A Dictionary of The Moro Language

A dictionary of the Moro language
of
the Nuba hills, Sudan
Roger Blench
Mallam Dendo
8, Guest Road
Cambridge CB1 2AL
United Kingdom
Voice/Answerphone/Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687
E-mail R.Blench@odi.org.uk
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger_blench/RBOP.htm
This printout: Cambridge, April 11, 2005
R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................................I
2. LOCATION, HISTORY AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION ................................................................................I
2.1 Dialects and nomenclature ............................................................................................................................ i

2.2 Location and settlements ............................................................................................................................... i
2.3 Language status .............................................................................................................................................ii
2.4 Moro culture and history..............................................................................................................................ii
2.5 Previous literature.........................................................................................................................................ii
3. PHONOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................................... II
3.1 Vowels.............................................................................................................................................................ii
3.2 Consonants....................................................................................................................................................iii
3.3 Tones..............................................................................................................................................................iii
4. MORPHOLOGY................................................................................................................................................................IV
4.1 Nouns............................................................................................................................................................. iv
GLOSS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... V
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................................ V
TABLES
Table 1. Nomenclature of Moro................................................................................................................................. i
Table 2. Moro dialects................................................................................................................................................ i
Table 3. Moro settlements.......................................................................................................................................... i
Table 4. Moro vowels ...............................................................................................................................................ii
Table 5. IPA symbols and orthographic equivalents................................................................................................iii
Table 6. Moro singular prefixes with plural pairings............................................................................................... iv
Table 7. Suppletive plurals in Moro.......................................................................................................................... v

1. Introduction
This is a preliminary dictionary of the Moro language, spoken originally in some vx villages of the Nuba
Hills, but principally by dislocated communities in Khartoum. This version was prepared during February
and March 2004.
2. Location, history and sociolinguistic situation
2.1 Dialects and nomenclature
Table 1. Nomenclature of Moro
IPA
Orthographic
Gloss
person
people
location
language
There are seven recognised dialects of Moro, although there are only six clans.
Table 2. Moro dialects
Dialect name
Comment
Layenia
Tob}elda
Ulba
Lnbwa
Ndrria
does not correspond to a clan
Lmwar
Lorban
New Testament translation
The name Moro derives from the name of the Lmwar dialect.
2.2 Location and settlements

Table 3 shows the main settlements and recognised dialects of Moro, with their IPA rendering, orthographic
spelling and common (map) spelling.
Table 3. Moro settlements
Subgroup
IPA
Orthographic
Official name
Inhabited

2.3 Language status
2.4 Moro culture and history
2.5 Previous literature

Moro has had informal linguistic work since the 1930s when scriptural materials began to be published. A
first version of the New testament was published in 1965 and a revised version in 1993. Black & Black
(1971) published a monograph on the Moro language arising out of this work. Schadeberg (1981) published
a summary account of Moro as part of a survey of the Heiban group of languages. In 1997 and 1998, a
volunteer work named Elizabeth Guest did a number of studies of Moro with the Moro Literacy Committee.
This resulted in a series of notes, none of which are complete, and which did not take the observations of
Schadeberg into account. Nonetheless, they contain much valuable information not available elsewhere.
The present situation is thus that no reliable phonology of the Moro language has been published and in
particular, the tone system is virtually unknown. The orthography is problematic, and certainly does not
match the descriptions of either Black & Black or Schadeberg. As Guest points out, Moro is split
dialectically and the orthography of scriptural publications does not match the speech of most Moro.
3. Phonology
3.1 Vowels
Moro has six phonemic vowels (Table 4);
Table 4. Moro vowels
Front
Close
Close-Mid
Central
Back
u
e
Open
The Moro orthography uses a seventh grapheme, which is intended to represent a stressed schwa, but the
phonemic status of this vowel is doubtful.
ii

3.2 Consonants
Moro consonants are as follows:
Plosive
Implosive
Nasal
Trill
Fricative
Approximant
Lateral Approximant
Bilabial
Dental
p b
t d
Labiodental
Retrofle
x
Alveopa
latal
n
r
f
Palatal
Velar
tS dZ
k g
Glottal
s
y
Moro permits the following geminated consonants; pp, tt, cc, kk, ss, ff, mm
Table 5 shows the consonant phonemes of Moro and their orthographic equivalents;
Table 5. IPA symbols and orthographic equivalents
IPA
Orthographic
Example
English Gloss
b
b
tS
c
d
d
d
d
f
f
g
g
dZ
j
k
k
l
l
m
m
n
n
ng
p
p
r
r
}
}
s
s
t
t
t
t
w
w
j
y

3.3 Tones
Moro tone is not written in the orthography and has never been fully investigated. Nonetheless, there appear
to be three level tones.
iii

4. Morphology
4.1 Nouns
Moro has a system of noun-classes typical of Niger-Congo languages as well as a concord system that
applies to adjectives. Stevenson (1956-7), Schadeberg (1981) and Guest (1998) all give summaries of the
affix alternations. Stevenson developed a numbering system for Nuba Mountains languages that depends on
the assumption that Kadu languages were Niger-Congo and that noun-classes could be defined by semantic
sets similar to those postulated for Bantu. Guest follows Stevenson in both cases, producing sometimes
counter-intuitive results. The following outline therefore tries to provide another view of the data.
Table 6 shows the surface affix pairings in Moro, with a remark if they are unique or rare and an example.
Table 7 shows suppletive plurals, i.e. those that seem quite unpredictable on the surface, although the
boundary between these and single case affix-pairings is not clearly defined.
Table 6. Moro singular prefixes with plural pairings
Sg. prefix
Pl. prefix
Incidence
Oione case only
Olone case only
Otwo cases only
ae-, i-, la-, naca-, c?
dr
diidr-, yda
ra-, yade
o-, red
e-, i-, o-, r-, u-, ydo
o-, ro-, yodo
ru-, yuel-, n-, ne-, ne-, gnganagl-, ndil-, nd-, nl-, lana-, a-, ale
e-, ele-, -, lii-, iloo-, oluu-, umali-,
one case only
naenone case only
-/d- one case only
d-, ol-, l-, n, nd-, n-, nordri}()()-, ()-, oul-, lu-, n-, nd-, n-, nuu}nd-, nuiv
Example
wasen pl. lwasen

ut-
nt-, lt-,
wawu-
la-, nli-
these plurals also

involve labialisation
of the stem
one case only
wuji pl. liji woman
Table 7. Suppletive plurals in Moro

sg.
pl.
Gloss
head
nda
}wa
goat
rldo
o}o
cow
tia
iria
mouse
uri
}rwi
Gloss
sg.
pl.
References
Black, K. & K. Black 1971. The Moro language: grammar and dictionary. Khartoum: Sudan Research Unit.
MacDiarmid, P.A. and D.N. MacDiarmid. 1931. The languages of the Nuba Mountains. Sudan Notes and
Records 14:149-162.
Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. A Survey of Kordofanian. Volume 1: The Heiban Group. Hamburg: Helmut
Buske.
Stevenson, Roland C. 1956-57. A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structures of the Nuba Mountain
languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha and Nyimang. Afrika und bersee 40:73-84, 93115; 41:27-65, 117-153, 171-196.
Moro dictionary
Moro sg.
Moro pl.
Aa
aame
aba
pl.
naba
PoS
excl.
v.
n.
ababa
abaco
abce
pl.
pl.
pl.
ebaba
abacr
abcer
n.
v.
v.
abo
abldugur
ablo
abu
abrea
abru
aba
aboro
aboro
aboo
abur
acba
adada
adia
adni
pl.
ibldugur
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
nabrea
abrr
naba
aborr
aborr
abor
labur
pl.
pl.
pl.
nadada
nadia
ladni
aam
amwa
aain
ain
ain
aina
alwa
afle
affo
affo
pl.
pl.
naam
lamwa
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
iin
iin
iina
nalwa
pl.
pl.
affr
affr
agri
aiu
aijba
aiu
aiyo
akarno
akajaco
pl.
agrir
pl.
air
pl.
akajacr
English gloss
yes
to praise
pit
Arabic
.
.
.
v.
n.
v.
v.
n.
v.
n.
v.
v.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
beard
to pick something up
to draw out
something from a
hole
to build
wild dove
deny
to thank, to bless
paper
to loose, set free
feather
to fly
to ride
to climb (tree etc )
left-handed man
food
roof of mouth
small pot for water
middle-aged woman
n.
n.
adv.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
v.
v.
book
young man
all day
day
hour
sun
nose
to sour
to build
to throw s.t. at s.t.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
to read
to cure
to deny
to say to
to die
to divide many times
to add several items,
to inflate, to increase
1
Other
/ .
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
< Ar. adam?
.
awuu
.
.
.
.

akmo
akndo
ala
aldnu
albar
alfo
ala
algrem
alo
also
alkrinia
alkursi
alo
pl.
pl.
pl.
ela
aldnr
elbar
pl.
pl.
pl.
nala
elgrem
alr
pl.
pl.
ilkrinia
ilkursi
alo
v.
v.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
a.
n.
n.
n.
n.
am
amaao
amcu
amcu
ame
amca
amu
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
nam
amaar
namcu
namcu
pl.
namca
amrwara
amia
aminu
anano
pl.
namrwara
pl.
aminr
anano
price
to judge
to catch many times
lower grinding stone
to be boastful
sea
sing s.t.
nut (for bolt)
bed
sing
unique
hippo
chair
1 world, place
.
.
< A.
< A.
1...
n.
n.
v.
adv.
adv.
2 before
.2
_.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
ancir
v.
andu
andu
pl.
pl.
andr
andr
v.
v.
name, call, bring

inside
come together
catch, arrest
andu en
anduu
ano
ano
anu
aal
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
andr en
andur
anr
anr
anr
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
n.
believe
bite
1) warm with fire
2) be named
enter
1 sweat
aacr
< A.
2.
pl.
pl.
< A.
2 between, below,
under
crack in ground
help
loan
relative
peel
edge of a rock
joke, snatch away
when giving
steep side of hill
scar
to boast
1 first
anci
aacu
aal
v.
n.
inform
2 heat
.
1..
.
-.
.
.
.
.
.
1.
.2.
.
1.
.2.

ano
ano
anu
aua
apo
ara
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
eno
anr
anr
iua
apr
nara
n.
v.
v.
n.
v.
n.
arabapwaa
pl.
n.
arabiya
arcl
pl.
pl.
narabapwa
a
irabiya
narcl
arcnelo
arno
pl.
arcnrelo
v.
v.
arnu
pl.
arnr
v.
n.
n.
arracu
arrau
aro
arno
pl.
pl.
pl.
arracr
arrar
arr
v.
v.
v.
v.
arra
arrao
arrerre
arrpo
aldia
abambar
ajaco
ajaco
anu ano
pl.
narra
n.
v.
n.
v.
n.
n.
v.
v.
v.
aacu
aeinu
aia
ao
au
asagi
asna
aten
aa
andria
aumi
au ufua
awur
awuu
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
arrpr
ildia
ibambar
ajacr
ajacr
anr
ano
aacr
aeinr
naia
ar
ar
asande
esna
ar
nandria
iumi
aur ufua
iwur
awur
v.
v.
n.
v.
v.
int.
n.
adv.
v.
n.
n.
v.p.
n.
v.
body
agree to, assent
accept from
mouth
hold, carry
abdomen, stomach,
belly
lung
car
piece of broken
gourd
to groan
to divide, to separate
(twice)
moan
teach
teach
cry, weep
to look like, to
resemble
pigsty
to pick leaves
light of sun, lamp
to carry along with
Satan
stool
to add a single item
to become mature
be confident
offend s.o.
be offended
armpit
to draw water
put
who?
bag
not much, a little bit
to say
cloven hoof
onion
breathe
doorway, gate
to throw
3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.
.2.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
< A.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
< A. garlic
cf. affo

ayen
ayu
ayo
B
bapa
bapro
baprldao
pl.
pl.
pl.
eyen
ayr
ayr
n.
v.
v.
mountain, hill
die for
die
.
.
.
baprldar
n.
v.
v.
bo nua
bu
bwau
v.p.
v.
v.
father
to touch many times
open, fold out many
times (heavy object)
to touch once
to search thoroughly
to leave s.o. behind
(running etc.)
to satisfy
to be satisfied
satisfy (stomach,
emotions), convince
in argument
to whiten, to make
white
to open (book)
to make equal, to
make the same
length, to arrange
to pull, to drag
to be able to do
something
to wrestle
to touch
to move away, to
progress
to pull, drag many
times
by one's self
to encourage, to be
aware
to encourage, to be
aware
complete a task
to take care, watch
out
to look after
to comfort, to
encourage
to advance
to beat
to close a book
bau
bia
excl.
n.
how are you?

milk-fat
pl.
bapro
bapwao
baro
v.
v.
v.
bece
beco
beo
v.
v.
v.
pl.
ber
bco
v.
blao
blao
v.
v.
bleo
blo
v.
v.
blo
bro
brgwaao
v.
v.
v.
brldeo
pl.
brlder
v.
ban
be
adv.
v.
benano
v.
beneo
bce
bco
biano
pl.
pl.
pl.
bener
bcer
v.
v.
berano
v.
v.
cf.
prldao
cf. bleo
.
.
.
.
.
Greeting

bu
bsri
biu
bipi
v.
v.
v.
adv.
pl.
bwir
v.
to miscarry
to preach
vomit
for nothing, in vain,
pointlessly
to smooth the grass
on top of a thatched
house
pull with rope
drag s.t. once
to be wide
hit, beat drum once
to beg
to get something
from working, to
earn
fight, struggle
to adore, admire,
want, like
to keep quiet, remain
silent
to love, to like
pl.
ebe
n.
p.n.
n.
liver
female name
rhinoceros
v.
v.
to rot
to make things from
wood, such as stools
to clear for a road
pumpkin
axe
go down
cobra
to rot, to have
woodworm
to be too big
to anoint
to spoil s.t., to cause
to go bad
to be sad
to be angry
to be angry with s.o.
to be(come) bad
blao
pl.
blar
v.
bleeo
bleo
brano
buu
bwano
bwano
pl.
pl.
bleer
bler
pl.
pl.
buur
bwanr
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
bwao
bwao
pl.
pl.
bwar
bwar
bwaoma
bwiu
v.
v.
v.
) (.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
C
cabe (abe)
Caca
cagwa
cbro
co
co
cgulwa
cgwndwa
cnduu
cge
cpo
crleo
cwao
ci
cinano
cino
ciano
ciu
pl.
cr
pl.
cr
pl.
cndur
pl.
pl.
pl.
v.
n.
n.
v.
n.
v.
cir
v.
v.i.
v.
cirano
cir
v.
v.
v.
v.
.
/
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

com
coa
copo
copo
conj.
v.
v.
v.
coro
cum
cwaao
v.
conj.
v.t.
pl.
cwaar
cwao
cwaro
pl.
cwar
v.
v.
cwaro
cwri
pl.
pl.
cwarr
cwrir
v.
v.
also
to starve
to catch (bus)
to follow s.o. in
order to catch them
to poke down a hole
also
to anoint s.t., to put a
salve on a wound
to anoint
to be tired, to be
homesick
to be tired
to make tired, to
annoy, to pester
.
.
.
-.
D.
dao
dia
dia
duno
dwao
v.
n.
n.
v.
v.
to walk beside
side of body
cow
to cough
to push
aba
aba
abacelo
n.
n.
n.
abcia
abrula
n.
n.
clouds
chaff
raising up,
promoting
lifting up
locust sp.
re
iria
yabrula
ablaa
aboa
aborwa
aborwa
abowa
abria
abuia
a
a
yablaa
pl.
pl.
ra
ra
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
small pestle
curse
riding
flying
climbing
loosing, releasing,
setting free, salvation
blessing
way
road
6
.
.
.
.
green,
solitary,
appears in
the rainy
season
.
.
.
.
.

a
affa
ageria
ageracia
agria
akajaca
ama
amaaa
amaa
ambwa
amala
amca
amla
amo
pl.
ra
yageria
yageracia
pl.
yama
pl.
rambwa
pl.
pl.
pl.
yamala
ramca
ramla
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
path
act of building
large and wide pot
rake
act of reading
adding many times
locust
helping
witness
gap remaining when
a tooth falls out
n.
n.
n.
v.
camel
arrow
thatching tool
to despise, to
overcome, to defeat
dignity
boasting
to despise, to
overcome, to defeat
coming together,
meeting, reunion,
catching hold of one
another in wrestling
biting
ewe
accepting
accepting s.t.
chameleon
to go up
holding
friend
crying
rope
moaning
teaching
carrying
increasing
causing s.o. else to
commit an offence
having a character
flaw
to rub, make fore by
rubbing sticks
amia
aminia
amo
n.
n.
v.
andia
n.
andua
aala
ania
ania
agurri
ao
apa
appa
ara
ara
arnia
arraca
arrpa
ajaca
aacia
n.
n.
v. n.
v.n.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
pl.
yaala
pl.
pl.
yagurri
ar
rappa
yara
aeinia
n.
ao
v.
.
.
.
.
.
.
plural means
gap left
when more
than one
tooth falls
out
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

aai
auaralo
aya
ayia
o
ectiano
ekeia
ekeia
el
en
eia
em
eria
eria-fn
eia
eia
ee
ee
eem
baprldaia
barlda
barlda
bea
raai
pl.
rel
rem
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
bca
bl
bra
brano
brldea
ree
oe
ebarlda
ebarlda
ybl
ba
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
num.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
leaf
peace
death
dying for
to cut a rope
anger
questioning
asking many times
grave
five
asking
jaw
absence
bluntness
asking
bitterness
branch of tree
cut wood
truth
rushing together (as
people for a bus),
competing to be first
in a race
stream
river
satisfaction
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
whiteness
bird sp
wind, breeze, air
width
dragging many
objects
n.
blaa
blea
n.
n.
skill, ability in stickfighting, war, team

sports
animal-trap weighted
with a large, flat
stone
calming
dragging
bleea
bre
borrwa
ebre
oborrwa
n.
n.
n.
pulling with rope

split bamboo, bow
tree sp.
obrwa
n.
n.
hitting
branch of doleib
bi
buwa
brwa
rbi
pl.
n.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.
.

bwa
bwaa
bwaco
obwaa
n.
n.
palm
love
tree sp
rbwaco
n.
groin
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
begging
gaining
war, fighting
lust, sexual love,
desire
cloud, spun cotton,
thread
love
tree sp
bwana
bwana
bwaia
bwaia
dbwua
pl.
ibwua
bwia
n.
bwun
ubwun
n.
ca
rca
n.
beer-filter
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
woodworking
going down
badness
anger
anointing
tiredness
tiring
fatness
righteousness
shoulder
existing
clearing the farm
tree sp.
gakbalo
gakiia
n.
n.
lying
opening many times
gakonda
gakondia
gmbllia
egmbllia
n.
n.
n.
looking for
searching about
top back tooth
gwanda
rgwanda
n.
bridge of nose
gwanda
rgwanda
n.
valley between two

hills
approaching
approaching s.t.
catching up
planting
opposition to
breaking
lightening
opposition
jealous
ca
cnduwa
cia
ciano
cwaa
cwara
cwria
wa
rwaa
dwa
fea
fra
fia
joma
jomaa
jopa
kaa
keia
kera
kerria siano
keya
keyaa
pl.
pl.
rwa
rfia
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-.
.
.
.
. Acacia sp. A.
hrz
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.

kbalo
kbia-alo
kiia
l
lacia
lala
lala
lata
ldayria
ldwara
pl.
pl.
oldayria
n.
n.
lying
lying to
opening
horn
spoon
1) floating
2) making the frame
of the hut
making pots
tree sp
oldwara
n.
tree sp
n.
birth
rl
rlacia
lnia
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
lwldairi
ulwldairi
n.
tree sp.
lwndr
ulwndr
n.
tree sp.
rma
rman
n.
n.
n.
n.
marriage
foot
?
branch of the doleib
palm
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
n.
adv.
adv.
squirrel ?
destruction
blackness
manifestation
acting
life
sesame granary
1) coldness
2) calm
sickness
adult
ox
story
gift
tasting many times
tasting
being obedient
1) listening
2) obeying
obedience, listening
to rain
sweetness
now
now exactly
ma
man
mano
mbrwa
mlin
mndania
mnwa
maa
mrninia
mia
mnia
molwa
molwa
mwa
mwaca
mwae
mwnia
naica
nanaa
naa
neinia
nna
nna
nnaa
no
la
ii
iiia
pl.
pl.
ombrwa
imlin
pl.
pl.
rmnia
rmwaica
ymwae
10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
pl. means
place where
doleib palm
is found
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

iu
iu
u
pl.
ir
v.
v.
v.
wa
pl.
rwa
n.
la
la
ra
ranano
or
pia
pl.
r
ela
rela
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
prldaia
peini
pia
pl.
pl.
pl.
yor
ipeini
rpia
pua
pundri
pundri
pwiia
ra
ramuwa
rajala
rarraa
rarrawa
n.
n.
n.
n.
pl.
pl.
upundri
upundri
yra
n.
n.
n.
n.
beating, striking,
hitting, whipping
boat, ship
wood, plank
fold
melon vine
rarrea
n.
raa
n.
drunkenness
stone wall
crawling
removing many
times
cleaning with
something
passing under
raa
rawa
reialo
rjaca
rnaaralo
r
ria
rldaaalo
rldaa
rldia
rldia
rma
rmaia
rmbegwa
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
clearing the farm

removing once
turning round
pouring
patience
small field
hair
trampling underfoot
pressing with foot
root
fruit-bearing
beating with a stone
arriving
lyre
erajala
yr
iria
urldia
ermbegwa
n.
n.
n.
n.
1) respect
2) be afraid of
to be afraid of, to
respect
wilderness, bush,
forest
arm, hand
tongue
flame
goodness
happiness
elephant
fighting individually,
with hands or sticks
rushing together
tin, iron
top of the head,
crown of the head
11
.
.
.
-.
.
.
.
.
.

.
- .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

rmia
rmjinia
n.
n.
rmowa
n.
rna
ro
rraiia
rraalo
rreiiaen
rrenia
rrnu
rro
rtol
blindness
making shoes from
leather
.

.
noticing, monitoring, _
keeping a lookout for .
erna
n.
leather, skin
pl.
rrnr
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
to care for a baby

assembly
crawling
agreement, covenant
redemption
nurse, to be
pl.
rrr
ortol
v.
n.
to look after a baby

tree sp
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
dancing
to stop
dung, manure
cooking food
gushing of water
staying
sitting down
tree sp.
ria
ru
rwa
rwaa
rwaaa
aa
irwa
.
.
,.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
aalo
bwa
obwa
n.
n.
fia
rfia
n.
tree sp.
killing
finishing, fulfilment
being capable
bearing
endurance
killing
tree sp
.
.
.
.
.
.
oal
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
iia
rua
rwa
n.
n.
n.
rwanda
owandal
n.
n.
palm leaf
ardeb fruit
flesh behind the
shoulder
small rocky hill
tree sp
n.
n.
n.
p.n.
capable
eating, food, meal
giving pain
Lord's supper
.
,.
,.
.
n.
looking
a
aaa
aeinia
aa
aa-en
ia
al
ia
ua
wa
wanda
wandal
waaia
sa
sa
saa
nrbesa
seiia
pl.
12
esp. in
reference to
herding

sia
n.
skiia
ta
tagare
tatrnia
teta
tria
tmni
tia
tia
tia
toa
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
feeding, watching,
taking cows out to
pasture
formerly worn by
women to cover the
genitals
accusation
being little
humility
covering
following
cover
to be without
cleaning
holiness
decreasing
resurrection
tuia
n.
awakening
tuia
n.
arising
tuia
n.
establishing
aa
ba
baa
biano
oaa
una
uria
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
being abandoned
cutting
cutting s.t.
chopping s.t. in two
making, arranging
cough
waiting, praying
wia
wa
waialo
waria
warinia
weo
wo
wer
wr
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.n.
v.
pl.
yffia
v.
a.
n.
losing
buffalo
shining
writing
dictation
being fat
to charge with horns
(rhino, buffalo etc.)
to be fat
light in weight
lion
pl.
ypldua
n.
n.
n.
male agama lizard

moaning
confidence
sia
wo
bia
ffia
pldua
rcnelo
niaano
isia
yewa
pl.
pl.
n.
13
,.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
bia pl.
ybia
dialect forms

i
uria
i
iia
il (l)
iliia
ia
irldia
pl.
pl.
ri
yuria
ri
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
n.
irwano
iia
n.
n.
obano
obla
oblano
obr
oaca
ofa
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
wound, abscess
camel
thorn
doing, making
manure, dung
buying
to be afraid
walking alongside a
weaker person or a
domestic animal,
instructing s.o.
sadness
falling, dropping,
getting green (tree)
.
-.
.
.
.
--
.
.
.
.
n.
softness
shortness in height
shortness in distance
eagle
blowing on (fire)
s.o. not skilled in
fighting
repeating
yol
n.
rat sp
ola
olano
om
rom
n.
n.
n.
bending over
hunchback
small stream
oma
yoma
n.
rat sp
rogoma
ropa
yoperria
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
nostril
star
sword
meeting at
meeting
tree sp
.
.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
redness
root of doleib palm
red-necked cobra
giving back
repeating
coming again
revising
returning
action of curving
growth
whip made of palm
leaves
yobr
okobaceen
ol
ogoma
opa
operria
opaiia
opia
ora
oria
oa
oar
obaca
obaca-een
obaaobaa-nano
obia
owiano
ora
owa
pl.
pl.
pl.
ora
pl.
pl.
pl.
roa
yoar
rowa
14
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

owrr
yowrr
n.
spring
u
u
ubwa
ru
yu
n.
n.
n.
heart
intestine
smoke, heat
n.
n.
n.
milking
giraffe
wild yam found in
the bush
arithmetic, maths
counting
calling, invitation
blowing
diarrhoea
pointing, aiming
ua
ul
uma
pl.
yul
ruma
umaaa
umaa
undia
ura
ura
urjacia
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
urndia
n.
urri
ubiia
a.
n.
ua
unia
uonu
ui
wala
wala
wala
walano
wale
wana
n.
n.
v.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
wana
waa
waa-fn
waria
warenia
wasa
pl.
rwala
ywale
pl.
ywarenia
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
calling, inviting
many times
exactly
answering, giving
back
crossing
circumcision
to work
to breast-feed
iron nail
length, s.t. long
wealth, animal
distance
green bird sp.
sorrow, worry,
excitement
harvest
increasing
sharpness
cursing
desert rat sp.
washing cleaning
waa
wao
wao
wao
pl.
pl.
ywaa
ywao
n.
n.
v.
v.
we
pl.
rwe
n.
cock
agama lizard
to send
to make s.t. from
iron
female pudenda
n.
desiring, wanting,
wonaa
15
T. dialect
form
-.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
M. dialect
form
--

wondaiia
wondaa
woro
yworo
n.
n.
n.
woa
n.
wura
wuraa
n.
n.
believing, faith
staring
staring at s.t.
spring
.
.
.
selection, picking
out, choosing
digging, burying
burying
.
.
E.
ebai
ebalaa
ebalaa
pl.
pl.
pl.
lbai
nbalaa
nbalaa
n.
n.
n.
slave
razor
insect sp. living in
water
ebamba
ebambia
ebagen
ebar
ebaen
eba
eblda
ebia
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
nbamba
nbambia
lbagen
nbar
nbaen
nba
nblda
nbia
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
drum
skull
her husband
tree sp
receding hairline
tree sp
cat
door from doleib
palm
ebwartwa
ea
ea glata
pl.
pl.
pl.
lbwarwa
lea
lea llata
n.
n.
n.
eapa
pl.
napa
n.
blacksmith
person
man who makes
pots, potter
nail, claw
ee
ee
egworb
ekelco
ekeo
pl.
pl.
ere
elworb
pl.
eker
v.
conj.
pp.
v.
v.
ekeo
pl.
eker
v.
ela
elaldabwa
eldia
elco
pl.
pl.
pl.
elar
nlaldabwa
nldia
v.
n.
n.
v.
el
ela
elo
pl.
pl.
nl
nla
n.
n.
prep.
to make green
alongside
amongst
to dry many times
to keep on asking, to
ask many times
to ask from many
people
to come
tree sp
wing
to dry in the sun, to
air bedclothes
chief, ruler, king
singer
above
16
-
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
-.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
follows noun

emaen
embre
pl.
pl.
lmaen
nmbre
n.
n.
emra
endo
ere
ere
ereia
pl.
nmra
pl.
pl.
ndre
ndreia
n.
v.
num.
n.
n.
erel
erena
erldo
ero
pl.
pl.
ndrel
ndrena
pl.
err
n.
n.
v.
v.
age-mate
quoin, ring woven of
palm leaves for
carrying pots on the
head
horse
to pull off a wall
ten
shirt
clapping
.
.
side of face
cloth, garment
to walk
to have nothing, to
not have
yesterday
afternoon, evening
to have
house
roof of mouth
.
.
errega
erregano
ero
ea
eada
pl.
pl.
pl.
err
nea
neada
a.
n.
v.
n.
n.
ee
pl.
ne
n.
ebo
eo
eo
eiano
pl.
pl.
pl.
ebr
er
er
v.
v.
v.
v.
eta
etam
eta
ea
eenia
ewa
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
nta
ntam
lta
na
lenia
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
doleib palm,
coconut
to have fellowship
to ask a question
to ask from s.o.
to be bent, to be
untrustworthy
rock
neck
wilful disobedience
lake
man, father
cold
v.
v.
v.
n.
v.
v.
n.
to cure
to save
to economise
breast of woman
to read, learn
boast
feast
_.
.
.
.
.
.
M/L dialect
form
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
bru
bru
ri
u
gri
llnu
mia
pl.
iu
pl.
nmia
17
< ere, as
clapping
implies ten
fingers
.
.

mu
mwa
ndu
ndjecu
ndu
nduu
ntu
nia
nu
pwa
pl.
pl.
pl.
lmu
lmwa
nnia
pwa
rnu
p.n.
p.n.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
n.
v.
n.
Arab
Arab people
to catch, to close a
wound
to resist
to catch, believe
to bite
to enter
ear
to appear
fighting with sticks
n.
v.
war
to name
.
.
.
/
.
.
1.
.2.
rnu
v.
to groan
1.
.2.
rrua
rrua
pl.
pl.
nrrua
nrrua
n.
n.
1 leather
2 bag
1.
pl.
pl.
nia
nia
ntria
nndi
n.
n.
n.
n.
floor
madman
gum (of mouth)
bank, edge
.2.
.
.
.

, .
pl.
pl.
na
ea
n.
n.
hut, room
meat
, .
.
feo
fndo
fro
fau
fia
pl.
pl.
pl.
fer
fndr
frr
v.
v.
v.
int.
excl.
be, exist
to break
to clear the farm
how?
it is so
.
.
.
.
.
fiiu
fiu
fo
pl.
pl.
pl.
v.t.
v.
v.
to find s.t.
find
exist
.
.
.
ia
ia
tria
ndi
pl.
.
lna
ra
F.
fiir
fir
fr
18
Response to
fau?

G.
gabape
a.
slight, minor,
transparent, bearable
gaber
gabco
gaba
gabano
gabo
gabrano
gabuni
gabwano
gabwau
gacagian
o
gaciano
neg.
a.
a.
a.
v.t.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
not
white
heroic, brave
solid, hard, difficult
accompany s.o.
wide
accursed
lazy
warm
zigzag, like a snake
trail
angry
gacfa
a.
gacwanu
gacwaro
gacwrinu
gaia
gaialo
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
garwau
gawo
gafalo
gafelo
gafla
gafra
gafo
gafo wa
gageo
gakbalo
gakriano
gakjeni
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
v.
adv.
v.t.
v.
a.
v.i.
gakiu
gakondo
gakondo
gala
galatnu
galau
a.
pl.
gakbralo
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
gakir
gakondr
gakondr
nala
v.
v.
v.
n.
v.
fresh (milk),
unleavened,
unfermented
anointed
tired
being tired
afraid, fearful of s.t.
afraid, fearful,
frightened
straight
fat
low
high
sour (milk)
damp
to live, stay
almost
to be against
lie many times
angry
be abundant, be
numerous
open many times
search in
look for
bead, large rock
made to be (pots)
pron.
his
19
.
.
.
.
-.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
T. dialect
form

gamano
game
gamenano
gamwano
gamnwa
gamte
gamtiano
gamolo
gamolo
gamulu
ganu
gano
gala
gara
garanano
garaayo
garaorrwa
gaginu
gapa
gapunano
gapiano
gapuldano
garamuu
garmiano
garno
garram
garrpelo
garwau
gaiano
gawaaio
gawaao
gawao
gaaw
gao
gao ia
gaowandr
gaorra
gaso
gata
gataa
gate
gato
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
pron.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
v.i.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
?.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
v.i.
a.
a.
v.
a.
a.
a.
v.i.
a.
a.
a.
a.
huge, big
good
happy
narrow
black
soft
steep
calm, peaceful,
tranquil
cold
1.
not yet
he
like
sweet
good
happy
beautiful
generous
to be allowed
thin (like paper)
twisted, crooked
empty
hollow
drunk
dense, dark, opaque
according as
old
undulating
thin
active
flat to be
be capable, be able
equal
wet
be
to be mad
rocky
male
to ache
little, small, young
dirty
holy, clean
round
20
1.
.2.
.2.
.
-.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

gee
geicia
geicano
geicianano
geiciaaiyo
geiciliano
gero
gero
gero fn
gero mano
gero o
gee
geiano
gbi
gbia
gbia
gbia ilio
galo
gni
gpi
g
a.
a.
v.i.
a.
a.
a.
v.
a.
v.
v.
v.p.
a.
a.
v.t.
a.
a.
a.
v.i.
v.
v.t.
pp.
green
bad, rough
to be annoyed
sad
ugly
expensive
harvest
not be, be absent
blunt, to be
powerless
to be slow
bitter
withdrawn
to annoy
not heavy
weak
cheap
to be afraid
present
to be alright
of
gbana
gnen
gn
gri
grto
gjan
gii
gi
gou
ginia
giruwano
giiano
gobano
v.
a.
a.
n.
a.
num.
v.a.
n.
v.t.
a.
a.
a.
a.
better to be
one by one
a, any
trough
changeable
two
will
large field
to accomplish s.t.
heavy
discouraged
foolish
soft, smooth, easy
pl.
pl.
pl.
lmn
ndri
ni
gobla
goblano
gofa
a.
a.
a.
gofano
goliano
gonto
gore
goriano
gowano
a.
a.
num.
a.
a.
a.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.2 .
short (height)
.
short (distance)
.
incapable of fighting, .
easily defeated
soft, smooth, easy
deep
one
red
orange
bent
21
cf. dr
M. dialect
T. dialect
.
.
.

gora
gubwa
guu
gunto
guinu
gwaa
a.
a.
a.
adv.
a.
a.
gwaa fn
gwaa
mano
gwaa wa
gwaa siano
a.
a.
a.
a.
gwaya
gwayasi
gwala
gwalano
gwono
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
big, old
hot
dry
on ones own, alone
fenced
abundant, many,
much
sharp
powerful
fast
indecisive,
vacillating
hard
serrated
1 tall 2 long
far
strong, difficult
.
.
.
.
I.
ibn
ibin
pl.
lbin
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
nbwaua
nbina
lia
ir
ibwaua
ibina
iia
iu
iuru
ikr
ilia
iliu
iligano
illi
imni
im
imwalwa
pl.
ilir
pl.
pl.
pl.
indi
indria
ir
iri
irwa
irwacu
irwano
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
nmni
nm
nmwalw
a
nndi
nndria
ndr
irr
irwar
irwacr
irwrano
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
prep.
a.
n.
v.
a.
conj.
n.
n.
n.
faeces
his/her brother or
sister-in-law
back of knee
shoe
son
make, do
behind
only, always
stranger
buy
between
except
tree sp
bell
bark of tree
n.
n.
n.
v.
v.
v.
v.
drum
knee
name
dry mucus
descend, go down
hang down
to be amazed, to be
22
.
-.
-.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

iria
pl.
ndria
n.
shamed
fence
irldi
irm
irti
irtu
iiano
iu
isia
ili
ilia
iwalda
pl.
irldir
pl.
pl.
ndrti
irtr
pl.
ir
nli
nlia
walk with
back upper
knife
to fall many times
foolishness, stupidity
to fall
fire
year
season, age
distant
.
.
.
.
.
.
pl.
pl.
v.
n.
n.
v.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
adv.
pl.
jacoer
n.
adv.
p.n.
n.
v.
v.
v.
begging
always
female name
cave
approach to
approach
catch up
.
.
.

)
).
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
J.
jacoe
jaca
Jaja
jo
jomao
jomo
jopo
pl.
pl.
pl.
jomar
jomr
jopr
kao
Kaka
pl.
kar
v.
n.
cultivate
name of first born
girl
kanisa
ka
karmo
keo
kero
kero
kerro
pl.
ilkanisa
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
karmr
ker
kerr
kerr
kerrr
n.
adv.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
keyao
keyo
kbalo
kbu-alo
ko
kro
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
keyar
keyer
kber-alo
kbr-alo
kor
krr
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
church
abundantly
condemn
to oppose s.o.
argue
to break
to light up, to bring
light
to be jealous
oppose
lie
lie to
sacrifice
confuse
.
.
.
.
K.
23
.
.
.
.
.
.

kiu
Koja
kir
v.
n.
open
name of the sixth
born boy or girl
Kuku
n.
name of the first

born boy
kwai kwai
Kwi
a.
p.n.
at all
name for a secondborn boy
pl.
.

.

.
.

.
L.
labia
lagwou
laya
lakim
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
abia
agwou
naya
akim
n.
n.
n.
n.
amulet/anklet ???
hornbill
pebble
hospital
lalo
lalo
pl.
pl.
lalr
lalr
v.
v.
to make roof-frame
to float
lamam
lamba
lambala
lamre
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
amam
amba
ambala
amre
n.
n.
n.
n.
dove
lamp
hut, shelter
snake sp., allowed to
live in houses
agrre
n.
crow sp.
lagrre
lar
larbapa
pl.
pl.
ar
arbapa
n.
n.
rope
old leather shoe
lawaa
laaa
pl.
pl.
awaa
aaa
n.
n.
gourd bowl
roof of mouth
laia
lao
lato
lauma
pl.
aia
pl.
pl.
latr
auma
n.
v.
v.
n.
lawa
ldigwa
ldu
lecco
leendaw
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
awa
ligwa
lu
ecco
eendaw
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
hat
to cultivate
make pot
hollow behind the
ear
mosquito
frog
frog
pig-fat, suet
bird sp
n.
peak
le
24
.
.

.
.
.

.
< A.
< A.
< E.
.

.
.
standard
form
.
.
.
.

lea
lea
lbaria
pl.
pl.
pl.
ea
ea
baria
n.
n.
n.
lbatie
lba
lbi
lbria
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
batie
ba
bi
bria
n.
n.
n.
n.
lbe
lbia
pl.
pl.
be
bwia
n.
n.
lbia
lbu
lbuwa
pl.
pl.
pl.
bia
bu
buwa
n.
n.
n.
egg
penis
fruit found in the
bush
ground
fig
upper grinding stone
womens walkingstick
ring
flower of grasses,
herbs or small plants
stair
well
round gourd
lwaya
lman
llia
lorba
lwa
lfr
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
waya
man
lia
orba
wa
fr
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
forest fruit
kidney
mosquito larva
flower of tree
wooden plank
bird sp
lfra
lgaiya
lgaa
lgopa
lgurguri
lmag
lmaar
lmblelo
lmbrwaa
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
fra
gaiya
gaa
gopa
gurguri
mag
maar
mblelo
mbrwa
a
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
lmbi
lmbwalua
lme
lmwa
lmw
lndria
la
lgergera
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
lglm
lglm
pl.
pl.
mbi
mbwalua
me
mwa
mw
ndria
ea
gerger
a
glm
glm
large stick
pebble
stirrup
bird sp
swallow sp
gourd horn
roof post
beetle (buzzing)
smooth stone used in
traditional religious
ceremonies
bark-cloth skirt
gourd dish
bear
hedgehog
flea
thigh
tooth
flower
n.
n.
writing pen
water-scorpion
lgeria
pl.
geria
n.
gourd dish
25
) ).

.
.
.
.
/.
< A.

laa
lper
lpndo
pl.
pl.
pl.
aa
per
pndo
n.
n.
n.
lpndra
lpwaia
lrni
ltagora
ltolia
ltu
ltugu
ltwa
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pndra
apwaia
rni
tagora
tolia
tu
tugu
twa
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
lmia
pl.
mia
n.
lufr
lblia
lmi
lrnia
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
ufr
blia
mi
rnia
n.
n.
n.
n.
lri
lwa
liga
lijuijuia
lobar
loba
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
ri
wa
iga
ijuijuia
obar
oba
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
loda
loa
loia
logr
logar
loman
loman
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
oda
oa
oia
ogr
ogar
oman
oman
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
loman
lomba
lomboa
lopa
loa
loa
loe
lol
lota
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
oman
omba
omboa
opa
oa
oa
oe
ol
ota
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
loor
pl.
oor
n.
sandstone
tail
bushbaby, Senegal
galago
anklet
udder
biting red ant
mane
cheek
shelter
owl
whip made from
palm leaves
ant-hill, termite
mound
bird sp
fish, small
beard, chin
red ant
leg
back
opportunity
coucal, bird sp
partridge
portion of a hunted
animal cut off at the
ankle or wrist
egret sp.
log
bone
thought
scorpion
day
times, as in three
times x
finger, toe
snake sp.
thorn
bird sp
egret
horsefly
ankle
hawk sp.
hail, now applied to
refrigerator ice
umbilical hernia
26
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.

lrndia
ltm
ltmi
pl.
pl.
pl.
rndia
tm
tmi
n.
n.
n.
lublblia
lublia
lubupwa
lufriia
luguldu
lulu
lumbolwa
lumra
lurmi
lwadia
lwaia
lwaini
lwala
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
ublblia
ublia
ubupwa
ufriia
uguldu
ulu
umbolwa
umra
urmi
pl.
pl.
waini
wala
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
lwana
pl.
wana
n.
lwandra
lware
lwaria
lwatawte
lwaia
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
wandra
ware
waria
watawte
waia
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
maje
mndo
mrninu
pl.
pl.
pl.
liji
mndr
mrninr
n.
v.
v.
mrnu
mo
miu
pl.
pl.
mrnr
mr
v.
v.
v.
bead
barren woman
termite mound,
anthill
earlobe
earlobe
duck
eyebrow
dove sp.
termite, white ant
food bowl
basket
chest
tiredness
cross
gall bladder
generic term for seed
of dura sorghum
seed of hard dura
sorghum
stone, rock
baobab seed
duodenum
neck gland
heel
M.
miu
v.
mo
mole
moleo
v.t.
v.
v.
pl.
pl.
moler
moler
man
break
to change many
times
to be changed
to be alive
to have a full udder
or breast
to take and give to
s.o. else
to take, accept
make cold
be calm
27
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

N.
na
naara
naio
nanao
nano
nawa
nao
nda
ndiano
ndo
nd
ndo
ndro
nmana
n
nuru
neo
nnu
nua
ninu
nnao
enaara
pl.
pl.
nair
nanar
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
nar
wa
ndrano
ndr
pl.
pl.
ndrr
mana/
mana
pl.
ner
pl.
nnr
pl.
ninr
nnar
pl.
conj.
n.
and
glasses
v.
v.
prep.
a.
v.
n.
v.
v.
a.
neg.
v.
n.
give, betray to
test
against, alongside
ahead
test
head
cut open
crack to
firm
no
sleep
kidney bean
?
prep.
v.
on hand
after
refuse, divorce
v.
adv.
v.
v.
obey to be
ahead
walk, search
listen to, obey to
< A.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.

..
no
nr
v.
to hear, to listen, to
obey
look, see
n.
strength
n.
small animal
n.
deceit
n.
wild ass
n.
sin
n.
locust sp
aldcalai
n.
honey
aldo
n.
third born boy
am
n.
tree sap, elastic
pl.
nwano
v.
.
aba
aca
aca
ana
afleka
afleka
aicia
aldara
aldara
28

)
).

an
aa
aala
ao
ao
apwa
armaa
milk
grass
lamb
your
armaa
n.
n.
n.
pron.
v.
n.
n.
aaka
n.
n.
bottle gum
lizard sp
arwa
ata
aabla
aabla
n.
n.
n.
glory
dirtiness
lock
ameo
ameo
n.
wild dog sp
amwaa
amwaa
n.
cat
armbega
armbeg
a
armbo
a
n.
insect sp
n.
insect sp
awa
ayo
n.
n.
water
beauty
eicia
ela
en
n.
n.
n.
sin
oil
talk, subject,
enana
enapi
ere
conj.
?
n.
because, for
no wrong (OK)
girl child
.
.

.
.
.
-.
baya
n.
slavery
a
l
n.
n.
fear
stubbornness
mwa
n.
youth
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
rabbit
respect, fear
nursing
blood
song, hymn
womanhood
authority
antelope sp
seed
power
calf
work
kid (young goat)
pl.
aa
aaka
armboa
nia
ia
rria
fni
la
ldenia
le
lia
lwa
ma
mbo
mria
mna
pl.
ar
ere
pl.
nia
pl.
lia
pl.
mbo
pl.
mna
hunting
lizard sp
29
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,.
.
.

mmia
nri
nia
o
ai
ramwa
reo
rlda
rem
rm
rmm
rmia
rra
rraa
a
ai
l
gia
wen
om
u
wata
sa
sia
ta
enia
wria
nri
pwa
ga
giu
ina
ofia
opia
orwaa
oon
owa
u
uai
u
ulu
uri
uu
pl.
nri
pl.
pl.
pl.
rer
rlda
rem
pl.
rmm
pl.
gia
sa
pl.
nri
pl.
ina
pl.
pl.
oon
owa
n.
n.
n.
a.
n.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
loc.
v.
n.
n.
boyhood
ox
dancing
speed
illness, sickness
drunkenness
be good
antelope sp
squirrel sp
darkness
animal sp
blindness
childhood
salt
urine
death
deafness,
stubbornness
donkey
lie
theft
kisra dough
speech, sentence
food
poison
insistence
manhood
composition
amulet
donkey
where
to allow
dog
?
n.
n.
n.
n.
pron.
n.
n.
pron.
n.
n.
well
hunger
squirrel
young woman, girl
he/she
sign, letters
dew
they, them
sleep
beer
30
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
/.
.
.

urwania
usu
waa
waia
wal
wlia
wucia
pl.
pl.
pl.
urwania
usu
waa
pl.
wlia
oba
nb
a
n.
obo
pl.
obr
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
small pig, piglet

chicken
he-goat
saliva
crying, sound
hyena
sauce
.
.
O.
obo nano
obwana
oca
pl.
oaco
oe
ol
oal
oeiya
okobac-een
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
obr nano
nca
oacr
ne
nl
nal
noeiya
okobacr
een
ole
wate
r
snail
v.
1 flee 2 grow 3
flow of water
1. 2
.3.
.
.
v.
n.
n.
find
ash
small milk gourd
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
blow to (fire)
antelope sp
fox
tortoise
tree sp
repeat
.
.
.
n.
word, language,
talking
bend
lie down
big gourd for milk
leopard, 'tiger'
snail
centipede
shoulder
fish
afterbirth
rat-trap
Moro people
desire, want
to stare
to stare at
leather cover hand
on stick
--.
olano
olo
olwa
oman
omaa
omata
ombia
ome
omca
omma
Omwar
onao
ondaio
ondao
ondwa
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
olrano
olr
nlwa
nmwan
nmwaa
nmwata
nmbia
lme
nmca
nmma
Lmwar
onar
ondair
ondar
nondwa
v.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
p.n.
v.
v.
v.
n.
one
opaio
pl.
pl.
nwe
opair
n.
v.
basket of seeds
to meet at
31
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-.
.
.

.
.
.

opo
opo
opo
oralo
orcl
oren
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
opr
lpo
opr
lorldalo
norcl
lorlden
v.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
orba
orpwa
orn
oana
obaco
obaco een
pl.
pl.
lorba
ndrpwa
pl.
pl.
pl.
n.
n.
conj.
n.
v.
v.i.
to meet
old woman
defend
your brother
poisonous tree
his/her brother or
sister
his brother/sister
porch
but, afterward
upper arm
give back
answer, repeat
obanano
obao
obel
obo
ora
oia
owano
owe-ano
oopara
ora
ore
oreo
oelia
ombo
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
v.
v.
n.
v.
n.
n.
v.
v.
n.
v.
v.
v.
n.
n.
revise
go back, return
monkey
return
white rock
hoe
curve
make curve
peanut shell
grow
grow to be
be grow
spider
ostrich
.
-.
.
.
n.
molokhiya, leaves
used to make sauce
room
fight with stick
cut wood with an axe
?
noana
obacr
obacr
een
obarnano
obar
ndbel
obr
nra
noia
owrano
owerano
nopara
orar
orer
orer
nelia
nmbo
.
.
.
.
/.
.
-.
.
.
-.
.
.
.
.
-.
.
P.
palwa
pia
pu
pu - oe-ano
pu-worea
pl.
pl.
pl.
plao
plalo
plelo
plelo
pnde
prldao
pl.
pr
pr - ano
pr-wore
a
plar
prldar
n.
v.
v.
v.
v.
pp.
pp.
adv.
time.
v.
to open a light object

once
below
above, high up
loudly
in the past
break open once
32
.
.
.
.
cf.
baprldao
.
-.
.
.
cf.
.
baprlda
o
plalo
plelo
pre
pu
pl.
pwiu
pl.
pr
prep.
adv.
a.
v.
under
above
all
to beat, to whip
many times
.
- .
pwir
v.
fold
early
be drunk
quickly
crawl
crawl
gather and remove
.
.
.
.
.
)( .
.
.
R.
ram
ramu
ramram
rarraalo
rarrao
rarrawo
pl.
ramur
pl.
pl.
pl.
rarrar-alo
rarrar
rarrawr
adv.
v.
a.
v.
v.
v.
rarreo
rao
pl.
pl.
rarrer
rar
v.
v.
rato
pl.
rar
v.
clean with
to pass under, to
crawl
clear of old stalks
raai
rawo
sg
pl.
aai
rawr
n.
v.
leaves
gather and remove
ria lui
n.
fruit
v.
v.
turn behind, round

chop down
ria gui
.
.
)( .
reialo
reo
pl.
pl.
rer-alo
rer
reo
pl.
rer
return
1. .2
reo
pl.
rer
turn over
rjaco
rldo
rmao
rme
rmjinu
pl.
pl.
pl.
rjacr
rldr
rmar
.3 .
.
.
.
pl.
rmoo
pl.
Rmwa
rmwa
rmwa raso
pl.
rmjinr
v.
v.
v.
n.
v.
pour water
give fruit
arrive
rib
make shoes with
leather
rmor
v.
beware - keep
imwa
n.
n.
God
gods, snake
v.
lightning
33
.
1.

.
.
.
- .
.
pl. = many
people
beating
many times

ro
rldaao - alo
rldao
rldo
rmu
rmo
ro
rraio
rraalo
rreo
rreu en
rtweo
rwao
rwaao
rwai-alo
rwao
rwao-alo
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
rtr
rldaar-alo
rldar
oo (eo)
rmr
rmr
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
rrair
rraralo
rrer
rrer en
rtwer
rwar
rwaar
rwair-alo
rwar
rwar-alo
pl.
pl.
v.
v.
v.
n.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.i.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
dance
press with foot to
press with foot
goat
be blind
beat with stone
to kick, to spear
assemble
crawl
clean with finger
agree
change to
cook food
?
to stop something
stand hymn
stand firm
.
.
.
.
.
.
v.
v.
n.
a.
v.
v.
v.t.
v.
v.
v.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
n.
v.
n.
v.t.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
sit down
stay
doleib palm fruit
individual
sacrifice
finish to, fulfil
to add
bear
endure
fight
kill
pangolin ?
wild cat sp
forearm, steppe
kind of stick
be able
water pot
to be
seed of a fruit
to advise
molar tooth
large needle
herd of cattle
cucumber
tree sp
bamboo
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
aalo
ao
e
eteto
o
aao
jaco
ao
ao-en
o
o
ra
ragga
re
wa
waao
ia
o
raba
rawao
rel
relde
rm
ri
ria
rldwa
pl.
pl.
ar-alo
ar
e
pl.
pl.
r
aar
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
ar
ar-en
r
r
ra
agga
re
wa
waar
ia
pl.
pl.
raba
pl.
pl.
pl.
orel
rlde
rm
ri
ria
rldwa
34
.
.
,.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CHECK!

roia
rowa
rumma
rua
ruwa
rwa
rwaga
rwania
rwe
we
weda
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
roia
rowa
rumma
rua
ruwa
rwa
rwaga
rwania
rwe
we
oweda
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
coccyx
charcoal
ram
cow dung, manure
testicles
monkey sp
lymph node
fruit sp
arm (lower)
ankle
sesame, simsim
pl.
pl.
seicr
seir
v.
v.
v.t.
n.
n.
n.
v.
v.
n.
look at
look
to accuse
eye
fire
face
eat, harm
feed, watch
market
always
make dirty
to cover many
decrease
clean
follow
to cover
all
again
to prevent
to clean
to be clean
cow
awake, arise
establish
erase
raise up, start, wake,
stand
transfer divorcee
.
.
S.
seicu
seiu
sku
si
sia
siano
so
su
suk
pl.
pl.
sr
sir
isuk
.
.
.
.
.
,.
,.
.
< A.
T.
talda
tae
tatru
te
teo
teo
tru
tmtm
t
tro
te
teo
tia
tui
tui
twao
twoo
twoo
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
tatru
ter
ter
ter
trr
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
ter
ter
iria
tuir
tuir
twar
twor
adv.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
a.
adv.
v.
v.
v.
n.
v.
v.
v.
v.
pl.
twor
v.
35
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
also dia
.
..
.
.
- -.


(woman separated
from her husband)
un.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
n.
that
abandon
cut the
chop to
cut
to lose
make, arrange
to drink
to cough
wait, pray
fourth-born child
.
.
.
.
.
parlong
near
lose
T.
a
ao
bao
biano
bo
o
oao
u
unu
uru
uu
wana
wa
we
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
ar
br
brano
br
pl.
oar
pl.
pl.
unr
urr
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
pl.
wer
a.
a.
v.
pl.
pl.
nubwa
nubwa
n.
n.
1 moon
2 month
n.
February
.2 1..
.
n.
May
n.
April
n.
October
n.
July
n.
August
n.
June
n.
n.
March
December
.
.
n.
January
U.
ubwa
ubwa
ubwa
g'akia
ubwa
g'croma
ubwa
g'fra
ubwa
g'pa
ubwa g'al
1
ubwa g'al
2
ubwa
g'waa
ubwa g'oa
ubwa
g'wana 1
ubwa
g'wana 2
36

ubwa
g'woa
ubwa-g'raa
ubwaia
ua
pl.
upi
n.
November
April
shoulder
worm
nubwaia
lwa
n.
n.
n.
ndpi
n.
tree sp
to get milk
dry, blow with
mouth
uncle
his/her uncle
breath
all night
night
count
store
fish-spear
other wife
ant
shellfish
boy
to invite, to call
waist
father/mother-in-law
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
uu
uu
pl.
pl.
ur
ur
v.
v.
uurba
uwren
ufua
ulgl
ulgi
umaau
umni
umi
umrin
uma
umia
ummia
undu
undr
unwa
pl.
pl.
lurba
lwrlden
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
umaar
numni
numi
lmurin
numa
nmia
lmmia
undr
nundr
lnwa
n.
n.
n.
a.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
n.
n.
urau
pl.
urar
v.
bury in, make a

shelter
uria
uru
urjacu
uri
uria
urldl
urndu
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
nduria
urr
urjacr
rwi
ndria
lurldl
urndr
n.
v.
v.
n.
n.
n.
v.
uru
uru
ue
ubiu
uu
ufia
ul
ui
ui
ui
uia
uu
pl.
urr
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
ue
ubir
ur
ndfia
ndl
nui
uir
uir
ndia
ur
v.
v.
n.
v.
v.
n.
n.
n.
v.
v.
n.
v.
antelope sp
to have diarrhoea
to point, aim
mouse
chain
our brother
call, invite (many
times)
dig, bury
blow wind
ankle
answer to, give back
circumcise, cross the
bird
deaf man
tree
make fence
cut to be
fowl
burn
37
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

uu
usil
usila
usila geicia
Usila Gte
ua
ura
ui
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
ur
nusil
nusila
nusila neicia
pl.
pl.
pl.
wao
waialo
wao
wagalo
wage
wagero
wai
wala
wala gnsi
walla
wande
wano
wae
wagalo
wara
waro
waro
waro
warra
wasen
waso
wao
wao
weiya
cut from a rope

shade
spirit
evil spirit
Holy Spirit
wall
pig
old man
nwa
lrwa
lwi
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
pl.
pl.
pl.
war
waer-alo
war
v.
v.
v.
build with grass

shine
sow, stab
.
.

.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
lage lalo
lage
lagelero
lai
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
pl.
wanr
waer
laglalo
nwara
warr
laro
warr
nwarra
lwasen
wasr
war
war
nweiya
n.
n.
neg.
n.
n.
n.
conj.
int.
v.
v.
n.
n.
v.
n.
v.
n.
n.
v.
v.
v.
n.
animal?
thing
nothing
fly, bee
woof
eyelashes
or
what?
harvest
increase
animal
tree sp
curse
hen
curse
cattle camp
his wife
wash, clean
to sew
to set grass on fire
waist
excl.
exclamation
v.
v.
n.
n.
write
select pick up
red ochre
woman/ human
being
.
.
.
.
.
W.
wi
wru
woo
woya
wuji
pl.
pl.
wrr
wor
pl.
liji
38
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
/ .
39

A Dictionary of The Moro Language

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A Dictionary of The Moro Language

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A dictionary of the Moro language

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

2.1 Dialects and nomenclature ............................................................................................................................ i

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

2.2 Location and settlements

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

2.4 Moro culture and history

2.5 Previous literature

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

these plurals also

wuji pl. liji woman

Table 7. Suppletive plurals in Moro

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

< Ar. adam?

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

name, call, bring

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

how are you?

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

skill, ability in stickfighting, war, team

pulling with rope

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

valley between two

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

clearing the farm

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

to care for a baby

to look after a baby

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

male agama lizard

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

name of the first

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

third born boy

tree sap, elastic

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

small pig, piglet

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

to open a light object

R.M. Blench Moro Wordlist Circulated for comment

turn behind, round