 019 723 510 361
2.3 TYPES OF LINES Lines on drawings shall be selected according to their application. Preferred line types are shown in Table 2.6 and shall be selected from one of the line groups given in Figure 2.1. Each type is designated by a letter. Typical applications are shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.3. 2.4 DIMENSIONS OF LINES 2.4.1 Thickness The thickness of lines shall be selected from one of the line groups given in Figure 2.1, and shall be such that the thickness of any line after reproduction shall be not less than 0.18 mm. 2.4.2 Dashes The length and spacing of dashes shall be consistent, but they may vary in length depending on the complete length of the line and size of the drawing. Recommended dimensions are shown in Table 2.6. 2.5 LINE SPACING Parallel lines shall be drawn with a clear space between them of not less than twice the thickness of the thickest line, with a minimum space of 1 mm. Where a group of parallel lines intersect another group of parallel lines, the space between lines in each group should be not less than 2 mm.
2.6 LINE DENSITY To facilitate good quality reproduction of drawings using dyeline or microfilming processes, all lines on original drawings shall be matt, of constant density and have a high contrast with respect to the material background. 2.7 TYPICAL APPLICATION OF LINES 2.7.1 Type A Type A lines shall be used for the following purposes: (a) (b) (c) (d) Visible outlines of features of an object. (See Figure 2.3.) General details of structures. Landscaping and existing buildings in survey drawing. Busbars and transmission paths in electrotechnology. (See Figure 2.4.)
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TABLE 2.6 LINES AND APPLICATIONS

1 Designating letter A 2 3 4 5 Examples of application (Figure Nos) 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3
Type of line Continuous thick
Example of line
Typical application Visible outlines General details Existing buildings Landscaping in site plans Busbars and transmission paths See Note 1 Fictitious outlines Imaginary intersection of surfaces Dimension lines, projection lines, intersection lines and leaders Hatching and outlines of revolved sections Fold and tangent bend lines Short centre-lines General purpose electrical conductors and symbols Break lines (other than on an axis) Break lines (other than on an axis)
M B
Continuous medium Continuous thin
2.4 2.3 2.3
C D
Continuous thin, free-hand Continuous thin, ruled with zig-zag Dashed thick (see Note 2) Dashed medium (see Note 2) Dashed thin (see Note 2)
E N F
Hidden outlines Hidden edges See Note 1 Hidden outlines Jumper connections magnetic or electric screen Centre-lines and axes of solid Pitch lines Path lines for indicating movement Features in front of a cutting plane Indication of repeated detail Developed views Material to be removed Cutting planes
2.3
Chain thin
2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
Chain thick at ends and at change of direction thin elsewhere Chain thick
Indications of surfaces to comply with special requirements Pipelines, drains, services Outlines of adjacent parts Alternative and extreme position of movable parts Centroidal lines Tooling
2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3
Chain thin, double dashed
NOTES: 1 It is desirable to restrict line thickness to two on any one drawing. A medium thickness line may be used by some drafting disciplines, such as electrical, for additional clarity. 2 It is recommended that only one thickness of dashed line be used. 3 Proportions of spaces are as specified for Type G.
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2.7.2 Type B Type B lines shall be used for the following purposes: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) Fictitious outlines, such as minor diameters of external threads and major diameters of internal threads. (See Figure 2.3.) Dimension lines and projection lines. (See Figure 2.3.) Hatching. (See Figure 2.3.) Leaders. (See Figure 2.3.) Outlines of revolved sections. (See Figure 2.3.) Imaginary intersection of surfaces. Such lines should not meet the outlines. Fold or tangent bend lines. Short centre-lines, if Type G lines are not appropriate. (See Clause 2.7.6.) General purpose electrical conductors and symbols. (See Figure 2.4.) Line of intersection of principal planes.
2.7.3 Types C and D Lines of Types C and D shall be used to terminate part views and part sections. Type C is recommended for short break lines and for the S-break in cylindrical members in exterior views. Type D is recommended for long break lines and shall extend beyond the outline which they terminate. Both types may be used in the one view. (See Figure 2.3.) 2.7.4 Type E Type E lines shall be used to indicate hidden outlines and hidden edges. 2.7.5 Type F Type F lines shall be used to indicate hidden outlines of internal features of an object that are not otherwise shown or, where their use would assist or is necessary in the interpretation of the drawing. Features located behind transparent materials shall be treated as hidden parts. It is important to guard against excessive use of hidden outlines. They should be confined to the view or views in which they are needed.
The following are further requirements in the use of Type F lines: (a) Hidden outlines should always begin and end with a dash in contact with the visible or hidden outline at which they start and end, except where such a dash would form a continuation of a visible outline. Dashes should join at corners, and arcs should start with dashes at the tangent points. Dashes of parallel hidden outlines, when close together, should preferably be staggered.
(b) (c)
2.7.6 Type G Type G lines shall be used for centre-lines and pitch lines, and for indicating features in front of a cutting plane. They may also be used for indication of repeated details. Centre-lines of a feature should not intersect in the spaces between dashes. Centre-lines should project for a short distance beyond relevant outlines and, where necessary for dimensioning or correlation of views, they may be extended. For short centre-lines, Type G lines should be used with a long dash passing through the feature and a short dash at each end. A Type B line may be used for a short centre-line where there is no space for a dash or where there is no confusion with other types of lines. This line can be used for developed views. Type G lines shall be used to show material to be removed, such as locating or holding bosses and lugs which are subsequently cut off.
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FIGURE 2.1 LINE GROUPS
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FIGURE 2.2 TYPICAL APPLICATION OF TYPES OF LINESSURVEY
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FIGURE 2.3 TYPICAL APPLICATION OF TYPES OF LINESMECHANICAL
FIGURE 2.4 TYPICAL APPLICATION OF TYPES OF LINES ELECTROTECHNOLOGY
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2.7.7 Type H Type H lines shall be used to indicate the location of cutting planes in sectioning and, the viewing position for removed views and removed partial views. The short, arrowed leaders indicating direction of viewing position should be located with the arrow touching and normal to the thick ends of the Type H lines. (See Figure 2.3.) 2.7.8 Type J Type J lines shall be used to indicate that portion of a surface which has to comply with some special requirement. For example, Figure 2.3 requires a surface which has to comply with some special tolerance requirement or requires special surface treatment such as surface hardening detailed by a note. 2.7.9 Type K Type K lines shall be used for the following purposes: (a) Outlines of adjacent parts (see Figure 2.3). Where an adjacent part is shown in section, hatching should be shown, only to avoid confusion and then only along the outlines. Alternative and extreme positions of movable parts. (See Figure 2.3.) Centroidal lines. Tooling outlines. Alternatively, the component outline where tool drawings are involved.
(b) (c) (d)
2.8 LETTERS AND NUMERALS 2.8.1 Character shapes and proportions (a)
General
Characters shall be uniform and capable of being produced at reasonable speed by hand, stencil, machine or other means. They shall remain legible and unambiguous in a direct photocopy print, in a reduced copy and as an image on a microfilm-viewing screen. Characters shall be of simple form and preferably without serifs and other embellishments, and shall not be of exaggerated proportions.
NOTE: Clarity, style, size and spacing are important, particularly for numerals as, unlike letters, they rarely fall into self-identifying patterns and hence are read individually.
(b)
Basic form
The basic form of letters and numerals should proportionally conform to those illustrated in Figures 2.5 and 2.6.
(c)
Freehand characters
Although it is recognized that slight variations will naturally occur with freehand characters, the characters should, as much as possible, conform to the basic forms given in Figures 2.5 and 2.6.
(d)
Stencil characters
Suitable stencilled characters include the following types: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Upright Gothic. Sloping Gothic. ISO 3098-1 Type B Upright. ISO 3098-1 Type B Sloping. Microfont.
NOTES: 1 See Figures 2.5 to 2.9 inclusive. 2 ISO 3098-1 Type A characters which have a height equal to 14 times the line thickness are not normally used in Australia/New Zealand.
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(e)
Machine-made characters
Machine-made characters as produced by mechanical means or a transfer process should generally comply with the basic requirements specified.
2.8.2 Height of characters The height (h) in millimetres (see Figures 2.5 to 2.9 inclusive) of characters should be one of the following: 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14 20
NOTES: 1 For special requirements, other heights may be used, provided that the minimum height complies with the requirements of this Clause. 2 The height of lettering used for tolerances (e.g. +0.5 0) shall be the same height as the particular dimension to which they are applying. 3 The minimum heights of characters have been selected to be suitable for microfilming purposes.
The recommended height of the characters should be not less than the height stated in Table 2.7 for the sheet sizes indicated. Where the drawing is to be reduced, the character height (h) shall be selected so that the height as reproduced is not less than 1.7 mm. TABLE 2.7 RECOMMENDED MINIMUM HEIGHT OF CHARACTERS ON DRAWINGS
Character height ( h), mm Character use A0, B1 Titles and drawing numbers Subtitles, headings, view and section designations General notes, material lists, dimensions 7 5 3.5 Sheet size A1, A2, A3, A4 B2, B3 & B4 5 3.5 2.5
NOTE: The recommended minimum character heights are for upper-case lettering only. For upper-case and lower-case combinations, the minimum character height should be one size larger than that specified.
2.8.3 Thickness of character lines

The maximum thickness of the lines used to form the characters shall be 0.1h, where h is the height of the characters as shown in Figures 2.5 and 2.6 and as specified in Clause 2.8.2. The line thickness of both lower-case and upper-case letters shall be the same (to facilitate lettering).
FIGURE 2.5 UPRIGHT GOTHIC (ROMAN) CHARACTERS

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FIGURE 2.6 SLOPING GOTHIC (ITALIC) CHARACTERS
Either of these characters is acceptable by ISO, but a and 7 are not recommended for use in Australia/New Zealand.
FIGURE 2.7 ISO 3098-1 TYPE B UPRIGHT CHARACTERS
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2.8.4 Spacing (a)
Spacing of characters
Characters forming a word or a number should be spaced so that the distance between the characters (see Figure 2.10) is approximately twice the thickness of the line forming such characters or 1 mm, whichever is the greater. Numerical values shall be expressed in accordance with AS 1000 or ISO 1000.
(b) (c)
Space between words

The space between words shall be not less than 0.6h and should be not more than 2h.
Space between lines of lettering

The space between lines of lettering shall be not less than 0.6h.
2.8.5 Use of characters Only one style of character should be used, generally, throughout a drawing. Vertical characters should be used for titles, drawing numbers, and reference numbers. Upper-case letters should be used. Lower-case letters shall be used for conventional signs and symbols normally requiring such characters, e.g. mm, kg, kPa. Underlined lettering should be avoided. Special emphasis, where required, may be given by the use of larger characters, or a change of style. Where necessary for clarity or to prevent misinterpretation between upper-case I and lower-case l and the numeral 1, serifs may be added. The letters O and I should not be used in combination with numbering owing to the liability of confusion with the numerals 0 and 1. All characters in a drawing shall be kept clear of lines.
NOTE: Where a line precludes this requirement, the line may be interrupted sufficiently to accommodate characters (see Figure 2.11).
*Either of these characters is acceptable by ISO, but a and 7 are not recommended for use in Australia/New Zealand.
FIGURE 2.8 ISO 3098-1 TYPE B SLOPING CHARACTERS

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FIGURE 2.9 MICROFONT CHARACTERS
FIGURE 2.10 SPACING OF CHARACTERS
FIGURE 2.11 CHARACTERS CLEAR OF LINES
2.8.6 Decimal form (a)
Decimal sign
The decimal sign for technical drawings and associated documents should be the dot, either on the line or at midheight. (See Figure 2.12.) The diameter of the dot should be twice the thickness of the line used to form the character, and shall be not less than the line thickness. It should be given a full character space.
NOTES: 1 The preferred location of the dot is on the line. 2 The decimal comma is commonly used in some countries. COPYRIGHT
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(b)
Decimal fractions
Where the quantity is less than unity, the decimal sign shall be preceded by zero (0). (See Figure 2.12.)
0 . 45
FIGURE 2.12 EXAMPLE OF DECIMAL FRACTION
2.8.7 Vulgar fractions The minimum height of the numerator and denominator of a vulgar fraction shall be as given in Clause 2.8.2, and should be separated by a horizontal line. Where space is limited, a sloping line may be used. 2.9 METHODS OF INDICATING SYMBOL LOCATION 2.9.1 General There are several satisfactory methods of indicating symbol location. The grid reference system finds general application. Some other methods are applicable to circuit diagrams. 2.9.2 Grid reference system When the grid reference system is used, each sheet is divided into rectangular zones which are identified, for example, by numbers from left to right (columns) and letters from top to bottom (rows). (See Figure 2.13.) The width and height of the zones will depend on the size of the sheet and may depend on the complexity of the diagram. The location of each symbol or circuit in a diagram should be indicated by the number and letter of the zone containing the symbol or circuit. In certain cases, it may be sufficient to use only a column or row designation. (See Table 2.8.) 2.9.3 Other systems
For special kinds of circuit diagrams, the tabular system, the circuit reference system or the line reference system may be used. (See Chapter 4.) If there is risk of confusing the grid reference of the symbol with other designations referring to the actual equipment, the grid reference should be written in parentheses.
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FIGURE 2.13 GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM
TABLE 2.8 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING IN A GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM

Referred item Row E on the same sheet Column 2 on the same sheet Rectangular zone E2 on the same sheet Rectangular zone E2 on sheet 34 of the same diagram (i.e. with the same drawing number) Rectangular zone E2 of single-sheet diagram No 4568 Rectangular zone E2 on sheet 34 of diagram No 5796 Written reference E 2 E2 34/E2 Diagram 4568/E2 Diagram 5796/34/E2
2.10 REPRESENTATION OF OPERATIONAL STATE 2.10.1 Normal requirements Apparatus shall be shown in the de-energized or unoperated position or state, or in the position with no operating force applied, e.g. relay contacts shall be shown in the de-energized state of the relay.
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It is essential that parts of a multiswitching device be shown in a mutually consistent position or state, irrespective of whether the circuit is in the unoperated condition or not. 2.10.2 Special requirements To avoid ambiguity, a special indication should be provided on the diagram (e.g. by a note or a chart) (a) (b) for apparatus which may rest in any one of two or more positions or states; or if it is essential to show a circuit in a particular operated position or state.
Switches controlling emergency, standby, alarm circuits and the like, should be shown in the positions which they occupy during normal service of the equipment or in a specific defined condition, e.g. aircraft on the ground. Test switches and similar devices should be shown in the normal position, not in the test position. (See Figure 2.14.)
(a) Symbol
(b) Description
One three-pole switch, manually operated Multiline equivalent FIGURE 2.14 SWITCH SHOWN IN NORMAL POSITION
2.11 COLOUR ABBREVIATIONS Where it is desired to indicate colours on a diagram, the abbreviations in Table 2.9 should be used. 2.12 TITLE BLOCK
The title block should be in the bottom right-hand corner of the drawing sheet and the information contained may include the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Name of the project. The part of the project depicted. The type of drawing. Date. Drawing number. Scale. Drawn by, checked, approved, issued (signature spaces). Client, or contractor, or organization.
A typical title block is shown in Figure 2.15. 2.13 MATERIAL OR PARTS LISTS Where several parts are detailed on the one sheet or an assembly of parts is shown, a tabulated material or parts list should be provided. This list may be provided above the title block (see Figure 2.16), or, if the list is extensive, a separate sheet may be used.
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TABLE 2.9 LETTER CODES FOR COLOURS

Colour Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue (including light blue) Violet (purple) Grey (slate) White Pink Gold Turquoise Silver Green-and-yellow Letter code BK BN RD OG YE GN BU VT GY WH PK GD TQ SR GNYE
NOTE: The following abbreviations are superseded by the IEC conventions presented in Table 2.9. They are presented only for the interpretation of older drawings.
FIGURE 2.15 EXAMPLE TITLE BLOCK
FIGURE 2.16 EXAMPLE PARTS LIST
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CHAPTER 3
ITEM DESIGNATION
3.1 GENERAL This Chapter provides basic information on item designation. For a complete understanding of this subject, reference should be made to AS 3702, Item designation in electrotechnology. On an electrical diagram, item designations are used to identify plant, equipment or specific items depending on the kind of information required. The different sections of an item designation provide information for the following purposes: (a) (b) (c) (d) Higher level assignment, showing correlation of equipment and function. Location of an item. Identification of an item. Terminal and conductor marking.
Item designation (the identification) of electrical equipment in a plant is generally accomplished by the use of a code consisting of a sequence of capital letters or numbers or a combination of both. The codes which are created for the different sections of an item designation may often have a similar format, therefore a system of qualifying symbols are used to identify these different sections of an item designation. In the following item designation codes, A stands for letter(s) and N for number(s). Because of the use of automatic data processing equipment, the same meaning is applied to upper-case and lower-case letters. On most diagrams, an appropriate section of the complete item designation is sufficient to identify an item of plant and equipment or its location.
NOTE: Refer to Appendix B for the recommended list of kind of item letter codes.
3.2 ITEM IDENTIFICATION

3.2.1 General In a circuit diagram, it is necessary to identify each item of equipment. The item identification consists of three parts used in the following order: A (a) (b) (c) KIND of item. (See Clause 3.2.2.) NUMBER of the item. (See Clause 3.2.3.) FUNCTION of the item. (See Clause 3.2.4.) N A
3.2.2 Kind The graphical symbol on a diagram provides information about an item, so this part generally consists of one letter denoting the kind of item or equipment being identified, such as a transformer (T), relay (K) or transistor (V). The recommended list of kind of item code letters is shown in Appendix C. If alternative code letters are used, they should be recorded or shown on the diagram.
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3.2.3 Number The number is used to identify each item on a drawing, generally being allocated in a sequence 1 to n. The numbers can be used to identify the item regardless of the kind of item code or to distinguish between similar items within the same letter code. (See Figure 3.1.) An additional number separated by a point (.) may be used to distinguish between similar parts of an item which may be shown separately on a drawing, such as contact sets on a relay. 3.2.4 Function Information about the function of an item may be added to the first two parts. Because of the variety of functions an item such as a relay can perform, it is not possible to create a standard list of functions, so this coding should be explained on a drawing.
Example: Using this procedure of item identification, the item designation for a simple electronic circuit would be as shown in Figure 3.1.
3.3 LOCATION In large plants or complicated equipment, it is necessary to identify the location of items of electrical equipment, (an example of such could be a motor driving an air compressor, where it may be desired to enable the installation of a bearing temperature detector and the connection of the associated cabling or wiring). The location section of the designation is developed by assigning first a code, either letters or numbers, to a main piece or type of equipment, then further characters to indicate specific subcategories of the equipment. This sequence of characters will then provide a specific location identification. Since the location codes will be developed individually for each project, it is necessary to illustrate the location code assignments on the drawings for the project. An example of a location code for equipment in a cubicle is given in Figure 3.2. 3.4 TERMINALS AND CONDUCTORS DESIGNATIONS 3.4.1 General Terminal designations (identifications) should correspond to the markings on the item of equipment. Where terminals or conductors are not marked and markings are considered necessary, guidelines are presented for identification. For the identification of equipment terminals and terminations of conductors, use can be made of one or more of the following methods:
(a)
The physical or relative location of the equipment terminals or of terminations of certain designated conductors in accordance with an established system for the relevant product. A colour code for equipment terminals and terminations of certain designated conductors in accordance with an established system for the relevant product. Graphical symbols in accordance with AS 1104. If additional symbols are required, these shall be consistent with the AS 1102 and AS/NZS 1102 series, see Appendix A. An alphanumeric notation in accordance with the system laid down in Clause 3.4.3.
(b) (c) (d)
3.4.2 Application of identification means The identifying colour, graphical symbol or alphanumeric notation shall be located on, or adjacent to, the corresponding terminal. When more than one identification method is used and confusion is possible, the correlation between the methods shall be clarified in associated documentation. 3.4.3 Marking principles Terminal marking is based on the following principles: (a) The two end points of a single element are distinguished by consecutive reference numbers, the odd number being lower than the even number, for example 1 and 2 in Figure 3.3.
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(b)
The intermediate points of a single element are distinguished by reference numbers, preferably in a naturally ascending sequence, for example 3, 4, 5 etc. The reference number chosen for intermediate points shall be higher than those chosen for the end points; their numbering commences at the point which lies closest to the end point with the lower reference number. Thus, for example, the intermediate points of an element with the end points 1 and 2 will be denoted by the reference numbers 3, 4, and so on. (See Figure 3.4.) If several similar elements are combined in a group of elements, then one of the following methods for marking the elements shall be used: (i) The two end points and intermediate points, if any, are distinguished by letters preceding the reference numbers referred to in (a) and (b). For example U, V, W correspond to the phases of a three-phase a.c. system in Figure 3.5(a). The two end points and intermediate points, if any, are distinguished by numbers preceding the reference numbers referred to in (a) and (b) where a phase identification is not necessary or possible. To avoid confusion, these numbers shall be separated by a full stop. For example the end points of one element may be marked 1.1 and 1.2, those of another element 2.1 and 2.2. (See Figure 3.5(b).) The two end points of each element are distinguished by different consecutive numbers, the odd number of each element being lower than the even number of this element (for example see Figure 3.5(c)).
(c)
(ii)
(iii)
(d)
Similar groups of elements having the same reference letters are distinguished by a numerical prefix to the reference letters (for example Figures 3.6(a) and 3.6(b)).
NOTE: Figure 3.7 illustrates the interconnection of equipment terminals and certain designated conductors marked in accordance with the alphanumeric notation.
(e)
Marking of equipment terminals intended for certain designated conductors Equipment terminals which are intended to be connected directly or through intermediate equipment to certain designated conductors shall be marked with reference letters according to Table 3.1. Identification of terminations of certain designated conductors The alphanumeric identification of terminations of certain designated conductors shall be in accordance with Table 3.1.
(f)
NOTE: The items have been numbered consecutively with reference to similar components, e.g. C1, C2, C3, R1, R2.
NOTE: The items have been numbered consecutively as they appear on the diagram without reference to similar components, e.g. C1, R2, R3, R4, V5, C6.
FIGURE 3.1 EXAMPLES OF ITEM IDENTIFICATION

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FIGURE 3.2 LOCATION CODE FOR EQUIPMENT IN A CUBICLE
TABLE 3.1 MARKING OF EQUIPMENT TERMINALS FOR CONDUCTORS AND IDENTIFICATION OF TERMINATIONS OF THOSE CONDUCTORS
Alphanumeric notation Designated conductor Equipment terminal marking Remarks Identification of conductor terminations Remarks
Supply a.c. system conductors Phase 1 Phase 2 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND on 19 Mar 2012 Phase 3 Neutral Supply d.c. system conductors Positive Negative Mid-wire Protective conductor PEN-conductor Earthing conductor Low noise earth conductor Frame or chassis connection Equipotential connection C D M PE E TE MM CC see Note see Note L+ L M PE PEN E TE MM CC see Note see Note U V W N L1 L2 L3 N
NOTE: These identifications shall apply only when the terminals or conductors are not intended to be at the potential of the protective conductor or earth
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FIGURE 3.3 SINGLE ELEMENT WITH TWO TERMINALS
FIGURE 3.4 SINGLE ELEMENT WITH FOUR TERMINALS TWO ENDPOINTS AND TWO INTERMEDIATE POINTS
(a) Three-phase equipment with six terminals
(b) Three-element equipment with 12 terminals: six endpoints and six intermediate points
(c) Switching device
FIGURE 3.5 GROUP OF ELEMENTS
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(a) Three-phase equipment with two groups of elements
(b) Two-phase equipment with two groups of elements with four terminals each
FIGURE 3.6 ELEMENTS IN SIMILAR GROUPS
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FIGURE 3.7 INTERCONNECTION OF EQUIPMENT TERMINALS AND DESIGNATED CONDUCTORS
3.4.4 Terminal marking rule for relay contacts The contactor terminal marking of a contactor relay is formed, in principle, by two digits. (a)
Function number The unit number (or right most digit) is a function number, as follows:
(i) (ii) 1 2 for break-contacts. 3 4 for make-contacts.
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(b)
Sequence number The figure of the tens (or left most digit) is a continuous sequence number beginning with 1, independent of the contact function.
Terminals belonging to the same contact are marked with the same sequence number. For contactor relays having 10 contact elements, the sequence number 10 shall be replaced by 0.
(c)
Numbering method The contact numbering is made without any break, from left to right on the device; for devices with tiers, the numbering begins with the tier next to the mounting level as shown in the following example.
3.5 HIGHER LEVEL ASSIGNMENT In similar manner to location codes, higher level assignments can be developed in accordance with the requirements of each project and should be explained on the drawings. However, these should also follow the general format of NANA (the alphanumeric system defined in Clause 3.1) to distinguish major functions with the first number; successive subdivisions being denoted by alphabetic and numeric characters. The higher level assignment for pump 2 cooling system of turbine 5, would be 2T5.
3.6 QUALIFYING SYMBOL The codes developed for the various sections of the item designation all have a similar NANA structure, so qualifying symbols are used as a preface to the codes to distinguish between sections of the item designation. The qualifying symbols used for the sections of the item designation and the order in which the sections are used are listed as follows: Section 1 2 3 4 Qualifier = + : Information Higher level assignment Location Item identification Terminal
The qualifying symbol may be omitted or replaced by a note on a diagram if there is no ambiguity such as in connection tables and parts lists, where the columns have a title defining the information provided.
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3.7 SEQUENCE OF SECTIONS Where a complete item designation is required, its sections should be arranged in the order of sections as above (i.e. = + :). Where sections of the item designation are not required, these can be omitted but the same sequence of sections should be maintained.
Examples:
(a) Complete item designation in which the higher level assignment is used to indicate the location of the item in the complete plant. =R016 +3A2 Q1 :3
Terminal 3 Circuit-breaker 1 Unit 3, subassembly 2 Room 016 (b) Item designation in which the higher level assignment is used to indicate the purpose of the item in the complete plant. =2T5 M3 Motor 3 Pump 2 cooling system of turbine 5 (c) The use of qualifying symbols in Figure 3.3 allows the inclusion of location information without confusion.
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CHAPTER 4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
4.1 GENERAL A circuit diagram shall show the details of the implementation of any system, subsystem, installation, equipment or similar, but need not take into account the physical sizes, shapes or locations of the constituent items. It shall present information necessary for (a) understanding the functioning of a circuit (supplementary information such as charts, tables, program documents, other diagrams, etc. may be required); (b) preparation of connection documents (constructional design information may also be required.); (c) testing and fault location (additional documents such as handbooks or connection documents may be required); and (d) installation and maintenance. Examples of circuit diagrams are shown in this Chapter as well as in Appendix C. 4.2 CONTENTS OF A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM A circuit diagram shall contain (a) graphical symbols representing the components or functions of the circuit; (b) representations of the connections among those components or functions; (c) item designations; (d) terminal designations; (e) signal-level conventions applicable to logic signals; (f) information necessary to trace paths and circuits (signal designations, location references); and (g) supplementary information necessary for the understanding of the functions. A circuit diagram for a control system of a power plant or an industrial plant should also show the main circuits to such an extend that the study of the function of the controlling system is facilitated. It may often be sufficient to show the main circuits, or part of them, in single-line representation. In certain cases, however, it may be necessary to use multiline representation, for example, to show how measuring transformers are connected. (See Clause 4.5 on representations.) 4.3 LAYOUT 4.3.1 General Graphical symbols and circuits should be arranged to emphasize the process or signal flow and the functional relations according to Clause 4.3.2. Topographical information may be added, if relevant, but should not govern the layout. To emphasize the signal flow, the connecting lines of the circuits should be kept as straight as practicable. For certain fundamental circuits, the layouts referred to in Clause 4.9 should be adopted. To emphasize the functional relations, the symbols for functionally related items should be grouped close to one another. (See Figure 4.1.) The two requirements may, in some cases, lead to different results, and priority has to be given to one of the following: (a) Within functional groups, and for equipment of limited size and complexity, priority should be given to the signal flow.
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(b)
For systems and complex equipment, the overall function-oriented structure should be emphasized and priority given to the functional grouping. The signal flow between the functional groups may thus be more complicated than within the groups.
Parallel paths of equal importance should be symmetrically displaced with respect to the common path. (See Figure 4.2.) Similar items in parallel vertical (horizontal) paths should be aligned horizontally (vertically). (See Figure 4.3.) 4.3.2 Layout of diagrams The most important consideration in the preparation of a diagram is the adoption of a clear layout that facilitates understanding. (a)
Signal flow direction

For overview, function and circuit diagrams, the principal direction of flow should be from left to right or, alternatively, from top to bottom. However, most block symbols for signal processing, and symbols for binary logic and analogue elements are designed for a signal flow from left to right. Therefore, circuits with such symbols should be arranged with regard to this (see Figure 4.4). Note the non-preferred bottom to top signal flow in the 2nd diagram. If the flow direction for individual signals is not obvious, the connecting lines shall be provided with arrowheads (see Figure 4.5). These arrowheads shall not touch any component symbol.
(b)
Arrangement of symbols
For the functional or topographical layout methods (see Clauses 1.3.1 and 1.3.2), symbols and circuits should be arranged in order to emphasize either functional relationship or physical location. In a diagram with a functional layout, functionally related symbols should be grouped and placed as close to one another as the requirements of annotation and the avoidance of overcrowding will allow. The circuits should be arranged, if applicable, in the order in which they operate. In a diagram representing a control system, the function-oriented groups forming the controlling system should be placed to the left of, or above, the function-oriented groups that represent the controlled system. (See Figure 4.5.)
In a diagram with a topographical layout, the symbols should be grouped and placed to show the relative physical positions of the corresponding components. (See Figures 1.13 and 1.22.)
FIGURE 4.1 EXAMPLE OF FUNCTIONALLY RELATED COMPONENTS
FIGURE 4.2 EXAMPLE OF PARALLEL PATHS OF EQUAL IMPORTANCE
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FIGURE 4.3 EXAMPLE OF THE CIRCUIT REFERENCE SYSTEM
Horizontal connecting lines Preferred signal flow
Vertical connecting lines Non preferred signal flow (requires symbols designed for signal flow from right)
FIGURE 4.4
EXAMPLES OF ARRANGEMENT OF CIRCUITS CONTAINING BINARY LOGIC ELEMENTS

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FIGURE 4.5
EXAMPLE OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPING AND SIGNAL FLOW DIRECTIONS A CONTROL SYSTEM
4.4
LOCATION REFERENCE SYSTEMS
If it would otherwise be difficult to locate a symbol or an end of an interrupted connecting line in a diagram, the diagram shall incorporate a location reference system such as (a) (b) (c) a grid reference system according to Clause 2.9.2; a circuit reference system, wherein the branches of a circuit are identified by numbers. (See Figure 4.3.) an item designation tabular reference system wherein, along one edge of the diagram, the item designations are repeated in line with the corresponding symbols. The item designations should be arranged in columns (or rows), one for each of the most frequently used types of parts (capacitors, resistors, relays, etc.), and one for all other types of parts. (See Figure 4.6.)
4.5 METHODS OF THE REPRESENTATION OF COMPONENTS AND CONNECTIONS IN DIAGRAMS Functionally dependent parts of a component are represented as follows: (a)
Attached representation
A representation where the parts of a composite symbol are placed together. (See Figures 4.7 and 1.6.)
(b)
Semi-attached representation
A representation where the symbol is extended with each part placed in the diagram to achieve a clear layout of the circuits, the parts being connected by a dashed line representing a functional linkage. (See Figures 4.8 and 1.7.)
NOTE: This is usually used for components having a mechanical functional linkage.
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FIGURE 4.6
EXAMPLE OF THE TABULAR REFERENCE SYSTEM
(c)
Detached representation
A representation where the symbol is separated into its parts with each part placed in the diagram to achieve a clear layout of the circuits, the parts being related by their item designations. (See Figures 4.9 and 1.8.)
NOTE: This is used for components having a functional linkage.
(d)
Repeated representation
A representation where a complete symbol is shown in two or more places in the diagram, the identical item designation for each appearance indicating that the symbols represent only one component. (See Figure 4.10.)
NOTE: This is usually for components having an electrical functional linkage, for example binary logic elements represented by a symbol including a common control block or a common output block.
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No. 1
Attached representation Relay
Description
Comments May be shown in semiattached representation (Figure 4.8) or in detached representation (Figure 4.9)
Pushbutton
Circuit-breaker, operated by hand or motor, with trip-free mechanism, trip coil, over-current and over-load releases.
Transformer with three windings
May be shown in detached representation (Figure 4.9)
5
Optical coupling device
Multiplexer with storage, quad 2-input
May be shown in repeated representation (Figure 4.10)
FIGURE 4.7
EXAMPLES OF SYMBOLS IN ATTACHED REPRESENTATION
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NOTE: It is not viable for all circuits to use this representation.
FIGURE 4.8 EXAMPLES OF SYMBOLS IN SEMI-ATTACHED REPRESENTATION THE COMPONENTS REPRESENTED ARE THE SAME AS IN EXAMPLES 13 OF FIGURE 4.7
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FIGURE 4.9 EXAMPLES OF SYMBOLS IN DETACHED REPRESENTATION THE COMPONENTS REPRESENTED ARE THE SAME AS IN EXAMPLES 15 IN FIGURE 4.7
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FIGURE 4.10
EXAMPLE OF REPEATED REPRESENTATION MULTIPLEXER REPRESENTED IN EXAMPLE 6 OF FIGURE 4.7
(e)
Grouped representation
A representation where: (i) (ii) The symbols for the parts are surrounded by an outline. (See Figure 4.11.) The symbols for the parts (usually binary logic and analogue elements) are abutted. (See Figure 4.12.)
(f)
Dispersed representation
A representation where the symbols for the parts are separated and placed in the diagram to achieve a clear layout of the circuits, the parts being related by the item designations. (See Figure 4.13.)
(g) (h)
Multiline representation
A representation where each connection is represented by a line. (See Figure 4.14.)
Single-line representation
A representation where two or more connections are represented by a single line. (See Figure 4.15.)
FIGURE 4.11
EXAMPLE OF GROUPED REPRESENTATION PACKAGE OF TWO ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS

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FIGURE 4.12
EXAMPLE OF GROUPED REPRESENTATION PACKAGE OF FOUR AND-ELEMENTS WITH NEGATED OUTPUT
FIGURE 4.13 EXAMPLE OF DISPERSED REPRESENTATION THE COMPONENTS REPRESENTED IN a) ARE THE SAME AS IN FIGURE 4.11, THOSE REPRESENTED IN b) ARE THE SAME AS IN FIGURE 4.12
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FIGURE 4.14
EXAMPLE OF CONNECTIONS IN MULTILINE REPRESENTATION STAR-DELTA STARTER
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FIGURE 4.15
EXAMPLE OF CONNECTIONS IN SINGLE-LINE REPRESENTATION SAME STAR-DELTA STARTER AS IN FIGURE 4.14
4.6
SYMBOLS WITH A LARGE NUMBER OF TERMINALS
If the symbol for a device having a large number of terminals, for example, hundreds of pins, is too large to be placed on a single sheet of a diagram, the following possibilities should be considered: (a) (b) (c) If the device has functionally independent parts, show the device using dispersed representation, as described in Clause 4.5(f). If the device has functionally dependent parts, show the device using semi-attached representation, as described in Clause 4.5(b). If the device can be represented by an internal function diagram, replace the symbol with a function diagram having symbols and (internal) connecting lines in appropriate places.
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(d)
Simplify the symbol by indicating multiple, preferably related, terminals by a single terminal symbol. Alternatively, the full details of a multiterminal input or output may be explained in a separate table. (See Figures 4.16, 4.17 and 4.18.) If there is no alternative but to represent the device by a single symbol, break the symbol outline into parts and use the rules for detached representation, (see Clause 4.5(c)). (See Figure 4.19.)
(e)
FIGURE 4.16
EXAMPLE OF BREAKING THE OUTLINE OF A SYMBOL WITH A LARGE NUMBER OF TERMINALS
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FIGURE 4.17 EXAMPLE OF SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION OF CONNECTIONS TO A COMPONENT AND-GATE WITH NEGATED OUTPUT a) WITHOUT TERMINAL DESIGNATIONS, b) WITH TERMINAL DESIGNATIONS, c) WITH TERMINAL DESIGNATIONS IN CONSECUTIVE ORDER OF SEQUENCE
FIGURE 4.18
EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF THE METHODS DESCRIBED IN FIGURE 4.17
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FIGURE 4.19 EXAMPLE OF SIMPLIFYING A SYMBOL WITH A LARGE NUMBER OF TERMINALS

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4.7 UNUSED PARTS In a circuit diagram or in supporting documents, unused, functionally dependent parts of a component, for example, unused contacts, windings and elements of an array, should be shown or referenced. Unused functionally independent parts of a component, for example, unused switches in a dual-in-line switch-package or unused gates in a package, may be shown or referenced. 4.8 DISTRIBUTED CONNECTIONS (WIRED-AND, WIRED-OR) There are two basic methods in AS/NZS 1102 Part 112 for showing the distributed-AND function and two basic methods for showing the distributed-OR function. In each case of Figure 4.20, Method 1 uses one of the usual methods of showing a junction with the addition of a qualifying symbol to denote the logic function performed. Method 2 replaces the junction with a rectangle containing the & or 1 qualifying symbol, followed by the qualifying symbol , indicating that the logic function is performed by a distributed connection instead of a separate element.
FIGURE 4.20 METHODS OF REPRESENTING DISTRIBUTED CONNECTIONS

Method 2 permits the use of qualifying symbols for negated inputs and negated outputs with positive and negative logic, and for the logic polarity indicator with direct logic polarity indication. These are used with the rectangular symbol in the same manner that they would be used if the logic were performed by discrete logic gates with one exception: all the inputs and the outputs shall show the same qualifying symbol since a distributed connection cannot perform logic negation or inversion. With Method 1, there is no outline and therefore it is not possible to use input and output qualifying symbols. Therefore, to understand the logic performed by the distributed connection, it is necessary to consider the types of outputs that are connected together. L-type open-circuit outputs (for example, NPN open collectors) connected together perform either active-high ANDing or active-low ORing. H-type open circuit outputs (for example, NPN open emitters) connected together perform either active-high ORing or active-low ANDing. (See Table 4.1.) Table 4.1 assumes that the same negation symbols or logic polarity symbols can be appropriately used at the driving outputs and the driven inputs. Nevertheless, if it is not possible to follow this recommended practice at all points in a diagram, the presence or absence of negated output or active-low output qualifying symbols does not influence which type of logic AND or OR applies. In Figure 4.21 the AND and OR representations are equivalent.
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FIGURE 4.21 EXAMPLE OF DISTRIBUTED CONNECTIONS WITH NEGATED AND NON-NEGATED OUTPUTS
The same principle applies for direct logic polarity indication, In Figure 4.22 the AND and the OR representations are equivalent.
FIGURE 4.22 EXAMPLE OF DISTRIBUTED CONNECTIONS WITH ACTIVE-HIGH AND ACTIVE-LOW OUTPUTS
4.9 LAYOUTS OF COMMONLY USED FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUITS 4.9.1 General Commonly used fundamental circuits should have a formalized pattern. Additional components should be arranged so that the basic pattern remains recognizable. 4.9.2 Terminations Two-terminal passive networks should be represented with the terminals shown at the same end. (See Figure 4.23.) Four-terminal passive networks, such as filters, smoothing circuits, attenuators, and phaseshift networks, should be represented with the terminals shown at the corners of an imaginary rectangle. (See Figure 4.24.)
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FIGURE 4.23 EXAMPLE OF A TWO-TERMINAL PASSIVE NETWORK
FIGURE 4.24 EXAMPLE OF A FOUR-TERMINAL PASSIVE NETWORK
4.9.3 Fundamental bridge circuits Fundamental bridge circuits should be represented as in Figure 4.25.
FIGURE 4.25 EXAMPLES OF FUNDAMENTAL BRIDGES
4.9.4 RC-coupled amplifying stages The symbols for the fundamental elements of RC-coupled amplifying stages should be arranged as shown in the following Figures: (a) (b) (c) Common base (two alternatives). (See Figure 4.26.) Common emitter. (See Figure 4.27.) Common collector (emitter follower). (See Figure 4.28.)
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FIGURE 4.26 EXAMPLES OF AN RC-COUPLED AMPLIFYING STAGE WITH AN NPN TRANSISTOR, COMMON BASE
FIGURE 4.27 EXAMPLE OF AN RC-COUPLED AMPLIFYING STAGE WITH AN NPN TRANSISTOR, COMMON EMITTER
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FIGURE 4.28 EXAMPLE OF AN RC-COUPLED AMPLIFYING STAGE WITH AN NPN TRANSISTOR, COMMON COLLECTOR
4.9.5 Fundamental bistable circuits The symbols for the fundamental elements of elementary bistable circuits should be arranged as shown in Figure 4.29.
FIGURE 4.29 EXAMPLE OF A FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUIT, AN RS-LATCH CIRCUIT
4.10 SIMPLIFICATION TECHNIQUES 4.10.1 General Simplifications may be used, for example to increase the amount of information shown on each sheet or to reduce clutter by eliminating repetitive information. In general, any simplification method may be used that does not impair the understanding of the drawing. If other simplication techniques than those shown are employed, they shall be explained on the drawing or in the supporting documentation unless they are self-explanatory. 4.10.2 Multiple connections Two or more identical branches of a circuit may be shown by representing one branch and using symbol 103-02-09 (see Appendix D). (See Figure 4.30.) The techniques of bundling and having identical symbols in a group may also be used as shown in Figure 4.31. The right-hand portion of eight circuits, identical except for the item designations, is shown simplified.
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FIGURE 4.30 EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLE CONNECTIONS

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FIGURE 4.31 EXAMPLE OF EIGHT CIRCUITS, THE RIGHT-HAND PORTIONS SHOWN SIMPLIFIED
4.10.3 Bundling Multiple parallel connecting lines may be represented by one line (a connecting-line bundle) using one of the following methods: (a) (b) The parallel connecting lines are interrupted; a cross-line after a short space represents the bundling. (See Figures 4.32, 4.33 and 4.34(a).) Each individual connecting line joins the bundle line sloping in the direction of the other end(s) of the individual line. (See Figures 4.34(b), 4.35 and 4.36.) Lines forming a junction with any of the lines in the bundle join the bundle without sloping. (See Figure 4.36.)
If the sequence of the connecting lines is the same but the order is not obvious, for example when the bundle line is bent, as in Figure 4.33, the first connecting line shall be indicated at each end, for example with a dot. If the sequences at the ends are different, each connecting line shall be identified at each end. (See Figures 4.34, 4.35 and 4.36.) The number of connecting lines represented by a bundle line shall be indicated where necessary. Symbol 103-01-01 (Appendix D) provides two forms; Figure 4.37 shows an example using 103-01-01 form 2. 4.10.4 Identical symbols in a group A number of identical symbols in a group may be represented by a single symbol, provided with a short oblique stroke and a figure indicating the number of symbol elements represented by the single symbol element. Another method, usable especially with symbols of rectangular shape, is to show the represented number of symbol elements by a figure followed by a multiplication sign within square brackets, for example [3]. (See Figure 4.38.) Note that multiple connections are distributed equally among identical elements.
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FIGURE 4.32 EXAMPLE OF BUNDLING, METHOD (a) (See Clause 4.10.3)
FIGURE 4.33 EXAMPLE OF BUNDLING, METHOD (a), USING A DOT TO INDICATE THE FIRST CONNECTING LINE
FIGURE 4.34 EXAMPLE OF BUNDLING WITH INDICATION OF INDIVIDUAL LINES, METHODS (a) AND (b)
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FIGURE 4.35 EXAMPLE OF BUNDLING, METHOD (b), WITH LINES IDENTIFIED BY SIGNAL DESIGNATIONS
FIGURE 4.36 EXAMPLE OF BUNDLING, METHOD (b), WITH LINES IDENTIFIED BY SIGNAL DESIGNATIONS
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FIGURE 4.37 EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF SINGLE-LINE REPRESENTATION WITH THE NUMBER OF CONNECTING LINES INDICATED
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FIGURE 4.38 EXAMPLES OF SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION OF COMPONENTS AND CONNECTIONS
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4.11 NOTES ON DIAGRAMS 4.11.1 Inset diagrams In detached representation, the referencing from the actuating or affecting parts to the other parts may be carried out as inset diagrams or inset tables, adjacent to the actuating or affecting part. If this location is not practical, they may be located elsewhere in the diagram or in a separate document. In the latter case a reference to that document shall be added to the symbol for the actuating or affecting part.
Examples: Figure 4.39 gives an example of the use of inset diagrams. In Figure 4.40 the inset diagrams are replaced with inset tables.
FIGURE 4.39 EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF INSET DIAGRAMS
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FIGURE 4.40 EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF INSET TABLES
4.11.2 Functional description A switch For manually operated control switches with a complex function, a graph shall be included in the diagram, if necessary, to understand the function. (See Figure 4.41.)
FIGURE 4.41 EXAMPLE OF A GRAPH FOR DESCRIBING THE FUNCTIONS OF A MANUALLY OPERATED CONTROL SWITCH
For pilot switches, the diagram shall contain a description of the operation, adjacent to the symbol. This description may consist of (a) a graph, prepared in accordance with the examples in Figure 4.42 and in the left-hand column of Table 4.1. In these examples, the indication O on the Y-axis stands for contact open and 1 for contact closed. If no confusion is likely, these indications may be omitted;
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(b) (c)
a symbol for the actuating device. For cam-operated or similarly operated devices, the symbol shown in the third column of Table 4.1 may be used; or a note, designation or table. (See Figure 4.43.)
FIGURE 4.42 EXAMPLE OF A GRAPH FOR DESCRIBING THE FUNCTIONS OF A PILOT SWITCH FOR SPEED MONITORING
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TABLE 4.1 EXAMPLES OF GRAPHS AND CAM SYMBOLS TO DESCRIBE CONTACT FUNCTIONS
Description in circuit diagram No. Graph symbol 1 Cam symbol Contact is closed at temperatures equal to or exceeding 15C Explanation
Contact closes at 35C when the temperature increases and then opens when the temperature decreases to 25C (see Note)
Contact is closed at 0 m/s and opens at 5.2 m/s when the speed increases and closes at 5 m/s when the speed decreases (See Note)
Contact is closed between 60 and 180 and between 240 and 330
Contact is open between position X and position Y
Contact is closed only at position X
Contact is closed in end position X and beyond
NOTE: If the return value is of less interest, it may be put within brackets or omitted.
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FIGURE 4.43 EXAMPLE OF A NOTE FOR DESCRIBING THE FUNCTIONS OF A PILOT SWITCH FOR SPEED MONITORING
4.12 ORIENTATION OF CONTACT SYMBOLS Contact symbols should be oriented so that the imaginary direction of movement is consistent. For example, movement upwards with horizontal connecting lines or to the right with vertical connecting lines when the component is actuated. This is especially important if the symbol for the complete component contains symbols for a mechanical latch, blocking device, delay device or similar. However, when using detached representation in circuits with complicated contact arrangements but without, for example, mechanical latches, the contact symbol orientation may be changed if this results in a clearer layout of the diagram with a minimum of crossings. 4.13 REPRESENTATION OF SUPPLY CIRCUITS Connections that satisfy power or voltage supply requirements of devices shall be indicated in circuit diagrams and may be indicated in other diagrams. The connections may be shown graphically, or may be specified in a table or a note. (See Figure 4.44.)
FIGURE 4.44 EXAMPLES OF THE REPRESENTATION OF CONNECTIONS FOR POWER OR VOLTAGE SUPPLY
The supply lines should be shown at opposite sides of the circuit branches (see Figure 4.45), or grouped together to one side of, above or below, the circuit (see Figure 4.46). Supply lines may also be interrupted to aid the layout of the diagram, provided the requirements in Clause 4.15 are met. (See Figure 4.47.)
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FIGURE 4.45 EXAMPLE SHOWING SUPPLY REPRESENTED BY LINES WITH POLARITY INDICATIONS
FIGURE 4.46 EXAMPLE OF GROUPED SUPPLY LINES
FIGURE 4.47 EXAMPLE OF A FUNCTIONAL UNIT WITH POWER SUPPLY
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Supply lines to a block symbol may be drawn at right angles to the signal flow. (See Figure 4.48.)
FIGURE 4.48 EXAMPLE OF SUPPLY LINES TO A BLOCK SYMBOL
These methods may also be used inside a functional or constructional unit. (See Figure 4.47.) A component may be represented as two or more symbols, one of them showing only the supply connections. (See Figure 4.49.)
FIGURE 4.49 EXAMPLE OF A COMPONENT WITH ONE PART FOR THE SUPPLY
4.14 REPRESENTATION OF COMBINED ELECTRICAL AND NON-ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS Relations between non-electrical and electrical functions shall be clearly indicated. (See Figure 4.50.) The dot at one end of the arrows correlates the direction of rotation of the motor and the corresponding direction of motion of the sliding contact of the resistor.
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FIGURE 4.50 EXAMPLE OF MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS RELATED TO ELECTRICAL FUNCTIONS
4.15 INTERRUPTED LINES If a connecting line would cross a large part or a congested area on a diagram, the connecting line may be interrupted. In this case, and also when a connecting line is interrupted on one sheet and continues on another, the ends of the interrupted lines shall be mutually referenced. The ends of the interrupted line should be drawn so that they can be easily recognized. The reference shall consist of one or more of the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) Signal designation or another identification. Symbol for connection to earth, frame or any other common point. Inset tables. Other unambiguous means.
If required for clarity, location references on the diagram (e.g. grid references) of the related ends should be provided.
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CHAPTER 5
INTERCONNECTION DIAGRAMS AND TABLES

5.1 GENERAL
Interconnection diagrams and tables provide information on the external electrical connections between units of equipment and may be used as an aid in the preparation of the wiring harnesses and for maintenance purposes. Information on the internal connections in units is not normally included, but if it is, references to the appropriate circuit or wiring diagrams should be provided. The diagrams may employ single-line or multiline representation and may be combined with or replaced by tables, provided that clarity is maintained. Tables are recommended where the number of interconnections is large. 5.2 5.2.1 INTERCONNECTION DIAGRAMS Layout
Interconnection diagrams employ straight lines and simple outlines, i.e. squares, circles or rectangles, to depict equipment units. The connections between the units are symbolized by lines which may represent individual wires or complete cables. The diagrams should be arranged so that the lines can be drawn in a simple and logical manner between the various points of termination. Views should be shown as though all connections were in one plane. Where practicable, the sequence and arrangement of the equipment symbols on the diagram should depict the physical arrangement of the installation. A location diagram should complete interconnection information if the relative location of such items as terminals or connectors is not clear. Figure 5.1 is an example of a simple interconnection diagram.
NOTE: The cable symbol is identified by an item designation symbol, e.g. W2, and a notation indicating the number of conductors and their cross-sectional area in square millimetres, e.g. 3 1.5.
FIGURE 5.1 SIMPLE INTERCONNECTION DIAGRAM

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5.2.2
Identification
5.2.2.1 Units of equipment The outline representing each item should be suitably identified, e.g. by a functional title or item designation, as necessary. 5.2.2.2 Connectors The symbol for each connector should be identified, e.g. by item designation. Such identification is not required if the connector forms part of a cable assembly separately designated in the interconnection information, or if it is of a type covered by an explanatory note. Cabling information may be shown on the diagrams together with identification of connecting assemblies, adaptors, cable clamps, etc., and any special assembly instructions which are required. 5.2.2.3 (a) (b) (c)
Terminals and connector contacts
These should be identified by at least one of the following methods: Existing markings shown on the drawing. Designation in associated documentation. Arbitrary designation explained in the interconnection information.
5.2.2.4 Conductors Where considered necessary, the line representing each conductor (either individual or in a cable) should be identified by at least one of the following methods: (a) (b) Existing markings or colour coding on the conductor shown on the drawing. A code assigned on an overall system basis as explained on the diagram or in supporting documentation.
Supplementary information such as conductor function, size, length, screening or voltage rating may be included. 5.2.2.5 Jumper wires These wires are generally single-insulated conductors. The individual wires, which are normally terminated on terminal or tag blocks, are used to interconnect circuit functions within the same rack or to other racks within the equipment room. (See Figure 5.2.)
This connection method readily allows jumper terminations to be altered as required, making the system completely flexible. 5.3 TYPES OF DIAGRAMS 5.3.1 Individual conductor representation Each individual conductor between equipment items should, where possible, be represented by a separate line. (See Figure 5.3.) Apart from small gaps necessary to accommodate identification or supplementary information, the lines may be drawn in full between the appropriate terminations. (See Figure 5.4.) To simplify a diagram, a group of lines may be replaced by a single line for some part of their length, provided that the ends are suitably designated. (See Figure 5.5.) This method may be extended by branching the single line where groups of lines have different destinations. In such cases, information on the other end termination may be usefully shown at both ends of every line representing an individual connection. (See Figure 5.6.) Repeated information at the ends can generally be omitted. (See Figure 5.7.) Alternatively, it is permissible to omit the individual lines for most of their length, provided that corresponding ends are suitably identified and information on remote end destination is included. (See Figure 5.8.)
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FIGURE 5.2 JUMPERING
FIGURE 5.3 SEPARATE REPRESENTATION OF CONDUCTORS

FIGURE 5.4 IDENTIFICATION OF CONDUCTORS
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FIGURE 5.5 SINGLE-LINE REPRESENTATION
FIGURE 5.6 IDENTIFICATION OF CONDUCTORS WITH DIFFERENT DESTINATIONS

FIGURE 5.7 ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF IDENTIFICATION OF CONDUCTORS WITH DIFFERENT DESTINATIONS
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FIGURE 5.8 IDENTIFICATION OF REMOTE DESTINATIONS
5.3.2 Multiconductor representation Each multiconductor assembly (cable, conductors in sheath or similar) connecting the various items of equipment should be represented by a single line. (See Figure 5.9.) Lines representing multiconductor assemblies may be omitted for part of their length, provided that the residual ends are identified and opposite end destinations are given. For example, in Figure 5.8, Panel F may be on a different drawing from Panel D or Panel E. Where panels are wired to other panels on different drawings, the relevant drawing numbers should be quoted. 5.4 INTERCONNECTION TABLES 5.4.1 General The information given by interconnection diagrams can be conveniently given by listing in tabular or matrix form. Usually, each line of information relates to an individual connection. The information relating to all connections to a given unit may be presented on sequential lines of a table. See Table 5.1 for an example. Alternatively, the information may be listed in circuit order. The details of such arrangements will depend on the circumstances of each case. The basic data shall include information regarding the connection points and the conductor. Many satisfactory variations are possible; that shown in Table 5.1 is an example only. Tables may be supplemented with equipment layout information showing the following: (a) (b) The relative location of all portions of the equipment. The terminal arrangement and identification of unmarked terminals. The data should show a wiring side view of the terminal arrangement. A left-to-right and top-to-bottom sequence assignment of terminal identification is recommended. Any special wiring arrangements which cannot be conveyed by tabular information alone. The paths of the wiring where such paths are not readily determined. Typical column headings for this supplementary information could include the following: (i) (ii) (iii) Unit designation. Plug/socket/terminal number. Pin/terminal designation.
(c) (d)
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(iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi)
Cable number. Wire number and/or colour. Cross-sectional area/stranding. Twisted with wire number. Screened singly/with wire number. Pin/terminal designation. Socket/plug/terminal number. Unit designation.
5.4.2 Example of interconnection table This example is typical of the way in which the information given in a diagram may be presented. In this case, Table 5.1 gives similar information to Figure 5.7.
FIGURE 5.9 REPRESENTATION OF MULTICONDUCTOR ASSEMBLIES
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TABLE 5.1 ALTERNATIVE PRESENTATION OF INTERCONNECTION SHOWN IN FIGURE 5.7

Wire number 75 76 77 78 79 Size, mm 2 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Colour RD BK RD WH BU From 1 1: A 1 1: B 1 1: C 1 1: D 1 1: E To 2 1: A 2 1: B 2 2: A 2 2: B 2 2: C Notes
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CHAPTER 6
UNIT WIRING DIAGRAMS AND TABLES

6.1 GENERAL Unit wiring diagrams and tables provide information on the internal electrical connections of a unit or assembly of units. Information on the external connections between units is not usually included, but references to the appropriate interconnection diagrams or tables may be provided. Unit wiring diagrams and tables may supplement one another, and both may also contain information from other documents, such as working drawings, circuit diagrams or parts lists. 6.2 ITEM DESIGNATION AND MARKING 6.2.1 Item designation general Item designations appearing on the wiring diagram or table should be the same as those on the corresponding circuit diagram and associated documentation. 6.2.2 Identification of wiring Cables, cores or conductors may be identified by a simple numerical designation. Where it is considered necessary, further identification should be given by at least one of the following methods: (a) Showing (on the drawing) markings or colour codings that exist on the wiring. (b) Explaining (on the drawing or in supporting documentation) a code assigned on an overall system basis. (c) Including (on the drawing) supplementary information such as conductor function, size, length, screening and voltage rating. 6.2.3 Each (a) (b) (c) Terminals point of termination should be identified by at least one of the following: Marking appearing on the actual item. Designation appearing in associated documentation. Arbitrary designation explained in the wiring information.
6.3 LAYOUT Unit wiring diagrams should usually be drawn in approximate topographical representation. 6.4 VIEW OF EQUIPMENT The view or views of equipment that are required for a unit wiring diagram are those which will most clearly show the terminals or wiring sides of the component devices or parts as they are mounted in the equipment. In most instances, one view as seen from the wiring side of the items should be sufficient. This view should generally correspond to the view of the items as seen during wiring. More than one view may be required where the equipment is wired from both front and rear. In such a case, the diagram should clearly identify which view of the equipment is shown. Component devices or parts with more than one level of terminals may also require more than one view. 6.5 COMPONENTS, DEVICES AND PARTS Unit wiring diagrams employ straight lines and simple outlines, e.g. squares, circles or rectangles, to depict equipment items. Sometimes, graphical symbols may be used. Mechanical details, such as the fastening for an item, should only be shown if this helps in the understanding of the diagram.
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If items are located above each other at several levels, these items may be shown in the diagrams as rotated, turned or moved in such a way that the terminals may be seen by the reader of the diagram. The method used should be appropriately indicated. (See Figures 6.1 and 6.2.) 6.6 TERMINALS Terminals may be represented by graphical symbols. In some cases, it may be sufficient to only show the terminal designation on the outline depicting a device. If a convention is used to distinguish between detachable and non-detachable connections, it should be shown or referenced on the diagram. 6.7 WIRING 6.7.1 General The unit wiring diagram may show technical data for the conductors, such as type and cross-sectional area. A unit wiring diagram should show where wiring is to be twisted, shielded or separated from other conductors. In the representation of a shielded cable, the diagram should show whether the shield is to be isolated or connected and, in the latter case, a clear distinction should be made between the termination of the conductor and the shield.
NOTE: Figure 6.3 shows wires 44 and 45 and wires 46 and 47 twisted.
NOTE: The long line on the right indicates the axis of rotation.
FIGURE 6.1 A SOLDERING TERMINAL STRIP, THE END OF WHICH IS VIEWED IN THE EQUIPMENT ROTATED TO THE LEFT THROUGH 90 DEGREES
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FIGURE 6.2 EXAMPLE OF A UNIT WIRING DIAGRAM USING SINGLE-LINE REPRESENTATION
6.7.2 Individual line representation In simple cases, the connections between items may be depicted by individual lines. (See Figure 6.3.) 6.7.3 Grouped wiring Grouped wiring may be represented by a common line. If a unit contains several wiring groups, these should be properly distinguished from one another. (See Figure 6.2.) To minimize the possibility of confusion, the number and colour attributed to an individual connection should be on the same side of the connection, and associated as closely as possible. Where the number appears directly over a terminal, the colour code should appear either at the top or to the left of the connection. 6.7.4 Interrupted lines Interrupted line technique may be used to clarify the diagram. Provision should be made for the association of the interrupted lines. In this technique, the marking system used for the connections designates the destination, and may be independent of that used for the terminals. In Figure 6.4, the destination shows both terminal number and device number or designation. 6.7.5 Reference line system One alternative method for the display of information given in Figure 6.4 is the reference line system. An example, which presents the same information as Figures 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4, is given in Figure 6.5. Such a diagram, used in conjunction with a layout diagram, is equally suitable for manufacturing and maintenance purposes.
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FIGURE 6.3 EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE UNIT WIRING DIAGRAM USING INDIVIDUAL LINE REPRESENTATION
FIGURE 6.4 EXAMPLE OF A UNIT WIRING DIAGRAM USING INTERRUPTED LINE TECHNIQUE AND WIRE DESTINATION REPRESENTATION
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FIGURE 6.5 EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE UNIT WIRING DIAGRAM USING THE REFERENCE LINE SYSTEM
6.8 UNIT WIRING TABLES 6.8.1 General The information given by unit wiring diagrams can be conveniently given by listing in tabular or matrix form. Usually each line of information relates to an individual connection. The information relating to all connections to a given unit may be listed in circuit order. The basic data shall include information regarding the connection points and the cable, core or conductor. Tables may be supplemented with a diagram to show equipment layout information, such as the relative location of items, the terminal arrangement and identification of unmarked terminals, and any special wiring arrangements.
NOTE: A left-to-right and top-to-bottom sequence assignment of terminal identification is recommended.
6.8.2 Examples of unit wiring tables The examples are typical of the way in which the information given in a diagram may be presented. In this case, Table 6.1 gives similar information to Figure 6.3 for items 13, 14, and 15, and should be regarded as an alternative to this diagram.
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TABLE 6.1 UNIT WIRING SCHEDULE FOR ITEMS 13, 14 AND 15 FROM FIGURE 6.3
Connection number 40 52 41 From Item:Terminal 13:1 13:1 13:2 13:3 14:A To Item:Terminal 12:6 R1 R1 13:4 X1:5 Remarks
42 43 35 44 45
14:B 14:C 14:C 15:1 15:2
X1:6 16:11 11:5 X1:7 X1:8 Twisted pair
46 47
15:3 15:4
X1:9 X1:10
Twisted pair
33 48
15:5 15:6
11:3 16:12
6.9 EXAMPLES OF WIRING DIAGRAMS Figures 6.6 to 6.9 and Table 6.2 are examples of the application of the various recommendations given in Clauses 6.2 to 6.8. They are intended to only show methods of representation and are not meant as recommendations concerning the equipment.
The examples represent equipment of different kinds. It is not, however, the intention to prescribe that the method of representation, chosen here for a certain kind of equipment, be specific for equipment of this kind. (a) (b) (c) Figure 6.6 single-line representation is used. Figure 6.7 shows the same equipment as Figure 6.6, using a tabular method. Figure 6.8 shows the reference line technique equivalent to Figure 6.6. Note also that the wiring loom or ducts to be used are indicated by the symbol: A (d) (e) Figure 6.9 shows the interrupted line technique equivalent to Figure 6.6. Table 6.2 the tabular approach is used to produce a wiring schedule with the aid of a computer.
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FIGURE 6.6 WIRING DIAGRAM, CONTROL PANEL HV POWER SWITCHGEAR
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FIGURE 6.7
TABULAR EQUIVALENT OF FIGURE 6.6

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FIGURE 6.8
REFERENCE LINE EQUIVALENT OF FIGURE 6.6

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FIGURE 6.9
INTERRUPTED LINE EQUIVALENT OF FIGURE 6.6

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TABLE 6.2 WIRING SCHEDULE PRESENTED BY COMPUTER IN TABULAR FORM
THE WIRING LEGEND IS AS SET OUT BELOW:
TYPE A B C D E G H J K L M N P TCW* RED ORANGE BLUE BROWN BLACK RED BLACK ORANGE BLUE BLUE BLACK BLACK GREEN RED BLACK GREEN GREY RED
DESCRIPTION 2 X 0.7 MM 16/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED 16/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED 16/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED 16/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED 16/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED 16/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED 16/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED 24/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED 24/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED 24/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED 16/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED 16/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED
WHERE NO TYPE IS SHOWN, USE 16/0.20 MM PVC INSULATED .
THE FOLLOWING CONNECTIONS DO NOT APPEAR IN THE WIRING SCHEDULE, BUT MUST ALSO BE WIRED IN:
K1:5 K3:10 K4:2 K4:3 K5:1 K5:2 K5:4 K5:4
TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO
K1:6 K3:11 K4:3 K4:5 V2:1 V1:2 V1:1 V2:2
TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE
A A A A A A A A
DRG. NO:
SHEET 1 INITIALS DATE CHANGE MOD. NO. TITLE (continued )
* Tinned copper wire.

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TABLE 6.2 (continued)
LINK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
FROM K3:5 K3:4 X1:5 K3:11 K8:1 K3:3 K2:4 X2:6 X2:5 X2:8 X2:7 K2:6 K2:2 K3:14 K2:1 K1:2 K3:7 K3:6 K3:1 K1:3 K2:5 K1:6 K1:4 K3:8 K4:7 K4:9 K4:12 K4:13 X2:3 K7:5 K1:1 X1:8 X1:7 X1:2
TO K7:4 K8:2 K7:1 K7:2 K2:3 K7:3 X2:1 K6:2 K6:1 K3:15 K3:13 K4:1 K5:1 X1:3 X2:2 X2:4 X1:1 K4:4 X1:6 K4:6 K3:12 K3:10 X1:4 K5:2 K5:7 K5:6 K5:3 K7:6 K6:3 K8:1 K5:5 K4:11 K4:8 K3:2
TYPE C M M B E D E E H B D C H J J M M P J G G M H N M D C K J J B B E B
FUNCTION
DRG. NO:
SHEET 2 INITIALS DATE CHANGE MOD. NO.

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CHAPTER 7
OVERVIEW DIAGRAMS
7.1 GENERAL An overview diagram shall provide an overview of any kind of system, subsystem, installation, equipment, software or similar; for example, a radio receiver or a power station. It shall show the main relationships among the main functions and components. This type of diagram can serve as an introduction for education, training, operating and maintenance purposes.
NOTE: An overview diagram can serve as the basis for further design work, for example, for the preparation of more detailed diagrams such as function diagrams and circuit diagrams.
7.2 LAYOUT An overview diagram should be presented in a functional layout (see Figure 7.1). Location information may be added. (See Figure 7.2.) If location information is important to understanding the function, as in a network map, a topographical layout may be used. (See Figure 1.13.) Overview diagrams may be prepared at different levels of the function-oriented structure with the higher levels depicting the overall systems, and the lower levels depicting the subsystems. (See Figures 7.3 and 7.4.) The symbols representing the items shall be placed in the diagram in such a manner that clear and recognizable flowpaths for information, control, energy and material are distinguished. An overview diagram at a certain level should contain references to documents describing the lower levels. Each symbol, including the rectangles, shall be assigned an item designation, where necessary. (See Figure 7.5.)
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FIGURE 7.1
EXAMPLE OF THE RECOMMENDED LAYOUT PRINCIPLE. NO ITEM DESIGNATIONS ARE SHOWN AS THE FIGURE IS INTENDED TO SHOW THE LAYOUT PRINCIPLE ONLY
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FIGURE 7.2 EXAMPLE OF AN OVERVIEW DIAGRAM WITH LOCATION INFORMATION A HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLY
FIGURE 7.3 EXAMPLE OF AN OVERVIEW DIAGRAM A STEELWORKS
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FIGURE 7.4 EXAMPLE OF AN OVERVIEW DIAGRAM THE ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM =E1 IN FIGURE 7.3
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NOTE: The asterisk represents the proper item designation for the pump. Item designations for non-electrical devices have not been dealt with in any International, Australian or New Zealand Standard.
FIGURE 7.5 EXAMPLE OF AN OVERVIEW DIAGRAM THE COOLING-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM = W1 IN FIGURE 7.3
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7.3 OVERVIEW PROCESSES
DIAGRAMS
FOR
CONTROL
SYSTEMS
FOR
NON-ELECTRICAL
An overview diagram for a control system for a non-electrical process shall be based on a flow diagram for that process. For example, Figure 7.6 shows a process flow diagram using symbols for measurement and control as specified in AS 1101.6, Graphical symbols for general engineering, Part 6: Process measurement control functions and instrumentation. Figure 4.16 shows an overview diagram in which the measurement and control functions of the control system in Figure 7.6 are implemented by electrical means.
NOTE: AS 1101.6 is a source document which is not dealt with in this Handbook.
FIGURE 7.6 PART OF A PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM HEATING EQUIPMENT. THE CONTROL FUNCTIONS ARE REPRESENTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AS 1101.6
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CHAPTER 8
PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

8.1 GENERAL Electrical drafting officers should be aware of the principles behind basic orthographic drawing techniques. More complex drawings such as those having auxiliary views are not discussed here. The following is derived from AS 1100.101, Technical drawing Part 101: General principles. 8.2 IDENTIFICATION Features, cutting planes, sectional views, sections and special views should be identified by letters of the alphabet according to the following rules: (a) (b) (c) Letters I, O, and Q shall not be used. When the other 23 letters have been exhausted, combinations of 2 letters shall be used, e.g. AA, AB, AC. Letters or letter combinations shall be used only once on any drawing, irrespective of the purpose; e.g. if A is used to designate a view, it shall not be used on a feature, cutting plane, sectional view or section. Identifying letters or letter combinations for cutting planes shall be applied at each end of such planes, and in the corresponding notes for sectional views and sections, the same identifying letters or letter combinations shall be used separated by a hyphen, e.g. SECTION A-A, SECTION B-B, SECTION AB-AB.
(d)
Views shall be designated as shown in Figure 8.1.

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View View View View View View
in in in in in in
direction direction direction direction direction direction
A is designated: FRONT VIEW B is designated: TOP VIEW C is designated: LEFT SIDE VIEW D is designated: RIGHT SIDE VIEW E is designated: BOTTOM VIEW F is designated: REAR VIEW
FIGURE 8.1 DESIGNATION OF VIEWS
8.2.1 Views (a)

Top view (plan) The horizontal section or projection of any object, such as a building, or the projection on a horizontal plane of a site, building or component, viewed from above at right angles to the plane of section or projection. Side, front and rear view (elevation) The projection on a vertical plane of any object, such as a building or component viewed at right angles to the plane of projection.
(b)
8.3 TYPES OF PROJECTION A drawing of a component, assembly, structure, or part thereof shall be drawn using one or more of the projection methods shown in Table 8.1.
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TABLE 8.1 METHODS OF PROJECTION

Projection type Distinctive feature Generic Parallel lines of sight Orthogonal Axonometric Particular Third angle (preferred) First angle Isometric, Dimetric Trimetric Cavalier, Cabinet General One-point (parallel) Two-point (angular) Three-point (oblique) Application Two-dimensional multiview drawings Three-dimensional single-view pictorial drawings Reference This chapter Chapter 9 (Isometric only) or see AS 1100.101 See AS 1100.101
Oblique Converging lines of sight Perspective
8.4 ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION 8.4.1 Terminology Orthogonal projection is the projection of an object in which the line of sight is perpendicular to the plane of projection. Figure 8.2 illustrates the derivation of the terms First Angle Projection and Third Angle Projection, as applied to orthogonal projection. 8.4.2 General Third angle projection is the formation of an image of a view upon a plane of projection placed between the object and the observer. First angle projection places the object between the observer and the plane of projection.
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FIGURE 8.2 ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION

8.4.3 Methods The two methods of orthogonal projection in use, known as third angle and first angle, are as follows: (a) (b)
Third angle projection Each view is placed so that it represents the side of the object near to it in the adjacent view (see Figure 8.3). First angle projection Each view is placed so that it represents the side of the object remote from it in the adjacent view (see Figure 8.4).
The third angle method of projection is preferred. All drawings in this Handbook are third angle unless otherwise stated. The drawings shall be marked to indicate the method of projection i.e. third angle or first angle projection. The directions in which the views are taken should be clearly indicated.
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FIGURE 8.3 EXAMPLE OF THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION WITH PROJECTION SYMBOL
FIGURE 8.4 EXAMPLE OF FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION WITH PROJECTION SYMBOL
8.4.4 Selection of views (a)
Principle of selection
Views shall be selected according to the following principles: (i) (ii) (iii) To reduce the number of views required to fully delineate the information to be specified. To avoid the need for hidden outlines. To avoid unnecessary repetition of detail.
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(b)
Disposition and number of views The normal disposition of views in third angle projections is shown in Figure 8.3 and that in first angle projection is shown in Figure 8.4. The number of views drawn shall be sufficient to portray the shape of the object without possibility of misinterpretation. For many objects three views are sufficient. Any three adjacent views may be used.
NOTE: The views of Figures 8.3 and 8.4 do not necessarily define completely all features of an object. Full definition may require the application of other following clauses, the use of notes and sometimes, the use of sections.
Some objects may, however, be completely represented by less than three views where the information, which would have been given by the omitted views, is supplied by notes or other means. For example, some objects may be represented adequately even by one view if the necessary dimensions are suitably indicated (see Figure 8.5).
FIGURE 8.5 SINGLE-VIEW DRAWINGS SUITABLY DIMENSIONED
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CHAPTER 9
PICTORIAL DRAWINGS
9.1 AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION 9.1.1 Terminology Axonometric projection is the projection of an object in which the lines of sight are perpendicular to the plane of projection and where the object is orientated so that its three principal axes are all inclined to the plane of projection. (See Figure 9.1.) 9.1.2 Methods There are three methods of axonometric projection as follows: (a) (b)
Isometric Where the three angles between the projections of the three principal axes of the object on the plane of projection form equal angles of 120. Dimetric Where two of the angles between the projections of the three principal axes of the object on the plane of projection form equal angles and the third angle is different. Trimetric Where the angles between the projections of the three principal axes of the object on the plane of projection form unequal angles.
(c)
Isometric projection is recommended for depicting objects having characteristic features in all directions; dimetric and trimetric projections are recommended for depicting objects having characteristic features in two directions. In this Handbook, only isometric drawings, as an example of one pictorial drawing technique, are described. Table 8.1 provides references to other methods of projection.
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FIGURE 9.1 AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION
9.2 CHOICE OF AXES FOR ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS 9.2.1 General The axes are placed at 120. By convention the projection of one of the principal axes of the object is selected as a vertical axis. 9.2.2 Examples and guidelines
Figure 9.2 illustrates a typical isometric drawing of an object. Lengths parallel to the principal axes shall be drawn in true length to any selected scale, i.e. the ratio of equal lengths on the axes shall be x:y:z = 1:1:1
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NOTE: All axes are drawn at full scale. The resulting distortion is tolerated.
FIGURE 9.2 EXAMPLE OF AN ISOMETRIC DRAWING
9.3 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 9.3.1 Drafting aids

The following drafting aids give assistance to drafters in the preparation of isometric drawings: (a) (b) (c) Special paper ruled in three directions at 120 to each other. Templates with a wide range of ellipses to represent circles. CAD software may contain isometric axes and subsets of ellipses to represent circles.
9.3.2 Representation of circles A method of construction of approximations to ellipses is illustrated in Figure 9.3. It should be noted that the major axis of an ellipse (e.g. part of line EG in Figure 9.3) in a principal plane is perpendicular to the third principal axis.
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1 Locate centre O by centre-lines COA and BOD. OA = OB = OC = OD = radius of circle. 2 Through B and D draw EBF and GDH parallel to COA. Through A and C draw EAH and FCG parallel to BOD. 3 Locate points J and K on GOE such that GK = EJ = OA. 4 With centre H and radius R1 (= HB) draw arc between HJ produced at L and HK produced at M. Similarly with centre F. 5 With centres J and K and radius R 2 (= HB - HJ) complete the figure.
FIGURE 9.3 CONSTRUCTION OF APPROXIMATE ELLIPSES REPRESENTING CIRCLES IN ISOMETRIC DRAWING
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CHAPTER 10
DRAWING GRAPHS
These notes are intentionally brief as there is no Australian/New Zealand Standard specifically detailing graph or chart representation. For a fuller explanation of this type of drawing, the reader is referred to the Engineering drawing handbook, published by Standards Australia as SAA HB7 and the Institution of Engineers Australia as IEAust NOE/93/01. Graphical drawings are pictorial representations of data. They are used for design purposes and for provision of visual information. The accuracy of the pictorial representation will depend upon the required resolution and the intended use of the data. Graphical drawings will usually consist of two orthogonal axes, on which may be superimposed any number of types of data which are to be represented. It is incumbent upon a drafting officer to provide graphical information in a clear and concise manner, which may result in the production of families of graphs if there are many types of data items to be graphed. In some instances, there is the need to provide graphical information of three mutually dependent quantities. This could be carried out by using isometric drawing techniques as described in Chapter 9. Any graphical information which is behind (in the visual sense) may either be hidden or displayed depending upon the application of the drawing. See Figure 10.1 as an example. Other graphical drawings include polar diagrams as used in antenna directivity diagrams and pie charts as used in economic statements. The Engineering drawing handbook makes a number of recommendations, including the following: (a)
Line thicknesses should be graded so that thickest to thinnest lines are (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) curve to be plotted; graph axes; major grid lines; and minor grid lines.
(b)
The thicknesses of these lines should be compatible with readability and any reduction in size with minimum thicknesses being 0.35, 0.25, 0.18 and 0.12 mm for the line groups given above. In certain circumstances, quantities to be graphed should be drawn with different linetypes e.g. continuous, dashed or dotted. See Figure 10.2 for an example. Plotted points from experimental data should be shown when necessary and as open circles, or with triangles or squares when multiple quantities are graphed on the same axes. The use of crosses is not recommended. Depending upon the data, experimental curves may be drawn on a data point to data point basis with straight lines between each data point or alternatively, a curve of best fit is drawn with data points as indications of the likely behaviour of a typical system. The name of each reference axis should be parallel to the axis placed in a manner that gives readability and a generally pleasing appearance.
(c) (d)
(e)
(f)
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FIGURE 10.1 SPECTROGRAM OF A BABYS DISTRESS CRY (Reproduced courtesy of CSIRO Division of Radiophysics. Reading taken in 1981)
NOTE: Graph contains frequency and amplitude versus time.
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FIGURE 10.2 VOLTAGE COLLAPSE IN FRANCE, 19 DECEMBER, 1978*
* (Adapted from A. Cheimanoff and C. Corroyer, Power failure of 19th December, 1978, RGE, April 1980, pp 280-296)
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CHAPTER 11
NOTES ON DRAWING PRODUCTION

11.1 GENERAL Drawing by hand is a practice that has declined in recent years with the advent of computeraided drafting (CAD) software. However, there are many manually produced drawings in most established drawing offices and it is unlikely that all drafting in the future will be CAD produced, nor will all existing drawings be redrawn on CAD. There will thus remain the need for manual drafting and manual amending of existing drawings. 11.1.1 Cautionary note Generally the removal of original drawings from the drawing office should be avoided. In some instances the original is required to be sent to other offices for copying or storage but where possible copies of the original should be used instead. A great deal of time and money is invested in the production of drawings and manually produced drawings especially need protection from damage or loss. 11.2 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Drafting officers will most likely own their own instruments for the purpose of producing drawings. A drafting officer will have a range of instruments, lead pencils of various grades, erasers both soft and hard, erasing shield, lettering stencils, curves and templates, ink drafting pens, compass and scale rules. No attempt is made to suggest a minimum list of equipment required for drafting, and other publications, such as the Engineering drawing handbook (described in Appendix A), have a list. In most offices, each drafting officer will have a drawing board or CAD workstation. The drawing board consists of a flat smooth board, similar to a table top covered with a layer of vinyl, mounted on a stand. The drawing board generally has a drawing machine mounted on it. The machine consists of a head, with two scale rules attached at 90 degrees, which is capable of rotation about their intersection. The head is mounted on a mechanism that allows the head to be placed anywhere on the drawing board. The drawing board has adjustment for vertical height on its stand and also for the angle of inclination. The board is often big enough to mount an A0 size drawing sheet. (See Figure 11.1.) A seat adjustable in height is also provided. If the drawing office has a large staff, tracers may be employed to ink in drawings produced in pencil by drafting officers, but generally the drafting officer will produce the drawings in pencil or ink.
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FIGURE 11.1 TYPICAL DRAWING BOARD WITH DRAWING MACHINE
11.3 DRAWING TECHNIQUES A first and major consideration will be deciding on the size of drawing sheet to be employed. The size of the drawing sheet will be governed by several factors including the complexity of the final drawing and the needs of the field users, e.g. drawings may have to form part of a handbook such as an operators manual. Consideration of the overall layout must be given before any drafting commences. The drafting officer may rough out the drawing using a blue pencil to establish that the information will fit on the drawing sheet. The use of a blue pencil saves the drafting officer from removing the roughing out lines as blue lines do not appear on copies of the drawing when printed in a dyeline process. The drawing is then inked in, or pencilled in using different grades of pencil, to indicate the various sections and functions within a drawing. When drawing with pencil on plastic drafting film, special pencils are available which when applied to film will not easily smudge.
It is vital that the surface of plastic drafting film in particular be kept clean or otherwise ink from drafting pens will not properly adhere to the surface. Drafting problems can also be experienced if an attempt is made to ink across a surface that has been subject to either pencil or ink erasure, as the ink may not adhere to the sheet properly. Having erased unwanted markings on a drafting film, the surface will require restoration so that ink (and sometimes pencil) will draw evenly on the surface. This can be achieved by rubbing a fine powder (available from drawing office equipment suppliers) into the affected surface using a clean rag. It must be noted that the restored surface is not as good as the original and when drawing over a restored surface with ink, care must be taken. If an erasure of a pencil drawing on film is required, a clean plastic pencil eraser will be sufficient to remove the unwanted markings. Usually the area being erased will be masked by an erasing shield to minimize the amount of drafting surface and wanted material being affected. If a lot of erasing needs to be carried out, a motorized eraser can be used. Care must be taken with this tool as the rotating eraser upon a surface can generate significant heat and there is the possibility of damage to the drafting film. Erasure of an ink mark on film or paper will require a coarser grade of eraser which is more abrasive than a pencil eraser. Ink is more difficult to remove having soaked into the surface slightly. An alternative to using the coarse eraser on film is to use a moistened pencil eraser, and this is preferred as less damage is done to the film. In some circumstances, particularly cleaning up fine overruns of ink, the use of a razor blade or scalpel blade might be used, however great care must be exercised as this operation can cause damage to the drafting film surface.
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If a drafting film is damaged with a hole or cut, the film or paper can be repaired with a transparent sticking tape applied to the back of the sheet. 11.4 DRAWING REPRODUCTION There are two common methods of reproduction. The first method is photocopying. Many drawing offices now have copying machines capable of copying drawings up to A0 size. The second method of reproduction is to use dyeline prints in which the original drawing is placed over a sensitized sheet of paper and then passed through a machine containing an ultraviolet light source and ammonia damping; the result is a copy of the original drawing. Contrast of line weight can be adjusted by changing the speed of the passing of the sensitized sheet and original drawing combination through the print machine. The disadvantage of the second method is that the original drawing needs to be translucent. Some drawing offices use sensitized drafting film (transparencies) so that copies of drawings are made with the copies becoming new drawings. This process enables speedier production of new drawings. An example would be where a drawing of a building plan is made and services such as electrical, lighting, plumbing and office equipment are superimposed on it. Time is saved by producing one drawing showing the essential building outline, then making transparencies and adding details of the different services on each of the transparencies. 11.5 NOTES ON COMPUTER-AIDED DRAFTING (CAD) EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE 11.5.1 General CAD software must be distinguished from other graphical software which produces pictures on screens, particularly the sketch-types of software. A principal feature of CAD software is that drawing information is contained as sets of vectors in a database. Sketch-type software stores graphical information as dots. This means that sketch-type software cannot be enlarged to show finer detail; enlargement in this case will only show an exaggerated pixel layout. CAD has a distinct advantage over manual drafting with respect to the editing capabilities. Editing with CAD can greatly reduce the time required to produce new drawings as, for example, new drawings can be built up by importing information from existing drawings. There is also the advantage that any changes to drawings may be performed seamlessly, that is, without any evidence, such as old line marks being left behind. The opportunity to produce very clear paper copies of drawings is also enhanced by the use of CAD.
Production time for an original drawing can be less with manual techniques than CAD, depending on the type of drawing. It must be kept in mind that CAD is only a tool to produce drawings. Having CAD drawings of circuit diagrams, using a cell library of symbols or applications where there are many similar drawings, combined with the ease of cutting and pasting (using CAD), can mean reduction of time in drawing production. The minimum requirements for a CAD package are: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) A processor and operating system. Input devices. Output devices. Data storage devices. Drafting software.
11.5.2 Configuration CAD software can be operated using small or large computers, depending on the application. Complex applications, such as in the aerospace industry, will often have the most expensive and complex CAD systems being run on computers with fast processors and large memory. These computers are often used for storage of information and drawing files, and connected via a network to smaller computers. (See Figure 11.2.)
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FIGURE 11.2 CONFIGURATIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
11.5.3 Processors and Memory Typical CAD software requires a minimum of 4 Mb RAM and will run on a desktop computer with a 33 MHz, 32 bit processor. At a higher end of the market, machines are required to have at least 16 Mb RAM and at least a 100 MHz, 32 bit processor. Most computers can run CAD software as long as the computer has the appropriate input and output drivers for the software. 11.5.4 Input devices The minimum required input devices would be a computer keyboard and a mouse. A digitizing tablet is helpful to facilitate the creation and editing of a drawing. 11.5.5 Output devices The most frequently used output device is a monitor (screen), although hard copy devices will be needed to produce the final output for field use. The two main hard copy devices are the printer and the plotter. Both of these devices vary widely in size, speed and quality of output, with the printer typically only being used to provide draft output of secondary print quality.
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11.5.6 Data storage Data storage will usually be on magnetic media such as floppy and hard disks as well as magnetic tape. As in any sensitive area, duplicate copies of data should be retained at remote locations so that backup is available in the event of a failure of the main storage medium. All large offices will have a network and central computer. The data is stored on central data storage and a backup procedure used. 11.5.7 Software CAD software varies widely in price and capability and the user must make a decision as to what package will best suit the needs of the organization. CAD packages should conform to some minimum specifications as outlined below: (a) There should be some means by which drawings created on one CAD package can be transferred to another CAD package, i.e. by direct translation or data transfer capabilities. All commands should be accessible by at least two different methods, e.g. a keyboard and a pointing device or digitizer. The monitor screen should contain at least four different areas, these being : (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (d) (e) (f) (g) The drawing area. The command line (suitable for typed commands). A screen menu (suitable for the mouse or other pointer to point at commands). A status line (containing coordinate, layer information or similar).
(b) (c)
Drawing output can be produced by printers or plotters. Drawings may be stored and retrieved from convenient magnetic media as required. Libraries of standard or often used symbols may be created and accessed by any drawing. The system, at turn-on, should be able to be customized to the users requirements.
11.6 CAD TECHNIQUES 11.6.1 General An efficient use of CAD will be facilitated by the use of a uniform or consistent approach in terms of the final drawing composition and how the drawing is assembled. A primary consideration is the use of layers/levels, the use of colour and the use of symbols (which should be drawn to relevant Australian and New Zealand Standards). 11.6.2 Layers (levels) Layers (also referred to as levels) in CAD can be considered as being analogous to sheets of clear film which are overlayed on each other to give the final drawing. Each layer should contain items of similar nature. For example, on a building services drawing, the main electrical wiring could be on its own layer, water plumbing on another, gas plumbing on yet another, lighting and air conditioning all on their own layers. The idea is that if certain information is not required, that information, on its appropriate layer, may be visually removed from the final drawing without destroying that information. There will be less effort required to produce drawings detailing each service using level/layer techniques. 11.6.3 Colour and line thickness On some CAD systems, colour is useful during the production of a drawing by allowing the viewing and identifying of the different entities of the drawing in a time efficient manner. Colour is also more relaxing to the eye. The translation of colour on a CAD screen to the paper copy (usually monochrome) can be carried out by allocating different colours to different line (and hence pen) thicknesses. For example, in the production of the circuit diagram of a motor control circuit, the main motor circuit wiring and supply lines will typically be of 1 mm thick lines. The control circuit wiring will typically be of 0.5 mm thick lines. Thus the main wiring and control wiring will typically be drawn with different colours on the monitor.
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11.6.4 Symbols The use of a library of symbols for standard items such as resistors and capacitors will help in the production of drawings that adhere to Australian and New Zealand Standards as well as company/customer requirements. These symbols are often kept in libraries of symbols which may have been purchased as a part of the CAD software, or purchased separately as third party software (i.e. software not produced by the manufacturer of the CAD package itself), or developed in-house in large organizations. Standards Australia has most of the electrical drawing symbols available in electronic form for popular CAD packages. (SAA SP009 Graphical symbols for electrotechnical documentation Electronic version of AS 1102 1989.) 11.6.5 Initial drawing set-up Having dealt with layers, colours and symbols, it would be useful to consider the initial drawing set-up. The drawing should start with a standard drawing sheet which specifies the drawing size, some (if not all) layers to be used on the drawing, colours associated with each layer, line types (e.g. continuous, dashed, centre-line, etc., lines), the font or fonts associated with any text, the size and placement of objects used whilst dimensioning, etc. The initial drawing set-up will also assist in maintaining uniformity as well as speed up the drawing process. This information would be kept in a seed file for use as a standard set-up. An organization could have a few seed files, for example 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional and project files. 11.6.6 Producing the hardcopy A drawing will become useful once it has been copied onto paper for field issue. Usually a plotter will be used for this purpose and here, there is one of the possible departures from manual drawing practice, depending on the style of management. A plotter that is designed as an A3 plotter will accept sheets of paper that have been cut to A3 size. AS 1100.101, Technical drawing, Part 101: General principles specifies a drawing frame of 400 277 mm be used on A3 sheets (with 10 mm margins on each side). Owing to the need of the plotter to grip the paper (usually with pinch rollers along two sides), the maximum extent of the drawing may be less than that specified above. It is unlikely that plotter manufacturers will redesign their products to allow the above recommended drawing frame to be drawn. Some options available are: (a) (b) (c) Using pre-printed drawing sheets whilst ensuring that the actual CAD drawing does not exceed the plotters limits. Using oversize paper on a larger plotter and trimming the excess paper off. Adjusting the size of the drawing to what the plotter will allow and living with a drawing that is not exactly in accordance with Australian or New Zealand Standards, or with non-preferred sheets such as the B-series of sheets in Table 2.4.
Option (a) may be the most preferable, although it involves additional initial cost to provide the pre-printed sheets. 11.7 ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND MAGNETIC MEDIA As with manually produced drawings, there is a need for the original CAD drawings to be maintained in a location set aside for the purpose. This will ensure that all amendments are properly placed on a registered drawing and that all field copies contain exactly the same information for a given edition of a drawing. It must be kept in mind that in several respects, magnetic storage media are subject to certain fragilities and the possibility of the failure of the master with hardware or software problems is always present. Several techniques might be employed to ensure that any data corruption will have minimal impact upon a drawing office. These could include the use of security passwords and audit trails when using networked computers which log all activity on a particular drawing or drawing session. All drawings which undergo editing should be backed up on a media other than the master media (this might include the use of other separate magnetic media) or an effective archive system.
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Strict control should be exercised with respect to portable magnetic media (i.e. floppy disks, tape) and the use of modems capable of accessing bulletin boards, etc., so as to limit the spread of computer viruses. The drawing office computers should also maintain and use reputable virus checking programs. Where the CAD system is networked, some offices have daily archiving of all files which is done by the system network operator rather than the individual workstation operator. There should be security measures to protect a companys or a clientss intellectual property in drawings. Many drawings may be produced for patent purposes or have other legal standing so that indiscriminate distribution of certain drawings may prejudice a companys or individuals future. The confidentiality of an organizations intellectual property is very important in regard to computer-aided design and drafting. If a CAD drawing is given to another organization in electronic form, the original firms logo should be replaced by identification in normal font. This is a safeguard against unauthorized use of the firms logo.
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APPENDIX A
LIST OF STANDARDS AND REFERENCE MATERIAL

(Numerical order) AS 1000 ISO 1000
The International System of Units (SI) and its application Provides a summary of the system, gives rules on how derived units may be formed, and affords a selection of multiples and sub-multiples of units for application in the various fields of technology. Letter symbols for use in electrotechnology Specifies letter symbols for electrical, electronic telecommunications fields Part 1: General Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics Part 3: Logarithmic quantities and units Part 4: Symbols for quantities to be used for rotating electrical machines and
AS 1046
AS AS AS AS
1046.1 1046.2 1046.3 1046.4
AS 1100 AS 1100.101
Technical drawing Part 101: General principles Sets out the basic principles of technical drawing practice, and covers terminology and abbreviations used in technical drawings; materials, sizes and layout of drawing sheets; types and thicknesses of lines; types and dimensions of letters, numerals and symbols; drawing scales; projectioning; sectioning; dimensioning and geometry tolerancing and the conventional representation of features and parts. Appendices provide information on the development of pictorial drawings and geometry tolerancing. Part 401: Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing Sets out recommendations for the preparation of survey plans for engineering work and the illustration of proposed, designed and executed engineering works based on such survey plans. Graphical symbols for general engineering Part 6: Process measurement control functions and instrumentation Specifies symbols and an identifying code system for depicting instruments, instrumentation systems, process computer, and shared display and control functions in the field of process measurement and control in the process industries. Examples of use of the symbols are given. Graphical symbols for electrotechnology Provides graphical symbols for drawings and diagrams. Part 8: Symbols for location diagrams Covers symbols on location diagrams for electrical equipment, electrical lighting, security and communication services, reticulation plans of electrical power systems and networks, topological maps of power supply systems and location of airport lighting. Part 12: Electric traction Provides symbols for electric traction purposes.
AS 1100.401
AS 1101 AS 1101.6
AS 1102 AS 1102.8
(to be redesignated AS/NZS 1102.111)
AS 1102.12
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AS 1102.101
Part 101: General information and general index Provides general information on the structure of the AS 1102 series, the terminology used, the numbering, presentation and use of the symbols, their adaption to computer-aided drafting (CAD) systems and a general index. Part 102: Symbol elements, qualifying symbols and other symbols having general application Provides information on symbol elements, qualifying symbols and other symbols having general application to the AS 1102 series. Part 103: Conductors and connecting devices Provides symbols for conductors and connecting devices, including terminals and cable fittings. Part 104: Passive components Provides symbols for passive components such as resistors, capacitors and inductors, ferrite cores, magnetic storage matrices, piezoelectric crystals, electret and delay lines. Part 105: Semiconductors and electron tubes Provides symbols for semiconductor devices and electron tubes. Part 106: Production and conversion of electrical energy Provides symbols for the production and conversion of electrical energy, including windings, machines, transformers, reactors, primary cells and accumulators. Part 107: Switchgear, controlgear and protective devices Provides symbols for switchgear, controlgear and protective devices, including starters, relays, proximity and touch-sensitive devices, igniters and flag indicators. Part 108: Measuring instruments, lamps and signalling devices Provides symbols for measuring instruments, lamps and signalling devices, indicating/recording/integrating instruments, counting devices, thermocouples, telemetering devices and electric clocks. Part 109: Telecommunications Switching and peripheral equipment Provides symbols for telecommunications switching and peripheral equipment, transducers, recorders and reproducers. Part 110: Telecommunications Transmission Provides symbols for telecommunications transmission, including telecommunication circuits, antennas, radio stations, microwave technology, frequency spectrum diagrams and fibre optics.
AS 1102.102
AS 1102.103
AS 1102.104
AS 1102.105 AS 1102.106
AS 1102.107
AS 1102.108
AS 1102.109
AS 1102.110
AS/NZS 1102.111 Part 111: Architectural and topographical installation plans and diagrams See AS 1102.8. AS/NZS 1102.112 Part 112: Binary logic elements Provides symbols for logic functions and their usage. The symbols have been prepared with a view to electrical applications but may also be applied to non-electrical systems. AS/NZS 1102.113 Part 113: Analogue elements Provides symbols to represent functions and devices for operating and producing analogue quantities. AS/NZS 1103 Preparation of documents used in electrotechnology At the time of publication, the following were in the course of preparation: Part 1: General requirements Provides general rules and guidelines for the preparation of electrotechnical documents.
AS/NZS 1103.1
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Part 2: Function-oriented diagrams Provides rules for function-oriented diagrams such as overview diagrams, function diagrams and circuit diagrams. Part 3: Connection diagrams, tables and lists Provides rules for preparation of connection diagrams, tables and lists. Part 4: Location and installation documents Provides rules for documents mainly used for installation work, such as arrangement or installation drawings for site, buildings and equipment. Informative symbols for use on electrical and electronic equipment Establishes uniform principles for the standardization of graphical symbols used on electrical and electronic appliances and equipment for informative purposes. Individual symbol sheets These are single sheets showing, in a size suitable for photographic reproduction or incorporation in artwork, the individual symbols reproduced in miniature in AS 1104. Microfilming of engineering documents (35 mm) Specifies essential requirements for the satisfactory microfilming of engineering drawings and other documents onto 35 mm film using either roll film or camera cards. International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (Various parts) The parts of AS 1852 contain terms and definitions associated with a particular aspect of electrotechnology. AS/NZS 1852.0 (in course of preparation) will provide an index and description of each of the parts. Item designation in electrotechnology Provides guidance for the formulation and application of discrete item designation for parts used in electrotechnology. The designation correlates the item in different diagrams, parts lists, circuit descriptions, instructions and in the equipment. Engineering drawing handbook Contains information on technical drawing practice based on Australian Standards. Provides a background and an explanation of the Standards, as well as details on drafting equipment and techniques. A guide for students and practitioners on technical drawing. Multilingual Dictionary of Electricity, Electronics and Telecommunications, Volume 2 A reference work containing all the terms and definitions of the IEC* publication on electrotechnical vocabulary (published also as the AS 1852 series). The terms are listed alphabetically. Volume 2 has English language terms.
AS 1104
AS 1104S
AS 1203
AS 1852
AS 3702
SAA HB7
IEC
*IEC is the International Electrotechnical Commission.

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APPENDIX B
ITEM DESIGNATION LIST OF LETTER CODES FOR THE DESIGNATION OF KIND OF ITEM
Letter code A B Kind of item Assemblies, subassemblies Transducers, from non-electrical quantity to electrical quantity and vice versa Capacitors Binary elements, delay devices, storage devices Miscellaneous Protective devices Generators, power supplies Signalling devices Relays, contactors Inductors, reactors Motors Analogue elements Measuring equipment, testing equipment Switching devices for power circuits Resistors Switching devices for control circuits, selector switches Transformers, voltage regulators (power) Operational amplifiers, digital to analogue converters, voltage regulators Indicating, recording, and integrating measuring devices, signal generators, clocks, counters Circuit-breakers, isolators, moulded case circuit-breakers, reclosers, fault throwers, earthing switches Adjustable resistors, potentiometers, rheostats, shunts, thermistors Switches, control switches, pushbuttons, limit switches, selector switches, selectors, dial contacts, connecting stages Voltage transformers, current transformers, power transformers, power voltage regulators (transformers, and induction types), potential devices Discriminators, demodulators, frequency changers, coders, inverters, converters, telegraph translators, modems Electronic tubes, gas-discharge tubes, diodes, transistors, thyristors, opto-isolators, solion diodes Conductors, cables, busbars, waveguides, waveguide directional couplers, dipoles, parabolic aerials Disconnecting plugs and sockets, jacks, terminal boards, soldering terminal strips, links, cable sealing ends and joints Brakes, clutches, pneumatic valves Cable-balancing networks, compandors, crystal filters Induction coils, line traps, reactors (shunt and series) Examples Amplifier using discrete components, magnetic amplifiers, lasers, masers, printed circuit boards Thermoelectric sensors, thermoelectric cells, photoelectric cells, dynamometers, crystal transducers, microphones, pickups, loudspeakers, synchros, resolvers, earphones Static and synchronous capacitors, capacitor-resistor units Digital integrated circuits and devices, delay lines, bistable elements, monostable elements, core storage, registers, magnetic tape recorders, disc recorders Lighting devices, heating devices, cooling devices, earthing devices, devices not specified elsewhere in this list Fuses, overvoltage discharge devices, arresters, surge diverters Rotating generators, rotating frequency converters, batteries, supply devices, oscillators Optical and acoustical indicators, light emitting diodes, buzzers, bells
C D
E F G H J K L M N P Q R S T
U V W X Y Z
Modulators, changers Tubes, semiconductors (discrete) Transmission paths, waveguides, antennae Terminals, plugs, sockets, links, joints Electrically operated mechanical devices Networks, hybrid transformers, filters, equalizers, limiters
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APPENDIX C
EXAMPLES OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

C1 EXAMPLES OF COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS Examples of complete circuit diagrams are shown in this Appendix. These figures are intended to show the application of the recommendations given. They are intended only to show the methods of representation and are not meant as recommendations concerning the equipment. The examples represent equipment of different kinds. It is not the intention to prescribe that the method of representation, chosen here for a certain kind of equipment, is specific for equipment of this kind. The examples are: (a) (b) Figures C1 to C5 show five variants of a circuit diagram for the same equipment, a milling machine. The main circuits are shown on Figure C1, the auxiliary circuits on Figure C2, these being Sheets 1 and 2 of a series, all in horizontal circuit representation. The figure is an example of mixed representation, i.e. detached and semi-attached. The relationship of the elements belonging to one item is shown partly by the linkage symbol and partly by references. Example: 2/D stands for Sheet 2, Row D. (c) In Figure C3, part of the complete circuit is shown, using vertical circuit representation. The figure is an example of semi-attached representation with straight mechanical linkage symbols. The table to the right shows the item designations for contacts, relays and similar, as well as the location of the items. In Figure C4, the circuits of Figure C3 are shown on one sheet, using vertical circuit representation. Detached representation is used with column references. However, two mechanical linkage symbols, which aid understanding and are easy to insert, have been shown. The inset diagrams for contacts and relays are shown at the bottom of the diagram. Figure C5 shows the same information as Figure C4, using the line reference system. Each line of the system is numbered consecutively throughout all sheets of the circuit diagram and the number component of the item designation corresponds to the line number in which it or its principal subcomponent, e.g. operating coil, appears. Insets at the bottom of the diagram show the line number location for associated subcomponents of the principal subcomponent. In Figure C6, the line reference system is also used. Control circuit numbers are shown at the bottom of the diagram. Circuits for normal power supply are designated 14, circuits for emergency power supply 57. Circuits for main power 1113 and 2123 as referenced in the table, are not shown here, as they are of no interest for the explanation of the system. Figure C7 shows the circuit diagram of an equipment for starting a motor in two directions with automatic braking by countercurrent when the handwheel of the drumswitch S1 is brought back to its zero position. In the case of successive impulses for the same direction of rotation, starting has priority to braking. This figure is an example of detached representation of a simple item of equipment in which the relationship between the elements of each unit can easily be seen from the reference alone. It also shows the function of a centrifugal switch S3. The contacts of drum switch S2 are arranged in line and a graph of the drum is drawn against it. Therefore, it is unnecessary to supply an inset diagram to aid the clarity of the circuit diagram.
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(h)
Figures C8 and C9 represent a part of the control equipment for a transformer station 66/11 kV substation. Owing to the size of the equipment, the circuit diagram consists of several sheets, two of which are shown here. Sheet 1, Figure C8, shows the main circuits of a transformer with protective relays and measuring devices, and sheet 21, Figure C9, the auxiliary power supply. Semi-attached representation is generally used. For each relay all the contacts are shown adjacent to the coil symbol in the circuit diagram. The contents of each diagram sheet are so obvious that the referencing can consist only of sheet numbers. Therefore squares or columns for the referencing are not used here.
(i)
Figure C10 represents a relay set of a telephone system drawn in detached representation. This equipment can be used in a different mode by removing a connection which is found at grid reference A1 and explained in Note 2. This figure also illustrates the sequence of point-to-point wiring.
(j)
Figure C11 shows a video amplifier and power supply with PNP and NPN transistors. In this example, physical values for resistors, capacitors, the fuse and transformer are given. Figure C12 is an example using the tabular system for symbol location (see Clause 4.4 and Figure 4.6). Figure C13 is an example of a block diagram for an intercom system. Figure C14 is an example of a circuit diagram for an intercom system. Figure C15 is an example of a line diagram for a power distribution system, using single-line representation. Figure C16 is an example of a basic logic diagram. Figure C17 is an example of detached representation.
(k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p)
C2 SYMBOLS IN EXAMPLES Some of the examples show switches with a hinge point (symbol 107-02-02, Appendix D). It is currently more common to use the symbol without the hinge point (symbol 107-01-01, Appendix D).
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FIGURE C1
EXAMPLE OF MIXED REPRESENTATION WITH HORIZONTAL ORIENTATION MAJOR CIRCUITS
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FIGURE C2
EXAMPLE OF MIXED REPRESENTATION WITH HORIZONTAL ORIENTATIONAUXILIARY CIRCUITS

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FIGURE C3 SEMI-ATTACHED REPRESENTATION WITH VERTICAL ORIENTATION
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FIGURE C4 EXAMPLE OF DETACHED REPRESENTATION WITH VERTICAL ORIENTATION AND COLUMN REFERENCES
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FIGURE C5 EXAMPLE OF DETACHED REPRESENTATION WITH VERTICAL ORIENTATION AND LINE REFERENCES
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FIGURE C6 EXAMPLE OF DETACHED REPRESENTATION USING THE LINE REFERENCE SYSTEM
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FIGURE C7 EXAMPLE OF DETACHED REPRESENTATION WITH GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF SWITCHES S2 AND S3

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FIGURE C8
EXAMPLE OF SEMI-ATTACHED REPRESENTATION ON A NUMBER OF SHEETSSHEET 1 SHOWS MAJOR CIRCUITS

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FIGURE C9 SHEET 21, DETACHED REPRESENTATION OF AUXILIARY POWER SUPPLY
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FIGURE C10
DETACHED REPRESENTATION, TELEPHONE RELAY SET WITH ROW AND COLUMN REFERENCES
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FIGURE C11 VIDEO AMPLIFIER AND POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT
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FIGURE C12
EXAMPLE USING TABULAR SYSTEM FOR SYMBOL LOCATION

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FIGURE C13 EXAMPLE OF A BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR AN INTERCOM SYSTEM
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FIGURE C14
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR AN INTERCOM SYSTEM
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NOTE: Hinge point of the switch contacts have been omitted in this diagram
FIGURE C15 EXAMPLE OF A LINE DIAGRAM FOR A POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING SINGLE-LINE REPRESENTATION
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FIGURE C16
EXAMPLE OF A BASIC LOGIC DIAGRAM

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FIGURE C17 EXAMPLE OF DETACHED REPRESENTATION SHOWING GRID REFERENCES, WIRE NUMBERS AND PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLER INPUT AND OUTPUT ADDRESSES
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APPENDIX D
GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS
D1 GENERAL This Appendix contains a selection of graphical symbols taken from the AS 1102 and AS/NZS 1102 series of Standards, Graphical symbols for electrotechnology. The AS 1102 series consists of 14 parts described in Appendix A. D1.1 Relationship with IEC symbols The symbols are identical with those internationally agreed with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), except where established usage in Australia or New Zealand makes unqualified acceptance of the IEC symbol difficult. In such cases an alternative symbol may be shown with the object of adopting the IEC symbol as soon as possible. Only one form of any symbol should be used on a single diagram or series of drawings. AS 1102, Part 12: Electric traction contains symbols which have been developed locally and have not been adopted by the IEC. D2 APPLICATION OF GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS D2.1 Combinations and composition of symbols AS 1102 does not give all the possible examples. Any symbol may be composed by combining existing symbols given in that standard, and by combining existing symbols with the letter symbols of AS 1046, Letter symbols for use in electrotechnology, Part 1: General, or Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics. Appendix E provides an extract from AS 1046, Part 1, which shows some quantities and their letter symbols. If the required parts for building a symbol are not found in the Australian or New Zealand Standards, graphical or letter symbols established by other sources may be used, but in such case their meaning should be clearly stated. D2.2 Choice of symbols for a diagram The simplest form of symbol that is adequate for the particular purpose should be used. The chosen form should be used consistently throughout the diagram.
The basic rules for the choice of a symbol are as follows: (a) (b) (c) Use the simplified form of symbol; or Use the detailed form of symbol; or Use the complete form of symbol.
NOTE: Figure D1 illustrates various forms of a transformer symbol.
D2.3 Size of symbols Precise dimensions and proportions of graphical symbols are difficult to specify. The symbols shown in this handbook have been drawn to a size convenient for publication and comprehension. The sizes of symbols relative to one another may be changed to suit the circumstances of a given drawing or application. The relative sizes of symbols should be preserved except where it is necessary to enlarge a symbol to give it prominence in a diagram or to provide adequate space within or around it to show symbols for associated components, or for coding. At all times, however, the relative proportions of the symbols should be maintained so that each symbol is unique and immediately recognizable. D2.4 Orientation of symbols The meaning of a symbol is not altered by any change in orientation or mirror-image reversal.
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Example 1:
For a simple explanatory diagram, such as a block diagram, and especially where single-line representation can be used, it is sufficient in many cases to use the general or simplified form of symbols. (See Figure D1(a).)
Example 2:
For an explanatory diagram intended to aid a detailed study, such as a circuit diagram, the simplified symbol may not be sufficient. For a transformer, it may be necessary to use a more detailed form of symbol including supplementary or qualifying symbols showing the connection of windings and the vector symbol group. (See Figure D1(b).)
Example 3:
For a diagram in which all parts, such as windings, terminals and their designations have to be shown in detail, it may be necessary to use the complete form of symbol. (See Figure D1(c).)
(a) Simplified form of symbol
(b) Detailed form of symbol
(c) Complete form of symbol

FIGURE D1 VARIOUS FORMS OF A TRANSFORMER SYMBOL
D3 SELECTION OF SYMBOLS FROM THE AS 1102 AND AS/NZS 1102 SERIES D3.1 Symbol numbers The symbol numbers used in this Appendix correspond to the symbol numbers used in the AS 1102 and AS/NZS 1102 series. The symbol numbers have three components. The first component is the number of the part of AS 1102, the second component is the section number within that part and the third component is the symbol number within that section. Thus symbol number 102-02-04 is the symbol in AS 1102, Part 102, Section 2, Item 4.
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AS 1102 and AS/NZS 1102, Parts 101 to 113, replaced an earlier series designated AS 1102 Parts 1 to 15. The hundreds series were so numbered to avoid confusion between the two series. Parts 111, 112 and 113 show the symbol numbers without the 100. For instance, symbol 111-03-01 is the same as 11-03-01 in AS/NZS 1102 Part 111. Note that there is a Part 112 and a Part 12 and that care should be taken with the symbol reference if there is a possibility of confusion. Symbols with the designation A at the end of the symbol numbers, are symbols for local use. Most of these symbols have been developed because they were missing from the IEC list of symbols.
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D4 GENERAL INDEX OF GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS IN AS 1102 AND AS/NZS 1102

Symbol Amplifiers Amplifiers (Location symbols) Analogue elements Batteries Binary logic Cables Capacitors Cells Changers Chassis connections Circuit breaker Clocks, electric Coaxial lines Coils Conductors Connecting devices Contactor Contacts Controls, mechanical Correctors, distortion Crystal, piezo electric Current, types of Delay lines Demodulators Detectors, ionizing radiation Diodes Discriminators Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND on 19 Mar 2012 Earth connection Electric traction Electron tubes Force (direction) Fuses Generators Inductors Instruments, indicating, measuring, recording, telemetering Isolator Jacks Lasers Location and installation symbols Logic Loudspeakers AS 1102 or AS/NZS 1102 Part No 110 111 113 106 112 103 104 105 110 102 107 108 103, 107 104, 107 103, 111 103 107 107 102 110 104 102 104 110 105 105 110 102 12 105 102 107 106 104 108 Symbol Magnetic amplifiers Masers Measuring elements Measuring instruments Mechanical controls Meters, intergrating Microphones Microwave Modulators Motion (direction) Motors Networks Plugs Protective devices Recorders Regulators, induction Relays Reproducers Resistors Selectors Semiconductors devices Signal, transmission Signal, waveform Sockets Starters Switchgear Switches Telephony Terminals Threshold devices Thyristors Traction Transducers Transductors Transformers Transistors Transmission direction Tubes Valves (see Tubes) Variability Voltage, types of Waveform, signal Waveguides Windings AS 1102 or AS/NZS 1102 Part No 106 110 108 108 102 108 109 110 110 102 106 111 103 102, 111 109 106 107 109 104 109 105 110 102 103, 111 107 107 102, 107, 111 109 103 110 105 12 109 106 106, 110 105 102 105, 107
105 103 110 111 112 109
102 102 102 110 104, 106
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APPENDIX E
SELECTED QUANTITIES AND THEIR LETTER SYMBOLS

(Extracted from AS 1046, Part 1)
E1 DYNAMICS
Name of quantity mass density (mass density) momentum (dynamic) moment of inertia force moment of force torque pressure work energy energy (volume) density power efficiency Letter symbol
p I, J F M T p W E, W e, w P
E2 THERMODYNAMICS
Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND on 19 Mar 2012 Name of quantity Thermodynamic temperature, absolute temperature temperature (Celsius)) heat, quantity of heat temperature coefficient thermal conductivity heat capacity specific heat capacity Letter symbol
T t Q

C c
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E3 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Name of quantity (electric) charge, quantity of electricity surface density of charge volume density of charge electric field strength (electric) potential potential difference, tension, voltage electromotive force electric flux electric flux density, displacement capacitance permittivity, absolute permittivity, (capacitivity) relative permittivity (relative capacitivity) electric susceptibility electrization electric polarization electric dipole moment (electric) current current density linear current density magnetic field strength magnetic potential difference magnetomotive force magnetic flux density (magnetic induction) magnetic flux Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND on 19 Mar 2012 magnetic vector potential self inductance mutual inductance coupling coefficient leakage coefficient permeability, absolute permeability relative permeability magnetic susceptibility magnetic moment (magnetic area moment) magnetization intrinsic magnetic flux density, magnetic polarization magnetic dipole moment resistance Letter symbol
E V U E
D C
r , e
Ei P p
I
J A H U, Um F, Fm B
A L M, Lmn k
r
,
m H i, M B i, J j R (continued)
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Name of quantity resistivity conductance conductivity reluctance permeance impedance reactance quality factor loss angle admittance susceptance active power reactive power apparent power power factor dissipation factor Poynting vector phase difference number of turns in a winding turns ratio transformation ratio of an instrument transformer transformation ratio of a current transformer number of phases number of pairs of poles Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND on 19 Mar 2012
Letter symbol
G
,
R, R m
Z X Q
Y B P Q S
d S
N n K K m p
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APPENDIX F
EXERCISES
1 A square wave voltage may be expressed as a series expansion of sinusoids as follows:
Produce a drawing starting at the first cos term and then progressive drawings including up to the next three terms showing the development of a square wave from the sinusoids. The drawings should be annotated with descriptions of each development and be suitable for instruction as in a text book. The title of your drawing set should be DEVELOPMENT OF A SQUARE WAVE FROM SINUSOIDS. Using XY axes, draw an arbitrary curve. Starting on this curve, show the development of the determination of the gradient of a function. In a series of two further drawings showing greater detail of any chosen region of the curve, describe the principle of the derivative d y/ dx = limit 0, y/x as being the gradient of a function. An experimental circuit was constructed as shown in Figure F1. The ambient temperature was noted as 27C. For three values of base current, Ib = 5 A, 10 A and 15 A, experimental values of the collector-emitter voltage V ce versus the collector current I c were obtained as in the following table.
Values of I c (mA)
V ce (volt) Ib = 5 A Ib = 10 A Ib = 15 A
0.1 0.36 0.73 1.17
0.5 1.14 2.4 3.8
1 1.16 2.5 3.88
2 1.18 2.6 3.98
4 1.23 2.7 4.15
6 1.27 2.7 4.31
8 1.30 2.8 4.46
10 1.33 2.8 4.6
Using a heat gun, the temperature in the vicinity of the transistor was raised to a nominal value of 50C. (In fact, in this experiment, the temperature varied widely from the nominal value as the experiment proceeded.) I c was again noted against V ce, but only with an I b of 15 A. Results obtained were as follows:
Values of I c (mA)
V ce (volt) Ib = 15 A
0.1 1.42
0.5 4.21
1 4.82
2 5.16
4 5.01
6 5.13
8 5.25
10 5.25
Using these sets of experimental values, draw curves of V ce versus Ic (the collector characteristic). Annotate your drawings showing the temperature of each set of curves. Also consider the following points. Will curves be drawn through each experimental point or will the curves only show the trend in the behaviour of the transistor? What can be said about the data obtained when the heat source was used? What useful trend is shown with the data obtained when the heat source was used? Do you consider the data obtained with I b = 10 mA to be satisfactory? 4 A digital seconds counter may be constructed using a mains supply as a reference frequency from which time may be derived. A block diagram of a counter is shown in Figure F2. From this, and using appropriate IC (integrated circuit) data books, draw a complete circuit diagram using appropriate Standard symbols for the counter based on the following description of operation.
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Supply is taken from a 240 V, 50 Hz source and applied to the primary winding of a 240/6.3/6.3 V centre-tapped transformer via a 1 amp fuse. The 6.3 V secondary windings are applied via resistors to zero crossing detector circuit consisting of a 741 opamp acting as a comparator and to two (+ve and ve) 5 V d.c. power supply circuit consisting of bridge rectifiers, filter capacitors, 7805 and 7905 three terminal regulators. The output terminals of the regulators also have filter capacitors. The output of the 741 opamp changes state every half cycle and the falling edge of the opamp output is fed to one input of a two input NAND gate (74LS00) and the output of this gate is counted by a circuit consisting of two 7490 decade counters which reset upon a count of 50 (i.e. every 1 second). (The second input to the NAND gate is connected to a push-button used for suspending counting, see below.) The signal, which resets the MOD 50 counter is also fed to the first of a series of three further counters connected in cascade (i.e. the output of one feeds the clock input of the next). These three counters are made from 7490 decade counters, and count seconds, tens of seconds and hundreds of seconds so that the maximum count is 999 seconds (approximately 16 minutes). Each of the BCD outputs of the 999-second counters is fed to 7447 BCD-7 segment decoder/driver ICs which in turn drive appropriate common anode 7-segment LED displays via suitable series resistors. Counting may be suspended by pressing a push-button which places a logic 0 on the second input of a NAND gate following the opamp output. The inverting and non-inverting terminals of the 741 opamp are each connected to the opposite secondary terminals of the transformer whilst the opamp power is taken from the output of the 7805 and 7905 three terminal regulators. The opamp output is fed to the input of the MOD 50, 1 second counter. The reset to zero is a pushbutton which, when closed, places a logic high (1) on the 7490 counter reset lines.
NOTE: Drafting officers must determine for themselves all IC pinouts, the type of common anode 7-segment display and the size of any required resistors in the circuit. Sources of information include manufacturer and suppliers catalogues.
Produce printed circuit board artwork for the digital counter described in Exercise 4. A technical sketch of the circuit may be required if Exercise 4 has not been formally attempted. Produce a short users manual for the digital counter described in Exercise 4. Include an isometric drawing of your counter in an appropriate housing. A coal-fired power station requires auxiliary power to maintain operation. Produce a single-line diagram of the electrical system required for the auxiliaries based on the following description. Note that the voltage vectors can change angle when power is passed through transformers. The voltage angle should be noted on the drawing. A 660 MW generator is connected via a circuit breaker and isolator to two generator and two auxiliary transformers with flexible braid links before each transformer. The voltage is generated at 23 kV with a 30 degree phase shift on the voltage of phase A. The generator transformers are paralleled 390 MVA 330/23 kV YNd1 16.0% and connect to the 330 kV switchyard. The unit auxiliary transformers are 45 MVA 23/11 kV Dyn 11 9.9% with a neutral earthing resistor on the secondary winding. The two transformers are connected to either end of No. 1 11 kV unit switchboard via circuit breakers which must be physically moved from their normal position (racked out) before an earth switch may be closed on either side of the circuit breaker. One transformer is designated 1A 23/11 kV unit auxiliary transformer, the second, 1B 23/11 kV unit auxiliary transformer.
6
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FIGURE F1
EXPERIMENTAL CIRCUITS (EXERCISE 3)

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FIGURE F2
HAND-DRAWN BLOCK DIAGRAM (EXERCISE 4)
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The 11 kV unit switchboard is connected via rack out circuit-breakers to two each of (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 2.4 MVA 11 kV/415 V Dyn1 8.9% transformers resistors between neutral and earth); forced draught fans; induced draught fans; condensate pumps; 15 MVA 11/3.3 kV Dyn1 10.7% transformers with neutral earthing resistors; boiler feed pumps; with neutral earthing (no
and one circulating water pump. The 11 kV switchboard is wired so that one each of items (a) to (e) are connected at either end of the board with a tie between the two ends being through a middle section with circuit-breakers connecting the middle to the two ends. The circulating water pump and two boiler feed pumps are fed via racked out circuit-breakers from this middle section. One end of the 11 kV unit switchboard connects the 11 kV station switchboard with rack out circuit-breakers at either end of this link. The 2.4 MVA transformers connect to separate 415 V unit switchboards with circuitbreakers also on the low voltage side. The 15 MVA transformers connect to the two ends of the 3.3 kV unit switchboard which is wired in a similar manner to the 11 kV unit switchboard made up of three sections. The 15 MVA transformers have circuit-breakers on the low voltage side. Each end of the 3.3 kV switchboard is connected to (a) (b) (c) one auxiliary cooling water return pump; three pulverized fuel mills; and one pulverized air fan.
Each of these machines is connected via a combination fuse and isolator. The middle section of the 3.3 kV unit switchboard is connected to a turbine oil pump which is also connected by a combination fuse and isolator. The middle section joins the end sections of the 3.3 kV switchboard via circuit breakers. Note that no information is given on further switchboard interconnections. Ensure that your single-line diagram finishes this neatly, e.g. use annotation such as Link to 11 kV station switchboard refer drawing No. . .. Do not leave switchboards or the like hanging. 8 An architectural plan view of Lake Moondara Pumping Station has been provided (see Figure F3). It is proposed to augment pumping capacity by providing another unit at the western end of the station. In order to do this, the station will have an extension of 4 m added on to the western side whilst retaining the existing western wall. In this extension will be housed No. 6 pump unit placed in line with the existing five units. It is required that: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) A 4 m wide roller door with a man-access door be provided in the western end of the extension. The earth pit and WC be moved to the north of their existing sites. A 150-watt floodlight be provided off the western wall of the extension. The existing control and starter cubicles be extended for No. 6 pump. Cable to No. 6 pump be run in an existing cable trench to a point east of No. 1 pump, then a new trench is to be dug past the east of No. 1 pump to the wall, then the cable be run in a cable tray suspended 300 mm above the floor supported every 600 mm off the southern wall and through to the extension housing No. 6 pump. This will also entail making a hole in the existing western wall. The cable is then to run in a trench to the No. 6 pump.
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(f)
The caretaker call-bell feeder and telemetry line is to be kept in service, and a minimum of disruption is to occur when repositioning these two lines off the extension. The junction boxes may remain where they are. Two sets of chain hung, three-luminaire fluorescent light fittings with two way switches (switches to be provided at the roller door entrance and at the existing western door) are to be provided as well as a 240 V general purpose outlet on the southern wall of the extension.
(g)
Issue a drawing of the proposed extension in architectural plan view form. The drawing should be suitably annotated with respect to the works and conditions under which the works are to be carried out. 9 A three-cup anemometer is constructed using three hemispheres of 50 mm diameter, each mounted on a 30 mm approximate arm which are at 120 degrees with respect to each other on a freely moving pivot. At the centre of the pivot is a metal disc which moves with the anemometer cups. This disc has slots cut out. Fixed to the pivot mounting is an infrared emitting diode under the revolving disc facing upwards, whilst over the top of the disc facing downwards is an infrared photodiode. The revolving disc allows an infrared beam to pass each time a slot passes. The number of times the beam is cut in a time interval is a measure of windspeed. Produce a 3rd-angle orthogonal drawing of an anemometer with the following assumptions and conditions: (a) The radial cup velocity when the cup is travelling parallel to the wind is the same as the wind velocity. The cup radial velocity may be taken from the centre of the cup. The length of the cup mounting arm is to be determined so that in combination with a determination of the number of slot cut-outs, the windspeed may be determined every second for windspeeds of 1 km per hour upwards. (Refer to Exercise 10 for detail on the electronic indication of windspeed.)
(b)
10
The anemometer in Exercise 9 is to display the windspeed in km per hour updating every second. It achieves this by counting the number of times an infrared beam is interrupted in each second. A one second time base is established using a 555 timer set up in a stable mode. A three-digit, binary-coded decimal (BCD) counter is used to count the number of infrared beam interruptions with the falling edge of each interruption sent to the clock input of the least significant counter. The reset of the least significant counter increments the next significant, bit and so on. Each digit of BCD output of each counter is passed to a data-type bistable circuit device (commonly known as a D-type flip-flop) which holds the value of the count at each second. The 555 astable provides a clock signal for the D-type flip-flops and also sends a reset signal to all of the counters. Since the D-type flip-flops hold the value of the count at the end of each second, their output may be fed to BCD-7 segment decoder drivers which in turn drive, via appropriate resistors, a three digit 7-segment display. Using suitable manufacturers and suppliers catalogues, select appropriate ICs for timing, counting, and latching as well as selecting suitable 7-segment displays and nominate the display voltage dropping resistors. Also nominate the values of the astable resistors and capacitors. Produce a circuit diagram for the anemometer ensuring that a power supply is available, and a printed circuit board overlay and pcb artwork diagram for those items not mounted at the pivot point. Also select a suitable size box to contain the pcb and display.
NOTE: The term flip-flop is deprecated and is substituted by the terms monostable trigger circuit or bistable trigger circuit.
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FIGURE F3
PLAN PUMPING STATION (EXERCISE 8)

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11
A coal-fired power station furnace carries light fly-ash (a constituent of the noncombustible material found in coal) in the furnace draft which is collected in a fabric filter system prior to exhausting the furnace gases to the atmosphere. (The fabric filter acts in a similar manner to the collection bag in a domestic vacuum cleaner.) The operation of the fabric filter is as described below. Furnace gases are passed through the fabric filter bags of which there are 40 000 in 40 cells of 1000 bags each. Gas passes from the inside to the outside of the bag, being drawn by an induced draft fan prior to discharge up the stack. Fly ash is caught on the inside of the bags and periodically the gas flow through a cell of 1000 bags is stopped and the bags are given a shake with the fly ash falling down into an ash collection hopper below. The frequency of the shake cycle is dependent on a number of factors, including power plant output, but is typically determined by the differential pressure (d.p.) between the inside and outside of the bags. A newer, cleaner bag would offer less resistance to gas flow and hence have a lower d.p. than an older, dirtier bag. The sequence of operation can be described as follows: (a) (b) (c) (d) Pre-shake dwell (closing of the cell outlet dampers) 3 s. Shake 20 s. Post-shake dwell (settling time to allow ash to settle) 50 s. Slip time (time between moving to start a shake on the next cell) depends on the d.p. as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) <1.2 kPa d.p. 500 s. 1.22 kPa d.p. 250 s. >22.3 Kpa d.p. 120 s. >2.3 kPa d.p. 35 s.
Each cell outlet damper is opened and closed by a solenoid-operated, pneumatic actuator. Also each cell is shaken by a 5.5 kW electric motor mounted above the fabric filter baghouse and mechanically attached to the bag shakers so that the bags are shaken at 6 Hz. Produce a sequence diagram to describe the operation of the fabric filter. 12
Using either or both orthogonal and pictorial representations, show the PRINCIPLES of the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) The d.c. machine. Three-phase, squirrel-cage induction machine. Three-phase, wound-rotor induction machine. One-phase induction machine shaded pole start. One-phase induction machine capacitor start. One-phase induction machine starter winding. Three-phase synchronous machine.
Note that these drawings may not (particularly the synchronous machine) show the normal mode of operation. Drawings of the machines should be accompanied by appropriate voltage/current or torque curves as necessary to describe operation. 13 An overhead system for supplying traction current to a railway consists of a catenary wire with droppers spaced every three metres which support a nearly horizontal contact wire. Traction current is collected by sliding pantographs mounted on the railway vehicle. (a) Devise a means of connecting the dropper to the contact wire such that there will not be any interference to the contact surface of the contact wire. Assume the droppers are always hung vertically.
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(b)
In order to spread the wear on the pantograph collector pan, the contact wire is staggered in a zig-zag manner about the centre of the railway track alignment. Determine likely positions and numbers of pull-offs (tension cables or solid members transverse to the direction of the contact wire) needed to maintain a maximum stagger of 350 mm off centre when rounding a curve of 161 m radius for 15 degrees of curvature.
14
Electric traction systems and electric cranes are often controlled by means of a drum controller. A drum controller consists essentially of a contact drum, or cylinder, carrying insulated and interconnected segments which, when the drum is moved through certain angles, make contact with appropriate fixed contacts (called fingers) to which the motors, rheostats/control electronics and supply mains are connected. An older style series-parallel controller has rheostatic control with four series rheostats, progressively cut out by an eight-position (eight-notch) controller which also makes series and parallel connections between two d.c. motors (the motors have a series field/armature connection). The controller has the following operation: Notch 0: All off. Notch 1: All four rheostats and two motors in series. Notch 2: One rheostat cut out. Notch 3: Two rheostats cut out. Notch 4: All four rheostats cut out, two motors still in series. Notch 5: One rheostat cut out, remaining rheostats in series with the two motors in parallel. Notch 6: Two rheostats cut out. Notch 7: Three rheostats cut out. Notch 8: All rheostats cut out, two motors still in parallel. Draw a circuit diagram of the rheostats and motors with connection taps. Next to the circuit diagram, draw a drum sequence table showing the drum connections needed for each notch. Draw plan and elevation views of the drum controller.
15
Using resistance paper (paper sheet with a uniform coating of resistive material) draw, using conductive ink, a sketch of the 500 kV single-circuit tower in Figure F4. The tower sketch stands on a conductive earth. Assume that phase A is at its maximum positive potential. Determine the potentials on phases B and C at this time. Using three d.c. sources, connect scaled potentials to the resistance paper at the various phase conductor locations with the earth potential connected to the ink representing earth. Using a digital voltmeter, determine the voltages at points away from the conductors and hence build up a series of equipotential curves from the measurements. Draw the equipotential curves on normal drafting paper or CAD system which already has a sketch of the tower. Once a series of equipotential curves has been found, the electric field patterns may be drawn orthogonally to the equipotentials. Hence determine a typical electric field pattern for a 500 kV single-circuit transmission tower.
NOTE: The equipotentials could also be found using a computer-based finite element analysis package.
16
A multichannel radio transceiver generates individual baseband frequencies using a phase-locked-loop frequency syntheziser. Sketch a block diagram of a PLL frequency syntheziser based on the following description. The system consists of the following sections: (a) (b) PLL 02A phase-lock-loop IC. 10.24 MHz reference oscillator.
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(c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
15 MHz offset oscillator. Voltage-controlled oscillator. Mixer. Low-pass filter. Channel selector switches.
In order to produce a stable high-frequency signal, a phase-locked loop compares the output of a reference crystal oscillator with the signal derived form a voltage controlled oscillator. The difference in frequency between the reference signal and the desired VCO signal is sensed by the PLL which outputs an error voltage in response to the difference. The error voltage is fed back to a varicap diode in the VCO which changes capacitance in a tuned circuit and adjusts the VCO frequency to that of the reference. Signals around 15 MHz may be produced with a 10 kHz channel spacing around a PLL 02A phase lock loop IC by using a 10.24 MHz crystal reference oscillator. The 10.24 MHz signal is fed to a reference input on the PLL 02A which divides the reference signal by 1024 (10 MHz/1024 = 10 kHz) thus giving the 10 kHz channel step. A signal from a 15 MHz crystal oscillator is mixed with the output signal from a VCO and the mixer output is passed through a low pass filter and then to the PLL 02A. The mixer produces the sum and difference frequencies between the offset oscillator and the VCO in its output. The PLL 02A has a switch selectable binary programmer which enables division of the low pass filter (LPF) signal before comparison with the reference signal. The channel number selected by switches sets the amount of division, e.g. if the LPF signal is 1 MHz and Channel 100 is selected, the divided signal will be 1 MHz/100 = 10 kHz. The signal derived from the low pass filter is fed to the PLL 02A. The binary programmer in the PLL 02A divides the LPF signal by the channel number and the resulting signal is then compared with the divided reference frequency (10 MHz/1024 = 10 kHz)and an error voltage is derived (proportional to the difference between these last two signals both operating at or close to 10 kHz). This voltage is fed back to the VCO which is then pulled to a frequency from which there is no error. A phase lock condition then exists. In this manner, the output of the VCO may be set to a number of frequencies all separated by 10 kHz. The binary programmer can be set between Channel 1 and Channel 512.
On your block diagram, give an example of a signal using Channel 100 on the binary programmer. This will correspond to a nominal VCO frequency of 16 MHz. The HF synthesized signal output is taken from the output of the VCO. Show all frequencies in the diagram. 18 An engineer producing a report on the use of satellite communications produces the sketch in Figure F5. Some information is missing because it is implied. Redraw this diagram including the missing information in a form suitable for inclusion in a technical report. Note the organizations are SCPC and EC.
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FIGURE F4 COMPARISON OF COMMON TRANSMISSION LINE TOWERS (EXERCISE 15)
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FIGURE F5 HARDWARE FOR EC SATELLITE SERVICES NETWORK (EXERCISE 18)
19
Some information has been supplied which describes Tumut 3 (T3) power station and the Lower Tumut switching station (LTSS). Examine the relevant electrical diagrams in Figures F6 and F7 and then answer the following questions. (a) Choose one feeder (excluding the three feeders to T3) on the diagram of LTSS and explain (in one or two lines) the function of each symbol on that feeder. Ensure that you specify which feeder you are examining. The drawing contains a symbol that does not exactly conform to the Australian/New Zealand Standard symbols. Explain why this can be good practice. Redraw the feeder up to the busbars according to the Standard symbols. On the diagram of T3, explain the purpose of the , / and \ symbols on the 176/88/88 MVA 1 ph transformer. Explain how the detail on the LTSS and T3 diagrams tie in together given the specifications of the power station. Add appropriate notes to the diagrams if it would help the explanation.
(b)
(c) (d)
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Generators: Six vertical shaft, salient poles, 15.4 kV, semi-umbrella; three are designed to operate as motors after being started by the turbine. Each generator is rated at 250 MW at 0.95 power factor lagging.
FIGURE F6 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAM OF TUMUT 3 POWER STATION (EXERCISE 19) Reproduced courtesy of Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Authority
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FIGURE F7 LOWER TUMUT SWITCHING STATION AND GROUP CONTROL CENTRE (EXERCISE 19) Reproduced courtesy of Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Authority
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20
The circuit diagram of a three-phase system with an unbalanced load is shown in Figure F8. The 6.6 kV line currents are to be determined with the assistance of phasor diagrams. The procedure to determine the currents is as follows: (a) (b) Draw the phasors of the 6.6 kV voltages. Draw the phasors of the 3.3 kV voltages noting that V ab is the vector sum of Va Vb where Va is the voltage between the low voltage phase a winding and the star point of the secondary windings. Use Ohms law with complex quantities to determine the currents in each leg of the delta connected load. Draw the phasors of these currents. Draw the phasors of the secondary line currents using the relevant load currents and an application of Kirchoffs Current Law at a node. Calculate the transformer turns ratio and hence draw the current phasors in each leg of the high voltage side of the transformer. Draw the current phasors in the high voltage incoming lines with again, an application of Kirchoffs Current Law. Write down the magnitude and phase angle of the high voltage line currents as determined from the phasors in part (f). supply not shown feed disc motor main circuit auxiliary supply control station feed disk motor Does this diagram conform to the current Australian and New Zealand Standards? Explain how the motor forwards/reverse contactors cannot be closed at the same time. In what assembly will wiring terminals 11 and 15 be found? There are at least 15 pairs of terminal numbered 12. Explain why this is so. Why is the auxiliary supply not drawn up to the auxiliary circuits? Redraw this circuit WITHOUT discontinuities (i.e. account for +A2 and +A3 which are attached to the +A1 supply lines and also have auxiliary circuits in +A5). Incorporate any corrections found in (a). Draw assemblies as blocks and prepare a wiring diagram. Prepare a unit connection table. Why are stop switches often normally closed? How many positions does S2.1 have? Why is S2.1 shown as ON when in position 0? An operator turns S2 from position 0 to position 2 FWD. Give a brief description of what takes place. What does S3 designate? Explain the supplementary item designation B1 and B2 which appears on a number of relays and relay contacts.
(c) (d) (e) (f) (g) 21
In the diagram in Figure C4, the following applies: +A1 +A2, +A3 +A4 +A5 +C +M (a) (b) (c)
Examine the diagram and answer the following:
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i) 22 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Examine the diagram in Figure C7 and answer the following:
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FIGURE F8
UNBALANCED LOAD (EXERCISE 20)

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HB3 - Electrical and Electronic Drawing - noPW

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HB3 - Electrical and Electronic Drawing - noPW

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SAA/SNZ HB3:1996

Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND on 19 Mar 2012

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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Electrical and electronic drawing practice for students

Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND on 19 Mar 2012

SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

Australian/New Zealand equivalent Designation

Item designation in electrotechnology

* In the course of preparation.

SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

CHAPTER 4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

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. . . . . . 128 . . . . . . 130 . . . . . . 131 . . 133 . . . . . . . . . . 136 137 156 185 188

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TYPES OF ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS

Sequence chart (or table)

SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

FIGURE 1.1 EXAMPLE OF AN OVERVIEW DIAGRAM WITH FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT A STEELWORKS

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SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

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SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

FIGURE 1.4 EXAMPLE OF A LOGIC-FUNCTION DIAGRAMTIMING PULSE GENERATOR EQUIPMENT

Time sequence chart

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Terminal function diagram

Program diagram, table or list

Single-line diagram or one-line diagram

SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

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SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

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SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

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SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

NOTE: A1, A2, 1, 4 and 3 are terminal numbers

FIGURE 1.9 EXAMPLE OF A TERMINAL FUNCTION DIAGRAMSCREENED ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY

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NOTE: + are terminals for a 24 V d.c. supply to internal equipment

SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

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SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

Installation drawing or plan

Printed circuit board diagram

Printed circuit overlay

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SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

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FIGURE 1.12 EXAMPLE OF A SITE PLANAN INDUSTRIAL PLANT

SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

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SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

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FIGURE 1.14 EXAMPLE OF AN INSTALLATION DRAWINGPART OF A FACTORY

SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

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SAA/SNZ HB3 :1996

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FIGURE 1.16 EXAMPLE OF AN INSTALLATION DRAWINGAN ELECTRICALLY POWERED ROBOT