Mass Transfer

Section # 11

Non-Adiabatic Evaporative Cooling

Non-Adiabatic Evaporative Cooling

Learning Objectives:

- To determine the outlet temperature of the fluid passing through the pipes
- To sense the great difference between this method, and the conventional indirect contact heat exchanger - To know a new method of modeling.

Non-Adiabatic Evaporative Cooling

-

Enthalpy and temperature gradients along the device

Where:
- hT: heat transfer coefficient of the inside fluid - hl: heat transfer coefficient of the bulk water phase - hl: heat transfer coefficient

of the water in the film

- ky: Mass transfer coefficient

in the gas phase.

- H*: Enthalpy of the air in equilibrium with the water - H : Enthalpy of the bulk air

Non-Adiabatic Evaporative Cooling

-

Important Relations Got from the derivation:

1) do: Outside diameter of the pipe

di: Inside diameter of the pipe

2) - Koy: Overall mass

transfer coefficient

dav: Average diameter of the pipe

Km: Thermal conductivity of the pipe

- m=

Uo: Overall heat transfer coefficient

based on the outside tube surface 3) Wt : Mass flow rate of the fluid to be cooled

Ct: Specific heat of the fluid to be cooled

WA,L: Mass flow rate of the water

Non-Adiabatic Evaporative Cooling

-

Important Relations Got from the derivation:

4) Ws : Mass flow rate of dry air

5)
(5a)

(5b)
- M1and M2 : Constants to be got from the boundary conditions - x: Fraction of the heat transfer surface measured from the bottom of the pipes. - r1and r2: Constants to be got from the following relation (6) - N1 and N2: Constants to be got from the following relation

(7)

Non-Adiabatic Evaporative Cooling

-

Important Relations Got from the derivation:

8) This is the relation that we will use to get the outlet temperature of the fluid to be cooled tT1

Where: (9)
and: (10)

Problem

Problem
Givens:
Non-adiabatic evaporative cooler

Mass flow rate of oil: 4 kg/s

Inlet oil temperature: 95oC Density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity of the oil The tower has a rectangular shape. Its width = 0.75 m Do: 19.05 mm , Thickness: 1.65 mm, Length of each tube: 3.75 m

Number of tubes: 400. Flow is splitted into 20 bundles

Water mass flow rate =10 kg/s

Entering Air: Mass flow rate = 2.3 kg dry air/s, Td = 30oC, w = 0.01
Add the following to the givens:
hL = 1709 W/m2 K , hL = 11360 W/m2 K, hT = 364 W/m2 K, ktubes = 112.5 W/m K

Humidity of exiting air = 0.06

Required:

Twater in = Twater out = 28oC

Outlet oil Temperature

Solution of the Problem

- To calculate the outlet temperature of the oil, we will use equation (8). So, we have to calculate all the unknowns in it. - This will be performed by a step-wise method
1) Getting Koy:

- We will calculate Koy from equation (2). But, before that we will have to calculate ky. - Ky will be got from the given empirical relation. We will calculate
as a first step: : It is the mass flow rate of air divided by the minimum possible flow area of the air through the tower - Minimum flow area for the air: The vacant area around the tubes = Get: - Yavg : the average air humidity through the tower = (0.01+0.06) /2 = 0.035

- Substitute in the given empirical relation to get Ky = 0.05826 (SI units)

Solution of the Problem

- To calculate Koy from equation (2). We will have to get m
- m=

In other words, m is the slope of the saturated enthalpy curve (of the psychrometric chart) at the waters temperature (28oC) So:
a) Go to the chart

b) From T= 28 oC, go upwards till you cut the saturated enthalpy curve in a point c) Draw a tangent to this point, and estimate the slope of that tangent. The estimated slope is m d) get m = 5000 j/kg K
- Now, you can easily substitute in equation (2) to get Koy = 0.0568 (SI units)

Solution of the Problem

2) Getting U0:
- After getting Koy, it is the time to get Uo.

- You can easily substitute in equation (1) to get Uo = 255 W/m2 K

3) Getting 1, 2, 1, 2
- You can get these constants by substituting in equation (3) and (4)

- The only unknown is A0. So, we will have to get it first

Ao: Outside surface area of tubes = * d0 * L * number of tubes = * 0.01905 * 3.75 * 400 = 89.8 m2 - Then, by direct substitution, get:

1= -3.393, 2 = 18794, 1= 12.08 * 10-5, 2= 1.402

Solution of the Problem

4) Getting r1 and r2
- They will be got by solving the quadratic equation (6)

- Get: r1 = 3.8272

and

r2= -1.8362

5) Getting N1 and N2 as a function of M1 and M2:

- By substituting in equation 7 (once for N1 and another one for N2), get:

N1 = 3594 M1 (*)

and

N2 = -43288 M2

(**)

6) Introducing the boundary conditions

-

got by knowing Td and w

At x=0, air is entering. So H = enthalpy of entering air = 56000 j/kg k Sub. in equation (5b) to get: (***)

At x= 1, oil is entering. So tT=95oC

Sub. in equation (5a) to get: (****)

Solution of the Problem

7) Getting (tT-tL)av
- This will be got by substituting in equation (9)

- But, we will have first to get M1 and M2

- You can easily solve equations (*), (**), (***) and (****) to get:

M1 = 1.46105 and M2 = -0.702

- Sub. in equation (9) to get = 16.83

8) Finally getting the outlet oil temperature - From equation (8), we know that:
- This is one equation in one unknown, so you will get:

Outlet oil temperature = tT1 = 47oC