Natural Vegetation and Wild Life 1 marks questions Q 1 What does the word "forest" denote?

A group of trees grown in a particular place or in a region, without the help of mankind is called forest. Q 2 Mention the two factors on which the growth of vegetation mostly depends? The two factors on which the growth of vegetation mostly depends on are : 1. Temperature 2.Rainfall Q 3 Name the two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forests. Rosewood and Mahogany are the two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forests. Q 4 In which part of the world, the tropical deciduous forests are found? They are found in India, North Australia and Central America. Q 5 In which climatic conditions, citrus fruits are cultivated? Hot dry summer and rainy mild winter. Q 6 In which part of the world seasonal grassland is found? Mid latitude and the interior parts of the continents are the parts where most of the grasslands are found. Q 7 What is meant by conservation? Conservation is the preservation, protection and effective use of the natural resources. Q 8 Which regions are also known as the Orchards of the world? The Mediterranean regions are known as the Orchard of the World. Q 9 Where in India do tropical evergreen forests occur? The main areas of tropical evergreen forestfound inIndia are: Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. Q 10 Name the main trees of tropical deciduous forests? The main trees ofdeciduous forests are:teak, sal, shisham, neem. Q 11 Name 2 factors responsible for scanty vegetation in desert area.

The desert area has scanty vegetation due to: 1) Scanty rainfall 2) Scorching heat. Q 12 Why do animals in tundra region have thick fur and skin? Tundra region is a very cold area. The animals have thick fur or skin to protect themselves from extreme temperature conditions. 2 marks questions Q 13 Mention the use of coniferous forests. These types of forests are commonly used in making match boxes, making pulp, making news print papersetc. As, theyhave soft wood and they are not used in the timber industries in general. Q 14 Mention the two major human activities which are responsible for degradation of bio-diversity in different parts of the world? The major cause for degradation ofbio-diversity by human activities is the urbanization and industrialization. These are the two major activities which are causing large scale degradation of biodiversity. Q 15 Match the following with the code given below: Column A A. Tropical Evergreen Forest Column B (i) Composed of rich mix of grasses and forbs

B. Tropical Deciduous Forest

(ii) They comprise both hard and soft wood trees.

C. Temperate grassland

(iii) They are also called tropical rainforest.

D. Temperate Deciduous Forest

(iv) They are the monsoon forests, which are found in the large part of India, Northern Australia and in Central America.

A - (iii),B - (iv),C - (i),D - (ii) Q 16 Define virgin vegetation. The area of natural vegetation which has not been exploited or interfered by humans till date are known as areas of virgin vegetation. Q 17 Name the 2 adaptations of Mediterranean trees that help them in summers. Mediterranean trees adapt themselves to dry summers with the help of their thick barks and wax coated leaves, which help them to reduce transpiration. Q 18 Grasses grow in regions where the rainfall is not sufficient for the growth of most other plants. Why? In the regions of low precipitation, the main vegetation are consists only of grasses. The deep and extensive root system of grass is able to absorb water from soil even in dry months. The thin blades of grass conserve water by reducing transpiration. Q 19 Name some of the animals found in tundra vegetation. The main animals of tundra vegetation are: Polar bear, Arctic owl, musk-oxen, seal, walruses and foxes. Q 20 Why do monsoon forests give a barren look? Monsoon forest of India is also called deciduous forest, which have same variety of species. All the trees have same time period for shedding their leaves. In a year during a particular time, the trees shed their leaves. So, the branches become bare and the forest looks barren. Q 21 What is the other name for coniferous forest? Name the main trees of this forest. The other name for coniferous forest is Taiga. The main trees of this forest are: chir, pine, cedar. Q 22 Why do tropical deciduous forests shed their leaves in dry season? Tropical deciduous forests shed their leaves in dry season to conserve water as otherwise the loss of water through transpiration is quite high and the moisture content is also limited. Q 23 Why are tropical rainforests called evergreen forests? The tropical evergreen are called evergreen forests because as there is no particular dry season, the trees do not shed their leaves altogether. Hence, they give a picture of a forest completely filled with leaves throughout the year. Q 24 Why wildlife is less in the Mediterranean region?

The wildlife is less in the Mediterranean region because people have removed the natural vegetation in order to cultivate what they want to. So, as the natural habitat is lost; therefore, number of animals have also declined. Q 25 Why does biodiversity varies as we move from equator to the poles? The diversity of life found in an area depends on many things, including its climate and vegetation. Warm and humid areas support a great variety of life. Tropical areas are home to a great variety of living organisms whereas, the temperateregions have thelimited variety of flora and fauna. 3 marks questions Q 26 Define eco-system, food chain and food web. Eco-system: A mutual and interdependent relationship between the biotic and abiotic organism. Food chain: The transfer of energy between the different trophic level is calledfood chain, e.g. rose plant -- aphids -- beetle -- chameleon -- hawk. Food web: In an ecosystem there arevarious food chains and many of these are cross-linked to each other. Ultimately all plants and animals in an ecosystem are part of this complex food web. Q 27 Describe the ecological efficiency. A measure of the amount of energy in the biomass that is produced by one trophic level and is incorporated into the biomass produced by the next (higher) trophic level is termed as the ecological efficiency. In other words the percentage of energy transfer from one trophic level to other is called ecological efficiency. Q 28 What do you mean by wildlife sanctuary? Wildlife sanctuary is the area protected through the management of human activities, to provide and maintain habitat to wildlife and the ecosystem that supports them. In other words, an area, usually in natural condition, which is reserved by a governmental or private agency for the protection of particular species of animals or birds. Q 29 Differentiate between the desert type of vegetation and tundra type of vegetation. The basic differences between the two types of vegetation are as follows:

Desert vegetation 1. Climatic Conditions: High temperature and low rainfall, have mainly dry conditions. 2. Location: Found mainly in the Tropical desert areas such as North Africa. 3. Important Vegetation: Cacti, thorny bushes and coarse grasses are the example of this type of vegetation.

Tundra vegetation 1. Climatic conditions: Snow covered area. 2. Location: This type of vegetation is found around North Pole in Asia and in North America. 3. Important vegetation: Mosses, lichens and wild flowering shrubs are the example of this type of vegetation.

Q 30 How would you define tropical evergreen forests? The Tropical evergreen forests are extended from 10 N to 10 S of the equator. As they are situated in the tropical areas on the earth these forests receive more rainfall and temperature thanothers. They do not shed their leaves in same time.In India Western Ghats and the Assam hills are the areas where these types of forests are found. Q 31 Define Temperate Grassland? The temperate grasslands are found in the interior of the continents. These grasslands are found in the 40 45 latitudes in both the hemispheres. In the middle latitudes these grasslands are known bydifferent names such as Prairies inthe North America, Pampas in the South America etc. These grasslands are best suited forcattle rearing. Q 32 Write a note on wildlife of India? There is wide variety of wildlife found in India. Gir forests in Gujarat are the home of Asiatic lions. In the forests of Assam, we find one-horned rhinoceroses and elephants. The Great Indian Desert and the Rann of Kachchh are home of wild ass and camel. Wild goats, snow leopards and bears are found in the Himalayan region. Q 33 How does cutting of trees affect the ecosystem? Harm to plants and animals of an ecosystem can be disastrous. For example, grassland ecosystem supports antelopes and lions. If all the lions are killed, there would be no animal to kill antelope. As a result, the population of antelopes will increase unnaturally. They will eat up all the vegetation making the area a desert. Q 34 Give the various names of tropical grasslands along with their areas?

Tropical grasslands are called by different names in different areas, for e.g., they are called Savanna in East Africa Campos in Brazil Llanos in Venezuela. Q 35 Why are tropical rainforests dark throughout the year? The trees of tropical rainforests have very wide and thick canopies. The canopies are so huge that it is difficult to identify the trees and they protrude into each other; as a result, the sunlight cannot penetrate and reach the ground. They form a huge cover; therefore, the forests remain dark all the time. Q 36 What are the advantages deciduous forests have over the other forests? The deciduous forests are commercially most exploited forests. These forests have same species of trees in a row so, thecutting becomes easier. The wood of these treesare generally hard wood and is used for making furniture, for transport purpose, in construction purposes. Also they are accessible as they lack any kind of undergrowth. Q 37 What are the special features of desert plants? Most of the desert plants have special features to help them survive in the harsh conditions. Some of them have long roots that penetrate deep into the ground in search of water, while some have waxy, spiny, hairy leaves to reduce the loss of waterthrough transpiration. Some plants like cacti, store moisture in their thick fleshy stems. 4 marks questions Q 38 Examine the significance of Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae. Plants need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis. 6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2 is the chemical equation ofphotosynthesis. Q 39 What are the steps taken by the government to protect wildlife? The government has taken many steps to preserve wildlife like: 1. Many national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, zoological gardens have been set up.

2. Hunting of animals has been banned. 3. The government has started many projects to protect the endangered species, such as Project Tiger, Project elephant etc. 4. It is also observing wildlife week, vanmahotsavto create awareness among people. Q 40 Discuss the ill effects of deforestation? The ill effects of deforestation are: 1. Cutting of trees contribute to global warming 2. It reduces the rainfall because in the absence of transpiration from plants, the water vapour available for cloud formation reduces. 3.Destruction of plants harms the soil also, as the roots of the trees bind the soil together. 4. Cutting of trees has adverse effect on the population of wild life, as their number reduces withthe loss of their natural habitat. Q 41 Name various temperate grasslands with their areas? rasslands are known by different names in different regions. Temperate Grasslands are known as: 1. Pampas in Argentina 2. Prairie in North America 3. Veld in South Africa 4. Steppe in Central Asia 5. Down in Australia 5 marks questions Q 42 What are the basic characteristics of Mediterranean type of forests? These types of forests are generally found on the western part of the continent, mostly in the temperate region of both the hemisphere. The basic and major characteristic of these types of forests are as follows: 1.Rainfall: There is moderate type of rainfall in summer months. 2.Vegetation characteristics: Broad leaves, long roots and thick bark forests are found in these areas. They do not shed their leaves in the summer. 3.Major trees: Oaks, olives, figs, firs, ceders and cypress are the main trees of these forests.

4.Major products: Some of the products from theses forests are nuts, olives, citrus fruits and cork. Q 43 Distinguish between tropical rainforests and tropical deciduous forests? Tropical Rainforest 1) They are known as evergreen forest. 2) They are found in areas of rainfall havingmore than 200cm. 3) Trees are very tall. 4) Trees have very thick canopies that are joined together. 5) Thick undergrowth is found 6) Trees do not have same time for shedding leaves. 7) They are never barren, so they are called evergreen forest. 8) They have large varieties of species. 9) Commercially non- exploitable Tropical Deciduous 1) They are known as monsoon forest. 2) They are found in areas of rainfall 50200cm 3) Trees are of medium height. 4) Trees do not have very wide canopies. 5) No undergrowth 6) Trees shed their leaves at the same time. 7) They give a look of a barren forest. 8) They have trees of same variety. 9) Commercially exploitable

Q 44 Distinguish between temperate and tropical Grasslands? Temperate Grassland 1) Found in the interiors of the continents 2) The amount of precipitation is inadequate for growth of trees. 3) Grasses are shorter and less dense 4) Trees are almost absent. 5) They are colder and drier. 6) They are known as steppes, pampas, prairies etc. 7)Grasslands are home to flight less birds, rabbits, bears etc. Tropical Grassland 1) They are found on either side of the equator till tropics 2) They have rainy season in which the grasses grow. 3) Grasses are long and dense 4) Trees are present. 5) They have long wet season followed by a dry period. 6) They are known as Campos, llanos, savanna 7)Animals found are elephant, tiger, antelopes etc.

Most important questions Q 13 Which regions are also known as the Orchards of the world? The Mediterranean regions in the world map are known as the Orchards of the World. Q 15 Define Temperate Grassland? Describe the climatic condition for the development of these types of forest. The temperate grasslands are found in the interior of the continents. These grasslands are found in the 40 45 latitudes in both the hemispheres. In the middle latitudes these grasslands are known by the different names such as, Prairies in the in the North America, Pampas in the South America etc. these grasslands are best suited for the cattle rearing.

Towns, Traders And Craftspersons

1 mark questions Q 1 Why was Dhaka famous? Dhaka was famous for its muslin. Q 2 When did Ibn-Battutah visit India and in whose court he served? Ibn-Battutah visited India in the 14th century and he lived in the court of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq for eight years. Q 3 How many sections the karkhanas of Firoz Tughlaq were divided into? Firoz Tughlaq divided his karkhanas into 36 sections. They were placed under the leading nobles. Q 4 What were the precious material crafts during this period? There were various crafts inter-related with the use of gold, silver, lead, brass and precious stones or jewels etc. Q 5 Which places were famous for fine quality of fabrics? Bengal and towns in Gujarat were famous for fine quality of fabrics. Q 6 Why was the Cambay of Gujarat famous in the medieval period? Cambay in Gujarat was famous for its textiles and for gold and silver work. Q 7 What was the comment made by French traveller Bernier on Indian merchants?

Bernier said that the merchants tried to look poor because they were scared that they would be used like 'filling sponges' by the ruling class. Q 8 Why was Bengal an important center for trade with China? Bengal was the main center of trade with China because of its close location on the southern boundary of China. Q 9 Which places were famous for indigo production? The best quality indigo was produced in Sarkhej in Gujarat and at Bayana near Agra. Indigo was a major industry. Q 10 What did Ralph Fitch assume about Fatehpur Sikri and Agra? Ralph Fitch came to India in the Mughal period and he said that both Fatehpur Sikri and Agra were larger than London. Q 11 "Lahore was second to none of the cities in Europe and Asia" Whose comment was this? Monserrate had made this comment on Lahore. Q 12 How many qasbas and big towns were there during Akbars reign? There were around 3200 qasbas and 120 big towns during Akbars reign. Q 13 Which hills dominated the religious life of people according to the myths? The Matanga, the Malyavanta and the Hemkuta hills dominated the religious life of its inhabitants. Q 14 Name the famous city which served as the capital of Vijayanagar Empire? The famous city of Hampi served as the capitalof Vijayanagar Empire for 220 years,from 1346 to 1565 A.D. 2 marks questions Q 15 What did Ibn Battutah say about cash crops and industries based on them? Ibn Battutah said that the Indian soil is so fertile that it produced rice, sugarcane, sesame and cotton in abundance. They founded the base of various village industries such as oil-processing, making of jaggery, weaving, etc. Q 16 What do you understand by the term 'karkhanas'? 'Karkhanas' were factories or organised groups of people manufacturing articles; they were the most important centers ofproduction. These karkhanas supplied material for the royal household.

Q 17 In Muhammad Tughlaq's reign how many silk weavers and craftsmen were engaged in embroidery work? In the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, four thousand silk weavers were engaged in manufacturing material for robes of honour and around five hundred craftsmen were engaged in golden embroidery work. Q 18 What was the status of Kashmir in the field of crafts during the medieval period? Kashmir's status in crafts was very good as Kashmir became an important centreof making paper and wood binding trades. Various crafts such as stone cutting, stone polishing, bottle making, window cutting and gold beating also developed in Kashmir and other regional art and craft centers. Q 19 Name the Sultanate rulers who introduced silver tanka and bronze coin respectively? The Silver 'tanka' was introduced by the first legitimate ruler of Delhi Sultanate Illtutmish and bronze coin was introduced by Mohammad bin Tughlaq as token money. Q 20 Why did Muhammad bin Tughlaq's token currency fail? Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced bronze coins as token currency due to the scarcity of silver coin. These coins had the same value as the silver coin so traders, businessmen and people startedminting duplicate coins. At last Muhammad bin Tughlaq withdrew the token currency. Q 21 Vorah community was the most impressive trading community- Explain. The trading communities in India were fairly large in number and incorporated some of the richest merchants in the world. The name of Virji Vorah, who dominatedGujarat trade for several decadeshad a large fleet of ships, Malaya Chetti on the Coromandal Coast and Abdul Gaffar Vohara were some of the noteworthy big merchants. Q 22 Which were the main industries during the medieval period? The main industries of medieval period were textiles, dying, silk-weaving, shawls and carpet weaving. Also,calico painting, sugar industry, metal works, stone and brick work, armaments and paper industries embraced the bulk of industrial activity. Q 23 Which were the main centers of cotton manufacturing? The key centers of cotton manufacturing were- Patna, Cambay and Ahmedabad in Gujarat, Burhanpur in Kahandesh, Bengal, Kashmir, Lahore and United Provinces. Q 24 What was the use and importance of indigo?

Indigo was used to colour the woolen garments. With the advent of foreign traders the demand for indigo increased and it was an important article for Indo-European trade. Q 25 Why there was a sudden rise in crafts and townships during the medieval period? The production of cash crops and growth of grain markets led to the rise of small townships or qasbas. The demand of all types of bourgeoisie led to the expansion of handicrafts and growth of towns. There was peace and security prevailing which boosted the external and internal trade.

Q 26 Bernier visited almost every big city in India and mentioned that in his account. What was his observation? Bernier said that Agra was larger than Delhi, Ahmedabad was a big manufacturing hub, Multan, Burhanpur, Dhaka and Rajmahal were bigger towns and Patna was an undersized town. 3 marks questions Q 27 Write a short note on the Mughal karkhanas. The karkhanas in the Mughal period were known as Buyutat also. Together with storing and manufacturing articles for the royal household and nobles' requirements, the mint, public treasury, treasury, department of construction of monuments, repairing, roads and artillery also came under Buyutat. Q 28 Give details about Masulipattinam and its important trade activities. Masulipattinam was a known port city and occupied a grand economic status in the time of Golconda Sultanate. It was connected with two trade cycles-those in the Bay of Bengal in the east and in the Arabian Sea in the west and worked as export and import port for vast hinterland. Main items of exports were textiles, iron and steel, indigo, rice, pepper, spices and salt while main items of import were tin, aromatic woods, wines, bullions and elephants. Q 29 Describe the trading community of the medieval period. The middle classes in medieval India consisted mainly of merchants, proficient classes and officials. There was high class professionalism among Indian merchants. They were experts in wholesale and retail trade. The wholesale traders were called Seth or Vorah and the retailers were Beoparies or Baniks. In south India, the Chettis formed the trading community. There was a special class called Banjaras who moved from place to place carrying food grains, salt, ghee etc. Q 30 Why was Delhi the biggest market in India during the medieval period? Delhi was an administrative and cultural center of India during the medieval period because of the ruling class and nobility. It was the center for making money, so the goods flowed in Delhi from all the directions. Delhi received huge quantities of rice from east, sugar from Kanauj, wheat from Doab and

fine silk from south, cotton textiles, metal wares, ornaments, ivory etc. Apart from these cargos from Arab, east Africa, Sri Vijaya (Indonesia) and China reached Delhi. Q 31 The rise in trade and commerce increased the prosperity of Indian cities. Explain? The mounting crafts and commerce and the increased use of money propped up the economy and prosperity of several towns during the medieval period. Important towns in North India were- Agra, Delhi, Gwalior, Kanauj,and in East India- Dhaka, Rajmahal and Patna. In South India- Malabar, Tamil Nadu, Daulatabad, Dabhol, and further in west India- Ahmedabad, Cambay and most parts of Gujarat got prosperous. Q 32 Mentions any three distinct type of urban centres in the medieval period. Give details. The three distinct types of urban centres can be identified as: 1.Administrative towns- Delhi, Agra, Lahore, etc. 2.Commercial and manufacturing towns- Daulatabad, Patna, Ahmadabad, Muziris, etc. 3.Pilgrim towns- Banaras, Kanchipuram, Mathura, etc. 4 marks questions Q 33 Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: (4 Marks) In the fifteenth century European sailors undertook unprecedented explorations of sea routes. They were driven by the desire to find ways of reaching the Indian subcontinent and obtaining spices. Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese sailor, was one of those who sailed across the Atlantic to the African coast, went round it, crossing over to the Indian Ocean. His first journey took more than a year; he reached Calicut in 1498, and returned to Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, the following year. He lost two of his four ships, and of the 170 men at the start of the journey, only 54 survived. In spite of the obvious hazards, the routes that were opened up proved to be extremely profitable and he was followed by English, Dutch and French sailors. 1. In the fifteenth century, why did the European sailors undertake unprecedented explorations of sea routes? 2. 3. 4. Which Portuguese sailor reached India in 1498? What were the causalities in this journey? Who followed this Portuguese sailor?

1. European sailors undertook unprecedented explorations of sea routes because they were driven by the desire to find ways of reaching the Indian subcontinent and obtaining spices.

2. Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese sailor, reached India in 1498. 3. He lost two of his four ships and of 170 men at the start of the journey and only 54 survived. 4. Vasco da Gama was followed by English, Dutch and French sailors. Q 34 Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: This is a description of Masulipatnam by William Methwold, a Factor of the English East India Company, in 1620: This is the chief port of Golconda, where the Right Worshipfull East India Company have their Agent. It is a small town but populous, unwalled, ill built and worse situated; within all the springs are brackish. It was first a poor fisher town afterwards, the convenience of the road (a place where ships can anchor) made it a residence for merchants and so continues since our and the Dutch nation frequented this coast. 1. Where was the town of Masulipatnam located? 2. Why did the English and the Dutch decide to establish settlements in Masulipatnam? 3. Who built the fort at Masulipatnam? 4. How did William Methwold describe Masulipatnam? [1+1+1+1=4]

1. The town of Masulipatnam or Machlipatnam lay on the delta of the Krishna river. 2. Both the Dutch and English East India Companies attempted to control Masulipatnam as it became the most important port on the Andhra coast. 3. The Dutch built the fort at Masulipatnam. 4. William Methwold described Masulipatnam as a small but populous town. It was unwalled, ill built and worse situated. All the springs in the town were brackish. Q 35 This is a picture of a bronze statue of Krishna subduing the serpent demon Kaliya. Answer the questions related to this picture:

1. Which technique was used in Chola bronze statues? 2. How is bronze made? 3. How is bell metal different from bronze? [1+1+2=4]

1. wax technique was used in Chola bronze statues. 2. Bronze is an alloy containing copper and tin. 3. Bell metal contains a greater proportion of tin than other kinds of bronze. This produces a bell-like sound. 5 marks questions Q 36 Why was Surat termed as Gateway to the west in Medieval India? Surat was the emporium of western trade during the Mughal period. People in Surat used to trade with West Asia via the Gulf of Ormuz. There were a number of religious pilgrims who used to set sail on ships to Mecca from Surat. It was a cosmopolitan city and people of all castes lived in the city. Portuguese and the Dutch had their factories and warehouses at Surat. According to an English chronicler, on an average a hundred ships of different countries could be found anchored at the port at a given time. There were several retail and whosale shops selling textiles to the western traders in the city. The Surat hundis were honoured in far off places like Egypt, Iraq and Belgium. Q 37 Describe the life of various trading communities in Medieval India. i. There were many kinds of traders in Medieval India. ii. Several traders, especially horse traders, formed associations with headmen who negotiated on their behalf with warriors who bought horses. iii. There were also communities like the Chettiars and the Marwari Oswal who went on to become the principal trading groups of the country. iv. Gujarati traders, including the communities of Hindu Baniyas and Muslim Bohras, traded extensively with the ports of the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa, Southeast Asia and China. v. They sold textiles and spices in these ports and, in exchange, brought gold and ivory from Africa, and spices, tin, Chinese blue pottery and silver from Southeast Asia and China. Most important questions Q 1 What were the functions of the medieval town? Medieval towns combined several functions they were administrative centers, temple towns, as well as centers of commercial activities and craft production.

Q 2 Name the architect who designed Rajarajeshvara temple? Kunjaramallan Rajaraja Perunthachchan was the architect who designed Rajarajeshvara temple and had proudly carved his name on the temple wall. Q 3 What were the main crafts of Thanjavur? The weavers of Thanjavur produced cloth for flags, fine cottons for the king and the sculptors made exquisite bronze idols and tall metal lamps. Q 4 Name two pilgrimage centers which slowly developed into townships? Vrindavan (Uttar Pradesh) and Tiruvannamalai (Tamil Nadu) are examples of two pilgrimage centres which slowly developed into townships. Q 5 How did Ajmer become a pilgrimage center? In the twelfth century, when the Sufi saint Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, settled there, he attracted devotees from all creeds. Also lake Pushkar, near Ajmer attracted pilgrims from ancient times. Q 6 What kind of market did the small towns have? Small towns had mandapika (mandi) and hatta (haat) for the villagers to sell their products. Besides, there were streets for different kinds of artisans. Traders came from far to buy local articles and sell products of distant places. Q 7 What was the role of a Samanta or a zamindar? A Samanta or a zamindar built a fortified palace in or near these towns. They levied taxes on traders, artisans and articles of trade and sometimes donated the right to collect these taxes to local temples, which had been built by themselves or by rich merchants. Q 8 What were guilds ? Name two famous guilds? Guilds were a group of traders who usually traveled in caravans to protect their interests. The most famous guilds were the Manigramam and Nanadesi. Q 9 Write a short note on trade pattern of Indian communities and trading groups? Chettiars and the Marwari Oswal communities became the principal trading groups. Gujarati traders, Hindu Baniyas and Muslim Bohras, traded with the ports of the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa, Southeast Asia and China. They sold textiles and spices and, brought gold and ivory from Africa; and spices, tin, Chinese blue pottery and silver from Southeast Asia and China. Q 10 Why did European traders come to India? Indian spices and cloth sold in the Red Sea ports reached European markets, and became an important part of European lifestyle. This drew European traders to India.

Q 11 What is Bidri ? How did it get its name? Bidri is inlay work in gold and silver done by the famous craft persons of Bidar. That is how it got its name. Q 12 How was Hampi different in its construction techniques? No mortar or cementing agent was used in the construction of walls of Hampi and the technique followed was to wedge them together by interlocking. Q 13 What were the cultural activities in Hampi? Temples were the hub of cultural activities and devadasis (temple dancers) performed before the deity, royalty and masses in the Virupaksha (Shiva) temple. The Mahanavami festival was one of the most important festivals celebrated at Hampi. Q 14 What was noteworthy about Surat Hundis? Surat hundis were honored in far off markets of Cairo in Egypt, Basra in Iraq and Antwerp in Belgium. Q 15 Who tried to play off Dutch and English against each other? The Mughal governor Mir Jumla who was also a merchant, began to play off Dutch and English against each other. Q 16 What happened to the craftspersons after the expansion of Indian crafts? The period of expansion of Indian crafts also saw the decline of the independence of craftspersons. They had to weave cloth which was already promised to European agents. Weavers no longer had the liberty of selling or weaving their own patterns. They had to reproduce the designs supplied to them by the Company agents.

Understanding Media
1 mark questions Q 1 Give two examples of print media. Two examples of print media are newspapers and magazines. Q 2 Give two examples of digital media? Two examples of digital media are television and internet. Q 3 What is local media? Local media is run by local groups who start their own media in local/regional languages. It covers the local issues of people in remote areas which often get neglected by the national media.

Q 4 When did India experience censorship of media? India experienced media censorship during the national emergency (imposed by Indira Gandhi) between 1975 -1977. Q 5 Which is the earliest form of mass media? Print media is the earliest form of media. Q 6 What is a signature campaign? It is a letter or a petition signed by many people to show support for a cause or an action. Q 7 Who owns the Hindustan Times Group? It is owned by the Birla Group, one of the foremost business houses in India. Q 8 Who owns the Times of India Group? It is largest media group in India owned by Bennet, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Q 9 What is TRP in media? Television Rating Points (TRP) is a tool provided to judge which television programmes are viewed the most. Q 10 What is broadcasting? Broadcasting is a method of transmitting audio and/or video programs to a large audience. Q 11 Define public protests. Public protests mean a strong opposition to or disapproval of something in the form of a public demonstration or other mass action. Q 12 Define censorship. Censorship is the suppression of speech and any other information by the government which may be considered objectionable, harmful or sensitive. Q 13 Define media bias. Media bias is the tendency of journalists and news producers to approach particular stories and the choice of which stories to cover, with an bias viewpoint. Q 14 Which are the two largest selling newspapers in India published in Hindi? According to 2009 Indian Readership Survey, Dainik Jagran and Dainik Bhaskar are the two most widely read newspapers in Hindi.

Q 15 Who is a journalist? A journalist collects and reports information about current events, people, trends and issues. Q 16 Give examples of two countries with media censorship? In Saudi Arabia and Cuba, print and electronic media are under strict state control. Q 17 Which country has employed internet police? In China, internet police is employed to monitor the internet and popular search engines like Google and Yahoo. Q 18 When was the Right to Information Act passed? Indian government passed the RTI Act in 2005, to give people access to information relating to public authorities. The act came into force in October 2005. Q 19 Which government body in India is responsible for developing, regulating and sending out information? Ministry of Information and Broadcasting is the main body for formulation and implementation of laws relating to information, broadcasting, press and films in India. Q 20 Name the media units of the Government of India. The media units of the Government of India are: Press Information Bureau, the Publications Division and the Prasar Bharati which includes All India Radio and Doordarshan. Q 21 Name the state in India where Right to Information Act is not implemented. The act has effect all over India, except in Jammu and Kashmir. Q 22 Define media propaganda. Media propaganda refers to manipulation of public opinion by reporting news in a manner that it influences people and effectively persuades them for or against a cause. Q 23 Name the four types of media. Types of media are Print, audio, audio-visual and digital. Q 24 When was the first printing press invented and by whom? In 1440,a German inventor, Johannes Gutenberg invented a printing press that remained the principal means of printing until the late 20th century. 2 marks questions

Q 25 What is media? Media refers to the different channels we use to communicate information in our daily lives. Media is the plural form of the word medium. The word collectively refers to the radio, TV, newspapers, internet and several other forms of communication. Q 26 How does mass media make money? Mass media always tries to find out ways for making money. One way in which the mass media earns money is by advertising different products of different companies and industries. Since there are large number of brands in the market, companies advertise their products again and again to have it stick in the people's mind. Q 27 What is a balanced report? A balanced report is one that discusses all points of view of a particular story and expects the readers to ponder over it. To give a balanced report the media needs to be independent i.e., no one should tell the media what can be included and what should not be included in a news story. Q 28 According to you, what is the first and foremost function of media? Medias greatest role is to create awareness among masses which is the backbone of the democratic process in a country. Information given by the media allows discussion and debates and helps in shaping public opinion. Media also conveys public opinion on various issuesto the government. Q 29 Why is there a need for media code of ethics? Such a code of ethics would ensure that the media presents news correctly and fairly, respects people's privacy, protects the interests of nation and the society, avoids vulgarity and shows caution while criticising judicial bodies. Q 30 Why is it important to know different versions of the same story? It is important to read different versions of the same story from different sources as they involve varied perspectives. This helps in taking a balanced view of the situation and an informed decision.If the report is one-sided, public opinion will also be bias. Q 31 Give an example of constructive role played by media in society. In 2003, Indian media drew attention towards alarming levels of pesticides in cola drinks. This created awareness on the need to regularly monitor these colas according to international quality and safety standards. Thus, media helped us focus on an issue that affects our health. Q 32 What is the role of News Broadcasters Association in India?

The News Broadcasters Association (NBA) aims to improve the quality of broadcasting on Indian Television by setting a code of ethics and broadcasting standards. NBA is the united voice of the news and current affairs broadcasters in India. Q 33 What do you mean by mass media? Mediums of communication that reach millions of people across the country and the world are called mass media.Examples are: Print media - newspapers, magazines. Audio-visual -television, radio. Digital / web based - internet. Q 34 Give two examples of local media. Local media consists of grassroot newspapers, journals and community radio service. Two examples of local media from India are: a) Khabar Lahriya is a fortnightly that is run by Dalit women in Chitrakoot district in UP. b) Bundeli is a newspaper that reports Dalit issues. Q 35 State the importance of local media. a) Considering that national mediadoes not cover small issues in distant regions,local media reports issues that often go unnoticed by national media.

b) It is in local language and covers the issues of concern of ordinary people living in the remote areas of the country. Such issues include farming practices, and violence against dalits and women. Q 36 How is local media beneficial to farmers? Community radio services are used to make farmers learn about the prices of different crops and they also get advice on the use of seeds and fertilisers. They can learn about government schemes introduced to benefit the farmers. Q 37 What led to the emergence of New World Information and Communication Order? The concept of New World Information and Communication Order originated in UNESCO debates on global media 1970s. Major concerns and issues related to mass media were discussed like the unbalanced flow of mass media from the developed to the undeveloped countries. Q 38 How does media decide which event is newsworthy?

Media tends to focus on those events that they believe will make interesting stories. For example, a school annual day is not likely to become news but a fashion show in the city does get media attention. This is because it involves the elites, their lifestyle, tastes and big money. Q 39 What do you mean by media bias? Media bias is a term used to describe partiality of journalists and news producers in the selection of events to be reported and how they are covered. Such biasness in reporting issues occurs due to media affiliations to big business houses and political parties. Q 40 Highlight the key functions of mass media. Three important functions of media are: a) Advocacy includes advertising, marketing and political communication. b) Entertainment schedule of movies, cultural programmes, sports events. c) Public services and announcements Example, deadline for filing income tax, prevention of Dengue, polio drops campaign in the city. Q 41 Why are newspapers priced so low? News papers are nominally priced because of the advertisements given in the paper. Advertisements in the paper are expensive and therefore, cover the cost. There are various advertisement sections in the paper like situation vacant, rent and sale of property and vehicles and various branded goods. Q 42 If you were a journalist, what would you keep in mind while reporting a story? As a journalist I would avoid any influence and control over the coverage of news. I would make sure that I collect and report all facts correctly. I would ensure that I report a balanced story without any bias and would present different perspectives to allow the readers think objectively. Q 43 What is media consolidation? Media consolidation is when a single organisation controls multiple media outlets newspapers, TV and radio stations. This reduces the diversity of content available to consumers and kills critical scrutiny of the information published. Q 44 What is media imperialism? It refers to one way flow of information from western countries to developing countries, characterised by imposition of western culture and values on the developing world. As a result, the culture and identity of smaller nations is endangered. Q 45 What is mainstream media?

The media that reflects the thought, ideology and activities of majority consumers is known as mainstream media. It is disseminated through large media groups including newspapers and television channels. Mainstream media faces criticism of neglecting the issues of marginalised sections. 3 marks questions Q 46 The technology that mass media uses keeps changing. Is that a positive trend? Advancements in technology helps media to reach more people. (a) It also improves the quality of sound and the images that we see. (b) Live telecast through satellites and cables allows us to view news and entertainment channels from across the world. (c) Thus, the technology that mass media uses have brought the world closer to us, which is definitely a positive trend. Q 47 What is the difference between media and advertising? (a) Advertising refers to the means of communication with the aim of persuading the intended audience to take a certain action. Media refers to the various mediums through which information is disseminated to the mass public. (b) Media includes radio, TV, magazines and websites, while advertising may include some of the content carried in the media types. Q 48 While the news of the fashion week formed front page headlines, the demolition of Mumbai slums was not even noticed. Can you think of the reason why? Media plays an important role in deciding what stories to focus on and therefore, decides on what is newsworthy. Media focuses on issues which are likely to make sensational headlines. Such news may not be of any interest to majority of the common people. The news about the fashion week, Sania Mirzas marriage etc. always gets undivided media attention while the daily struggles of millions of people go unnoticed. Q 49 Highlight the principles of code of media ethics. The following principles are included in the media code of ethics: (a) Maintaining accuracy and fairness. (b) Respecting peoples privacy. (c) Protecting the interests of nation and the society. (d) Showing caution while questioning the actions of courts. (e) Avoiding offensive language, images or expressions. Q 50 Mass media has led to the shrinking of the world. How? Mass media like television, radio and internet have led to the shrinking of the world by reporting events and happenings live in different parts of the world. News travels through satellites and cables in a

fraction of seconds. The technology that mass media uses for its functioning is becoming advanced day by day. This shrinking of time in dissemination of information has led to the shrinking of the world. Q 51 Concentration of media ownership is a threat to democracy. Elaborate. Concentration of media ownership refers to the view that majority of the major media groups are owned by a proportionately small number of corporations. Such monopoly of media may result in: 1. Loyalty to advertisers and government rather than public interest. 2. Absence of diversity of opinions. 3. Denial of the right to know. 4. Censorship of critical thought. Q 52 How can citizens test the authenticity of a news report? Media consists of a number of news channels and newspapers, each of which is free to present a particular issue in its own way. People must gather information from several different sources before forming an opinion. A comparison of different news reports from different sources helps in critical analysis of an issue, thus leading to an informed decision. Q 53 Can media reports be completely trusted? Give reasons for your answer. Media reports cannot be completely trusted as there is always an element of bias. This element of bias could be because of influence of big business houses or a particular political ideology. The media is overwhelmingly dependent on advertising revenue which comes from corporate and therefore, cannot afford to be critical of their actions, policies or products. In such a scenario, people should have access to different sources of information, so that they can scrutinise a report and make an informed opinion. Q 54 How does media censorship work in Burma? The Government of Burma is controlled by the military junta. The junta owns all daily newspapers and radio, along with the television channels. Media cannot report on antigovernment sentiments. Burma's few privately owned publications must submit content to the Press Scrutiny Board for approval before publishing. Citizens have been arrested for listening to the BBC or Radio Free Asia in public. Q 55 How does media create active citizenship? The media performs a variety of functions: (a) Media information and updates to people. (b) It provides a forum for discussion and debate like We the people, Letter to the editor, etc. (c) Media helps in forming public opinion by reporting various issues of public interest. All this helps citizens to take active part in politics.

Q 56 Despite the absence of censorship by the government, most newspapers still fail to provide a balanced story. Why is that so? Newspapers fail to provide balanced news because business houses control the media. It is in the interest of these businesses to focus on only one side of the story. Medias continuous need for money and its links to advertising makes it difficult for media to report against people who give them advertisements. Media is not considered independent because of its close links to corporate. 4 marks questions Q 57 What is the meaning of independent media? An independent media means that no one should control and influence its coverage of news. No one should tell the media what can be included and what should be excluded in the news. The news given bythe media should be reliable and not biased. Only an independent media can give a balanced report. Independence of media depends on whether media is able to avoid the influence of government and corporates while reporting issues. Q 58 The media sets the agenda- Explain. It is said so because the media influences our thoughts, feelings and actions, and brings various issues to our attention. Media decides which stories to focus on and what is 'newsworthy'. Example: a school annual day function is unlikely to make a news. But if a famous personality is invited as the Chief Guest, then the media will cover it. Due to the significant influence it plays in our lives and in shaping our thoughts, it is commonly said that the media sets the agenda. Q 59 How does media affect our daily life? Give three examples from your life. Mass media affects our lives in various ways:

(a) We can watch events taking place in different parts of the world like live telecast of Olympics in Beijing. (b) Internet has brought an information revolution in the world. Cartoons, programmes, music, movies, news all can be downloaded from the internet. (c) E-learning is a popular trend which has changed the way teaching learning takes place. Students are learning on the internet in an interactive way. Q 60 Most television channels and newspapers are a part of big business houses. Why so? Mass media uses different technologies that are expensive in nature. Also, the technology keeps on changing and is getting advanced day by day, a lot of money is spent on getting the latest technology. Due to these costs, mass media needs a great deal of money to do its work. This money is provided by big business houses. As a result, most television channels and newspapers are part of big business houses.

Q 61 The efficacy of media depends on the political context in which it is located. Explain the statement. The efficiency of media depends on the type of political system and the independence enjoyed by media in any country. In a democracy with free press and multiple sources of information like television channels, newspapers and internet, citizens have free access to information and can also scrutinise any information by comparing different perspectives. In an authoritarian system with strict government control over media, rulers decide what is to be published. Such media maintains the status quo and is never critical of the government. Example, Cuba, North Korea, Burma, Syria. Q 62 Democracy is largely dependent on freedom of press. Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. Free press is quintessential in any democracy. In the absence of free press, free and fair elections are meaningless. People will not be able to make a choice between different candidates from different political parties unless the records of those candidates are reported by an independent media. Media helps people to actively engage in a democracy by forming public opinion. Media maintains accountability and transparency in a democracy. The needs and desires of the electorate also flow from the media to the decision makers. 5 marks questions Q 63 What are the reasons that prevent the media from being independent? The factors that prevent media from being independent are: i) The first is the control that the government has on media. When the government prevents a news item, or scenes from a movie, or the lyrics of a song, from being shared with the larger public,it is censorship. ii) The second reason is that the media also wants to focus on a particular aspect of a story, because they believe that this will make the story interesting and attract the attention of the masses. (iii) Also media faces pressure from the business houses. It is in the interest of these businesses to focus on only one side of he story to keep a clean public image. Q 64 What impact does the changing technology have on media and the minds of people? Changing technology helps media to reach millions of people. It also improves the quality of sound and images that we see. It is because of advancements in technology that we can watch live matches from any part of the world. Technological changes in the media, moulds and changes the minds of people. Through technology we can communicate with people in any part of the world on webcams and internet, information is disseminated in fraction of seconds. Thus, media has made us think of ourselves as members of a larger global world. Q 65 What role does media play in a democracy?

In a democracy, the media plays a vital and important role in providing news and discussing events taking place in the country and the world. It is on the basis of this information that citizens can learn how the government works. People can take action on the basis of these news stories. Some of the ways in which they can do this is by writing letters to the concerned ministers, organising a public protest, starting a signature campaign, showing people's response to a government plan, hence asking the government to rethink its programme. Q 66 Explain the meaning of the following terms: a) Publish b)Censorship c)Broadcast d)Public protest

Publish:This refers to news reports, articles, interviews, stories, etc., that are printed in newspapers, magazines and books for a wide audience to read. Censorship: This refers to the power that the government has to disallow media from publishing or showing certain stories. Broadcast: This word is usually used to refer to a TV or radio programme that is widely transmitted. Public protest: When a large number of people come together and openly state their opposition to some issue. Organising a rally, starting a signature campaign, blocking roads etc. are some of the ways in which this is done.
Q 67 Television gives us a partial view of the world. Explain with example. A lot of our impressions about the world are formed by what we see on TV. It shapes our view of the world, our beliefs, attitudes and values. However, what we see on TV may be only one side of the story. Example, we see various fashion shows on television where celebrity designers showcase their clothes. But there are number of small and marginal workers like weavers, tailors and craftsmen who actually make these exclusive clothes. These people are never covered on television or given any recognition. We must be active viewers and think critically about these issues. Q 68 Mainstream media and advertising lead to exclusion. Explain with an example. Media plays an important role in deciding what stories to focus on, and therefore, decides what is newsworthy. There are several cases when the media fails to focus on issues that are significant in our lives. To make interesting stories, media often covers the life of rich and the famous, while ignoring the issues of ordinary people, especially the poor and the marginalised. Example, a century made by Sachin Tendulkar in test cricket is covered on the front page, while a young soldier who lost his life on the border is ignored by the media.

Q 69 Television channels rarely show us how children are dying of hunger and malnutrition in African countries or how farmers commit suicides due to water crisis. Why is the focus more on entertainment? This is a case of Media bias. Media bias is a term used to describe partiality of journalists and news producers in the selection of events to be reported and how they are covered. To make sensational stories, media often covers the life of successful and the famous, while ignoring the issues of ordinary people, especially the poor and the marginalised. The deaths of those in developing countries are insignificant as it does not get the eyeballs rolling. However, if a Hollywood personality adopts a child from a distant village in Africa, it becomes front page news. Q 70 What is the social responsibility of the media? The media has an enormous social responsibility. It provides an accurate and detailed account of events. The media also provides a forum of people to share their views and ideas. It upholds the values of the society. Sometime media may become centre of economic and political power. In such cases, it is likely to place its private interests above public interests. There is a need to regulate media so that it gives priority to public interests. For this purpose, the media has evolved a set of principles or code of conduct for itself. Q 71 What do you think will be the role of the media in an undemocratic country? In an undemocratic country, the entire media (almost) is controlled by central authorities and at the same time, local media is strictly administered by local government. Media is allowed to focus only on the positive aspects of the ruling government. If any media criticises the functioning of the political parties or the government, then it is censored. Thus, in undemocratic countries, media becomes the mouthpiece of the government in actual sense. We can easily conclude that media is used by the government for propaganda politics in undemocratic countries and it hardly gets any chance to play constructive role in the state. Most important questions Q 1 What is the meaning of media? Media describes the various ways by which we communicate with each other in a society. Q 2 Define the term mass media? Media refers to all means of communication; from a phone call to the evening news on TV is called as media. The communication that reaches millions of people in the country and in the world through different types of media (TV, Newspapers, mobile, movies, and radio) is called as mass media. Q 3 What are the two classifications of media? Give two examples of each? Print media and the electronic media are the two classifications of media. Examples of print media are: Newspapers and magazines. Examples of electronic media are: TV, radio and mobile.

Q 4 How does television link people of a country to the other parts of the world? Television images travel long distances through satellites and cables. Television allow people to watch news from one part of the world to the other parts of the world. Example: Most of the cartoons that we see on the television from India are telecast from China and the United States. Q 5 What is the meaning of Censorship? When the government prevents either a news item or a part of movie from being shared with the larger public, it is called as censorship. Q 6 What are the different technologies used in the television studio to telecast a news? Lights, cameras, sound recorders and transmission satellites are used to telecast news in the television studio. Q 7 Why does the mass media need a lot of money to do its work? In a news studio, it is not only the newsreader who is to be paid but also a number of people, who put the broadcast together, namely the cameraman, the lights man, the video editor and the audio editor. Q 8 How does the mass media make money to meet its expenses? The mass media makes money by advertising different things like cars, chocolates, clothes, mobile phones, television, refrigerator, furniture, plastic items etc. Q 9 On the television, while watching cricket match, advertisements are shown repeatedly. Why is it so? The reason to show the advertisements repeatedly on the television is to make the people aware of the products shown in the television and people will buy the items needed by them. The media in turn earns some money for showing the advertisements. Q 10 How much cost the business people has to pay if their product has to be advertised on a news channel? The cost to advertise in the news channel varies from Rs 500 to Rs 8,000 per ten seconds depending on the popularity of the channel. Q 11 In what ways the media play an important role in a democracy? In a democracy the media plays an important role in providing news and discussing events taking place in the country and the world. It is on the basis of this information that the citizens learn about the working of the government and if the people wish they can take action on the basis of these news stories. So it is important for the news channels to provide balanced news to the people of the country.

Q 12 How do people take action against the government's decision on public issues? People take action by writing letters to the concerned minister, organising a public protest, starting a signature campaign and asking the government to rethink its programme, etc. Q 13 What is called as a balanced media report? A balanced report is one that discusses all points of view of a particular story and then leaves it to the readers to make up their minds. Q 14 What are the several issues the media fails to focus? Drinking water is a major problem in the country. Thousands of people suffer and die because they do not get safe drinking water but media seldom discuss this issue. Next is several slums were being demolished in Mumbai, and this was not noticed by the media. But in contrary they focus on the Fashion Week, in which clothes' designers show their new creations to rich people. Q 15 Explain the term public protest? When a large number of people come together and openly state their opposition to some issue. Organising a rally, starting a signature campaign, blocking roads etc, are some of the ways in which this is done.

Markets Around Us
1 mark questions Q 1 Who are traders? The people in between the producer and the final consumer are the traders. Q 2 What is a market? A market is an environment that allows buyers and sellers to exchange goods, services and information. Market interactions are defined by demand and supply. Q 3 What are the factors that determine the price of a commodity in the market? The price of a good depends on its demand and supply. If the demand is more and the supply is less, the price is likely to be high and vice versa. Q 4 Define credit.

Credit is the lending of money/resources by a party to another. It is a loan for which the lending person or agency may charge an interest (i.e., commission). Q 5 Define auctioning. Auctioning is a public sale in which property or goods are sold to the highest bidder (i.e., person offering the maximum price). Q 6 What is the basis on which a shopkeeper decides which brand to sell and which not? The main consideration for a retailer while keeping a brand is profit. He would emphasise on selling a brand that gives him maximum profit. The percentage of profit differs from brand to brand. Q 7 Define inflation. Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. It is a decline in the value of money. Q 8 Who is a street vendor? A street vendor is a person who offers goods or services for sale to the public without having a permanent built up, but with a mobile stall. They are mobile in the sense that they move from place to place carrying their wares on push carts or on cycles. Q 9 Highlight the objective of National Policy for Urban Street Vendors. The objective of National Policy for Urban Street Vendor is to provide a supportive environment for earning livelihoods to the street vendors, as well as ensure absence of congestion and maintenance of hygiene in public spaces and streets. Q 10 Who are the key players in the chain of market? Producers, wholesale traders, retailers and the consumer are the key players in the chain of market. Q 11 What is Minimum Support Price (MSP)? It is the minimum price for a product, fixed by the government and supported by payments to small producers in case the market price falls below the specified minimum price. Q 12 What is the main function of the Confederation of Indian Industry? The main function of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) is to create and sustain an environment that fosters industrial growth. It also seeks to establish partnership between industry and government in different sectors. Q 13 What is profit? Profit is the gain from selling a commodity. It is the difference between revenue and cost.

Q 14 What is the difference between domestic and international goods? Domestic goods are manufactured in ones own country, while foreign goods are bought from other countries. Domestic goods are exported abroad while foreign goods are imported from abroad. Q 15 Name the successful Indian entrepreneur who gave the following quote. Think big, think fast, think ahead. Ideas are no ones monopoly. Ans. The above quote is by Dhirubhai Ambani. He was Indias business tycoon who started the Reliance Industries in Mumbai in 1966. Q 16 The price of a product increases every time the product changes hands. Why so? This happens because every time the product is sold, the seller tries to make a profit. Example: a producer usually sells to a wholesaler at a price which is usually higher than the production cost. Q 17 Can you name three food retail players in the Indian market? Godrej foods, Reliance and Subhiksha are some of the major food retail players in the Indian market Q 18 What is the motto adopted by Confederation of Indian Industry for 2010-2011? Business for livelihood is CIIs motto for the year 2010-2011. For faster and inclusive growth, the focus is on four key enablers, i.e., education, employment, innovation and entrepreneurship. Q 19 What do you mean by Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI)? FICCI is an association of business organisations in India. Established in 1927, it is the voice of Indias business industry and works closely with the government on policy issues related to business and economy. Q 20 State the importance of Retailers Association of India. a) It strives to adopt best practices in the retail industry to the benefits of both the retailers and customers. b) It provides one voice to the Indian retailers and seeks to create an environment fit for the growth of retail industry. Q 21 Why do traders form associations? From medieval times, traders formed associations or groups based on common interests. It gives them unified voice and enables them to bargain collectively as a group with the government and other stakeholders in the industry. Q 22 What are fair price shops?

Fair price shops are government regulated shops which sell essential items like grains and kerosene. These shops sell goods at reasonable prices to people below poverty line. Q 23 Does market only involve exchange of goods? There are several exchanges that take place in the market, besides goods. Services like transport, banking and information technology are crucial to the functioning of any market. Q 24 Is there any advantage of urban vending? Studies have shown that street vendors constitute approximately 2% of the population of a metropolis. Urban vending is an important source of employment. It provides affordable services to the majority of urban population. Q 25 Why is a wholesale trader necessary? The people between the producer and the final consumer are wholesale traders. They buy goods in large quantities and sell them to different retailers. It is with the help of wholesale traders that goods reach faraway places. Q 26 What are the essentials of entrepreneurship? Planning, market research, generate wealth, foreseeing the risk involved are some of the things to be kept in mind by an entrepreneur. Q 27 What is purchasing power? 2 marks questions Q 28 Who is a whole sale trader? Purchasing power is the buying power of the consumer. It is the quantity and quality of goods and services that people can afford to buy. The purchasing power of people declines over time as the living cost increases. Q 29 Who is a retailer? The trader who purchases goods from the whole sale trader andthensells to consumers is called retailer. This could be a trader in a weekly market, a hawker in the neighbourhood shop or a shop ownerin a shopping complex. Retailer is the actor in the chain of market who directly deals with the consumer. Q 30 Retail price is higher than the wholesale price. Why so? The wholesaler sells to a retailer at a price higher than that charged by the producer. The retailer sells to the ultimate consumer at a price higher than the wholesale price. Hence, prices are usually higher in retail markets than in wholesale markets. Q 31 What are shopping complexes?

Inurban areas, there are markets that have many shops, such a group of shops iscalled a shopping complex. These shopping complexes are multi-storeyed, air-conditionedbuildings with shops on different floors, known as malls. Shopping complexes are growing in cities, since they offer everything under one roof. Q 32 What is a weekly market? A weekly market is held on a specific day of the week. Weekly markets do not have permanent shops. Traders set up shops for the day and then close them up in the evening. They may set up their shopsat a different place the next day. Q 33 Name one successful entrepreneur from India. Mr. Sunil Bharti Mittal, a successful entrepreneur from India, took the risk and started mobile services with the brand name Airtel in 1995 when there was no player in the market. Today, Airtel is the largest private telecom company in India. Q 34 Who acts as intermediaries between the producers and consumers in the market? The link between producers and consumers is established through intermediaries (middlemen). The middlemen may be wholesalers and retailers who buy and resell goods for profit. They may be agents, who help in making deals, arrange for storage of goods and so on, for a commission. Q 35 If you are a retailer selling Chinese goods, would you go to China every month? Where would you get these goods from? There are several wholesale traders who visit China every month and bring goods in bulk. These wholesale traders are located in specific markets known for certain goods. Retailers can buy from these wholesale traders and save their time. These wholesale traders have contacts with producers in different countries and get good deals from them. Q 36 What are the various expenses incurred by permanent shops? Permanent shops incur a lot of expenditure they have to pay rent, electricity, taxes to the government. They also have to pay wages to workers and spend on maintenance. There is also accidental cost involved which reduces the profit of the trader. Q 37 What is the difference between retail and wholesale? Wholesale involves buying goods in large quantities and selling them in large quantities usually to customers who buy goods to resell in the retail market to the ultimate consumer. Retail involves buying products in large quantities and selling them to consumers in small quantities for personal and household use. Q 38 Who is an entrepreneur? What is his most important trait?

Any person who starts and operates a business is an entrepreneur. The most important trait of an entrepreneur is profit maximisation. Profit is the main driving force in any business. Other traits include risk taking and competitiveness. Q 39 If you are a wholesale trader, what would be your necessary business requirements? Wholesale involves buying goods in large quantities and selling them in large quantities. For this, a wholesale trader needs fairly large investment and transport facility. He also requires a storehouse to store the goods and some helpers as guards. Q 40 What is the difference between branded and non-branded goods? Branded goods are standardised goods with uniform price and quality. Whereas non-branded goods are not standardised and there may be variation in price and quality. As compared to non-branded goods, fewer people can afford branded goods. Branded goods are often promoted by advertising, unlike nonbranded. Q 41 Why are goods cheaper in the weekly market? Things in weekly markets are available at cheaper rates. This is because the expenses incurred in weekly markets are much less as compared to permanent shops. Traders in the weekly markets do not have to pay taxes, hire workers and pay for electricity. Thus, the investment is less, so is the price of goods. Also, prices are low because of close competition. Q 42 Sumit is suffering from jaundice and he cant go out. He wants to buy a leather bag for himself. Is there any way that he can buy one without leaving his home? With the advancement in technology, a number of branded goods can be bought and sold without going to the market. Sumit can select the brand online and place an order over the phone or visit the company website and book the product. He can use his credit card to make an online purchase. Q 43 The Delhi government passed an order to the MCD and NDMC to remove all street vendors and hawkers before the Common Wealth Games. Is there any right that the vendors can invoke to get justice? Right to livelihood is an important part of fundamental right to life. Article 39 (a) of the Indian Constitution provides that all citizens have equal right to livelihood. The Supreme Court ruled that any displacement of street vendors must also make provisions for their rehabilitation. Q 44 Are there any rights of the consumers? Consumer rights help to ensure fair trade practices and consumers access to correct information in the marketplace. These include: a) Right to be protected from hazardous goods and services. b) Right to be fully informed about the performance and quality of the goods and services.

Q 45 Is there any disadvantage suffered by the traders in the weekly market? Weekly markets have a large number of shops selling the same goods which means there is competition among them. If some trader charges a high price, people would move to another shop where the same thing may be available more cheaply or where the buyer may bargain and bring the price down. Q 46 Profits are not equally distributed in the market. Explain. This is because a retailer who sells to the ultimate consumer makes the largest profit. The manufacturers and farmers/producers earn the least. This unequal distribution of profits increases economic and social inequality among the people in the chain of market. Q 47 Which player in the chain of market understands the consumers needs best? In a market, the retailers interact directly with the consumers. They understand and respond to the consumers needs for goods and services. The price of a commodity depends on its demand and how much the consumers are willing to spend for a certain quality of good. Q 48 What is media imperialism? It refers to one way flow of information from western countries to developing countries, characterised by imposition of western culture and values on the developing world. As a result, the culture and identity of smaller nations is endangered. 3 marks questions Q 49 Explain the meaning of following terms: a)Mall b)Wholesale c)Chain of markets Mall: This is an enclosed shopping space. This is usually a large building with many floors that has shops, restaurants and, at times, even a cinema theatre. These shops most often sell branded products. Wholesale: This refers to buying and selling in large quantities. Most products, including vegetables, fruits and flowers have special wholesale markets. Chain of markets: A series of marketsare connected like links in a chain because products pass from one market to another. Q 50 What is the purpose of setting the Minimum Support Price? The government buys from farmers at a minimum support price, even if the market price is lower. This assures farmer producers of fair earnings. Every year MSPs for major agricultural products are announced, which are fixed after taking into account factors such as cost of production, change in prices of inputs, demand and supply and cost of living.

Q 51 Imagine your birthday around the corner and you have invited 30 friends. You want to buy 30 pencil boxes as return gifts for your friends. Recalling the chain of market, who would you buy these gifts from to get a reasonable price? When one has to buy large quantities of the same product, it is always better to buy from wholesale traders since they sell in bulk. As we buy more quantities of a product, the price can be bargained and hence, the consumer can get a good deal and save money. Also, the retailer would have added his own profit in the price charged, which is now eliminated. Q 52 Internet has brought a revolution in the way market functions. Comment giving example. With advancements in technology, the functioning of market has changed. In urban areas, people can enter the markets without stepping out of their homes via the internet. They can compare and select the product by visiting the companys website. They use their credit cards to make online purchases. This phenomenon of buying and selling over the internet is called e- commerce. Q 53 What are the various challenges faced by Indias domestic market? Domestic market sells goods produced in the country, i.e., domestic goods, like India produces large quantities of cotton which is a domestic good. Domestic market faces competition from international or foreign goods, especially when these goods are cheaper in price. Example: Indian markets are flooded with Chinese toys because of which the demand for toys made by Indian manufacturers has declined. Q 54 Why do people prefer to go to a weekly market? A weekly market is so called because it is held on a specific day of the week. These are set up in the neighbourhood streets and sell essential goods like groceries and other household items at cheaper prices. People prefer going to these markets to buy things of daily use. They are usually located at walking distance and the customers do not have to go different areas to buy different things. Q 55 Can economically marginalised and poor be restricted from entering in malls? Give reason for your answer. India is a democratic country and gives equal rights and respect to all citizens irrespective of their social and economic status. According to Article 15 of the Indian Constitution, no one can be restricted from entering any public place like parks, restaurants, malls and temples. Such restriction is a form of discrimination which is unfair and undemocratic. 4 marks questions Q 56 What is the difference between weekly markets and permanent shops? Give three points. Following are the three points of differences between weekly market and permanent shops: a) In weekly markets, traders set up shops only once a week, while shops in authorised buildings make permanent markets.

b) In weekly markets, goods are non-branded, while in permanent shops one can find both branded and non-branded goods. c) Shops in permanent markets incur more expenses since they hire workers, pay rent and various taxes. All these taxes are transferred to the customers. Therefore, their goods are also expensive as compared to weekly markets. Q 57 What is the role of banks in markets? Banks plays a very important role in any market and caters to all the actors in the chain of market producers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The first three may need loan from banks for various purposes to expand their business, while the consumers also take loans to buy heavy goods like vehicles, computers etc. Banks also offer online banking services for making online purchases and other business transactions. Q 58 Is the system of credit offered by the shops in the neighbourhood useful? Are there any problems faced? Shops in the neighbourhood are near our homes. Because of frequent acquaintances, the shopkeepers also provide goods on credit. But the problem involved in the system of credit is that the shopkeeper faces a risk of losing his money. The customers identification proof may not be correct. Many people who live as tenants may shift without notice and without clearing their dues with the shopkeeper. The shopkeeper will have to keep an account of all the purchases of each customer during the month. Q 59 Why do think superstores like Big Bazaar and More sell the same goods at a relatively lower price? Superstores are large retail stores that sell wide range of goods like groceries, clothes, toys, utensils, etc. They buy goods in bulk, and therefore get them at a reasonable price from their suppliers. It is a known fact that when you buy a certain commodity in large numbers, you are likely to get a better bargain on the price. As a result, these stores also offer various schemes and discounts to their consumers to gain attention and consumer loyalty. Q 60 Is it fair to bargain in a weekly market? Weekly markets consist of small and marginal traders from poor backgrounds. Their profit is very marginal since weekly markets have a large number of shops selling the same goods and this means there is lot of competition. Bargaining with them is not fair since their goods are already very cheap. If customers further demand slashes in price, traders in such markets will not be able to survive. Q 61 People often bargain in weekly markets but never in a mall. Why so? People often bargain in a weekly market but not in a mall, since goods in the weekly markets are nonbranded. In malls where goods are branded and standardised, customers refrain from bargaining. Also in a weekly market, large number of shops are selling the same goods, which means there is competition. Consumers take advantage of the situation and bargain by pitting one trader against the another.

5 marks questions Q 62 The role played by the hawkers in the economy needs to be given due credit. Do you agree? The role played by hawkers in the economy needs to be given due credit, but they are considered unlawful entities and are subjected to continuous harassment by police and civic authorities.This is reported to be continuing even after the ruling of the Supreme Court that if properly regulated, the small traders on the sidewalks can add to the convenience of the general public by making available ordinary articles of everyday use for a comparatively lesser price. Forced eviction of hawkers constitutes violation of right to livelihood. Q 63 Across the country, various tribes visit Delhi every year to showcase and sell their exclusive crafts in exhibitions. However, the urban buyers often bargain with them. Is this fair? Tribes are categorised as economically marginalised and backward group. However, their craftsmanship is incredible. Tribal groups in India are famous for their intricate weaving and painting. At exhibitions in urban cities, people are often seen bargaining for tribal products. They do not appreciate the craftsmanship and take advantage of the ignorance among tribes and seek bargains. Because of such unfair trade practices, many NGOs are now supporting these tribes and help them to sell their goods at deserving prices. Q 64 When you go to restaurants, you are often asked whether you would like bottled water or tap water. What is the difference between the two? Should you be paying extra for bottled water? Bottled water is branded while tap water is same as water available at home. Bottled water promises high quality of safe drinking water. It is priced more than the tap water in restaurants. Restaurants should serve purified tap water for safety of consumers. Safe drinking water is a human right and restaurants must follow the quality norms. Therefore, both tap water and bottled water are same except that bottled water is branded, so we have to pay more for it. Q 65 How is the shopping experience in a mall different from that of a weekly market? Markets in urban areas have large multi-storied air conditioned buildings with shops on different floors, known as malls. Shops in malls are permanent and sell both branded and non-branded goods, while in weekly markets, goods are non-branded and therefore cheap. Weekly markets are crowded and one has to walk a lot while malls are spacious with coffee shops, escalators, lifts and parking lots. In weekly markets there are problems like congestion and pollution, while malls are air conditioned and pollution free. Q 66 How is the price for a particular good/commodity decided? Price setting is a crucial aspect of any business. Price depends on the demand and supply of a particular good in the market. If the demand is more and the supply is less, the price is likely to be high and viceversa. Also, it depends on the percentage of profit that the trader seeks for himself. If the trader is confident of the quality and uniqueness of a particular good, he may set a higher price for it. On the

other hand, if it is a common commodity available with other traders too, competition will bring the price down. Q 67 A lot of invisible trade takes place in the market. Explain with an example. Buying and selling takes place in different ways, not necessarily through shops in the market. There are market exchanges that we may not be aware of. This is because a large number of goods are bought and sold that we dont use directly. For example, a car factory purchases engine, gears, petrol tanks, axles, wheels etc. from various other factories. This trade of raw materials often goes unnoticed and we only see the final product, i.e., the car in the showroom. Q 68 If a producer of mustard oil wants to open a production unit,which of the following would be a good location for him/her? (A) Close to mustard fields (b) Close to a marketplace (c) Close to a residential area Give reasons for your choice. The producer of mustard oil should select a location closer to mustard fields and to the market place. Reasons I. The important raw material for oil production is mustard. Sufficient amount of mustard seeds is needed for the smooth functioning of oil production. It will be easy for the oil company to produce oil if it is closer to the mustard fields. II. After the production of mustard oil, the producer has to find a market place to sell his product. If the company is close to the market, it will be easy to transport the products to the market and therefore, can be easily accessed by the consumer. Q 69 Explain the distribution channels in marketing process. There are two types of distribution channel in marketing process: direct channels and indirect channels. If the producer sells his goods directly to the consumer, it is an example of direct channel. There are two types of direct channels: through travelling salespersons and through retail shops. The producers employ salespersons to contact potential buyers. Through direct selling, the salespersons tell the customers about the features of the product and how to use it. The other way is that the producer may also set up retail shops in different localities and sell goods directly to the consumers. Most important questions Q 1 Give the literal meaning of the term market. In the simple language we can say that the market is a place where we go to buy things, from the shops situated there. In literal definition, the market is a public gathering held for buying and selling goods or products or market is a place where goods are offered for sale. In terms of geographical glossary- Market is a geographic region considered as a place for sales of commodities.

Q 2 What are the various factors which characterize the type of markets? Markets may be a mixture of different systems, organizations, procedures, social relations and infrastructures to which different persons are related, where goods and services are exchanged and which forms a part of the economy. Markets are of different kinds, they may categorized according to size, range, geographic scale, location, types and variety of human communities and goods and services. Some examples include local farmers markets held in town squares or parking lots, boot car sales, international currency and commodity markets, and legally created markets such as for free trade areas or the European Communitys Common Market. Q 3 Who are the main players in market? Explain why? A market consists of all the buyers and sellers of a good who influences its price. There are two players in the market, buyers and sellers. The market assists trade and allows the supply of resources in a society. Markets allow any tradable item to be priced. A market emerges deliberately by human interaction in order to enable the exchange of services and goods. Q 4 How does the product of different varieties reach us? Explain. The product of different varieties reach us through a series of markets that are connected like links in a chain. A manufacturing company prepares a finished product to sell in the market. The territory holders of that company buy that product in bulk then market it and sell it to businessmen and wholesalers of particular areas. The territory holders provide transportation of the product and sometimes they provide finance also. After this the role of a wholesaler comes, he is the person who buys the product in large quantity according to the demand and sell them to smaller traders or retail shopkeepers in smaller quantity according to their capacity. Finally, it is the retailer or trader who buys the products from wholesalers and sell it to the consumer. In this chain, products pass from one market to another or one buyer to another. This chain of markets is interlinked in a way that easy movement of goods is possible. Q 5 What are the three types of markets? Generally we find three type of markets: (i) Traditional weekly Markets (ii) Neighbourhood shops (iii) Shopping complex or malls Q 6 What do weekly markets mean? This market is usually held in a city on a particular day of the week. The concept of weekly market is very old because from earlier days we find haat in rural areas and even today they exist with popularity in the 21st Century as weekly markets in city and villages. Here we do find different daily usage things on

cheap rates with proper quality. These weekly markets are the exchange platforms of goods and services, which come from different locations i.e. from rural to urban, urban to rural and within the rural areas. Q 7 Why the weekly markets are often called street markets? The Weekly markets are also known as a Street markets because it is an outdoor market held traditionally in a market square or a particular street in the town. We can also find very similar markets or bazaars in large enclosed spaces, instead of on a street. The network system of the market is very large and popular, the partners of this system are producers of agricultural products, traders of various manufacturers, artisans, service providers, wholesale buyers and facilitating agencies. Q 8 What is meant by the term neighbourhood shops? We usually find different shops near our houses or in our locality that sell daily use goods and services. From such neighbourhood shops we can buy our daily needs like milk, groceries, stationary, edibles, medicines etc. These shops could be found in permanent and temporary set-ups. Q 9 Mall culture is a foreign notion, which is now becoming popular due to its pomp and show. But somewhere it is bleaking the prospects of the small shopkeepers and traders. Give your opinion regarding the above statement. The malls came into being in 1920s, with the rising suburban living in the United States after World War II. This mall culture expanded to other countries and got different names. In most of the world the term shopping centre is used, especially in Europe and Asia. These are the latest market places which came into being in India during 1990s and spread in most of the cities of the country. In the cities we do find, a market that have many shops under one roof, these are generally referred as shopping complex. Also we can find such shopping complexes, which are multi-storied, have air-conditioned buildings with shops situated on different floors, these complexes are termed as the malls. These Malls provide different shops of needs from a Blade to Plasma T.V at one place. The comfort, decorativeness and continuous discount policies attract common consumers towards malls. In a way malls are withholding the routine business of retail shopkeepers because they cant provide such things like malls or shopping complexes to the consumers. Therefore, it necessary for administrations that they should decrease taxes on these shopkeepers so they can at least attract consumer through cheap products. Q 10 What do you know about malls culture in foreign nations? The malls came into being in 1920s, with the rising suburban living in the United States after World War II. This mall culture expanded to other countries and got different names. In most of the world the term shopping centre is used, especially in Europe and Australasia.

However, shopping mall is also used, predominantly in North America, but also to a large extent in Asia. In North America, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures while shopping centre usually refers to open-air retail complexes. Malls in Ireland, pronounced "maills", are typically very small shopping centres placed in the centre of town. They average about twenty years in age, with a mix of local shops and chain stores. These malls do not have shops found in the high street or modern shopping centres. Shopping centres in the United Kingdom can be referred to as "shopping centres", "shopping precincts" or just "precincts", but with American-style centres becoming more common in the UK, the term "mall" is gradually growing in use, at least among the younger generation. Q 11 What is a financial market? A financial market is a system that allows people to easily buy and sell financial securities (such as stocks and bonds) and commodities (such as precious metals or agricultural goods). Q 12 How will you describe territory holder merchants? The territory holder merchants are big dealers who are appointed for particular areas, regions and state or states. They are selected according to the financial power, market hold and network of transportation. The territory holders of a company buy the product in bulk then market it and sell it to businessmen and wholesalers of particular areas. The territory holders provide transportation of the product and sometimes they provide finance also. These traders enjoy the back up of company if the market prices rise then they grow and if the market prices goes down then they became badly hit. Q 13 What is the difference between wholesale trader and a retailer? A wholesale trader is one who buys things in large quantities from the company or territory wholesaler and resell them to traders or retailers of market like our neighbourhood shopkeepers or weekly market traders etc. The wholesale traders are intermediate part of market chain that provide sale of the material in small quantity for the retailers or small traders and petty merchants. The retailer is a trader who purchases goods from the wholesaler and sells to consumer. The retailing process or business consists of the sale of goods or services in small or individual quantity for direct consumption by the buyer. This process takes place from a fixed location, such as a neighbourhood shops, departmental store. Retailing may include subordinated services, such as delivery. Buyers may be individuals or businesses.