Origin : floral diversity A quarter million flowering plants prove its civilization while plants biologist have proposed

a Genetic model that fulfilled the floral form Introduction The ABC model of flower development in angiosperms was formulated by Enrico Coen and Elliot Meyerowitz in 1991. This model is built on the observation of mutants with defects in floral organ development. The ABC model summarizes how the presence or absence of different classes oftranscription factors in the different parts of the flower regulates the development of floral organs. Two key observations have led to the ABC model. First, the discovery of homeotic mutations in which one organ develops in a location normally occupied by a different organ. Wild roses, for example, have only five petals but many stamens. Garden roses have a homeotic gene that causes some of the potential stamens to develop into petals instead. Second, each of the genes that affect the identity of organs in flowers has an effect on two groups of flower organs, affecting petals and sepals or affecting petals and stamens. Point 1 Flowering plants categorized in angiosperms plant meanings that its consist carpel and seed. Flowers have some criteria , vary in size, shape, texture, form and longevity that make animal senses to them like colorful petals, sweet perfumes, and delicate shapes. About shape, Flowers may be radially or bilaterally symmetrical, tubular in form or dish-shaped. Flowers will have some organs like petal, pistils and stamens. Each kind of organ, moreover, may be fused or separate, standard issue or tricked out to entice a specific pollinator. Petals may be variations like fringed, spiky, or spurred stamens may be stiff and droopy. Meristems are made up of four concentric circular regions, or whorls; each whorl develops into one kind of flower organ. The outer whorl becomes the sepals. The next whorl in becomes the petals. The two innermost whorls become the reproductive organs: the male stamens, which make pollen, then the female carpels, which enclose egg-containing ovules, at the flowers center. Point 2 From jurnal, the writer said floral organ identity genes are therefore divided into three classes, depending on which organs they affect. Mutations in class A genes affect sepals and petals. Mutations in class B genes affect petals and stamens, while those in class C affect stamens and carpels. All three classes of genes arehomeotic genes, which are translated into proteins. Each protein coded by these genes contains a MADS-box region that allows the protein to bind toDNA and to function as a regulator in DNA transcription. It is believed that

these genes are master controlling genes, regulating the action of other genes that will control organ development. The ABC model proposes that class A genes alone are responsible for the development of sepals, but act together with class B genes to effect petal development. Class C genes alone are responsible for initiating the development of carpels, but act together with class B genes to determine the development of stamens. Support for a dual gene interaction with class B genes comes from the nature of class B mutants. A defective B gene leads to the absence of petals and stamens; in their places develop additional sepals and carpels. Similar organ replacement occurs when other classes of genes undergo mutation. Point 3 Classical 'ABC model' into a new 'ABCDE model' to explain properly the regulation of floral organ identity. The writer said, new genes were discovered that are necessary for flower organs to form, but that have a different function than A, B, or C genes. Three closely related genes (called SEPALLATA) in arabidopsis that were needed for petals, stamens, and carpels to form. Without the SEPALLATA genes, sepals grow in all four flower whorls. The new function E gene join A, B, and C genes as the categorize gene responsible for forming the inner three flower whorls. The A, B, C, and E genes, for instance, have all undergone multiple duplications. Since these genes are transcription factors that turn molecular cascades on and off, their duplications may have been particularly important in the evolution of new flower forms.

Conclusion The expression of A genes induces the development of sepals. The expression of B genes together with A genes induces the development of petals. The expression of B genes together with C genes induces the development of stamens. The expression of C genes induces the development of carpels.