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ABSTRACT/SUMMARY On 29th March 2012, our group consists of four members have conducted an experiment on Continuous Stirrer Tank Reactor (CSTR) 40 L for the purpose of completing the syllabus of the Chemical Engineering Laboratory subject. In this experiment, we wanted to observe and know more details about Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) 40 L especially about its operation and to carry out the saponification reaction between NaOH and Et (Ac) in CSTR. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of the residence time onto the reaction extent of conversion and also to determine the reaction rate constant. Before the experiment started, we ensured the general start up procedure was carried out properly so that the the apparatus will run without any disturbance. After the methodology of start up process was done, we began the experiment by opening valves V5 and V10 to obtain the highest possible flow rate into the reactor. For this experiment, the feed flow rates were adjusted in increasing order. For each flow rate, 50 mL sample was taken to be used in the back titration procedure. In back titration, the samples were titrated with NaOH for saponification reaction. The amounts of NaOH titrated were recorded. A few calculations had been conducted to determine the conversion, residence time and concentration of NaOH. Two graphs were plotted where the slope of conductivity v's conversion graph was defined to be -0.1233. While for the second graph, the descending order of the 50th minutes to 33.33th minutes showed that the objectives were successfully achieved. More details can be viewed in the result.
The lowercase letters (a, b, p, and q) represent stoichiometric coefficients, while the capital letters represent the reactants (A and B) and the products (P and Q). According to IUPAC's Gold Book definition the reaction rate r for a chemical reaction occurring in a closed system under constant-volume conditions, without a build-up of reaction intermediates, is defined as:
where [X] denotes the concentration(Molarity, mol/L) of the substance X. (NOTE: Rate of a reaction is always positive. '-' sign is present in the reactant involving terms because the reactant concentration is decreasing.) The IUPAC recommends that the unit of time should always be the second. In such a case the rate of reaction differs from the rate of increase of concentration of a product P by a constant factor (the reciprocal of its stoichiometric number) and for a reactant A by minus the reciprocal of the stoichiometric number. Reaction rate usually has the units of mol L1 s1. It is important to bear in mind that the previous definition is only valid for a single reaction, in a closed system of constant volume. This most usually implicit assumption must be stated explicitly, otherwise the definition is incorrect: If water is added to a pot containing salty water, the concentration of salt decreases, although there is no chemical reaction.
For any system in general the full mass balance must be taken into account:
When applied to the severe case stated previously this equation reduces to:
For a chemical reaction n A + m B C + D, the rate equation or rate law is a mathematical expression used in chemical kinetics to link the rate of a reaction to the concentration of each reactant. It is of the kind:
In this equation k(T) is the reaction rate coefficient or rate constant, although it is not really a constant, because it includes all the parameters that affect reaction rate, except for concentration, which is explicitly taken into account. Of all the parameters described before, temperature is normally the most important one. The exponents n and m are called reaction orders and depend on the reaction mechanism. Stoichiometry, molecularity (the actual number of molecules colliding), and reaction order coincide necessarily only in elementary reactions, that is, those reactions that take place in just one step. The reaction equation for elementary reactions coincides with the process taking place at the atomic level, i.e. n molecules of type A colliding with m molecules of type B (n plus m is the molecularity). For gases, the rate law can also be expressed in pressure units using, e.g., the ideal gas law.
By combining the rate law with a mass balance for the system in which the reaction occurs, an expression for the rate of change in concentration can be derived. For a closed system with constant volume, such an expression can look like
Conversion Using the equation shown in Equation 1.1 and taking species A as the basis of calculation, the reaction expression can be divided through by the stoichiometric coefficient of species A, in order to arrange the reaction expression in the form: A+ B P+ Q The expression has now put every quantity on a per mole of A basis. A convenient way to quantity how far the reaction has progressed, or how many moles of products are formed for every mole of A consumed; is to define a parameter called conversion. The conversion XA is the number of moles of A that have reacted per mole of A fed to the system.
To perform a mole balance on any system, the system boundaries must first be specified. The volume enclosed by these boundaries is referred to as the system volume. We shall perform a mole balance on species j in a system volume, where species j represents the particular chemical species of interest, such as water or NaOH.
A mole balance on species j at any instant in time, t, yields the following equation:
where Nj represents the number of moles of species j in the system at time t. If all the system variables (e.g., temperature, catalytic activity, and concentration of the chemical species) are spatially uniform throughout the system volume, the rate of generation of species j, Gj, is just the product of the reaction volume, V, and the rate of formation of species j, rj.
Now suppose that the rate of formation of species j for the reaction varies with position in the system volume. That is, it has a value rj1 at location 1, which is surrounded by a small volume, V1, within which the rate is uniform: similarly, the reaction rate has a value rj2 at location 2 and an associated volume, V2, and so on.
The rate of generation, Gj1, in terms of rj1 and subvolume V1, is Gj1 = rj1 V1 Similar expressions can be written for Gj2 and the other system subvolumes, Vi. The total rate of generation within the system volume is the sum of all the rates of generation in each of the subvolumes. If the total system volume is divided into M subvolumes, the total rate of generation is
By taking the appropriate limits (i.e., let M and V 0) and making use of the definition of an integral, we can rewrite the foregoing equation in the form From this equation we see that rj will be an indirect function of position, since the properties of the reacting materials and reaction conditions (e.g., concentration, temperature) can have different values at different locations in the reactor volume.
Replacing Gj,
by its integral form to yield a form of the general mole balance equation for any chemical species j that is entering, leaving, reacting, and/or accumulating within any system volume V.
From this general mole balance equation, we can develop the design equations for the various types of industrial reactors: batch, semibatch, and continuous-flow. Upon evaluation of these equations, we can determine the time (batch) or reactor volume (continuous-flow) necessary to convert a specified amount of the reactants into products.
CSTR runs at steady state with continuous flow of reactants and products; the feed assumes a uniform composition throughout the reactor, exit stream has the same composition as in the tank Kinds Present 1. Liquid phase 2. Gas-liquid rxns 2. 3. Solid-liquid rxns configurations different concentration streams 1. When agitation is 1. Continuous operation 1. required 2. Good temperature Series control for 3. Easily adapts to two phase runs 4. Good control 5. Simplicity of 2. By-passing and channeling possible with poor agitation conversion unit volume Lowest per of Phases Usage Advantages Disadvantages
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Assumptions Steady state, therefore Well-mixed therefore is the same throughout the reactor Rearranging the generation,
In terms of conversion
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Continuous stirred tank reaction (Model: BP143) 0.1M sodium hydroxide, NaOH 0.1M sodium acetate, Et(Ac) 0.25 hydrochloric acid, HCl De-ionized water,H2O Burette Retort stand Conical flask pH indicator Measuring cylinder
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2. All valves were initially closed. 3. The feed vessels were charged as follows: i. ii. The charge port caps for vessels B1 and B2 were opened. The NaOH solution was carefully poured into vessel B1, and the Et (Ac) solution was poured into vessel B2. iii. The charge port caps for both vessels were closed.
4. The power for the control panel was turned on. 5. Sufficient water in thermostat T1 was checked. Refill as necessary. 6. The overflow tube was adjusted to give a working volume of 10 L in the reactor R1. 7. Valves V2, V3, V7, V8 and V11 were opened. 8. The unit was ready for experiment. General shutdown procedure. 1. The cooling water valve V13 was kept open to allow the cooling water to continue flowing. 2. Pumps P1 and pump P2 were switched off. Stirrer M1 was switched off. 3. The thermostat T1 was switched off. The liquid in the reaction vessel R1 was let to cool down to room temperature. 4. Cooling water valve V13 was closed. 5. Valves V2, V3, V7 and V8 were closed. Valves V4, V9 and V12 were opened to drain any liquid from the unit. 6. The power for control panel was turned off.
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Preparation of Calibration Curve for Conversion vs. Conductivity 1. The following solutions were prepared: i. ii. iii. 1 L of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (0.10M) 1 L of sodium acetate, Et (Ac) (0.10M) 1 L of deionised water, H20
2. The conductivity and NaOH concentration for each value were determined by mixing the following solutions into 100 mL of deionised water: i. 0% conversion : 100 mL NaOH : 75 mL NaOH + 25 mL Et (Ac) : 50 mL NaOH + 50 mL Et (Ac)
ii. 25% conversion iii 50% conversion . iv 75% conversion . v. 100% conversion
: 25 mL NaOH + 75 mL Et (Ac)
: 100 mL Et (Ac)
Back Titration Procedures for Manual Conversion Determination 1. A burette was filled up with 0.1 M NaOH solution. 2. 10 mL of 0.25 M HCl was measured in a flask. 3. A 50 mL sample was obtained from the experiment and immediate the sample was added to the HCl in the flask to quench the saponification reaction. 4. A few drops of pH indicator were added into the mixture. 5. The mixture was titrated with NaOH solution from the burette until the mixture was neutralized. The amount of NaOH titrated was recorded.
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i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
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vi.
vii.
viii.
Residence time, = = =
ix.
x.
Rate of reaction, = = =
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2) Known quantities Volume of sample, Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel, Volume of HCl for quenching, Concentration of HCl in standard solution, Volume of titrated NaOH, Concentration of NaOH used for titration, = = = = = =
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
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vi.
vii.
viii.
Residence time, = = =
ix.
x.
Rate of reaction, = = =
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3) Known quantities Volume of sample, Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel, Volume of HCl for quenching, Concentration of HCl in standard solution, Volume of titrated NaOH, Concentration of NaOH used for titration, = = = = = =
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
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vi.
vii.
viii.
Residence time, = = =
ix.
x.
Rate of reaction, = = =
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4) Known quantities Volume of sample, Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel, Volume of HCl for quenching, Concentration of HCl in standard solution, Volume of titrated NaOH, Concentration of NaOH used for titration, = = = = = =
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
25
vi.
vii.
viii.
Residence time, = = =
ix.
x.
Rate of reaction, = = =
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5) Known quantities Volume of sample, Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel, Volume of HCl for quenching, Concentration of HCl in standard solution, Volume of titrated NaOH, Concentration of NaOH used for titration, = = = = = =
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
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vi.
vii.
viii.
Residence time, = = =
ix.
x.
Rate of reaction, = = =
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APPENDIX
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