Background Information

Various techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure of flowing
fluid. Instrument used in this experiment is manometers of a rotameter, a venturi meter,
an orifice meter, an elbow and a sudden enlargement.
The rise of fluid in the various manometers is recorded and the pressure is calculated
using different calculations. Each device has a different calculation factor. The venturi
and rotameter are the most effective amongst the various devices.
Sudden Enlargement:


In sudden enlargement, energy is lost due to friction resulted from the eddies. The
following equation shows the proportional relationship between friction loss , is
proportional to the velocity head of fluid.

g
V
K h
e fe
2
2
1
= ------eq 1.1
1
V is the velocity at point 1
is calculated from the height recorded on the manomemeter on the sudden
enlargement

e
K is the expansion loss coefficient defined as,

2
2
1
1
(

=
A
A
K
e

By applying logarithm of the first equation we obtain:


The value of n should 2.
In order to verify the results of this experiment, we plot the data we obtain during the
experiment in a graph of VS. we record and find the
e
K from the intercept
and the n from the slope.






Venturi meter:
The venturi tube is preferable because of the low pressure loss and the accuracy level.
Also because it has medium operating cost relative to other devices.
We can valuate
2
V using
1 1 2 2
A V A V Q = = and Q is recorded during the experiment.
The Volumetric Flow Rate is calculate by


Due to losses the actual discharge will be lower than the Q. Thus we introduce the
coefficient of discharge C
d
.


We then plot our obtained data in a graph of
vs
which passes through origin.


From the above equation we will calculate Cd
Orifice Meter:

The orifice meter has medium heas loss relative to the venturi meter, and
is less accurate. However, the cost of operation is lower than that of the
venturi meter.

The mechanics of the orifice meter make it similar to the venturi meter. However, the
friction losses are much higher.
The calculations are similar to that of the Venturi. The areas change relative to the
diameter with D1=20mm and D2=10mm
The Volumetric Flow Rate is calculate by


We include th coefficient of discharge, and the equation in terms of area A
2
is:

We then plot our obtained data in a graph of
vs
which passes through origin.


From the above equation we will calculate Cd



Elbow:

The loss due to friction in the elbow is high relative to the other devices.
The head loss may be calculated similar to the sudden enlargement

g
V
K h
b b
2
2
=
Where
b
h is the head loss due to the 90 degree bend in this experiment
b
K is a variable related to the pipe friction factor(f) which depends on the radius of the
bend and the diameter of the pipe. The relation is expressed in the following equation,
the Darcy Weisbach equation

g
V
K h
b b
2
2
=
D
fL
e
4
=
g
V
2
2

Similar to sudden enlargement:
is the expansion loss coefficient defined as,

By applying logarithm of the first equation we obtain:


The value of n should 2.
In order to verify the results of this experiment, we plot the data we obtain during the
experiment in a graph of VS. we record and find the from the intercept
and the n from the slope.

Rotameter:
The rotameter is used to measure the volumetric flow rate Q of the fluid.
In our experiment we will compare the Volumetric Flow rate calculated and the
theoretical. The data is graph consists of the Q we calculate and the Q obtained from the
rotameter.
The rotameter works on the following relation

f
f
f i r
A
gf
A A C Q
) (
) (

= -------equation 5.1
Where,

r
C is the flow coefficient for the annulus between the tube and the float.
) (
f i
A A The annul areas connected with the height of the float in tube.


Apparatus:
Water enters firstly through sudden enlargement then into the venturi meter,
an orifice meter, an elbow perpendicular to the horizontal flow, then it is
discharged from the apparatus.

- Venturi meter
- Sudden enlargement
- Elbow
- Orifice
- Rotameter
- Gussons water flow measuring apparatus
- Stopwatch
- 250mL flask

Procedure
1. The apparatus is consisted of a total of 9 manometer, set up in the following
order:
a. 2 -Sudden enlargement
b. 3-Venturi
c. 2- Orifice plate
d. 2- Elbow

2. The manometers are followed by the Rotameter, then the air vent where the
water is let out from
3. Start water flow through apparatus, turn on the pump
4. Open the flow regulating valve, allow water to fill all manometers
5. Release all bubbles in the manometers by allowing water to overflow
6. Before beginning readings, allow water to settle after setting the water flow
7. Calculate the Q, volumetric flow rate, use the 250mL flask, and measure time
taken to fill the flask with the stopwatch. Record a set of 3 times for accuracy.
8. Read and Record the height of every manometer in the apparatus.
9. Then we adjust the flow regulating valve to increase the velocity of the water.
10. Allow the water to settle and Repeat Steps 7 and 8 for a total of 6 trials.





Sample Calculations
Hb=kbv
2
/2g=H9-H8
Hb=0.1mm
D=1mm=1cm
_______________________
A=0.79
V1=Qavg/A
= 27.1/(t*D
2
/4)


v(cm/s)

34.52229299 0.1 1.538099634 -1
43.56687898 0.1 1.639156449 -1
59.23566879 0.2 1.772583296
-
0.698970004


70.82802548 0.2 1.850205135
-
0.698970004


87.51592357 0.2 1.94208708
-
0.698970004


109.4267516 0.2 2.039123507
-
0.698970004



Slope= -0.646
Intercept=2.086
________________________
2.086=log(kb/2g)
10^2.086= kb/2g
k
b
=2391

There a large difference between the slope obtained and the theoretical slope of 2. This
error can be due to human error. The heights read off the manometers during the
experiment could have been wrong. Or it could be due to misusing units during
calculation. The delta H is very low <1 so we obtained negative digits for the values of
log(hb).
y = -0.4283x - 0.0111
R = 0.8952
Series1
Linear (Series1)