MINERALS - Homogeneous al structure are known TYPES OF MINERALS - 1. 2. copper 3. - gold IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS f minerals.

and naturally occuring substances with a definable intern as minerals.. Eg. - coal, iron ore , etc.. FERROUS MINERALS - contain iron ore.. eg., - nickel NON - FERROUS MINERALS - do not contain iron ore.. eg., PRECIOUS MINERALS - have very high economic value.. eg., - 1. everything we use is made up of minerals. 2. the country earns foreign exchange from the export o 3. mining and extraction of minerals provide employment

to the people. 4. minerals like coal and petroleum are also the main s ources of power. NEED TO CONSERVE MINERALS - 1. the total volume of workable mineral deposits is very less. 2. they are finite and non-renewable. MEASURES TO CONSERVE MINERALS - 1. used in a planned and judicious way. 2. wastage of them should be minimised. 3. export of minerals should be minimised. 4. encourage recycling of metals. 3. continued extraction of minerals lead to increasi ng costs and decrease in quality level. MINERALS OCCUR IN- 1. igneous and metamorphic rocks 2. sedimentary rocks USES OF COPPER- 1. used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industrie s. 2. used in makind cooking utensils, radiators and refrigerators. LEADING COPPER PRODUCING STATES OF INDIA - Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jharkha nd USES OF ALUMINIUM - 1. for making pots and pans 2. to make cans for various beverages and other liquors. 3. as thin foils for wrapping foods for storage. 4. in areoplanes and spacecrafts. USES OF LIMESTONE - 1. basic raw material for the cement inudstry 2. used in chemical, steel and iron industry LEADING LIMESTONE PRODUCING STATES OF INDIA - Madhya Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh, R ajasthan, Tamil Nadu and GUjarat PROPERTIES OF MICA - 1. excellent di-electric strength. 2. low power loss 3. insulating properties. 4. resistance to high voltage LEADING MICA PRODUCING PLACES OF INDIA - Rajasthan and area around Ajmer ADVANTAGES OF BIOGAS - 1. improves the quality of manure and prevents the loss o f trees. 2. decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency 3. shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas NATURAL GAS - 1. it is a mixture of combustible and gaseous hydrocarbons. 2. it is used as a raw material in the petrochemical. 3. it is transported from one place to another through pipelines. 4. it is mainly used in urban areas. DEMERITS OF INDIAN COAL - 1. quality of coal required for producing coke as an e ssential input in steel industry is deficient. 2. indian coal has high ash and low calorific value. NEED OF CONSERVATION OF COAL - 1. it is a non-renewable resource 2. it is the backbone of industries. CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY - 1. non - renewable

2. these are going to last for 100-200 years. 3. these cause air and water pollution. NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY - 1. renewable 2. these are going to last forever. 3. these do not cause any pollution. NUCLEAR ENERGY - energy which is obtained from the nucleus of an atom. ROLE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY - 1. it will dominate the demand for energy which is incr easing day-by-day 2. it release enormoua amount of energy. 3. it is very economical. IMPORTANCE OF SOLAR ENERGY - 1. india is a tropical energy , so a large amount o f tropical energy is available in india. 2. it has thar desert which can become the biggest solar powerhouse of india, 3. solar energy can be used for cooking, pumping wa ter, refrigerators and street lighting 4. it will supplement the non-renewable sources of energy. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY - 1. refers to heat and electricity pproduced by using heat fr om the interior of the earth. 2. it exists because the earth grows progressively hotter wi th the increasing depth. 3. used to drive turbines and generate electricity. TIDAL ENERGY - 1. oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. 2. floodgate dams are built across inlets.